The document provides an introduction to unit testing with Mocha and Karma for JavaScript, covering the installation processes, structuring tests, and running them effectively. It discusses advanced topics such as async testing, DOM testing, and using Sinon for mocking and spying. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of writing isolated unit tests and offers resources for further learning.

1. Mocha First Steps
Installing and running tests

2. Agenda
• JS Unit Testing
• A first Mocha test
• Running tests with Karma
• IDE integration

3. Getting Ready To Test
• JS Unit tests (try) make sure our JS code
works well

4. Project Tree
index.html
- src
- main.js
- buttons.js
- player.js
- style
- master.css
- home.css

5. Project Tree
index.html
test.html
- src
- main.js
- buttons.js
- player.js
- style
- master.css
- home.css
- spec
- test_button.js
- test_player.js

6. What Mocha Isn’t
• No UI / CSS testing
• No server testing

7. Testing How

8. Testing Libraries
• Let’s try to write test program for Array
• Verify indexOf(...) actually works

9. Array#indexof
var arr1 = [10, 20, 30, 40];
if ( arr1.indexOf(20) === 1 ) {
console.log('success!');
} else {
console.log('error');
}

10. What Went Wrong
• Hard to debug
• Hard to run automatically

11. We Need …

12. We Need …

13. Testing Libraries
• A testing library tells you how to structure
your testing code
• We’ll use mocha
http://visionmedia.github.io/mocha/

14. Hello Mocha
var assert = chai.assert;
var array = [10,20,30,40];
describe('Array', function() {
!
describe('#indexOf()', function() {
!
it('should return -1 when the value is not present',
function() {
assert.equal(array.indexOf(7), -1);
}
);
});
});

15. Hello Mocha
• describe() defines a block
• it() defines functionality

16. Assertions
•
Uses a separate assertions
library
•
•
I went with Chai
http://chaijs.com/

17. Running Our Test:
Karma

18. Meet Karma
• A test runner for JS
• Integrates with many IDEs
• Integrates with CI servers
• http://karma-runner.github.io/0.10/
index.html

19. Karma Architecture
Karma
Server

20. Karma Getting Started
# run just once to install
npm install karma -g
# create a project directory
mkdir myproject
cd myproject
# create karma configuration file
karma init

21. Karma Config
• Just a JavaScript file
• keys determine how test should run

22. Karma Config
• files is a list of JS files to include in the test
• Can use wildcards

23. Karma Config
• browsers is a list of supported browsers

24. Running Tests
# start a karma server
karma start
# execute tests
karma run

25. IDE Integration

26. What We Learned
• Mocha is a JS library that helps us write
unit tests
• Karma is a JS library that helps us run them

27. Q &A

28. Advanced Mocha
How to write awesome tests

29. Agenda
• Flow control: before, after, beforeEach,
afterEach
• Writing async tests
• Fixtures and DOM testing

30. Let’s Flow
describe('Test 1', function() {
it('should do X', function() {
var p1 = new Player('bob');
var p2 = new Player('John');
var game = new GameEngine(p1, p2);
// test stuff with game
});
it('should do Y', function() {
var p1 = new Player('bob');
var p2 = new Player('John');
var game = new GameEngine(p1, p2);
// test stuff with game
});
});

31. Let’s Flow
describe('Test 1', function() {
it('should do X', function() {
var p1 = new Player('bob');
var p2 = new Player('John');
var game = new GameEngine(p1, p2);
// test stuff with game
});
it('should do Y', function() {
var p1 = new Player('bob');
var p2 = new Player('John');
var game = new GameEngine(p1, p2);
// test stuff with game
});
});
Same code...

32. A Better Scheme
•
beforeEach() runs
before each test
•
also has:
•
•
afterEach() for
cleanups
describe('Test 1', function() {!
var game;!
!
beforeEach(function() {!
var p1 = new Player('bob');!
var p2 = new Player('John');!
game = new GameEngine(p1, p2);!
});!
!
it('should do X', function() {!
// test stuff with game!
});!
!
before() and
after() run once
in the suite
!
it('should do Y', function() {!
// test stuff with game!
});!
});

33. Async Testing

34. Async Theory
var x = 10
test x
x has the right value
testing here is OK

35. Async Theory
$.get(...)
test result
Can’t test now,
result not yet ready

36. Async Theory
• Async calls take callbacks
• We should tell mocha to wait

37. Async Code
describe('Test 1', function() {
it('should do wait', function(done) {
setTimeout(function() {
// now we can test result
assert(true);
done();
}, 1000);
});
});

38. Async Code
Taking a function
argument tells
mocha the test will
only end after it’s
called
describe('Test 1', function() {
it('should do wait', function(done) {
setTimeout(function() {
// now we can test result
assert(true);
done();
}, 1000);
});
});

39. Async Code
Calling the callback
ends the test
describe('Test 1', function() {
it('should do wait', function(done) {
setTimeout(function() {
// now we can test result
assert(true);
done();
}, 1000);
});
});

40. Async Notes
• Always call done() or your test will fail on
timeout
• Default timeout is 2 seconds

41. Controlling Timeouts
describe('Test 1', function() {
// set suite specific timeout
this.timeout(500);
it('should do wait', function(done) {
// test specific timeout
this.timeout(2000);
});
});

42. Same goes for Ajax
describe('Test 1', function() {
// set suite specific timeout
this.timeout(5000);
it('should get user photo', function(done) {
$.get('profile.png', function(data) {
// run tests on data
done();
});
});
});

43. DOM Testing

44. Theory
“Real” HTML
body
h1
div
body
img
div
“Test” HTML

45. Theory
“Real” HTML
body
h1
div
body
img
div
“Test” HTML
img

46. Theory
images.js
$('img.thumbnail').css({
width: 200,
height: 200
});
fixture.html
<img class="thumbmail" src="home.png" />

47. Using Fixtures
before(function() {
fixture_el = document.createElement('div');
fixture_el.id = "fixture";
!
document.body.appendChild(fixture_el);
});
!
beforeEach(function() {
fixture_el.innerHTML = window.__html__["fixture.html"];
});
!

48. Almost Ready
• HTML files are not served by default
• We need to tell karma to serve it

49. Serving HTMLs
• Modify files section to include the last
(HTML) pattern
// list of files / patterns to load in the browser
files: [
'lib/**/*.js',
'plugins/**/*.js',
'test/fixtures/*.html',
'spec/*.js'
],

50. Testing a jQuery Plugin
it('should change the header text lowercase', function() {
$('.truncate').succinct({ size: 100 });
!
var result = $('.truncate').text();
assert.equal( result.length , 100 );
});

51. Fixtures & DOM
• Define DOM fragments in HTML files
• Load from test suite
• Test and clean up

52. Spying With Sinon
Stubs, Spies and Mock Objects explained

53. Agenda
• Reasons to mock
• Vanilla mocking
• How sinon can help
• Stubs and Spies
• Faking timers
• Faking the server

54. Reasons To Mock

55. Reasons To Mock
$.ajax
setTimeout
PersonalData

56. Reasons To Mock
$.ajax
setTimeout
PersonalData

57. Reasons To Mock
• PersonalData object can save data to
server
• If saving failed, it retries 3 times

58. Reasons To Mock
• Both server and clock are external
• We prefer to test in isolation

59. What We Can Do
• Provide our own $.ajax, that won’t go to
the server
• Provide our own setTimeout that won’t
wait for the time to pass

60. What We Can Do
• Lab: Given the class here
https://gist.github.com/ynonp/6667146
• Write a test case to verify sendData
actually retried 3 times

61. What We Can Do
• Solution:
https://gist.github.com/ynonp/6667284

62. Mocking Notes
• Solution is far from perfect.
• After the test our “fake” methods remain
• Writing “fake” methods was not trivial

63. This Calls for Sinon

64. About Sinon
• A JS mocking library
• Helps create fake objects
• Helps tracking them

65. About Sinon
• Homepage:
http://sinonjs.org/
• Google Group:
http://groups.google.com/group/sinonjs
• IRC Channel:
#sinon.js on freenode

66. Solving with Sinon
• Here’s how sinon might help us with the
previous task
• Code:
https://gist.github.com/ynonp/6667378

67. Solution Notes
• Sinon’s fake timer was easier to use than
writing our own
• Now we have a synchronous test (instead
of async)

68. Let’s Talk About Sinon

69. Spies
• A spy is a function that provides the test
code with info about how it was used

70. Spies Demo
describe('Sinon', function() {
describe('spies', function() {
!
!
!
!
!
it('should keep count', function() {
var s = sinon.spy();
s();
assert.isTrue(s.calledOnce);
s();
assert.isTrue(s.calledTwice);
s();
assert.equal(s.callCount, 3);
});
});
});

71. Spy On Existing Funcs
describe('Sinon', function() {
describe('spies', function() {
!
it('should keep count', function() {
var p = new PersonalData();
var spy = sinon.spy(p, 'sendData');
!
p.sendData();
!
assert.isTrue( spy.calledOnce );
});
});
});

72. Spies Notes
• Full API:
http://sinonjs.org/docs/#spies
• Tip: Use as callbacks

73. Spy + Action = Stub

74. Stub Demo
• Let’s fix our starting example
• We’ll replace $.ajax with a stub
• That stub always fails

75. Stub Demo
var stub = sinon.stub(jQuery, 'ajax').yieldsTo('error');
!
describe('Data', function() {
describe('#sendData()', function() {
!
it('should retry 3 times before quitting', function() {
var p = new PersonalData();
p.sendData();
assert.equal(stub.callCount, 1);
});
});
});

76. What Can Stubs Do
var callback = sinon.stub();
!
callback.withArgs(42).returns(1);
!
callback.withArgs(1).throws("TypeError");
!

77. Stubs API
• Full Stubs API docs:
http://sinonjs.org/docs/#stubs
• Main actions:
• return stuff
• throw stuff
• call stuff

78. Spies Lab
• Given code here:
https://gist.github.com/ynonp/7101081
• Fill in the blanks to make the tests pass

79. Fake Timers
• Use sinon.useFakeTimers() to create a
fake timer
• Use clock.restore() to clear fake timers

80. Fake Timers
• Use tick(...) to advance
• Affected methods:
• setTimeout, setInterval, clearTimeout,
clearInterval
• Date constructor

81. Fake Servers
• Testing client/server communication is hard
• Use fake servers to simplify it

82. Fake Servers
$.ajax
PersonalData

83. Fake Servers
Fake
$.ajax
PersonalData

84. Let’s write a test for the following class
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
function Person(id) {
var self = this;
self.load = function() {
var url = '/users/' + id;
$.get('/users/' + id, function(info) {
self.name = info.name;
self.favorite_color = info.favorite_color;
});
};
}

85. Testing Plan
• Set-up a fake server
• Create a new Person
• call load()
• verify fields data

86. Setting Up The Server
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
var server = sinon.fakeServer.create();
var headers = {"Content-Type" : "application/json"};
var response = JSON.stringify(
{"name" : "joe", "favorite_color": "blue" });
server.respondWith("GET", "/users/7",
[200, headers, response]);
// now requesting /user/info.php returns joe's info as a JSON

87. Loading a Person
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
var p = new Person(7);
// sends a request
p.load();
// now we have 1 pending request, let's fake the response
server.respond();

88. Verifying the Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
// finally, verify data
expect(p.name).to.eq('joe');
expect(p.favorite_color).to.eq('blue');
// and restore AJAX behavior
server.restore();

89. Fake Server
• Use respondWith() to set up routes
• Use respond() to send the response

90. Fake Server
• Regexps are also supported, so this works:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
server.respondWith(//todo-items/(d+)/, function (xhr, id) {
xhr.respond(
200,
{ "Content-Type": "application/json" },
'[{ "id": ' + id + ' }]');
});

91. Fake Server
• For fine grained control, consider fake
XMLHttpRequest
• http://sinonjs.org/docs/#server

92. Wrapping Up

93. Wrapping Up
• Unit tests work best in isolation
• Sinon will help you isolate units, by faking
their dependencies

94. Wrapping Up
• Write many tests
• Each test verifies a small chunk of code
• Don’t test everything

95. Online Resources
• Chai:
http://chaijs.com/
• Mocha:
http://visionmedia.github.io/mocha/
• Sinon:
http://sinonjs.org/
• Karma (test runner):
http://karma-runner.github.io/0.10/index.html

96. Thanks For Listening
• Ynon Perek
• http://ynonperek.com
• ynon@ynonperek.com