This document provides instructions for calculating key parameters for primary cement jobs, including:
- Slurry and preflush volumes based on annular capacities from caliper logs
- Cement quantities based on total slurry volume and slurry yield
- Displacement volume based on float collar depth and casing capacity
- Water requirements for mixing, washing, displacement, and equipment cleaning
- Maximum lifting force to prevent casing buoyancy issues during pumping
Worked examples are provided to demonstrate how to perform the calculations for a sample well cementing job.
This document provides a design proposal for cementing operations on the VINITA 1B - 23 well. It includes designs for cementing the 10 3/4" surface casing at 4,950 feet and the 7" production liner at 9,214 feet. For each operation, it outlines job objectives, well data, risk analysis, recommended procedures, pumping schedules, and simulation results from cementing software. The simulations model fluid properties, pressure profiles, temperature effects, centralizer placement, cement coverage, and pumping requirements. The goal is to achieve zonal isolation and provide competent barriers for further well construction.
Surge Pressure Prediction for Running Linerspvisoftware
This white paper will review the engineering analysis behind trip operations for different pipe end conditions. The author will discuss the controlling parameters affecting surge pressure using SurgeMOD. There are 2 aspects of the surge and swab pressure analysis: one is to predict surge and swab pressure for a given running speed (analysis mode), while the other one is to calculate optimal trip speeds at different string depths without breaking down formations or causing a kick at weak zone (design mode). This article will address both issues. Examples of running liners in tight tolerance wellbore will be analyzed.
In fluid dynamics, slosh refers to the movement of liquid inside another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion).
Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with the container to alter the system dynamics significantly. Liquid sloshing strongly influences the directional dynamics and safety performance of highway tank vehicles in a highly adverse manner. Hydrodynamic forces and moments arising from liquid cargo oscillations in the tank under steering and/or braking maneuvers reduce the stability limit and controllability of partially-filled tank vehicles. Anti-slosh devices such as baffles are widely used in order to limit the adverse liquid slosh effect on directional performance and stability of the tank vehicles.
The document discusses the FrothFlushTM process for cleaning combined cycle plant components such as condensate lines, HRSG watersides, superheaters, reheaters, and condensers. It explains that FrothFlushTM uses high velocity slugs of compressed air and water to generate full turbulence that scrubs surfaces, removing particles and salts. Test results show FrothFlushTM achieves much cleaner results than other methods, with conductivity below 50 uS/cm and solids below 0.05 mg/L. FrothFlushTM is also effective for cleaning preheat and economizer coils in HRSGs.
This document provides information on detector tubes and their use in a gas detection pump system. It includes:
- A list of detector tubes with information on the gas measured, measuring range, number of pump strokes, shelf life, and other details.
- Instructions for operating the gas detection pump to sample gases using the detector tubes, including inserting and breaking the tube, pulling the pump handle, and reading the results.
- Hints for interpreting color changes on the detector tubes such as when the boundary is uneven or faint.
Steam blowing is carried out to remove debris from superheaters and reheaters that accumulate during manufacturing and installation. The objective is to prevent damage to turbine blades and valves. Steam blowing is considered complete when target plates show less than 5 indentations in the central zone or meet alternative criteria of indentation sizes. The procedure uses puffing and continuous blowing methods applying thermal shock to dislodge scale, which is removed by expanding steam. Various stages are outlined blowing different sections of piping and components. Completion is determined by observing target plate indentations.
This document contains information about an examination for a Mechanisms and Mechanical Design course, including eight multi-part questions covering topics like pantographs, linkages, cams, gears, springs, and other mechanical systems. The questions range from simple calculations to more complex design problems. The document provides diagrams, equations, and specific values to help students solve the problems.
This document provides a design proposal for cementing operations on the VINITA 1B - 23 well. It includes designs for cementing the 10 3/4" surface casing at 4,950 feet and the 7" production liner at 9,214 feet. For each operation, it outlines job objectives, well data, risk analysis, recommended procedures, pumping schedules, and simulation results from cementing software. The simulations model fluid properties, pressure profiles, temperature effects, centralizer placement, cement coverage, and pumping requirements. The goal is to achieve zonal isolation and provide competent barriers for further well construction.
Surge Pressure Prediction for Running Linerspvisoftware
This white paper will review the engineering analysis behind trip operations for different pipe end conditions. The author will discuss the controlling parameters affecting surge pressure using SurgeMOD. There are 2 aspects of the surge and swab pressure analysis: one is to predict surge and swab pressure for a given running speed (analysis mode), while the other one is to calculate optimal trip speeds at different string depths without breaking down formations or causing a kick at weak zone (design mode). This article will address both issues. Examples of running liners in tight tolerance wellbore will be analyzed.
In fluid dynamics, slosh refers to the movement of liquid inside another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion).
Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with the container to alter the system dynamics significantly. Liquid sloshing strongly influences the directional dynamics and safety performance of highway tank vehicles in a highly adverse manner. Hydrodynamic forces and moments arising from liquid cargo oscillations in the tank under steering and/or braking maneuvers reduce the stability limit and controllability of partially-filled tank vehicles. Anti-slosh devices such as baffles are widely used in order to limit the adverse liquid slosh effect on directional performance and stability of the tank vehicles.
The document discusses the FrothFlushTM process for cleaning combined cycle plant components such as condensate lines, HRSG watersides, superheaters, reheaters, and condensers. It explains that FrothFlushTM uses high velocity slugs of compressed air and water to generate full turbulence that scrubs surfaces, removing particles and salts. Test results show FrothFlushTM achieves much cleaner results than other methods, with conductivity below 50 uS/cm and solids below 0.05 mg/L. FrothFlushTM is also effective for cleaning preheat and economizer coils in HRSGs.
This document provides information on detector tubes and their use in a gas detection pump system. It includes:
- A list of detector tubes with information on the gas measured, measuring range, number of pump strokes, shelf life, and other details.
- Instructions for operating the gas detection pump to sample gases using the detector tubes, including inserting and breaking the tube, pulling the pump handle, and reading the results.
- Hints for interpreting color changes on the detector tubes such as when the boundary is uneven or faint.
Steam blowing is carried out to remove debris from superheaters and reheaters that accumulate during manufacturing and installation. The objective is to prevent damage to turbine blades and valves. Steam blowing is considered complete when target plates show less than 5 indentations in the central zone or meet alternative criteria of indentation sizes. The procedure uses puffing and continuous blowing methods applying thermal shock to dislodge scale, which is removed by expanding steam. Various stages are outlined blowing different sections of piping and components. Completion is determined by observing target plate indentations.
This document contains information about an examination for a Mechanisms and Mechanical Design course, including eight multi-part questions covering topics like pantographs, linkages, cams, gears, springs, and other mechanical systems. The questions range from simple calculations to more complex design problems. The document provides diagrams, equations, and specific values to help students solve the problems.
Calculation of volumes, materials, cost required for cementing operations has been challenging. CEMVIEW allows users to quickly and accurately perform the calculations through visual and animated schematics. Users can create realistic, various combinations of casing / liner strings for land or offshore wells in one session.
The document outlines the key elements of a drilling plan for an oil and gas well, including:
1. Rig specifications and layout, size calculations, torque and drag calculations, casing and cementing procedures, wellhead design and installation.
2. Mud engineering and design, directional drilling plan, drill string design, drilling optimization, bit selection, and formation evaluation including logging, coring, and testing.
3. Health, safety, environment procedures and an emergency response plan.
Este documento trata sobre ingeniería de cementaciones. Explica los conceptos generales de cementaciones como la cementación primaria, forzada y tapones de cemento. También describe el cemento Portland, sus componentes, clasificaciones y propiedades. Finalmente, cubre temas como diseño de cementaciones, nuevas tecnologías, cementación de pozos horizontales, tapones de cemento y herramientas auxiliares.
The document discusses various pumping systems used in oil and gas extraction. It lists several common pumping methods including gas lift, plunger lift, sucker rod pumps, electric submersible pumps, hydraulic jet pumps, progressing cavity pumps, and notes that the challenge is efficiently transferring energy to deeper pumps in increasingly difficult environments. It concludes by inviting questions about oilfield pumping equipment photos.
Sucker rod pumping short course!!! ~downhole diagnosticenLightNme888
Six-page Petroleum Engineering info-graphic detailing Sucker Rod Pumping of Oil Wells and how to effectively design, operate, and optimize the well's producing efficiency. This is an amazing reference guide for anyone involved with Beam Lift as a means of Artificial Lift!!
www.downholediagnostic.com
Primary cementing involves placing cement between the casing and borehole to isolate zones and support the casing. It involves running casing, circulating mud, pressure testing, pumping wash/spacer, mixing and pumping cement slurry, and displacing with fluid. Secondary cementing, like squeeze cementing, is used to repair improper zonal isolation, eliminate water intrusion, or repair casing leaks by pumping cement through perforations or casing leaks. It can be done with low or high pressure placement using techniques like running squeeze or hesitation squeeze to fill perforations or fractures.
The document discusses cement used in oil and gas wells. It covers cement composition, classes of cement, additives for controlling density, acceleration, retardation and viscosity. It also discusses cementing operations, equipment and performing a good cementing job. Key factors include casing centralization, pipe movement, drilling fluid viscosity, hole condition and achieving proper displacement velocity.
Sucker rod pumps are a type of artificial lift used in oil wells that involves components both above and below ground. The surface pumping unit is connected via sucker rods to the subsurface pump located downhole. The pumping cycle involves the plunger moving up and down inside the barrel, using the traveling or standing valves to draw fluid into the barrel on the upstroke and push it up on the downstroke. Sucker rod pumps are suitable for shallow wells producing 10-1000 bbl/day but become less effective at greater depths or in wells with high gas levels.
High performance foil rotor improves de ink pulp screenducnamtrinh
- A novel dual element foil (DEF) rotor was developed to improve stickies removal efficiency in paper recycling screening while using less power than conventional rotors.
- In a mill trial, the DEF rotor achieved 42% lower power consumption than the existing rotor at an optimized lower tip speed, while maintaining screen capacity and runnability. It also achieved higher stickies removal efficiency.
- The DEF rotor design optimizes the negative pressure pulse for cleaning while minimizing the positive pulse that could force stickies through slots. This allows for more efficient screening at lower tip speeds and power usage.
Design and analysis of ball mill inlet chute for roller press circuit in ceme...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
From its beginnings in 1966, Kammer valves have been engineered and manufactured for specific answers to tough applications. Although, more than half of all Kammer valves are custom designed, custom applications often do not require additional time or cost due to the versatility and interchangeability of the Kammer design.
The document summarizes a presentation about wastewater aeration systems. It discusses the history of aeration, design and process considerations, types of aeration systems and their relative efficiencies, oxygen transfer testing methods, and quality control protocols. Case studies are presented showing energy savings from replacing old membrane diffusers with new fine bubble diffuser systems.
This document discusses optimizing cement grinding circuits through pre-crushing of clinker using a Barmac crusher prior to grinding in a two-compartment ball mill. Bond calculations and population balance modeling are used to analyze the potential benefits. Modeling suggests the total energy consumption for grinding can be reduced up to 10% by pre-crushing clinker to a finer size before ball milling. A case study of a cement plant found pre-crushing could lower the required ball mill power by 9-15% and increase grinding circuit capacity with relatively low capital investment compared to alternatives like high-pressure grinding rolls.
Floating LNG/CNG Processing & Storage Offshore Platforms Utilizing a New Tank...Altair ProductDesign
This paper from Altair ProductDesign, reports on the benefits of the Cubic Dough-nut tank containment system on the supporting platform design and its ability to operate with liquid levels in the tank from empty to full.
This document discusses recent trends and the future of ultra deepwater oil field developments. It summarizes that developments in ultra deepwater have very high costs, prompting companies to consider more standardized and innovative solutions. Subsea wells and FPSOs have become the standard for field development below depths of around 2500-3000 meters. New technologies like subsea separation, direct electrical heating of flowlines, and subsea power distribution are being successfully implemented and will likely become more common. Future field developments are expected to utilize more standardized components coupled with innovative technologies to reduce costs and maximize recovery in ultra deepwater environments over the next 5-10 years.
This document summarizes a research project analyzing pipeline flow losses and fouling at a marine tank farm (MTF) in Jamnagar, India. The MTF receives crude oil from offshore single point moorings (SPMs) via subsea pipelines. The project models pressure losses along the pipelines based on flow rate, crude properties, and pipeline design. It calibrates the model using 2009 data and then simulates 2014-15 data to estimate fouling over 5 years. The results indicate minimum fouling of 5mm has occurred, corresponding to 265.3257806 cubic meters of debris buildup in the pipelines.
Reducing Shipping Vibration of Compressors in Roof Top Air-conditioning Units...HCL Technologies
This document discusses reducing vibration in roof-top air conditioning unit compressors during shipping. Experiments were conducted placing materials like plywood underneath the basepan to reduce vibration transferred to the compressor. Modal analysis was used to understand vibration modes. Adding a grounded 4x4 wood block between shipping crates helped drastically reduce compressor response. A tolerance study was needed to ensure the wood block could be manufactured and installed properly between stacked units during shipping. The goal was to address high compressor vibration levels that could damage piping or cause failures during transportation.
This document provides guidance on calculating pump discharge pressure for firefighting operations. It explains that the total gallons per minute (GPM) must first be determined based on nozzle tip size. Friction loss is then calculated based on hose size and GPM. Device pressures like for nozzles, elevations, and connections are added to determine the total required pump discharge pressure. Charts are included listing common nozzle tip sizes and GPM, hose sizes and their friction loss per 100 feet for different flow rates, and examples of calculating total pressure for different firefighting setups.
This document summarizes three case studies that demonstrate how simulation of reciprocating compressor valve dynamics can help optimize valve design and troubleshoot problems. Case 1 shows that reducing valve lift can increase compressor capacity while decreasing impact velocities and improving valve life. Case 2 illustrates that inadequate valve flow area leads to late valve closure and failure, and increasing flow area is needed. Case 3 demonstrates that considering cylinder flow area in simulations, in addition to valve design, is important, as insufficient cylinder area was constricting gas flow and wasting horsepower. Overall, valve simulation allows comprehensive evaluation of designs and selection of solutions that perform well over all operating conditions.
1. Aerodynamic losses occur in axial compressors due to boundary layer growth and separation on blades and passage surfaces, including profile, tip clearance, and stage losses.
2. Off-design operation of a compressor occurs when it deviates from its design point, which can result in unstable flow due to surge or stall.
3. Surge is a complete breakdown of steady flow through the compressor that involves reversing flow direction and can damage the compressor blades, while stall occurs when blade surfaces separate from the flow in individual blades, rotating zones, or flutter.
This paper investigates excessive fuel consumption of
compressor drivers caused by common compressor faults.
Pressure versus volume (PV) analysis techniques will identify
deficiencies, quantify fault severity, and will be used to
estimate the resulting excessive fuel consumption. Empirical
fuel measurements of the drivers are analyzed before and
after the fault correction and are used to calculate immediate
economic savings from repairs. Performance and capacity
improvements are also analyzed, providing a complete economic
picture of maintenance and operational payback.
Calculation of volumes, materials, cost required for cementing operations has been challenging. CEMVIEW allows users to quickly and accurately perform the calculations through visual and animated schematics. Users can create realistic, various combinations of casing / liner strings for land or offshore wells in one session.
The document outlines the key elements of a drilling plan for an oil and gas well, including:
1. Rig specifications and layout, size calculations, torque and drag calculations, casing and cementing procedures, wellhead design and installation.
2. Mud engineering and design, directional drilling plan, drill string design, drilling optimization, bit selection, and formation evaluation including logging, coring, and testing.
3. Health, safety, environment procedures and an emergency response plan.
Este documento trata sobre ingeniería de cementaciones. Explica los conceptos generales de cementaciones como la cementación primaria, forzada y tapones de cemento. También describe el cemento Portland, sus componentes, clasificaciones y propiedades. Finalmente, cubre temas como diseño de cementaciones, nuevas tecnologías, cementación de pozos horizontales, tapones de cemento y herramientas auxiliares.
The document discusses various pumping systems used in oil and gas extraction. It lists several common pumping methods including gas lift, plunger lift, sucker rod pumps, electric submersible pumps, hydraulic jet pumps, progressing cavity pumps, and notes that the challenge is efficiently transferring energy to deeper pumps in increasingly difficult environments. It concludes by inviting questions about oilfield pumping equipment photos.
Sucker rod pumping short course!!! ~downhole diagnosticenLightNme888
Six-page Petroleum Engineering info-graphic detailing Sucker Rod Pumping of Oil Wells and how to effectively design, operate, and optimize the well's producing efficiency. This is an amazing reference guide for anyone involved with Beam Lift as a means of Artificial Lift!!
www.downholediagnostic.com
Primary cementing involves placing cement between the casing and borehole to isolate zones and support the casing. It involves running casing, circulating mud, pressure testing, pumping wash/spacer, mixing and pumping cement slurry, and displacing with fluid. Secondary cementing, like squeeze cementing, is used to repair improper zonal isolation, eliminate water intrusion, or repair casing leaks by pumping cement through perforations or casing leaks. It can be done with low or high pressure placement using techniques like running squeeze or hesitation squeeze to fill perforations or fractures.
The document discusses cement used in oil and gas wells. It covers cement composition, classes of cement, additives for controlling density, acceleration, retardation and viscosity. It also discusses cementing operations, equipment and performing a good cementing job. Key factors include casing centralization, pipe movement, drilling fluid viscosity, hole condition and achieving proper displacement velocity.
Sucker rod pumps are a type of artificial lift used in oil wells that involves components both above and below ground. The surface pumping unit is connected via sucker rods to the subsurface pump located downhole. The pumping cycle involves the plunger moving up and down inside the barrel, using the traveling or standing valves to draw fluid into the barrel on the upstroke and push it up on the downstroke. Sucker rod pumps are suitable for shallow wells producing 10-1000 bbl/day but become less effective at greater depths or in wells with high gas levels.
High performance foil rotor improves de ink pulp screenducnamtrinh
- A novel dual element foil (DEF) rotor was developed to improve stickies removal efficiency in paper recycling screening while using less power than conventional rotors.
- In a mill trial, the DEF rotor achieved 42% lower power consumption than the existing rotor at an optimized lower tip speed, while maintaining screen capacity and runnability. It also achieved higher stickies removal efficiency.
- The DEF rotor design optimizes the negative pressure pulse for cleaning while minimizing the positive pulse that could force stickies through slots. This allows for more efficient screening at lower tip speeds and power usage.
Design and analysis of ball mill inlet chute for roller press circuit in ceme...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
From its beginnings in 1966, Kammer valves have been engineered and manufactured for specific answers to tough applications. Although, more than half of all Kammer valves are custom designed, custom applications often do not require additional time or cost due to the versatility and interchangeability of the Kammer design.
The document summarizes a presentation about wastewater aeration systems. It discusses the history of aeration, design and process considerations, types of aeration systems and their relative efficiencies, oxygen transfer testing methods, and quality control protocols. Case studies are presented showing energy savings from replacing old membrane diffusers with new fine bubble diffuser systems.
This document discusses optimizing cement grinding circuits through pre-crushing of clinker using a Barmac crusher prior to grinding in a two-compartment ball mill. Bond calculations and population balance modeling are used to analyze the potential benefits. Modeling suggests the total energy consumption for grinding can be reduced up to 10% by pre-crushing clinker to a finer size before ball milling. A case study of a cement plant found pre-crushing could lower the required ball mill power by 9-15% and increase grinding circuit capacity with relatively low capital investment compared to alternatives like high-pressure grinding rolls.
Floating LNG/CNG Processing & Storage Offshore Platforms Utilizing a New Tank...Altair ProductDesign
This paper from Altair ProductDesign, reports on the benefits of the Cubic Dough-nut tank containment system on the supporting platform design and its ability to operate with liquid levels in the tank from empty to full.
This document discusses recent trends and the future of ultra deepwater oil field developments. It summarizes that developments in ultra deepwater have very high costs, prompting companies to consider more standardized and innovative solutions. Subsea wells and FPSOs have become the standard for field development below depths of around 2500-3000 meters. New technologies like subsea separation, direct electrical heating of flowlines, and subsea power distribution are being successfully implemented and will likely become more common. Future field developments are expected to utilize more standardized components coupled with innovative technologies to reduce costs and maximize recovery in ultra deepwater environments over the next 5-10 years.
This document summarizes a research project analyzing pipeline flow losses and fouling at a marine tank farm (MTF) in Jamnagar, India. The MTF receives crude oil from offshore single point moorings (SPMs) via subsea pipelines. The project models pressure losses along the pipelines based on flow rate, crude properties, and pipeline design. It calibrates the model using 2009 data and then simulates 2014-15 data to estimate fouling over 5 years. The results indicate minimum fouling of 5mm has occurred, corresponding to 265.3257806 cubic meters of debris buildup in the pipelines.
Reducing Shipping Vibration of Compressors in Roof Top Air-conditioning Units...HCL Technologies
This document discusses reducing vibration in roof-top air conditioning unit compressors during shipping. Experiments were conducted placing materials like plywood underneath the basepan to reduce vibration transferred to the compressor. Modal analysis was used to understand vibration modes. Adding a grounded 4x4 wood block between shipping crates helped drastically reduce compressor response. A tolerance study was needed to ensure the wood block could be manufactured and installed properly between stacked units during shipping. The goal was to address high compressor vibration levels that could damage piping or cause failures during transportation.
This document provides guidance on calculating pump discharge pressure for firefighting operations. It explains that the total gallons per minute (GPM) must first be determined based on nozzle tip size. Friction loss is then calculated based on hose size and GPM. Device pressures like for nozzles, elevations, and connections are added to determine the total required pump discharge pressure. Charts are included listing common nozzle tip sizes and GPM, hose sizes and their friction loss per 100 feet for different flow rates, and examples of calculating total pressure for different firefighting setups.
This document summarizes three case studies that demonstrate how simulation of reciprocating compressor valve dynamics can help optimize valve design and troubleshoot problems. Case 1 shows that reducing valve lift can increase compressor capacity while decreasing impact velocities and improving valve life. Case 2 illustrates that inadequate valve flow area leads to late valve closure and failure, and increasing flow area is needed. Case 3 demonstrates that considering cylinder flow area in simulations, in addition to valve design, is important, as insufficient cylinder area was constricting gas flow and wasting horsepower. Overall, valve simulation allows comprehensive evaluation of designs and selection of solutions that perform well over all operating conditions.
1. Aerodynamic losses occur in axial compressors due to boundary layer growth and separation on blades and passage surfaces, including profile, tip clearance, and stage losses.
2. Off-design operation of a compressor occurs when it deviates from its design point, which can result in unstable flow due to surge or stall.
3. Surge is a complete breakdown of steady flow through the compressor that involves reversing flow direction and can damage the compressor blades, while stall occurs when blade surfaces separate from the flow in individual blades, rotating zones, or flutter.
This paper investigates excessive fuel consumption of
compressor drivers caused by common compressor faults.
Pressure versus volume (PV) analysis techniques will identify
deficiencies, quantify fault severity, and will be used to
estimate the resulting excessive fuel consumption. Empirical
fuel measurements of the drivers are analyzed before and
after the fault correction and are used to calculate immediate
economic savings from repairs. Performance and capacity
improvements are also analyzed, providing a complete economic
picture of maintenance and operational payback.
AT SUBSEA VESSEL OPERATIONS CONFERENCE, OSLO (YEAR 2013)coderweb
The document describes the design of an ultra deep water rigid and flexible pipelay/heavy lift/DP3 construction vessel. Some key details include:
It is 178 meters long with a breadth of 46 meters and draft of 15.6 meters. It can accommodate 239 people and has a deadweight of 11,000 tons. It is equipped with a 3000 ton crane, 1200 ton reels, 1250 ton carousels, and dynamic positioning system. Extensive analyses and testing were performed to optimize the hull design and ensure operational safety in various sea states.
Best Practices for Cementing Job Softwarepvisoftware
Cementing software models various aspects of cementing jobs like hydraulics, displacement efficiency, temperature prediction, foamed cement modeling, and hook load prediction. It allows engineers to evaluate different design parameters, identify potential problems, and ensure successful zonal isolation before pumping begins. Key benefits include reduced risk, safer operations, and serving as an excellent planning and training tool.
Javier Garcia - Verdugo Sanchez - Six Sigma Training - W1 Z TransformationJ. García - Verdugo
The document provides an overview of Z-transformation and capability calculations based on defective units. It explains the theoretical background of Z-transformation and how it can be used to determine the portion of production outside specifications. An example shows how to calculate the percentage of a normal distribution that is above a given value using Z-transformation. The document also discusses how to calculate sigma values from defect portions and provides tables to convert between defects per million opportunities (DPMO) and sigma.
This document summarizes a presentation on cementing for well isolation. It discusses the importance of cementing for preventing flow to the surface and maintaining well integrity. Proper planning and execution of cementing operations is important to ensure zonal isolation for the life of the well. Key factors discussed include mud displacement, cement placement, temperature effects, and integrated mud and cement design.
This document provides information on Kinney liquid ring vacuum pumps and systems, including the KLRC and A Series pumps.
The KLRC is a two-stage, non-pulsating pump that uses rotating impeller blades and a liquid ring to compress and exhaust gases without metal-to-metal contact. It has capacities up to 1060 CFM and maximum vacuums of 29"Hg or 23 Torr.
The A Series uses centrifugal force to form an eccentric liquid ring that traps gases between rotating blades. It has single-stage designs with capacities up to 300 CFM and maximum vacuums of 28"Hg or 50 Torr.
Both pump types are available in various materials and
Körting Hannover AG is a leading manufacturer of ejectors for the shipbuilding industry with over 140 years of experience. Ejectors are self-priming fluidic devices that use liquids, gases, or vapors to pump, evacuate, mix, or discharge other fluids without moving parts. Körting ejectors are customized for individual ship applications and used widely for bilge pumping, ballast handling, and other tasks. They provide reliable operation with low maintenance needs and costs.
Similar to 01 cálculos de cementación primaria (20)
1. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 1 of 14
CONFIDENTIALITY
This manual section is a confidential document which must not be copied in whole or in any part
or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization.
Primary Cement-Job Calculations
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................2
SLURRY AND PREFLUSH VOLUMES................................................................................2
CEMENT-SYSTEM QUANTITY..........................................................................................6
DISPLACEMENT VOLUME ...............................................................................................7
CASING CAPACITIES ............................................................................................................ 7
WATER REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................8
MAXIMUM LIFTING FORCE ............................................................................................8
EXAMPLE WELL INFORMATION.............................................................................................. 10
CEMENT CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................... 12
DISPLACEMENT VOLUME ..................................................................................................... 12
WATER REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................... 12
MAXIMUM LIFTING FORCE................................................................................................... 13
2. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 2 of 14
CONFIDENTIALITY
This manual section is a confidential document which must not be copied in whole or in any part
or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization.
Introduction
The following must be known before a primary cement job can be successfully completed:
• slurry and preflush volumes
• cement-system quantity
• displacement volume
• water requirements
• maximum lifting force (casing buoyancy)
The manual calculation of these values is presented in this manual section.
SLURRY AND PREFLUSH VOLUMES
Casing/openhole annular volumes are calculated to determine
• the amount of slurry required for a desired fill-up
• the preflush volumes to provide a desired annular-height coverage.
During the initial cement-job design, drilling is normally still in progress and the caliper log has
not been run. The slurry and preflush volumes are estimated based on the bit size plus an excess
volume (e.g., 30%) determined from field experience or based on government regulations.
Vslurry = Cannulus x Lslurry
where
Vslurry = slurry volume (ft3
)
Lslurry = length of slurry column (ft)
Cannulus = annular capacity (ft3
/ft; from the Dowell Field Data Handbook).
The job design is later finalized based on annular volumes determined from the caliper log. The
type of caliper can affect the calculated amount of cement, and the resulting fill-up by the
cement. Two- or three-arm calipers, with arms that operate together, may underestimate (or
overestimate in the case of the two-arm caliper) the size of the hole. This is especially true for
deviated wells which tend to have oval boreholes. For these situations, four-arm Hole calipers or
six-arm calipers (with independently operating arms) are preferred.
3. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 3 of 14
CONFIDENTIALITY
This manual section is a confidential document which must not be copied in whole or in any part
or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization.
Figure 1: Hole Calipers
4. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 4 of 14
CONFIDENTIALITY
This manual section is a confidential document which must not be copied in whole or in any part
or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization.
For calculating the annular volume using a basic caliper log, the interval of interest is divided into
increments, and the average hole diameters are estimated for each increment.
Annular-Volume Calculations from Caliper Measurements
Hole Diameter
(in.)
Annular Capacity for 7-in. Casing
(ft3
/ft)
Annular Length
(ft)
Annular Volume
(ft3
)
10.0 0.2782 30 8.346
10.5 0.3341 40 13.364
11.0 0.3927 10 3.927
13.5 0.7267 10 7.267
15.5 1.0431 10 10.431
TOTAL 43.335
Once the slurry volume has been calculated, an excess is added (normally 10 to 20%), based on
field experience or government regulations, and then the cement (or blend) requirements are
determined. Assuming a 43.335-ft3
total slurry volume (from Table 98), a 10% excess, and a
slurry yield of 1.18 ft3
/sk, the required cement is calculated as follows.
Slurry Volume = 43.335 ft3
x 1.10 (10% excess) = 47.669 ft3
Most logging companies offer computerized annular-volume calculations which are presented on
the basic caliper log (see figure below).
5. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 5 of 14
CONFIDENTIALITY
This manual section is a confidential document which must not be copied in whole or in any part
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Figure 2: Borehole Geometry Log
6. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
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The tick marks on the depth track represent the total hole volume (left) and the annular volume
between the casing and openhole (right) in 10-ft3
increments. The long tick marks represent 100-
ft3
increments and therefore replace each tenth small tick mark. For metric logs, the small and
long tick marks indicate the total volume in 1-m3
and 10-m3
increments, respectively. The total
hole volume (VHOL) and cemented annulus (VCEM) are also shown in the header.
Slurry excess is only calculated for the openhole portion to be cemented. This excess is to
account for the inaccuracy of the caliper measurement, cement which may be lost into the
formation, hole enlargement, or fluid loss from the cement into permeable zones. When slurry
returns to the surface are desired or required, excess volumes may be used to ensure that they
are achieved.
The amount of excess must be carefully selected. If the well has a weak formation which is close
to being fractured, then excess cement (which will raise the cement top) may cause the
formation to be fractured because of the increased hydrostatic and friction pressures.
The final slurry-volume calculation is the amount that will remain in the shoe joints (between the
float collar and the shoe). This is simply the casing volume between those two points. This
volume is added to the annular slurry volume and the slurry excess to equal the total slurry
volume for the job.
CEMENT-SYSTEM QUANTITY
Besides the class of cement and additive details, a cement-system description always includes
• slurry density (lbm/gal)
• slurry yield (ft3
/sk)
• mix-water requirement (gal/sk).
The slurry yield is the volume occupied by one unit of cement or cement blend (e.g., sack,
equivalent sack, tonne) plus additives and mix water. For cement measured in sacks, the yield is
expressed in cubic feet per sack (ft3
/sk) or cubic feet per equivalent sack (ft3
/eq sk); for cement
measured in tonnes, the yield is expressed in liters per tonne (liter/t) or cubic meters per tonne
(m3
/t). The term equivalent sack is used when the cementitious material is a blend of fly ash and
cement. The amounts of fly ash and cement to equal an equivalent sack can be obtained from
your laboratory. Once the total slurry volume has been determined, the total cement in sacks,
equivalent sacks, or tonnes is calculated using the following equation:
Total Cement = Total Slurry Volume / Slurry Yield
7. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 7 of 14
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DISPLACEMENT VOLUME
The displacement volume to land the plug equals the length of the pipe to the float collar times
the pipe capacity.
Vdisplacement = Lfloat collar x Cpipe
where
Vdisplacement = displacement volume (bbl/ft)
Lfloat collar = float-collar depth (ft)
Cpipe = casing capacity (bbl/ft; from the Dowell Field Data Handbook).
During the displacement, the actual volume pumped may be greater than the calculated volume
due to air entrainment in the slurry and pump inefficiency. Overdisplacement of the slurry past
the shoe must be avoided. Therefore, the decision to pump a volume in excess of the calculated
volume must be well thought out.
Casing Capacities
The casing dimensions and weights used by CemCADE and presented in the Dowell Field Data
Handbook are nominal values as defined in API Specification 5CT. Tolerances are associated with
these nominal values. A 9-5/8-in., 36-lbm/ft casing with a nominal ID of 8.921 in. is used in this
discussion to illustrate the possible effect of these tolerances. The casing OD tolerances are
+1.0% with an absolute maximum of 0.125 in. and -0.5%. Therefore, the casing OD can vary
from 9.577 to 9.721 in.
The casing weight tolerances are +6.5% and -3.5%. Therefore, the casing weight can vary from
34.74 to 38.34 lbm/ft.API Specification 5CT does not define a tolerance on the casing ID, but
derives it from the tolerances on the casing OD and weight.
The maximum possible casing ID corresponds to the maximum casing OD and the minimum
casing weight. The minimum possible casing ID corresponds to the minimum casing OD and the
maximum casing weight. Assuming a steel density of 505 lbm/ft3
(value calculated from the
nominal OD, ID and weight), the minimum and maximum ID for a 9-5/8-in., 36-lbm/ft casing are
8.820 and 9.049 in., respectively.
The casing capacities for the different inside diameters are
• minimum ID: 0.07557 bbl/ft
• nominal ID: 0.07731 bbl/ft
• maximum ID: 0.07954 bbl/ft.
For a displacement length of 10,000 ft, the absolute errors on the displacement volume (from the
nominal value) are +22 bbl and -17 bbl.
All of the casing joints in a 10,000-ft well do not have their ID at the upper or lower limit.
Statistical ID data from the casing manufacturers are required to calculate more reasonable error
figures. However, this calculation exercise does show that the displacement volume for a given
casing size and depth is not fixed but may vary significantly as a result of the tolerances in the
casing OD and weight.
8. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
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WATER REQUIREMENTS
The water requirements for a primary cement-job operation equals the sum of
• water required to fill the mixing/pumping units and the treating lines
• water to pressure test the treating lines
• mix water for the washes and spacers
• mix water for the cement
• displacement volume (if displacing the slurry with water)
• water required for flushing the treating lines before the displacement
• water needed for washing up the cementing equipment
• tank bottoms (the tank volume from the tank bottom to about six inches above the
suction valves).
The mix water for the cement is calculated as follows:
Vmix water = REQmix water x AMTcement
where
Vmix water = volume of mix water (gal)
REQmix water = mix-water requirement (gal/sk)
AMTcement = amount of cement (sk).
The mix-water volumes for the spacer and washes are calculated by following the instructions in
their respective sections in the Cementing Materials Manual. The instructions for determining the
displacement volume are discussed in Subsection 4 of this manual section. The volume for the
tank bottoms can be calculated. The remaining water volumes must be estimated.
Once the total water requirements have been determined, a safety factor (excess) should be
included (e.g., an additional 50 bbl).
MAXIMUM LIFTING FORCE
During some cementing treatments, there is a danger that the casing may be " pumped " out of
the well. The conditions which favor such an occurrence are
1. lightweight pipe
2. short pipe length
3. large-diameter pipe
4. high-density cement slurries
5. low-density displacement fluids
6. high annular friction pressures
7. bridging in the annulus
8. backpressure.
9. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
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Conditions 2 through 5 are all met when cementing surface or conductor casings.
The Fill Sequence module of the CemCADE program automatically calculates the maximum lifting
force (MLF) based on the static conditions at the end of the job. The CemCADE calculation of the
MLF is not performed for liner cement jobs.
The MLF is manually calculated as follows:
MLF = 0.785 x (Phyd(ann) Phyd(cas)) x Dcas
2
where
Phyd(ann) = annular hydrostatic pressure at end of job (psi)
Phyd(cas) = casing hydrostatic pressure at end of job (psi)
Dcas
2
= casing outside diameter (in.).
If the MLF value exceeds the total weight of the casing, then the casing can be pumped out of
the hole and must therefore be chained down.
The casing and annular hydrostatic pressures at the end of the job are calculated using the
following equation:
Phyd = 0.052 x H
where
ρ = fluid density (lbm/gal)
H = height having fluid density (ft).
10. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
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Example Well Information
Surface casing: 13-3/8 in., 54.5 lbm/ft to 1700 ft
Openhole: 12-1/4 in. to 4950 ft
Casing: 9-5/8 in., 36.0 lbm/ft
Excess required: 25% (caliper log is not available)
Shoe joint: 42 ft
Top of cement: 300 ft inside 13-3/8-in. casing
Top of tail cement: 4450 ft
50:50, fly ash (Denver):Class A + 4% D20 + Additives
density: 12.9 lbm/gal
yield: 1.54 ft3
/eq sk
Lead system:
mix water: 7.80 gal/eq sk
Class H + Additives
density: 16.4 lbm/gal
yield: 1.05 ft3
/sk
Tail system:
mix water: 4.29 gal/sk
40 bbl Chemical Wash 100 (41.5 gal/bbl water)Preflush:
density: 8.32 lbm/gal
Displacement fluid: 11.5 lbm/gal mud
11. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 11 of 14
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This well information is illustrated in the figure below. Data is taken from the Dowell Field Data
Handbook.
Figure 3: Example Well For Primary Cement-Job Calculations
Casing Capacity and Annular Capacities
Casing capacity: 0.4341 ft3
/ft or 0.0773 bbl/ft (9-5/8 in.)
0.3627 ft3
/ft (9-5/8-in. casing/13-3/8-in. casing)Annular capacities:
0.3132 ft3
/ft (9-5/8-in. casing/openhole)
12. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
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Cement Calculations
Lead slurry volume between 9-5/8-in. and 13-3/8-in. casings:
V1 = 0.3627 ft3
/ft x 300 ft = 108.8 ft3
Lead slurry volume between 9-5/8-in. casing and openhole:
V2 = 0.3132 ft3
/ft x (4450 - 1700) ft x 1.25 (25% excess) = 1076.6 ft3
Total lead slurry volume:
VL = V1 + V2 = 1185.4 ft3
Total lead cement
SacksL = 1165.4 ft3
/ 1.54 ft3
/ eq sk = 770 eq sk
Tail slurry volume between 9-5/8-in. casing and openhole:
V3= 0.3132 ft3
/ft x (4950 - 4450) ft x 1.25 (25% excess) = 195.8 ft3
Tail slurry volume in shoe joint:
V4= 0.4341 ft3
/ft x 42 ft = 18.2 ft3
Total tail slurry volume:
VT = V3 + V4 = 214.0 ft3
Total tail cement
SacksT = 214.0 ft3
/ 1.05 ft3
/ sk = 204 eq sk
Displacement Volume
The treating lines are to be flushed with water before commencing the displacement.
Displacement volume:
VD = 0.0773 bbl/ft x (4950 - 42) ft = 379.4 bbl
Water Requirements
Mix water for the cement:
VMIX = 7.80 gal/eq sk x 770 eq sk + 4.29 gal/sk x 204 sk = 6882 gal = 164 bbl
Mix water for the preflush
Vpreflush = 41.5 gal/bbl x 40 bbl = 1660 gal = 39.5 bbl 40 bbl
The rig and two 100-bbl water trucks will supply Dowell with fresh water. Therefore, tank
bottoms are not a concern.
13. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
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Water Requirements
Purpose Water Volume (bbl)
Mix water for preflush 40
Mix water for cement 164
Fill mixing/pumping units and treating lines 5 (estimate)
Pressure test treating lines 2 (estimate)
Flush treating lines 5 (estimate)
Wash up the cementing equipment 10 (estimate)
Additional water available (safety factor) 50 (estimate)
Total Water Requirement 276
Maximum Lifting Force
To calculate the maximum lifting force, the annular height that the 40-bbl preflush occupies must
be determined before the casing and annular hydrostatic pressures at the end of the job are
computed.
The annular height of the preflush:
Hwash = (40 bbl x 5.6146 ft 3
/ bbl) / (0.3627) ft3
= 619 ft
Because the top of the lead cement is at 1400 ft, the height of the mud:
Hmud= 1400 ft - 619 ft = 781 ft
The hydrostatic pressure of each fluid segment is calculated using the following equation and the
results are summarized in Table 102.
Phyd = 0.052 x x H
where
ρ = fluid density (lbm/gal)
H = height having fluid density (ft).
The maximum lifting force:
MLF = 0.785 x (3207 - 2971) x 9.6252
= 17,163 lbm
The casing weight:
Wcas = 36.0 lbm/ft x 4950 ft = 178,200 lbm
Since Wcas is greater than the MLF, the casing will not be pumped out of the hole and does not
need to be chained down.
14. CEMENTING ENGINEERING MANUAL
Section 8.E.1 Primary Cement-Job Calculations (Revised Sept. 1999)
Page 14 of 14
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Hydrostatic Pressure of Fluid Segments
Casing Calculations Annular Calculations
Fluid
Segment Interval (ft)
Hydrostatic Pressure
(psi)
Interval (ft)
Hydrostatic Pressure
(psi)
Drilling mud 0 to 4908 2935 0 to 781 467
Preflush 781 to 1400 268
Lead slurry 1400 to 4450 2046
Tail slurry 4908 to 4950 36 4908 to 4950 426
TOTAL 2971 3207