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00 introduction
- 1. cse141: Introduction to Computer Architecture Steven Swanson Hung-Wei Tseng 1
- 2. Today’s Agenda • What is architecture? • Why is it important? • At the highest level, where is architecture today? Where is it going? • What’s in this class? 2
- 3. What is architecture? • How do you build a machine that computes? • Quickly, safely, cheaply, efficiently, in technology X, for applicationY, etc. Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them. -- Alfred NorthWhitehead
- 6. Orientation System Bus (PCI) IO Power Memory Power Memory Memory Memory Architecture begins about here.
- 7. Orientation System Bus (PCI) IO Power Memory Power Memory Memory Memory Architecture begins about here.
- 10. You are here
- 12. The processors go here…
- 13. The processors go here…
- 14. Abstractions of the Physical World… Physics/Materials Devices Micro-architecture ArchitecturesProcessors
- 15. Abstractions of the Physical World… Physics/Materials Devices Micro-architecture ArchitecturesProcessors This Course cse241a/ ECE dept Physics/ Chemistry/ Material science
- 16. …for the Rest of the System Architectures JVM Processor Abstraction Compilers Languages Software Engineers/ Applications
- 17. …for the Rest of the System Architectures JVM Processor Abstraction Compilers Languages Software Engineers/ Applications cse130cse121 cse131 cseEverythingElse
- 18. Why study architecture? 11 • As CEs or CSs you should understand how computers work • Processors are the basis for everything in CS (except theory) • They are where the rubber meets the road. • Performance is important • Faster machines make applications cheaper • Understanding hardware is essential to understanding how systems behave • It’s cool! • Microprocessors are among the most sophisticated devices manufactured by people • How they work (and even that they work) as reliably and as quickly as they do is amazing. • Architecture is undergoing a revolution • The future is uncertain • Opportunities for innovation abound.
- 19. Performance andYou! • Live Demo 12
- 20. Processor are Cool! • Chips are made of silicon • Aka “sand” • The most adundant element in the earth’s crust. • Extremely pure (<1 part per billion) • This is the purest stuff people make
- 21. Building Chips
- 23. Building Chips • Photolithography Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2 Grow silicon dioxide
- 24. Building Chips • Photolithography Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2 Grow silicon dioxide Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Apply photo resist
- 25. Building Chips • Photolithography Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2 Grow silicon dioxide Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Apply photo resist Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask Expose to UV
- 26. Building Chips • Photolithography Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2 Grow silicon dioxide Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Apply photo resist Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask Expose to UV Silicon Wafer SiO2 Patterned resist
- 27. Building Chips • Photolithography Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2 Grow silicon dioxide Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Apply photo resist Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask Expose to UV Silicon Wafer SiO2 Patterned resist Silicon Wafer Etch SiO2
- 28. Building Chips • Photolithography Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2 Grow silicon dioxide Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Apply photo resist Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask Expose to UV Silicon Wafer SiO2 Patterned resist Silicon Wafer Etch SiO2 Silicon Wafer Met Deposit metal
- 29. Building Chips • Photolithography Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2 Grow silicon dioxide Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Apply photo resist Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask Expose to UV Silicon Wafer SiO2 Patterned resist Silicon Wafer Etch SiO2 Silicon Wafer Met Deposit metal Silicon Wafer Met Etch SiO2 (Or not)
- 32. State of the art CPU • 1-2 Billion xtrs • 45nm features • 3-4Ghz • Several 100 designers • >5 years • $3Billion fab • 70 GFLOPS 18
- 34. Since 1940
- 35. Since 1940 • Plug boards -> Java • Hand assembling -> GCC • No OS -> WindowsVista
- 36. Since 1940 • Plug boards -> Java • Hand assembling -> GCC • No OS -> WindowsVista Flexible performance is a liquid asset • 50,000 x speedup • >1,000,000,000 x density (Moore’s Law)
- 37. Moore’s Law: Raw transistors
- 38. The Importance of Architecture • We design smarter and smarter processors • Process technology gives us about 20% performance improvement per year • Until 2004, performance grew at about 40% per year. • The gap is due to architecture! (and compilers)
- 40. Computer Performance 23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006
- 41. Computer Performance 23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year
- 42. Computer Performance 23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 39% per year
- 43. Computer Performance 23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 39% per year 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 39% per year 25% per year
- 44. The clock speed addiction 24 • Clock speed is the biggest contributor to power • Chip manufactures (Intel, esp.) pushed clock speeds very hard in the 90s and early 2000s. • Doubling the clock speed increases power by 2-8x • Clock speed scaling is essentially finished. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Clockspeed(Mhz) Year specINT2000 specINT2006
- 45. Power 25 Watts/cm2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ
- 46. Power 25 Watts/cm2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ
- 47. Power 25 Watts/cm2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ
- 48. Power 25 Watts/cm2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ
- 49. Power 25 Watts/cm2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ
- 50. Power 25 Watts/cm2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ
- 51. What’s Next: Brainiacs • Hold the clock rate steady. • Be smarter in silicon • More sophisticated processors • More clever algorithms • This continues to deliver about 25% per year. • But for how long? 26
- 52. What’s Next: Parallelism • This is all the rage right now • You probably own a multi-processor, they used to be pretty exotic. • They provide some performance, but it’s hard to use. • There aren’t that many threads • Remember, flexible performance is a liquid asset • Remember or look forward to cse121 27
- 53. 28 Intel P4 1 core Intel Core 2 Duo 2 cores AMD Barcelona 4 cores SPARC T1 8 cores Intel Prototype 80 cores Cell BE 8 + 1 cores Intel Nahalem 4 cores
- 55. Computer Performance 29 100 1000 10000 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 RelativePerformance Year specINT2000 specINT2006 39% per year 25% per year
- 56. Course Staff • Instructor: Steven Swanson • Lectures Tues + Thurs • TA: Hung-Wei Tseng • Discussion sec:Wed. • (but not this week) • See the course web page for contact information and office hours. 30
- 57. What’s in this Class 31 • Course outline • Instruction sets • The basics of silicon technology • Measuring performance • How processors work • Basic pipelining • Data and control hazards • Branch prediction and speculation • The memory system • Introduction to multiprocessors • Weekly technology digressions • How various technologies actually work.
- 58. Your Tasks • Read the text! • Computer Organization and Design:The Hardware/Software Interface (4th Edition) -- previous editions are not supported • I’m not going to cover everything in class, but you are responsible for all the assigned text. • Come to class! • I will cover things not in the book. You are responsible for that too. • Class participation (5%) • Homeworks throughout the course. (10%) • Weekly quizzes on Thursdays (10%) • One midterm. (25%) • One cumulative final. (35%) • One project (15%) • Design your own ISA! 32
- 59. The Link to 141L • You do not need to take 141L along with 141, but you may need both to get your degree. • The classes are mostly independent, except • The results of the project will be used in 141L • You can earn extra credit by licensing your ISA groups in 141L who are not in 141 33
- 60. Grading • Grading is on a 13 point scale -- F through A+ • You will get a letter grade on each assignment • Your final grade is the weighted average of the assignment grades. • An excel spreadsheet calculates your grades • We will post a sanitized version online once a week. • It will tell you exactly where you stand. • It specifies the curves used for each assignment etc. • OpenOffice doesn’t run it properly. 34
- 61. Academic Honesty • Don’t cheat. • Cheating on a test will get you an F in the class and no option to drop, and a visit with your college dean. • Cheating on homeworks means you don’t have to turn them in any more, but you don’t get points either. You will also take at least 25% penalty on the exam grades. • Copying solutions of the internet or a solutions manual is cheating. • Review the UCSD student handbook • When in doubt, ask. Honest mistakes will be forgiven. 35