01 Olin
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•447 views
Titanium is produced through a multi-step process starting with ilmenite or rutile ores. The ores are first chlorinated to produce titanium tetrachloride, which is then purified through vacuum distillation. This purified titanium tetrachloride undergoes the Kroll process of magnesium reduction, where it is reacted with magnesium to produce titanium metal and magnesium chloride byproducts. The titanium metal sponge produced is then processed through leaching, drying, and distillation to remove impurities before final production of titanium.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
TITANIUM CHLORIDE [PHARMACEUTICAL REAGENT]
THE PHARMACEUTICAL REAGENT TITANIUM CHLORIDE , TITANIUM DICHLORIDE, TITANIUM TRICHLORIDE, TITANIUM TETRA CHLORIDE ITA SYNTHEIS , PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICALS.
Titanium ,
Titanium is extracted mainly from its ore rutile through the chloride process or the Kroll process. In the chloride process, rutile is converted to titanium tetrachloride which is then purified and oxidized back to titanium dioxide. In the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced with magnesium to form titanium sponge. Titanium has a silvery metallic color and is strong yet lightweight, making it useful for applications in aircraft, naval ships, implants, and more. It is also consumed to produce titanium dioxide, which has a wide variety of uses.
Chemistry In Industry & Technology
Iron is extracted from iron ore deposits in the ground through the blast furnace process. Iron ore, consisting of iron oxides like magnetite and hematite, is heated in the blast furnace to remove oxygen and produce pure iron. Steel is made by further purifying iron through heating it to remove impurities. Aluminum is produced through the electrolysis of alumina, using cryolite to lower the melting point in the process. Catalysts are used in many chemical processes to increase reaction rates and produce desired products through heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, while rechargeable batteries can be recharged through reversible chemical reactions.
Titinium
This document describes the extraction and properties of titanium. It discusses how titanium is extracted via the chloride process or by reducing titanium dioxide with carbon or magnesium. It explains the purification of titanium chloride and oxidation back to titanium dioxide. Some key properties of titanium include its silvery metallic color, high melting point, low density, and strength at high temperatures. It is used in aircraft, ships, and implants due to these desirable properties.
Industrial chemistry
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly caustic metallic base. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless, highly soluble in water, and very corrosive. The three main industrial processes for manufacturing sodium hydroxide are the mercury cell process, Nelson diaphragm cell process, and membrane cell process, all of which involve the electrolysis of brine solutions. Sodium hydroxide has a wide variety of industrial uses including in soap making, as a cleaning agent, in aluminum production, and in the paper pulp industry. It can cause severe burns upon contact with skin or tissues due to its highly exothermic and caustic reactions.
Industrial chemistry
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base used in many industrial processes. It is manufactured through electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution. The major processes are the mercury cell process, Nelson diaphragm cell process, and membrane cell process. NaOH is used to make soap through saponification, for cleaning, in aluminum production, and to make cryolite. It has health risks as a strong base that can cause burns and damage tissues. Environmental impacts include raising the pH of water.
Total hardness problems uet peshawar
The document contains 5 water quality problems involving the calculation of ion concentrations, total hardness, carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, and alkalinity based on given cation and anion concentrations. For each problem, the assistant provides the relevant calculations in a table and draws an ion concentration bar graph to summarize the results. The problems involve common calculations in water treatment to determine appropriate doses of lime and soda ash needed to soften water.
Chemical Properties of Nitric Acid
HNO3 has three main chemical properties: acidic, nitrating, and oxidizing. As an acid, it donates one H+ ion and neutralizes bases. Its nitrating property allows it to add nitro groups to organic compounds like benzene. As a strong oxidizer, HNO3's nitrogen changes oxidation states and can oxidize metals and nonmetals, reducing itself to NO2, NO or N2O depending on conditions like concentration and reactivity of the substance. Its importance lies in uses like fertilizers, explosives, and dynamite where its acidity, nitrating, or oxidizing abilities are exploited.
Recommended
TITANIUM CHLORIDE [PHARMACEUTICAL REAGENT]
THE PHARMACEUTICAL REAGENT TITANIUM CHLORIDE , TITANIUM DICHLORIDE, TITANIUM TRICHLORIDE, TITANIUM TETRA CHLORIDE ITA SYNTHEIS , PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICALS.
Titanium ,
Titanium is extracted mainly from its ore rutile through the chloride process or the Kroll process. In the chloride process, rutile is converted to titanium tetrachloride which is then purified and oxidized back to titanium dioxide. In the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced with magnesium to form titanium sponge. Titanium has a silvery metallic color and is strong yet lightweight, making it useful for applications in aircraft, naval ships, implants, and more. It is also consumed to produce titanium dioxide, which has a wide variety of uses.
Chemistry In Industry & Technology
Iron is extracted from iron ore deposits in the ground through the blast furnace process. Iron ore, consisting of iron oxides like magnetite and hematite, is heated in the blast furnace to remove oxygen and produce pure iron. Steel is made by further purifying iron through heating it to remove impurities. Aluminum is produced through the electrolysis of alumina, using cryolite to lower the melting point in the process. Catalysts are used in many chemical processes to increase reaction rates and produce desired products through heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, while rechargeable batteries can be recharged through reversible chemical reactions.
Titinium
This document describes the extraction and properties of titanium. It discusses how titanium is extracted via the chloride process or by reducing titanium dioxide with carbon or magnesium. It explains the purification of titanium chloride and oxidation back to titanium dioxide. Some key properties of titanium include its silvery metallic color, high melting point, low density, and strength at high temperatures. It is used in aircraft, ships, and implants due to these desirable properties.
Industrial chemistry
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly caustic metallic base. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless, highly soluble in water, and very corrosive. The three main industrial processes for manufacturing sodium hydroxide are the mercury cell process, Nelson diaphragm cell process, and membrane cell process, all of which involve the electrolysis of brine solutions. Sodium hydroxide has a wide variety of industrial uses including in soap making, as a cleaning agent, in aluminum production, and in the paper pulp industry. It can cause severe burns upon contact with skin or tissues due to its highly exothermic and caustic reactions.
Industrial chemistry
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base used in many industrial processes. It is manufactured through electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution. The major processes are the mercury cell process, Nelson diaphragm cell process, and membrane cell process. NaOH is used to make soap through saponification, for cleaning, in aluminum production, and to make cryolite. It has health risks as a strong base that can cause burns and damage tissues. Environmental impacts include raising the pH of water.
Total hardness problems uet peshawar
The document contains 5 water quality problems involving the calculation of ion concentrations, total hardness, carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, and alkalinity based on given cation and anion concentrations. For each problem, the assistant provides the relevant calculations in a table and draws an ion concentration bar graph to summarize the results. The problems involve common calculations in water treatment to determine appropriate doses of lime and soda ash needed to soften water.
Chemical Properties of Nitric Acid
HNO3 has three main chemical properties: acidic, nitrating, and oxidizing. As an acid, it donates one H+ ion and neutralizes bases. Its nitrating property allows it to add nitro groups to organic compounds like benzene. As a strong oxidizer, HNO3's nitrogen changes oxidation states and can oxidize metals and nonmetals, reducing itself to NO2, NO or N2O depending on conditions like concentration and reactivity of the substance. Its importance lies in uses like fertilizers, explosives, and dynamite where its acidity, nitrating, or oxidizing abilities are exploited.
A brief introduction to petroleum refining
This document provides an overview of petroleum refining. It begins by discussing different forms of fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, and explains that petroleum produces fewer emissions than coal during production. Crude oil contains hydrocarbons like paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics. Crude oils are classified based on properties like sulfur content, density and boiling points. Major benchmark crude oils from different regions are listed along with their properties. The refining process converts crude oil into valuable products like gasoline and diesel through distillation units and catalytic cracking. The goal of refining is to remove impurities from crude oil and produce higher value products.
Corrosive Sulphur
The document discusses corrosive sulfur in transformer oil and its effects. It can be either a villain or hero depending on its chemical form. Corrosive sulfur can react with and corrode copper, potentially leading to failures. The document describes methods to detect corrosive sulfur, provides examples of failures linked to it, and concludes that identifying sulfur contamination sources and monitoring concentrations is important to avoid power supply issues.
Questions diagram set 1=terkini 1
This document discusses several chemical reactions and concepts:
1) It describes the dehydration of ethanol to produce ethene, and the test to identify ethene using bromine.
2) It discusses the oxidation of ethanol to produce ethanoic acid, including the chemical equation and properties of ethanoic acid.
3) It covers several homologous series including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters.
EH_Fall16_Research
- The document analyzes sediment samples from the Lower Chlorite-Muscovite Unit of the Evington Group in Virginia using EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy)
- 13 minerals were identified in the sediments that had not previously been reported in the Evington Group
- The analysis seeks to determine if stream sediments can act as a proxy for bedrock outcrops in areas with limited outcrop exposure like the Piedmont region
Electrolysis of brine
Electrolysis of brine PPT, from my chemistry teacher. Mr.Bedford. For anyone who can use this for help. This is for IGCSE /GCSE Level.
Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxide
The major method for producing sodium hydroxide is through the electrolysis of brine, which produces chloride gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. There are three main processes for this: the mercury cell process, the diaphragm cell process, and the membrane cell process. The membrane cell process is now most commonly used as it has the lowest energy requirement and produces very pure sodium hydroxide with no hazardous waste.
Petroleum tohmina
Catalytic cracking is a process that breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum into smaller molecules in the presence of a catalyst. This improves the rate of reaction, increases the octane number and antiknock quality of gasoline, and provides more flexibility. Common catalysts used are natural clays and synthetic materials like alumina and silica. Catalytic cracking occurs between 750-1000°F under atmospheric to 100 psi pressure using a catalyst to oil ratio of 0.2 to 20 by weight. The process can be fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed, or once-through and produces high octane gasoline at low cost using low-pressure equipment.
Chemistry stations 2012
The document describes several chemistry experiments involving chemical and physical changes. Examples of chemical changes included reactions between magnesium and oxygen, magnesium and hydrochloric acid, electricity and hydrochloric acid, cobalt chloride and calcium hydroxide, potassium permanganate and sodium sulphite. Examples of physical changes involved processes like a collapsing can, dissolved tea powder, a vacuum pump and marshmallow, wax changing state from solid to liquid, and ice cubes melting.
Ammonia NH3
Ammonia is a colorless gas with an irritating odor that is lighter than air and soluble in water and other solvents. It can be liquefied at -33.33°C and solidified into white crystals at -77.7°C. Ammonia is commonly produced via the Haber process, which involves reacting nitrogen and hydrogen gases over an iron catalyst at high pressures and temperatures. Ammonia acts as a weak base and is used in fertilizers, explosives, and other applications.
Agu 2015 Leyla Ismailova
1. The document summarizes research on the high-pressure behavior of iron-bearing silicate garnets up to 100 GPa.
2. It was found that skiagite-majorite solid solution extends up to 76% majorite component. Equations of state for skiagite-rich garnet were measured.
3. A spin transition of the Fe3+ ion was observed between 50-60 GPa, which causes a 3% decrease in overall volume but a 7% decrease in the FeO6 octahedron volume. The pressure region of this transition was found to have no compositional dependence.
introduction to metallurgy for chemist
It is a chemistry related presentation on metallurgy process and their extraction procedure with diagrams. it will be useful to all school students and under graduate level students
Efficency of cdnp
Combustion processes generate combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) that can impact human health. CDNPs include diesel exhaust particles, welding fumes, coal fly ash, and carbon black. They are able to translocate from the lungs to other organs. CDNPs have been shown to cause cardiovascular and genotoxic effects as well as inflammation in the liver and spleen. While CDNPs vary in their specific compositions, they share properties like small size and an ability to cause oxidative stress that contributes to their toxicological effects.
Magnesium (Amanda Manning)
Magnesium is the 6th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was first isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis of magnesium oxide. Magnesium is a silvery-white metal that is solid at room temperature but highly flammable at specific temperatures. Its main uses include flash photography, pyrotechnics, and in producing magnesium alloys for aircraft and missiles.
T 7 nano titanium dioxide - kmml
The document discusses nanotitanium dioxide, providing details about its production and applications. It notes that KMML (Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited) has developed a process for producing nanotitanium dioxide from titanium tetrachloride. KMML is setting up a pilot plant with a capacity of 10 metric tons per year and aims to commercialize production of nanotitanium dioxide. The document outlines the properties and typical uses of nanotitanium dioxide in applications like paints, coatings, plastics and cosmetics.
Mg, cu, alloys
This document discusses magnesium alloys and copper alloys. It provides information on the composition and properties of magnesium alloys, including their hexagonal crystal structure and common uses in automotive and camera components. Extraction and processing of magnesium is also covered. Common magnesium alloys include AZ91 and AM60. The document also discusses the composition and properties of brass and bronze copper alloys and their applications in electronics and heat exchangers.
Magnesium - Engineering Material
Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is extracted from seawater, dolomite, and magnesite ore. It has a melting point of 650°C and boiling point of 1107°C. Traditionally, magnesium is produced through electrochemical processes where dolomite or magnesite ore is crushed, roasted, and reacted with seawater or magnesium chloride to produce molten magnesium chloride, which is then electrolyzed to separate magnesium metal. Magnesium is also extracted from salt brines through drying and electrolysis.
Mg alloys
1. Magnesium alloys are lightweight metals that are commonly used in applications that require strength and low weight, such as in aerospace and automotive components.
2. The major magnesium alloys include Mg-Al based alloys, Mg-Zn based alloys, and Mg-rare earth alloys. Mg-Al alloys like AZ31 and AZ61 provide good strength and ductility. Mg-Zn alloys like ZK51A offer high tensile strength.
3. Magnesium alloys can be joined using welding techniques like TIG welding and friction welding. They are easily die cast but require special considerations for corrosion resistance in engineering applications.
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alter...
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alter...PERUMIN - Convención Minera
BLOQUE: PROCESOS METALÚRGICOS
Conferencia magistral
David Dreisinger
Professor
University of British Columbia
Miércoles 18 de setiembre, 2013Stages of hydrometallurgical processes
The document summarizes the key stages of hydrometallurgical processes. It discusses three main stages: leaching, solution concentration and purification, and metal recovery. Leaching involves dissolving metals from ores using techniques like heap, vat, or agitation leaching. Solution concentration and purification removes impurities. Metal recovery precipitates metals from the solution chemically or electrochemically, such as via electrowinning. Hydrometallurgy is more environmentally friendly than pyrometallurgy and can process lower grade ores, but requires more time and has challenges with separation and impurities.
Non ferrous alloys
This document provides an overview of various non-ferrous alloys including copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminium alloys like duralumin and silumin, titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, magnesium alloys and their properties and applications. It discusses the alloying elements, strengthening mechanisms, microstructure and common types of each alloy. Key alloys and their uses in various industries are also summarized.
Ti final
This document provides information on the element titanium. It begins with a brief history of titanium's discovery. It then discusses titanium's physical properties, common ores that contain titanium like rutile and ilmenite, and the extraction processes developed by Kroll and Hunter to produce titanium metal. The document outlines some common titanium alloys produced by adding elements like aluminum and vanadium. Finally, it discusses applications of titanium in various industries like aerospace, medical implants, and automotive due to its high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
Cutting tool materials and their study in machining
The chip formation in machining operations is commonly accomplished by a combination of several elements working together to complete the job. Among these components, cutting tool is the key element that serves in the front line of cutting action. Cutting action becomes a challenge when it comes to machining difficult-to-cut materials. Titanium and its alloys are among the most difficult-to-cut materials which are widely used in diverse industrial sectors. This chapter aims to provide a historical background and application of different cutting tools in machining industry with a main focus on the applicable cutting tools in machining titanium and titanium alloys. Selection of appropriate tool material for a certain application is directly influenced by the characteristics of material to be machined. In this context, a brief overview of the metallurgy of titanium and its alloys is also presented. Recent progresses in tool materials, appropriate tools for cutting titanium alloys, and their dominant wear mechanisms will also be covered in this chapter.
More Related Content
What's hot
A brief introduction to petroleum refining
This document provides an overview of petroleum refining. It begins by discussing different forms of fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, and explains that petroleum produces fewer emissions than coal during production. Crude oil contains hydrocarbons like paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics. Crude oils are classified based on properties like sulfur content, density and boiling points. Major benchmark crude oils from different regions are listed along with their properties. The refining process converts crude oil into valuable products like gasoline and diesel through distillation units and catalytic cracking. The goal of refining is to remove impurities from crude oil and produce higher value products.
Corrosive Sulphur
The document discusses corrosive sulfur in transformer oil and its effects. It can be either a villain or hero depending on its chemical form. Corrosive sulfur can react with and corrode copper, potentially leading to failures. The document describes methods to detect corrosive sulfur, provides examples of failures linked to it, and concludes that identifying sulfur contamination sources and monitoring concentrations is important to avoid power supply issues.
Questions diagram set 1=terkini 1
This document discusses several chemical reactions and concepts:
1) It describes the dehydration of ethanol to produce ethene, and the test to identify ethene using bromine.
2) It discusses the oxidation of ethanol to produce ethanoic acid, including the chemical equation and properties of ethanoic acid.
3) It covers several homologous series including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters.
EH_Fall16_Research
- The document analyzes sediment samples from the Lower Chlorite-Muscovite Unit of the Evington Group in Virginia using EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy)
- 13 minerals were identified in the sediments that had not previously been reported in the Evington Group
- The analysis seeks to determine if stream sediments can act as a proxy for bedrock outcrops in areas with limited outcrop exposure like the Piedmont region
Electrolysis of brine
Electrolysis of brine PPT, from my chemistry teacher. Mr.Bedford. For anyone who can use this for help. This is for IGCSE /GCSE Level.
Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxide
The major method for producing sodium hydroxide is through the electrolysis of brine, which produces chloride gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. There are three main processes for this: the mercury cell process, the diaphragm cell process, and the membrane cell process. The membrane cell process is now most commonly used as it has the lowest energy requirement and produces very pure sodium hydroxide with no hazardous waste.
Petroleum tohmina
Catalytic cracking is a process that breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum into smaller molecules in the presence of a catalyst. This improves the rate of reaction, increases the octane number and antiknock quality of gasoline, and provides more flexibility. Common catalysts used are natural clays and synthetic materials like alumina and silica. Catalytic cracking occurs between 750-1000°F under atmospheric to 100 psi pressure using a catalyst to oil ratio of 0.2 to 20 by weight. The process can be fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed, or once-through and produces high octane gasoline at low cost using low-pressure equipment.
Chemistry stations 2012
The document describes several chemistry experiments involving chemical and physical changes. Examples of chemical changes included reactions between magnesium and oxygen, magnesium and hydrochloric acid, electricity and hydrochloric acid, cobalt chloride and calcium hydroxide, potassium permanganate and sodium sulphite. Examples of physical changes involved processes like a collapsing can, dissolved tea powder, a vacuum pump and marshmallow, wax changing state from solid to liquid, and ice cubes melting.
Ammonia NH3
Ammonia is a colorless gas with an irritating odor that is lighter than air and soluble in water and other solvents. It can be liquefied at -33.33°C and solidified into white crystals at -77.7°C. Ammonia is commonly produced via the Haber process, which involves reacting nitrogen and hydrogen gases over an iron catalyst at high pressures and temperatures. Ammonia acts as a weak base and is used in fertilizers, explosives, and other applications.
Agu 2015 Leyla Ismailova
1. The document summarizes research on the high-pressure behavior of iron-bearing silicate garnets up to 100 GPa.
2. It was found that skiagite-majorite solid solution extends up to 76% majorite component. Equations of state for skiagite-rich garnet were measured.
3. A spin transition of the Fe3+ ion was observed between 50-60 GPa, which causes a 3% decrease in overall volume but a 7% decrease in the FeO6 octahedron volume. The pressure region of this transition was found to have no compositional dependence.
introduction to metallurgy for chemist
It is a chemistry related presentation on metallurgy process and their extraction procedure with diagrams. it will be useful to all school students and under graduate level students
Efficency of cdnp
Combustion processes generate combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) that can impact human health. CDNPs include diesel exhaust particles, welding fumes, coal fly ash, and carbon black. They are able to translocate from the lungs to other organs. CDNPs have been shown to cause cardiovascular and genotoxic effects as well as inflammation in the liver and spleen. While CDNPs vary in their specific compositions, they share properties like small size and an ability to cause oxidative stress that contributes to their toxicological effects.
What's hot (12)
Viewers also liked
Magnesium (Amanda Manning)
Magnesium is the 6th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was first isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis of magnesium oxide. Magnesium is a silvery-white metal that is solid at room temperature but highly flammable at specific temperatures. Its main uses include flash photography, pyrotechnics, and in producing magnesium alloys for aircraft and missiles.
T 7 nano titanium dioxide - kmml
The document discusses nanotitanium dioxide, providing details about its production and applications. It notes that KMML (Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited) has developed a process for producing nanotitanium dioxide from titanium tetrachloride. KMML is setting up a pilot plant with a capacity of 10 metric tons per year and aims to commercialize production of nanotitanium dioxide. The document outlines the properties and typical uses of nanotitanium dioxide in applications like paints, coatings, plastics and cosmetics.
Mg, cu, alloys
This document discusses magnesium alloys and copper alloys. It provides information on the composition and properties of magnesium alloys, including their hexagonal crystal structure and common uses in automotive and camera components. Extraction and processing of magnesium is also covered. Common magnesium alloys include AZ91 and AM60. The document also discusses the composition and properties of brass and bronze copper alloys and their applications in electronics and heat exchangers.
Magnesium - Engineering Material
Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is extracted from seawater, dolomite, and magnesite ore. It has a melting point of 650°C and boiling point of 1107°C. Traditionally, magnesium is produced through electrochemical processes where dolomite or magnesite ore is crushed, roasted, and reacted with seawater or magnesium chloride to produce molten magnesium chloride, which is then electrolyzed to separate magnesium metal. Magnesium is also extracted from salt brines through drying and electrolysis.
Mg alloys
1. Magnesium alloys are lightweight metals that are commonly used in applications that require strength and low weight, such as in aerospace and automotive components.
2. The major magnesium alloys include Mg-Al based alloys, Mg-Zn based alloys, and Mg-rare earth alloys. Mg-Al alloys like AZ31 and AZ61 provide good strength and ductility. Mg-Zn alloys like ZK51A offer high tensile strength.
3. Magnesium alloys can be joined using welding techniques like TIG welding and friction welding. They are easily die cast but require special considerations for corrosion resistance in engineering applications.
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alter...
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alter...PERUMIN - Convención Minera
BLOQUE: PROCESOS METALÚRGICOS
Conferencia magistral
David Dreisinger
Professor
University of British Columbia
Miércoles 18 de setiembre, 2013Stages of hydrometallurgical processes
The document summarizes the key stages of hydrometallurgical processes. It discusses three main stages: leaching, solution concentration and purification, and metal recovery. Leaching involves dissolving metals from ores using techniques like heap, vat, or agitation leaching. Solution concentration and purification removes impurities. Metal recovery precipitates metals from the solution chemically or electrochemically, such as via electrowinning. Hydrometallurgy is more environmentally friendly than pyrometallurgy and can process lower grade ores, but requires more time and has challenges with separation and impurities.
Non ferrous alloys
This document provides an overview of various non-ferrous alloys including copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminium alloys like duralumin and silumin, titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, magnesium alloys and their properties and applications. It discusses the alloying elements, strengthening mechanisms, microstructure and common types of each alloy. Key alloys and their uses in various industries are also summarized.
Viewers also liked (8)
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alter...
PERUMIN 31: The Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Copper Concentrates: An Alter...
Similar to 01 Olin
Ti final
This document provides information on the element titanium. It begins with a brief history of titanium's discovery. It then discusses titanium's physical properties, common ores that contain titanium like rutile and ilmenite, and the extraction processes developed by Kroll and Hunter to produce titanium metal. The document outlines some common titanium alloys produced by adding elements like aluminum and vanadium. Finally, it discusses applications of titanium in various industries like aerospace, medical implants, and automotive due to its high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
Cutting tool materials and their study in machining
The chip formation in machining operations is commonly accomplished by a combination of several elements working together to complete the job. Among these components, cutting tool is the key element that serves in the front line of cutting action. Cutting action becomes a challenge when it comes to machining difficult-to-cut materials. Titanium and its alloys are among the most difficult-to-cut materials which are widely used in diverse industrial sectors. This chapter aims to provide a historical background and application of different cutting tools in machining industry with a main focus on the applicable cutting tools in machining titanium and titanium alloys. Selection of appropriate tool material for a certain application is directly influenced by the characteristics of material to be machined. In this context, a brief overview of the metallurgy of titanium and its alloys is also presented. Recent progresses in tool materials, appropriate tools for cutting titanium alloys, and their dominant wear mechanisms will also be covered in this chapter.
titanium.pptx
Titanium is extracted mainly from the ore rutile through the chloride process or the Kroll process. In the chloride process, rutile is converted to titanium tetrachloride which is then purified through distillation before being oxidized to titanium dioxide. Alternatively, the Kroll process reduces titanium tetrachloride to titanium metal using magnesium. Titanium has many uses due to its high strength to weight ratio, including in aircraft, ships, implants, and steel and stainless steel alloys.
Titanium Producing Process
Titanium production is a capital-intensive and energy-intensive process requiring high temperatures and special processing techniques due to titanium's reactivity. It involves multiple steps including chlorinating titanium ore to produce titanium tetrachloride, reducing it with magnesium to form titanium sponge, and then melting the sponge in an electric arc furnace to produce ingots. Producing parts from ingots also requires multi-step milling and fabrication processes that are complicated by titanium's hardness and reactivity which increase costs.
nium 3.pptx
Titanium is extracted from its two most common ores, rutile and ilmenite. Rutile has a tetragonal crystal structure and is the preferred polymorph of titanium dioxide. Ilmenite is an iron-titanium oxide mineral. Titanium is extracted from these ores through chlorination to produce titanium tetrachloride, which is then purified and reduced, often using magnesium or sodium, to produce titanium sponge. Titanium has a variety of applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, including use in aircraft, armor, ships, and prosthetics.
otitanium 4.pptx
The document discusses the extraction of titanium from its main ores, rutile and ilmenite. It describes the discovery and properties of titanium. The Kroll process is discussed as the primary industrial process for extracting titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride into sponge titanium. Applications of titanium include use in aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and chemicals due to its high strength-to-density ratio and corrosion resistance.
on-extraction-of-titanium 5.pptx
The document discusses the extraction of titanium from its main ores, rutile and ilmenite. It describes the discovery and properties of titanium. The Kroll process is discussed as the primary industrial process for extracting titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride into sponge titanium. Applications of titanium include use in aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and chemicals due to its high strength-to-density ratio and corrosion resistance.
Process technology of titanium products 2003-07
Midhani is the only company in India to process very special and unique metal, Titanium, from end-to-end. It starts from having raw titanium, known as Titanium sponge and then processing it to make various highly engineered products. This presentation explains the properties of Titanium, how it is being processed in Titanium Shop of Midhani. It also contains detailed explanation of each process step.
Principles of Metallurgy
Metals are generally found as compounds in nature called minerals. Ores are minerals that metals can be extracted from readily and profitably. Ores occur as oxides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, and silicates. Flux is added to slag off impurities during smelting. Metals are refined through vapor phase, electrolytic, or zone refining. Common metal extraction processes involve concentration, roasting, smelting, and reduction. Metals have various uses as alloys and in electroplating, machinery, jewelry, and other applications.
Ti paper for website (Revised 24.11.15)
Titanium occurs naturally combined with other elements and was first discovered in 1791. It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is resistant to corrosion, making it useful for aerospace and medical applications. Titanium can exist in alpha and beta phases with different crystal structures. Photochemical etching uses light and chemicals to dissolve titanium selectively and create patterns. ACE developed a safer non-HF etching process called TiME and has expanded their business due to its success.
Metals from Ores: An Introduction-Crimson Publishers
This document provides an introduction to metals obtained from ores. It discusses how ores contain mixtures of minerals that are processed to extract industrial minerals and metals. Ores first undergo beneficiation by physical methods to separate minerals, then chemical methods to recover metals. Metals and metalloids are classified based on their chemical composition and physical properties. Major metallic minerals are discussed, including their typical compositions and common uses for metal production or other purposes like refractories. Classification schemes for important ore types like chromites and manganese ores are also presented based on their grade and suitable end uses.
Extraction of Titanium
Titanium can be extracted through Kroll's process or Hunter's process. Kroll's process involves reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium at 800°C to produce titanium sponge and magnesium chloride. Hunter's process reduces titanium tetrachloride with sodium in a series of steady-state reactions to produce titanium and sodium chloride. The brittle titanium sponge produced requires further processing like purification and melting to produce ductile titanium for applications such as jet engine components, air frames, and spacecraft.
Effects of different heat treartment on of ti-6 Al-4 v alloy
This document discusses heat treatments of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Seven specimens of Ti-6Al-4V were heat treated at different temperatures (1050°C and 950°C) and cooled at different rates. The microstructures and hardness values of the specimens were then analyzed. Heating and cooling rates were found to greatly impact the final microstructure. Specimens cooled at different rates exhibited different proportions of phases and grain sizes, resulting in varying microstructures and hardness values. The microstructures were also correlated to mechanical properties like ductility and hardness.
2_MetalSustainability-8714-16770053638297.pdf
The document discusses trends in metal production and ore grades over time. Production of most metals, including copper, gold, lead, and iron ore, has increased dramatically since the 1800s. However, ore grades for these metals have declined significantly, meaning more ore must be mined and processed to produce the same amount of metal. Recycling rates are also relatively low for many metals. Innovative technologies are being developed to more efficiently recycle metals from things like electronic waste and improve sustainability of metal production.
Latihan Formula Ion & Formula Kimia (for students)
This document contains information about chemical formulas and relative molecular/formula masses. It includes a list of common ions and their formulas. There are also exercises providing the chemical formulas of compounds and calculating their relative molecular/formula masses. Some example calculations shown include copper(II) chloride with a relative formula mass of 135 and potassium chloride with a relative formula mass of 74.5. The document appears to be teaching materials for a chemistry module covering chemical formulas and relative molecular/formula mass calculations.
Ch24 130105203600-phpapp02
This chapter of a general chemistry textbook covers the transition metals. It discusses the general properties of transition metals including their atomic radii, oxidation states, ability to form polyatomic ions, and role in catalysis. It also describes principles of extractive metallurgy used to produce metals from ores. Specific sections cover the first row transition metals, the iron triad of iron, cobalt and nickel, and groups 11 and 12 including copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium and mercury. High-temperature superconductors are also discussed.
Ionic liquids in selective extraction of co from ni
This document discusses selective extraction of cobalt from nickel using ionic liquids. It begins with an introduction to ionic liquids, defining them and describing their properties. It then discusses different types of ionic liquids and their applications. The main body describes a study that used phosphonium-based ionic liquids to selectively separate cobalt and nickel via solvent extraction experiments. Key results showed the phosphonium ionic liquid achieved high separation factors for cobalt over nickel. The document concludes the method provides a greener approach to metal separation compared to conventional solvents. Future work is suggested to apply the technique to other metal separations.
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLE OF EXTRACTION.pdf
This document provides an overview of a course on the extraction of non-ferrous metals. It covers 10 chapters that discuss the principles and extraction methods of metals from various ore types, including oxide, sulfide, and halide ores. It also addresses the recovery of secondary metals. The document discusses the typical analysis of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, how metals are found in nature, and their various uses related to their properties. It provides examples of extracting some metals like silver, lead, iron, and aluminum from their respective ores.
Manganese group
This document discusses the elements manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), and rhenium (Re). It provides information on their classification, properties, extraction methods, and applications. Mn is most commonly found as pyrolusite (MnO2) and is important in steel production. Tc and Re are rarely found in nature but can be produced synthetically. Tc-99m is used in medical imaging, while Tc and Re have industrial uses such as catalysts. Mn, Tc, and Re are valuable for their applications in alloys, batteries, gasoline, and cancer treatment.
Titanium bars melting method
We are a titanium manufacture with more than 10 years experience, titanium basic products and other titanium customized fabrication, contact info: karen.yang@bjmkgs.com
Similar to 01 Olin (20)
Cutting tool materials and their study in machining
Cutting tool materials and their study in machining
Metals from Ores: An Introduction-Crimson Publishers
Metals from Ores: An Introduction-Crimson Publishers
Effects of different heat treartment on of ti-6 Al-4 v alloy
Effects of different heat treartment on of ti-6 Al-4 v alloy
Latihan Formula Ion & Formula Kimia (for students)
Latihan Formula Ion & Formula Kimia (for students)
Ionic liquids in selective extraction of co from ni
Ionic liquids in selective extraction of co from ni
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLE OF EXTRACTION.pdf
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLE OF EXTRACTION.pdf
Recently uploaded
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on Blockchain
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
Artificial Intelligence for XMLDevelopment
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software Fuzzing
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdf
In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
20240609 QFM020 Irresponsible AI Reading List May 2024
Everything I found interesting about the irresponsible use of machine intelligence in May 2024
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
20240607 QFM018 Elixir Reading List May 2024
Everything I found interesting about the Elixir programming ecosystem in May 2024
Uni Systems Copilot event_05062024_C.Vlachos.pdf
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy Survey
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
Mind map of common terms used in context of Generative AI.
June Patch Tuesday
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Recently uploaded (20)
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on Blockchain
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on Blockchain
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdf
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdf
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
20240609 QFM020 Irresponsible AI Reading List May 2024
20240609 QFM020 Irresponsible AI Reading List May 2024
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUU
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUU
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
01 Olin
- 1. Overview of the Production of Titanium NiteshOli CMEN 413 Section 001
- 2. Introduction to Titanium - Symbol: Ti Atomic no:22 Atomic weight: 47.8 Color :silver metallic Group no: 4 Group name: Transition elements
- 3. Overall Process Primary Ores Ilmenite (FeTiO3) rutile (TiO2) Extraction Process magnesium reduction Sodium reduction TiO2 ore CL2 C Chlorination Electrolysis Mg TiCl4 Reduction Acid H2o MgCl2 Leaching Titanium
- 4. Magnesium-Reduction (Kroll Process) Waste Acid and water TICL4 Acid, Leach, dry Spongeremoval Reduction reactor Sponge Mg Vacuum distillation Sponge removal MgCl2 Overall Reaction Ticl4(g)+2 Mg(l) Ti(s)+ 2 MgCl2(l) electrolysis Cl2
- 5. Separation process overview and Conclusion separation method used in kroll`s process. >Vacuum distillation >leaching
- 6. Citations Othmer,”kirk. “Extractive metallurgy.”Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed.vol. 16. Newyork:wiley interscience,1997. 335-37. Print. Othmer ,”Kirk.” Titanium and titanium alloys.”Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed. Vol. 24. Newyork:wiley-Interscience,1997.187-89. Print.
Editor's Notes
- Titanium is a pure white lustrous metal. It can be easily fabricated. It`s the only element that burn with Nitrogen and used for fireworks.Titanium is used as alloys with aluminum, iron and other metals. It is dynamically used in aerospace industries.
- Titanium minerals occurs in nature as ilemnite and rutile. The principal titanium ore,ilemnite is found mostly in alluvial sands and hard rock. Generally during an extraction process the titanium metal is extracted from its ore in a physical form called sponge. The extraction process generally used for the manufacture of titanium are magnesium reduction process and sodium reduction.
- Titanium is produced mostly by metallothermic reduction of its chloride using liquid magnesium at 750⁰C known a Kroll process. In this process Rutlile, it`s ore is reduced with petroleum derived coke in a fluidized bed at 1000⁰C. The mixture is treated with chlorine which is also known as chlorination process which gives Titanium tetrachloride. Fractional distillation is used to separate the volatile chlorides formed after the reaction. In a reduction reactor titanium tetrachloride is reduced by liquid magnesium. As shown in the reaction above. The resulting porous metallic titanium is purified by leaching or heated vacuum distillation. The formed sponge is then jackhammered,pressed before it gets melted.
- Vacuum distillation used in this process is a separation method where the colorless liquid form of titanium tetrachloride is purified. Leaching is another separation process used in the manufacture of titanium which is used to purification of sponge.