This document summarizes a research project analyzing pipeline flow losses and fouling at a marine tank farm (MTF) in Jamnagar, India. The MTF receives crude oil from offshore single point moorings (SPMs) via subsea pipelines. The project models pressure losses along the pipelines based on flow rate, crude properties, and pipeline design. It calibrates the model using 2009 data and then simulates 2014-15 data to estimate fouling over 5 years. The results indicate minimum fouling of 5mm has occurred, corresponding to 265.3257806 cubic meters of debris buildup in the pipelines.
Tank trucks are loaded with crude oil or condensate at loading terminals for transportation. Loading losses occur as vapors in the empty cargo tanks are displaced during loading. The quantity of evaporative losses depends on characteristics of the previous and new cargos and the loading method. Tank truck loading can be categorized based on use of pressure and connections. Facilities may be permitted by rule or standard permit depending on location and date constructed. Emissions are estimated using equations accounting for factors like vapor pressure, temperature, and saturation based on loading method.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key details from the ISO/FDIS 20519 document:
The ISO/FDIS 20519 document establishes international standards for bunkering liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuelled vessels. It includes requirements for transfer systems, operational procedures, personnel training, documentation, and risk assessments. Adherence to the standards aims to ensure LNG bunkering operations can be conducted safely and sustainably for all stakeholders involved.
Horizontal Well Performance Optimization AnalysisMahmood Ghazi
The document discusses optimization of production from horizontal wells using nodal analysis and the PROSPER software. It outlines factors that affect pressure losses in horizontal and inclined well sections and describes how nodal analysis can be used to model well deliverability and optimize parameters like well length. Results from PROSPER simulations show how inlet pressure, pressure drop, and flowrate increase with longer well lengths up to an optimal value. The document concludes horizontal wells can be optimized for production using nodal analysis and PROSPER to evaluate factors affecting pressure losses and choose well parameters.
ALDEN analyzed two mixers from Westfall for mixing water into an oil pipeline - a single 2800 mixer and a duplex mixer. Computational fluid dynamics models found that the duplex mixer mixed more uniformly but with higher pressure loss. Both mixers achieved a coefficient of variation below 0.05 within 12 diameters downstream. For best sampling, the report recommends locating the sampling port 10 diameters downstream of either mixer. The duplex mixer mixed more uniformly but was higher in pressure loss.
This document provides information about Slack & Parr Hydraulics Corp's rotary geared flow dividers, including:
- An example ordering code for an unequal flow divider with one 2cc section, two 4cc sections, and one 9cc section.
- Tables with specifications for different flow divider models, including number of elements/outlets, element capacities, input and output flows.
- Guidance on selecting a flow divider to meet required flow rates within the operating speed range, as well as using flow dividers for pressure intensification.
The document provides procedures for rake testing freight stock. Key steps include:
1. Conducting a visual inspection of the rake and repairing any defects.
2. Attaching a portable test rig or locomotive to the rake and testing for continuity and leaks in the brake and feed pipes.
3. Performing a service brake application and release test to check brake cylinder strokes and that brakes apply properly.
4. Ensuring at least 90% of brake cylinders are operative on the rake.
Tank trucks are loaded with crude oil or condensate at loading terminals for transportation. Loading losses occur as vapors in the empty cargo tanks are displaced during loading. The quantity of evaporative losses depends on characteristics of the previous and new cargos and the loading method. Tank truck loading can be categorized based on use of pressure and connections. Facilities may be permitted by rule or standard permit depending on location and date constructed. Emissions are estimated using equations accounting for factors like vapor pressure, temperature, and saturation based on loading method.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key details from the ISO/FDIS 20519 document:
The ISO/FDIS 20519 document establishes international standards for bunkering liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuelled vessels. It includes requirements for transfer systems, operational procedures, personnel training, documentation, and risk assessments. Adherence to the standards aims to ensure LNG bunkering operations can be conducted safely and sustainably for all stakeholders involved.
Horizontal Well Performance Optimization AnalysisMahmood Ghazi
The document discusses optimization of production from horizontal wells using nodal analysis and the PROSPER software. It outlines factors that affect pressure losses in horizontal and inclined well sections and describes how nodal analysis can be used to model well deliverability and optimize parameters like well length. Results from PROSPER simulations show how inlet pressure, pressure drop, and flowrate increase with longer well lengths up to an optimal value. The document concludes horizontal wells can be optimized for production using nodal analysis and PROSPER to evaluate factors affecting pressure losses and choose well parameters.
ALDEN analyzed two mixers from Westfall for mixing water into an oil pipeline - a single 2800 mixer and a duplex mixer. Computational fluid dynamics models found that the duplex mixer mixed more uniformly but with higher pressure loss. Both mixers achieved a coefficient of variation below 0.05 within 12 diameters downstream. For best sampling, the report recommends locating the sampling port 10 diameters downstream of either mixer. The duplex mixer mixed more uniformly but was higher in pressure loss.
This document provides information about Slack & Parr Hydraulics Corp's rotary geared flow dividers, including:
- An example ordering code for an unequal flow divider with one 2cc section, two 4cc sections, and one 9cc section.
- Tables with specifications for different flow divider models, including number of elements/outlets, element capacities, input and output flows.
- Guidance on selecting a flow divider to meet required flow rates within the operating speed range, as well as using flow dividers for pressure intensification.
The document provides procedures for rake testing freight stock. Key steps include:
1. Conducting a visual inspection of the rake and repairing any defects.
2. Attaching a portable test rig or locomotive to the rake and testing for continuity and leaks in the brake and feed pipes.
3. Performing a service brake application and release test to check brake cylinder strokes and that brakes apply properly.
4. Ensuring at least 90% of brake cylinders are operative on the rake.
Dokumen ini berisi informasi tentang jasa konsultasi legal perusahaan yang menyediakan layanan pembuatan berbagai dokumen legal seperti domisili berlaku, NPWP, SIUP, TDP, sertifikat merk, NIK, dan detail produk dengan waktu proses tujuh hari. Layanan tersebut disediakan oleh PT. Jeklindo Consulting yang berlokasi di Jl. Gading Raya II No. 20, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur.
La falta de ética entre estudiantes y profesores en las universidades es cada vez más notable. Tanto los estudiantes como los profesores a menudo no cumplen con sus principios éticos y se ha perdido el respeto mutuo. Los estudiantes faltan el respeto a los profesores y no cumplen con las normas, mientras que algunos profesores abusan de su autoridad y no tratan a los estudiantes con empatía. Sin embargo, reconociendo los errores y mejorando el comportamiento basado en valores, tanto estudiantes como profesores pueden
O documento descreve os planos para construir uma nova igreja e centro paroquial no bairro de Faralhão, incluindo detalhes sobre o local, projetos, eventos de lançamento da pedra fundamental e início da construção, além de fornecer informações sobre doações.
How many customers noticed your products?Kate Wang
This short document discusses attracting people to products and customizing unique items. It provides contact information for Kate at kate939421@hotmail.com to discuss customizing parts and elements.
This document discusses various topics related to professional and career development such as blogs, work journals, certifications, project tracking, education, and job searching. It touches on concepts like aptitude, undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as tools for project tracking and finding open jobs. Overall, the document seems to cover a wide range of career-related resources and opportunities.
Este documento presenta el plan de estudios del primer período para los grados 3-3 y 3-4 en el área de castellano. Incluye descriptores de desempeño, ejes temáticos como el alfabeto, sustantivos, adjetivos, antónimos y sinónimos, y actividades sobre escritura y comprensión lectora.
Este documento presenta varios pictogramas para enseñar conceptos matemáticos básicos como mayor que, menor que e igual que utilizando números y nombres de personas con sus edades respectivas. Se muestran pictogramas individuales para cada concepto así como ejemplos combinados comparando dos números o personas.
El documento presenta información sobre figuras geométricas planas básicas como puntos, líneas, triángulos, cuadrados y círculos. Incluye actividades como leer y dibujar las figuras, unir las respuestas correctas, contar las figuras presentes y emparejar las figuras con objetos de la vida real.
Compensated Mass Balance Method For Oil Pipeline Leakage Detection using SCADACSCJournals
This document describes a study that aims to implement a cost-effective pipeline leakage detection method using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses different leakage detection methods including pressure monitoring and mass balancing. The proposed method is a compensated mass balance approach that uses SCADA data and transient pipeline modeling to calculate inventory changes and detect imbalances indicating leaks. The method is simulated using Rockwell Automation software to build a SCADA system model and apply real-time transient modeling techniques to detect leaks. The results obtained are presented and discussed.
Improving Gas Turbine – HRSG output using Inlet Air Chilling and Converted Ev...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modifications made to improve the output of a gas turbine-heat recovery steam generator (GT-HRSG) system. The modifications included installing an inlet air chilling system and converting the evaporator section of the HRSG.
The inlet air chilling system cooled the intake air for the gas turbine, allowing it to operate at higher loads while keeping exhaust temperatures low. This provided more flexibility before temperature controls kicked in. Measurements showed the chilled air increased gas turbine mass flow and output.
Supplementary firing in the HRSG was heating the superheater section excessively. To address this, the evaporator section was converted to move the superheater further downstream. This protected the superheater from
The document evaluates options to increase the capacity of an NP plant's prilling section from 62.5 tons per hour to the target capacity. Key areas identified are the prilling bucket design basis of 1500 tons per day, overflow issues, and fan capacity. Modifying parameters like the bucket diameter, height, angular velocity, hole diameter, number of holes, step height, and pitch are proposed to increase throughput while minimizing jet velocities and droplet sizes. Next steps include designing a modified prilling bucket, trial runs, and references on prilling dynamics and ammonium nitrate properties.
IRJET- CFD Analysis of 4 Cylinder Intake Manifold using STAR CCM+IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the intake manifold of a 4-cylinder engine using STAR CCM+ software. The study aimed to improve engine performance by achieving even air flow distribution to each cylinder. CFD simulations were conducted at 5 flow rates to analyze flow losses, mass flow distribution, and swirls. The Realizable k-epsilon turbulence model was used with a two layer wall treatment. Boundary conditions modeling the firing order were suggested to improve accuracy. The simulations showed uneven mass flow splitting and higher losses for some cylinder paths. Optimization of the manifold shape was recommended to enhance performance.
We are all familiar with the production systems through which reservoir fluids flow to reach our processing facilities. This is a journey characterized by complex multiphase flow phenomena that govern pressure and temperature changes along the way. A monumental amount of research and development work has been invested towards better understanding multiphase flow behavior over the past fifty years. Yet, many challenges remain as we strive to optimize ever more complex production systems fraught with difficult flow assurance issues. Just how good is the science? And more importantly, how does this impact our bottom line? This lecture will discuss key concepts of multiphase flow leading to the current “state-of-the-art” models used today. Looking towards the future, the science must be advanced to address areas of greatest uncertainty and align with trends in field development strategies. Recommendations will be presented covering the top 5 areas of research necessary for these purposes. The economic impact of multiphase operations will be illustrated using two examples that provide insight towards maximizing asset value.
Mack Shippen is a Principal Engineer with Schlumberger in Houston, where he is responsible for the global business of the PIPESIM multiphase flow simulation software. He has extensive experience in well and network simulation studies, ranging from flow assurance to dynamic coupling of reservoir and surface simulation models. He has served on a number of SPE committees and chaired the SPE Reprint Series on Offshore Multiphase Production Operations. He holds BS and MS degrees in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University, where his research focused on multiphase flow modelling.
Dokumen ini berisi informasi tentang jasa konsultasi legal perusahaan yang menyediakan layanan pembuatan berbagai dokumen legal seperti domisili berlaku, NPWP, SIUP, TDP, sertifikat merk, NIK, dan detail produk dengan waktu proses tujuh hari. Layanan tersebut disediakan oleh PT. Jeklindo Consulting yang berlokasi di Jl. Gading Raya II No. 20, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur.
La falta de ética entre estudiantes y profesores en las universidades es cada vez más notable. Tanto los estudiantes como los profesores a menudo no cumplen con sus principios éticos y se ha perdido el respeto mutuo. Los estudiantes faltan el respeto a los profesores y no cumplen con las normas, mientras que algunos profesores abusan de su autoridad y no tratan a los estudiantes con empatía. Sin embargo, reconociendo los errores y mejorando el comportamiento basado en valores, tanto estudiantes como profesores pueden
O documento descreve os planos para construir uma nova igreja e centro paroquial no bairro de Faralhão, incluindo detalhes sobre o local, projetos, eventos de lançamento da pedra fundamental e início da construção, além de fornecer informações sobre doações.
How many customers noticed your products?Kate Wang
This short document discusses attracting people to products and customizing unique items. It provides contact information for Kate at kate939421@hotmail.com to discuss customizing parts and elements.
This document discusses various topics related to professional and career development such as blogs, work journals, certifications, project tracking, education, and job searching. It touches on concepts like aptitude, undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as tools for project tracking and finding open jobs. Overall, the document seems to cover a wide range of career-related resources and opportunities.
Este documento presenta el plan de estudios del primer período para los grados 3-3 y 3-4 en el área de castellano. Incluye descriptores de desempeño, ejes temáticos como el alfabeto, sustantivos, adjetivos, antónimos y sinónimos, y actividades sobre escritura y comprensión lectora.
Este documento presenta varios pictogramas para enseñar conceptos matemáticos básicos como mayor que, menor que e igual que utilizando números y nombres de personas con sus edades respectivas. Se muestran pictogramas individuales para cada concepto así como ejemplos combinados comparando dos números o personas.
El documento presenta información sobre figuras geométricas planas básicas como puntos, líneas, triángulos, cuadrados y círculos. Incluye actividades como leer y dibujar las figuras, unir las respuestas correctas, contar las figuras presentes y emparejar las figuras con objetos de la vida real.
Compensated Mass Balance Method For Oil Pipeline Leakage Detection using SCADACSCJournals
This document describes a study that aims to implement a cost-effective pipeline leakage detection method using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses different leakage detection methods including pressure monitoring and mass balancing. The proposed method is a compensated mass balance approach that uses SCADA data and transient pipeline modeling to calculate inventory changes and detect imbalances indicating leaks. The method is simulated using Rockwell Automation software to build a SCADA system model and apply real-time transient modeling techniques to detect leaks. The results obtained are presented and discussed.
Improving Gas Turbine – HRSG output using Inlet Air Chilling and Converted Ev...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modifications made to improve the output of a gas turbine-heat recovery steam generator (GT-HRSG) system. The modifications included installing an inlet air chilling system and converting the evaporator section of the HRSG.
The inlet air chilling system cooled the intake air for the gas turbine, allowing it to operate at higher loads while keeping exhaust temperatures low. This provided more flexibility before temperature controls kicked in. Measurements showed the chilled air increased gas turbine mass flow and output.
Supplementary firing in the HRSG was heating the superheater section excessively. To address this, the evaporator section was converted to move the superheater further downstream. This protected the superheater from
The document evaluates options to increase the capacity of an NP plant's prilling section from 62.5 tons per hour to the target capacity. Key areas identified are the prilling bucket design basis of 1500 tons per day, overflow issues, and fan capacity. Modifying parameters like the bucket diameter, height, angular velocity, hole diameter, number of holes, step height, and pitch are proposed to increase throughput while minimizing jet velocities and droplet sizes. Next steps include designing a modified prilling bucket, trial runs, and references on prilling dynamics and ammonium nitrate properties.
IRJET- CFD Analysis of 4 Cylinder Intake Manifold using STAR CCM+IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the intake manifold of a 4-cylinder engine using STAR CCM+ software. The study aimed to improve engine performance by achieving even air flow distribution to each cylinder. CFD simulations were conducted at 5 flow rates to analyze flow losses, mass flow distribution, and swirls. The Realizable k-epsilon turbulence model was used with a two layer wall treatment. Boundary conditions modeling the firing order were suggested to improve accuracy. The simulations showed uneven mass flow splitting and higher losses for some cylinder paths. Optimization of the manifold shape was recommended to enhance performance.
We are all familiar with the production systems through which reservoir fluids flow to reach our processing facilities. This is a journey characterized by complex multiphase flow phenomena that govern pressure and temperature changes along the way. A monumental amount of research and development work has been invested towards better understanding multiphase flow behavior over the past fifty years. Yet, many challenges remain as we strive to optimize ever more complex production systems fraught with difficult flow assurance issues. Just how good is the science? And more importantly, how does this impact our bottom line? This lecture will discuss key concepts of multiphase flow leading to the current “state-of-the-art” models used today. Looking towards the future, the science must be advanced to address areas of greatest uncertainty and align with trends in field development strategies. Recommendations will be presented covering the top 5 areas of research necessary for these purposes. The economic impact of multiphase operations will be illustrated using two examples that provide insight towards maximizing asset value.
Mack Shippen is a Principal Engineer with Schlumberger in Houston, where he is responsible for the global business of the PIPESIM multiphase flow simulation software. He has extensive experience in well and network simulation studies, ranging from flow assurance to dynamic coupling of reservoir and surface simulation models. He has served on a number of SPE committees and chaired the SPE Reprint Series on Offshore Multiphase Production Operations. He holds BS and MS degrees in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University, where his research focused on multiphase flow modelling.
IRJET- Design and Performance Curve Generation by CFD Analysis of Centrifugal...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and CFD analysis of a centrifugal pump to generate performance curves. A team of students and professors used software like Pro-E, ANSYS, and CFX to design the impeller and volute casing of the pump, generate meshes, and perform the CFD analysis. The CFD analysis provides pressure distributions and helps optimize the design to reduce cavitation and improve efficiency over a range of operating conditions. Performance curves showing head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate will be plotted to evaluate the pump design and aid in pump selection.
This document discusses recent trends and the future of ultra deepwater oil field developments. It summarizes that developments in ultra deepwater have very high costs, prompting companies to consider more standardized and innovative solutions. Subsea wells and FPSOs have become the standard for field development below depths of around 2500-3000 meters. New technologies like subsea separation, direct electrical heating of flowlines, and subsea power distribution are being successfully implemented and will likely become more common. Future field developments are expected to utilize more standardized components coupled with innovative technologies to reduce costs and maximize recovery in ultra deepwater environments over the next 5-10 years.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF SINGLE CYLIND...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes an experimental investigation of the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine with a modified cylinder head.
2) Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to model and simulate air flow in the modified combustion chamber. The modification aims to generate air swirl to improve combustion.
3) Experiments were conducted to test the performance and emissions of the engine with the modified head, and results were compared to the conventional head. Preliminary results showed reduced emissions but no change in performance.
3 d flow analysis of an annular diffuser with and without strutsIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the 3D flow analysis of an annular diffuser with and without struts. Numerical simulations were conducted for an annular exhaust diffuser model at different inlet velocities and with or without struts. The results show that pressure recovery within the diffuser increases as flow proceeds, with pressure increasing and velocity decreasing. The presence of struts decreases the pressure recovery coefficient slightly due to increased losses, with velocity increasing along the strut portion where pressure decreases. Contour plots illustrate the velocity and pressure distributions through the diffuser.
The document discusses bit hydraulics optimization. It describes how drilling fluid circulation is used to control formation pressures, drive downhole motors, cool the bit, clean cuttings from the hole and bit, and transport cuttings to the surface. It outlines factors that influence pressure losses like equipment geometry, flow rate, and mud properties. The goals of hydraulics optimization are to determine nozzle sizes and flow rates that deliver maximum hydraulic horsepower or jet impact force while meeting constraints like standpipe pressure, pump power, and mud weight. The method and examples of hydraulic program design and cases are provided.
1. Transient well test data provides rich information about reservoir properties like permeability and skin factor that can be used to develop accurate reservoir models. 2. Interpretation of transient data has progressed steadily over time due to advances in technology, tools, and interpretation methods. 3. Recent developments allow characterization of complex unconventional and multi-phase reservoirs and better reservoir management through integration of pressure transient analysis with production data analysis.
Pressure drop analysis of flow through pin fin channelIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the pressure drop of coolant flow through pin fin channels used in electric vehicle traction inverters. Three channel designs with pin diameters of 4mm, 6mm, and 8mm were simulated using ANSYS Fluent. The pressure drop of ethylene glycol coolant was analyzed at temperatures from -17.8°C to 80°C. Pressure drop decreased with increasing temperature up to around 60°C then increased. Larger pin diameters resulted in higher pressure drops due to reduced flow area. The results provide guidance on designing coolant systems for electric vehicle inverters.
Diesel engine air swirl mesurements using avl test rigiaemedu
The document describes an experiment conducted to measure air swirl in diesel engine cylinders using an AVL steady flow test rig. Three inlet port designs - tangential, directed, and semi-helical - from engines of the same power range were tested. The AVL test rig measured parameters like mass flow rate, paddle wheel speed, and valve lift. Calculated parameters including swirl ratio, velocities, and flow coefficients were compared for the three port designs at varying valve lifts. The results provide insight into the air motion and swirl characteristics generated by each port design.
Diesel engine air swirl mesurements using avl test rigIAEME Publication
The document describes an experiment conducted to measure air swirl in diesel engine cylinders using an AVL steady flow test rig. Three inlet port designs - tangential, directed, and semi-helical - from engines of the same power range were tested. The AVL test rig measured parameters like mass flow rate, paddle wheel speed, and valve lift. Calculated parameters like circumferential velocity, axial velocity, helix angle, and AVL swirl ratio were also determined. Test results for the three port designs showed variations in the measured and calculated parameters, with the semi-helical port generally providing better swirl and flow characteristics than the other designs.
Diesel engine air swirl mesurements using avl test rigIAEME Publication
The document describes an experiment conducted to measure air swirl in diesel engine cylinders using an AVL steady flow test rig. Three inlet port designs - tangential, directed, and semi-helical - from engines of the same power range were tested. The AVL test rig measured parameters like mass flow rate, paddle wheel speed, and valve lift. Calculated parameters including swirl ratio, velocities, and flow coefficients were compared for the three port designs at varying valve lifts. The results provide insight into the air motion and swirl characteristics generated by each port design.
Diesel engine air swirl mesurements using avl test rig
project presentation
1. TRAINING REPORT AND THE
RESEARCH PROJECT
Presented by –
Anirudh Toshniwal
B.Tech (Petroleum Engineering)
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology
“Optimised model for inferring the flow losses and
fouling in pipeline based on pipeline design and data
analysis.”
2. MTF (MARINE TANK FARM)
World’s biggest grass root refinery situated 25km away
from the city of Jamnagar refines the crude imported
from different gulf and other countries. The MTF takes
care of the unloading and dispatching of crude received
for refining from the marine route.
Refinery at Jamnagar has RTF(Refinery Tank Farm),
RRTF(Rail Road Tank Farm) and MTF for dispatching
and unloading of crude and refined products.
MTF is situated 8km away from the refinery complex
near the seashore.
The plot area of MTF is 1000 acres with storage facility
biggest in Asia.
3. MTF (CONTD.)
No. of ships handled annually = 1550
Cargo load handled per annum = 106 million metric
tonne.
It also exports products like LPG, MS, SKO, ATF,
LAB, PCN, ARN, TAME & Paraxylene from 5 berths
: A, A1, B, C & D at jetty.
Their are in total 24 crude tanks.
6. SPM(SINGLE POINT MOORING)
It consist of two CALM( Catarnary Anchor Leg
Mooring ) mooring systems and two PLEM’s which
are connected to submarine pipeline ,loop to the
shore facility (MTF).
Their are 5 SPM all together situated near the line
of Kandala from the shore of Sikka.
SPM 1 & 2 installed in 1999 have their shore point
riser at NRP. Where as SPM 3 installed in 2006
goes till LOLO jetty. All three are responsible for
import of crude from countries like Venezuela,
Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Libya, Algeria,
Nigeria etc.
7.
8. WORKING OF SPM AND THE PIPELINE ROUTES
FROM SPM TO TANKER.
From SPM 3 their are two 48” pipelines coming
towards the ALP point or can be said LOLO jetty.
This pipeline is on the sea surface covering a
distance of 19.5km where as it comes to NRP(E).
The total distance that pipe covers is approx. 28.2
km from which approx. 22.8km is in marine and the
other 5.3km is under land from shore to MTF.
The maximum height reached by the pipeline above
sea level 6.8m Riser and the maximum water depth
reached is -34m PLEM valve.
9.
10.
11. DETAILS ABOUT THE PIPELINES INSTALLED FROM
SPM3 TO THE TANKER.
The pipeline installed is of grade SMYS-API X-52
with a OD of 48” and design flow rate of 7000
tonne/hr.
It can behold a pressure max to 30kg/cm2g and
design temperature of 65°C.
Dependent on the water depth at which pipe
installed the pipe thickness changes. For a depth
more than 29m the thickness will be 22.2mm and
for less than 29m thickness will be 20.6mm.
The pipeline is a pigable line having ROC of bends
sufficiently higher and internal roughness of
0.02mm.
12. TYPE AND GRADE OF OIL THAT IS BEING
RECEIVED FROM THE SPM3.
Merey 16
Arab Light
DCO
Ras Gharib
Arab Extra Light
Leona 22
And many more...
13. EXPLAINING THE METHODOLOGY.
In the study presented on the pipelines coming from
SPM 3 to MTF possible pressure loses were
calculated considering the losses like friction loss,
bend loss, fluid entrance and exit head losses,
valve losses etc.
Based on the data gathered from crude unloading
logs of 2009 the model was calibrated and a factor
of pressure drop was added to validate it.
Based on the calibrated model the data logs of year
2014-15 were run through to look for the fouling in
the pipeline caused in the course of 5 years.
14. FRICTION LOSS
The viscosity causes loss of energy in flows which
is known as frictional loss.
Applying Bernoulli’s equations for real fluid between
two points in a pipeline.
According to Darcy-Weishbach equation.
15. FRICTION LOSS (CONTD.)
ƒ known as friction factor can be calculated using
Fanning’s friction factor equation or plotting in
Moody’s Diagram.
16. MECHANICAL LOSS
Based on the design of the pipeline from the SPM 3 to
MTF certain losses like bend loss, tee loss, entrance
head loss, exit head loss etc take place.
From SPM 3 to LOLO jetty the pipeline takes 3 bends in
lateral direction and 18 small bends up and down. The
ROC for these bends are in Kilometre which in
comparison with the radius of pipeline is a big number
reducing the r/R ratio to insignificant.
From LOLO jetty to MTF goes through multiple bends
both in lateral and horizontal direction.
35 number 90°bends are their with ROC of 6400mm, 5
number of 45° bends are their with ROC 4912mm, 7
other different angles with different ROC are present.
17. MECHANICAL LOSS (CONTD.)
Mechanical loss calculated is based on the formula
defined as –
M.L. = ξv2 ρ/2g
V = flow velocity (ft/sec or m/sec)
g = acceleration of gravity (ft/sec2/ or m/sec2 )
ξ = minor loss coefficient.
ρ = density of fluid.
18. MECHANICAL LOSS (CONTD.)
The schematics of design doesn’t impose the
regularity of application so their could be losses
which cannot be accounted here.
Some of the mechanical losses like flow from SPM
to the PLEM valve and release from PLEM in to the
pipeline are the constrained landmarks where
losses must have occurred but are incalculable.
We are recording the pressure values at SPM and
at the entrance of MTF any losses occurred within
the MTF are not imposed in the study.
19. PRESSURE LOSS FOR A CERTAIN RATE OF
FLOW
MEREY -16
Maximum flow rate – 14500m3/hr
Pipe internal diameter – 47.1884in / 47.1254in
API – 16.24
Viscosity – 265.665cp
Pressure drop due to frictional loss – 11.68679
Pressure drop due to mechanics - 0.720013
Pressure loss due to elevation – 0.617728
Total pressure Loss – 13.02454
20. PRESSURE LOSS FOR A CERTAIN RATE OF
FLOW
RAS GHARIB
Maximum flow rate – 14500m3/hr
Pipe internal diameter – 47.1884in / 47.1254in
API – 21.99
Viscosity – 54.841cp
Pressure drop due to frictional loss - 7.564441
Pressure drop due to mechanics - 0.69304
Pressure loss due to elevation – 0.594587
Total pressure Loss – 8.852068
21. PRESSURE LOSS FOR A CERTAIN RATE OF
FLOW
DCO
Maximum flow rate – 14500m3/hr
Pipe internal diameter – 47.1884in / 47.1254in
API – 17.35
Viscosity – 181.089cp
Pressure drop due to frictional loss – 10.44997
Pressure drop due to mechanics - 0.582848
Pressure loss due to elevation – 0.613122
Total pressure Loss – 11.64594
22. PRESSURE LOSS FOR A CERTAIN RATE OF
FLOW
ARAB LIGHT
Maximum flow rate – 14500m3/hr
Pipe internal diameter – 47.1884in / 47.1254in
API – 33.18
Viscosity – 4.6962cp
Pressure drop due to frictional loss – 4.314247
Pressure drop due to mechanics - 0.645948
Pressure loss due to elevation - 0.554185
Total pressure Loss – 5.51438
23. MAXIMUM FLOW RATE ACHIEVABLE THEORETICALLY
FOR DIFFERENT CRUDES WITH A PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE
CRUDE TYPE 10kg/cm2 9kg/cm2 8kg/cm2
Merey 16 12335 11554 10732
Ras Gharib 15597 14645 13642
Arab Light 20558 19350 18074
DCO 13216 12387 11514
Leona 22 15963 14993 13969
Arab Ex Light 22171 20881 19520
24. COMPARISON WITH THE REAL TIME
DATA OF 2009-10
Using the crude unloading logs from 2009-10 we
were able to infer that their are certain losses which
cannot be accounted in hydraulics and mechanics
considered.
Although this difference in pressure accounted was
uniform for same fluid for similar flow rate and
physical properties.
Pressure difference was calculated for different
crudes and its average was taken and considered
as the calibration or rectifying factor.
28. INFERENCE FROM THE CALIBRATION
Every pressure difference is altogether dependent
on the flow rate, density, viscosity and for every
different flow rate the losses are also different may
it be frictional losses or mechanical losses.
Considering these factors an average flow rate
value from the logs was calculated and average
pressure difference value between the absolute and
real were calculated.
29. VALUES IN COMPARISON WITH DATA FROM
2009-10
Merry 16 Ras Gharib Arab Light
Average Flow
Rate
8477.4 7201 11516.25
Average
Pressure
Difference
2.032538 1.63415 2.220027
30. SIMULATING THE CALIBRATED MODEL WITH
DATA LOG OF 2014-15
As done for data from 2009-10 , 2014-15 data was
simulated with the model and pressure difference
was calculated.
In the span of 5 years we expect the values of
pressure loss to be varied giving us the expected
fouling or other incalculable losses.
Since for different values of flow rate for different
fluid the value of fouling will be different so we can
say that the minimum value of fouling reported in all
fluid will be taken as the result.
31. Merry 16 Ras Gharib Arab Light
Average Flow
Rate
8758.95 6425.571429 9987
Average
Pressure
Difference
2.2435813529 1.756814 2.3204
Pressure
Change in 5
Years
0.2110433529 0.1226635714 0.100373
Expected
Fouling
10.5 mm /
0.413385 inch
13 mm /
0.51181 inch
8 mm / 0.31496
inch
32. RESULTS
On the basis of simulation done using real time
data we can conclude that the minimum fouling in
the pipeline is of 8mm.
Considering the mechanical losses shutters down
the gap between the absolute and real time data
giving us a better window to work on.
Considering the inconsistency in the values of flow
rate for a given pressure difference and human
error while noting it down an error of ±1.0% is
considered.
Which entails the minimum fouling to 5mm.
The debris can be estimated to be of volume
265.3257806 m3.
33. REFERENCES
Reliance industries operating manual MTF crude
area.
Gulf Interstate Engineering – Design data
Antares offshore, L.L.C – Design data
MTF crude unloading logs.
CTS data files provided.
Integrated crude system/web portal – crude
specifications.
Handbook of pipeline engineering.-Mc Graw Hill
34. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project wouldn’t have been possible without
valuable guidance from following eminent
personals.
Mr Praveen Kumar Gupta – HOD (MTF)
Mr Pankaj M. Patel – Mentor (MTF- crude)
Mr Atul Moghe – (MTF-Marine)
Mr Sanjai Tiwari – CTS
Mr Pravin S. Potdar – CTS
Mr Saurabh Abrol and Mr Nishit Shah – (MTF-
crude)