Many nurses have difficulty with drug calculations. Mostly because they don’t enjoy or understand math. Practicing drug calculations will help nurses develop stronger and more confident math skills. Many drugs require some type of calculation prior to administration. The drug calculations range in complexity from requiring a simple conversion calculation to a more complex calculation for drugs administered by mcg/kg/min. Regardless of the drug to be administered, careful and accurate calculations are important to help prevent medication errors. Many nurses become overwhelmed when performing the drug calculations, when they require multiple steps or involve life-threatening drugs. The main principle is to remain focused on what you are doing and try to not let outside distractions cause you to make a error in calculations. It is always a good idea to have another nurse double check your calculations. Sometimes nurses have difficulty calculating dosages on drugs that are potentially life threatening. This is often because they become focused on the actual drug and the possible consequences of an error in calculation. The best way to prevent this is to remember that the drug calculations are performed the same way regardless of what the drug is. For example, whether the infusion is a big bag of vitamins or a life threatening vasoactive cardiac drug, the calculation is done exactly the same way.
This document provides information on several vasoconstricting drugs and their uses:
- Vasoconstrictors like epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, and phenylephrine are used to treat low blood pressure, with epinephrine and vasopressin being first-line treatments for pulseless cardiac arrest.
- Drugs used in cardiac arrest situations include epinephrine, vasopressin, amiodarone, lidocaine, and atropine according to ACLS guidelines. Epinephrine and vasopressin increase blood pressure while amiodarone treats shock-resistant arrhythmias.
- Dopamine, administered via IV drip, is used
this presentation has covered all the emergency drugs its dosage and usage from a maxillofacial surgeons point of view. very helpful for pgs especially.
This document provides instructions for calculating drug doses using the formula Want x In / Got. Want is the amount of drug needed, In is the volume of the syringe, and Got is the total amount of drug in the syringe. The formula is demonstrated using an example where a patient needs 2mg of Drug X, the syringe contains 500ml, and there is 10mg of Drug X in the syringe. The result is that the patient needs 100ml. Concentrations are also addressed, showing how to calculate doses when the drug amount is given in mg/ml rather than total amount and volume.
The document discusses various types of drugs used to treat glaucoma, including beta-adrenergic blocking agents, prostaglandins, parasympathomimetic drugs, sympathomimetic drugs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and hyperosmotic agents. It provides details on the mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, and side effects of representative drugs in each class, such as timolol for beta-blockers, latanoprost for prostaglandins, pilocarpine for parasympathomimetics, and glycerol for hyperosmotic agents. The document aims to comprehensively cover the major classes of antiglaucoma medications.
This document outlines critical thinking skills for advanced nursing practice. It defines critical thinking as a systematic, logical process used to carefully examine one's own and others' thinking to ensure safe nursing care. Key critical thinking skills for nurses are interpretation, analysis, evaluation, explanation, and self-regulation. These skills are applied through the nursing process. Critical thinking is essential for nursing given the need to prioritize, make decisions, and provide 24/7 patient care. Pitfalls include closed-mindedness and biases that can lead to incorrect conclusions and actions. A case study example demonstrates how a nurse should ensure informed consent by assessing factors affecting a patient's decision-making ability.
This document provides information on calculating drug dilutions and infusion rates for intravenous medications. It discusses the importance of verifying the medication, dose, time and route by comparing the label to the medication administration record. There are three factors involved in IV medication infusion calculations - concentration, dose, and flow rate. Concentration is the amount of drug diluted in a given volume, dose is the amount ordered over a time period, and flow rate determines the infusion delivery speed. Various formulas are provided to calculate the required volume or flow rate based on the known factors. Examples are given for diluting and calculating infusion rates for several common IV medications.
This document provides information and examples for calculating drug dosages. It discusses reconstituting powdered medications and calculating the amount to administer based on the resulting concentration. It also covers calculating dosages for pediatric patients based on weight, reconstituting multiple strength solutions, and calculating dosages using body surface area (BSA). Safety is emphasized, including an example where a misread decimal point in an order led to a baby receiving an overdose and dying. Formulas are provided for calculating both metric and non-metric BSA for adults and pediatric patients.
Many nurses have difficulty with drug calculations. Mostly because they don’t enjoy or understand math. Practicing drug calculations will help nurses develop stronger and more confident math skills. Many drugs require some type of calculation prior to administration. The drug calculations range in complexity from requiring a simple conversion calculation to a more complex calculation for drugs administered by mcg/kg/min. Regardless of the drug to be administered, careful and accurate calculations are important to help prevent medication errors. Many nurses become overwhelmed when performing the drug calculations, when they require multiple steps or involve life-threatening drugs. The main principle is to remain focused on what you are doing and try to not let outside distractions cause you to make a error in calculations. It is always a good idea to have another nurse double check your calculations. Sometimes nurses have difficulty calculating dosages on drugs that are potentially life threatening. This is often because they become focused on the actual drug and the possible consequences of an error in calculation. The best way to prevent this is to remember that the drug calculations are performed the same way regardless of what the drug is. For example, whether the infusion is a big bag of vitamins or a life threatening vasoactive cardiac drug, the calculation is done exactly the same way.
This document provides information on several vasoconstricting drugs and their uses:
- Vasoconstrictors like epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, and phenylephrine are used to treat low blood pressure, with epinephrine and vasopressin being first-line treatments for pulseless cardiac arrest.
- Drugs used in cardiac arrest situations include epinephrine, vasopressin, amiodarone, lidocaine, and atropine according to ACLS guidelines. Epinephrine and vasopressin increase blood pressure while amiodarone treats shock-resistant arrhythmias.
- Dopamine, administered via IV drip, is used
this presentation has covered all the emergency drugs its dosage and usage from a maxillofacial surgeons point of view. very helpful for pgs especially.
This document provides instructions for calculating drug doses using the formula Want x In / Got. Want is the amount of drug needed, In is the volume of the syringe, and Got is the total amount of drug in the syringe. The formula is demonstrated using an example where a patient needs 2mg of Drug X, the syringe contains 500ml, and there is 10mg of Drug X in the syringe. The result is that the patient needs 100ml. Concentrations are also addressed, showing how to calculate doses when the drug amount is given in mg/ml rather than total amount and volume.
The document discusses various types of drugs used to treat glaucoma, including beta-adrenergic blocking agents, prostaglandins, parasympathomimetic drugs, sympathomimetic drugs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and hyperosmotic agents. It provides details on the mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, and side effects of representative drugs in each class, such as timolol for beta-blockers, latanoprost for prostaglandins, pilocarpine for parasympathomimetics, and glycerol for hyperosmotic agents. The document aims to comprehensively cover the major classes of antiglaucoma medications.
This document outlines critical thinking skills for advanced nursing practice. It defines critical thinking as a systematic, logical process used to carefully examine one's own and others' thinking to ensure safe nursing care. Key critical thinking skills for nurses are interpretation, analysis, evaluation, explanation, and self-regulation. These skills are applied through the nursing process. Critical thinking is essential for nursing given the need to prioritize, make decisions, and provide 24/7 patient care. Pitfalls include closed-mindedness and biases that can lead to incorrect conclusions and actions. A case study example demonstrates how a nurse should ensure informed consent by assessing factors affecting a patient's decision-making ability.
This document provides information on calculating drug dilutions and infusion rates for intravenous medications. It discusses the importance of verifying the medication, dose, time and route by comparing the label to the medication administration record. There are three factors involved in IV medication infusion calculations - concentration, dose, and flow rate. Concentration is the amount of drug diluted in a given volume, dose is the amount ordered over a time period, and flow rate determines the infusion delivery speed. Various formulas are provided to calculate the required volume or flow rate based on the known factors. Examples are given for diluting and calculating infusion rates for several common IV medications.
This document provides information and examples for calculating drug dosages. It discusses reconstituting powdered medications and calculating the amount to administer based on the resulting concentration. It also covers calculating dosages for pediatric patients based on weight, reconstituting multiple strength solutions, and calculating dosages using body surface area (BSA). Safety is emphasized, including an example where a misread decimal point in an order led to a baby receiving an overdose and dying. Formulas are provided for calculating both metric and non-metric BSA for adults and pediatric patients.
Every day in hospitals across the country, nurse managers help create healthy work environments that attract and retain competent and caring nurses by assuring that high standards are followed. To help nurses become more effective nurse managers, the HealthcareSource eLearning Library is pleased to offer AACN’s Essentials of Nurse Manager Orientation (ENMO).
The document describes a case of medication error where a patient was wrongly administered pancuronium instead of an antacid, causing respiratory arrest. It provides definitions of medication error and discusses the prevalence and impact of medication errors. It identifies common types of errors like wrong dose, wrong drug or wrong route. Contributing factors discussed include look-alike packaging, sound-alike names, distractions, workload and abbreviations. Strategies to prevent errors include separating high-alert medications, tall man lettering, double checks and education.
- The document provides guidance on calculating drug dosages and infusion rates for healthcare professionals.
- It emphasizes the importance of double-checking calculations and converting between different units of measurement to minimize errors.
- Examples are given for calculating oral, intravenous and infusion dosages based on the drug amount available, prescribed dose, and patient weight or volume of solution.
The document discusses Patient Blood Management (PBM), which is a multidisciplinary approach to optimize care for patients who may need blood transfusions. It involves strategies before, during, and after surgery/procedures to minimize blood loss and transfusions. Key preoperative strategies include identifying and treating anemia, assessing bleeding risk, and considering preoperative autologous blood donation. Intraoperative strategies focus on techniques to reduce blood loss like cell salvage and tranexamic acid. Postoperative care emphasizes continued efforts to minimize blood loss and optimize physiology. The overall goals are to improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and ensure an adequate blood supply.
This document discusses the administration of medications. It begins by defining what a drug is, noting that drugs can be used to treat medical or psychological conditions. It then discusses various sources of drugs, including plants, animals, synthesis, and microorganisms. The document also covers different types and forms of drugs like tablets, liquids, injections and more. It provides examples of different drug delivery routes like oral, topical, inhalation and more. Finally, it discusses some key drug terminology like pharmacokinetics, metabolism, elimination and side effects.
Metoprolol succinate, a medicine used to treat hypertension, belongs to the beta-blocker pharmacological class.
Metoprolol, an antihypertensive medication, competes with other medications to block beta-1 receptors at oral doses of less than 100 mg in adults, while having little to no effect on beta-2 receptors. Metoprolol reduces the quantity of oxygen needed by the heart at any given level of exertion, which aids in the treatment of heart failure. The long-term management of angina pectoris is aided as a result.
This document discusses the 10 rights of medication administration and provides information on converting between different units of measurement for drugs. It also describes different types of infusion devices and methods for calculating drug dosages and flow rates for continuous intravenous infusions administered either manually via drop factor or with an electronic infusion pump. The document emphasizes the importance of accurately calculating drug dosages and administration rates.
The document contains multiple word problems involving calculating drug dosages from prescription instructions and available drug concentrations. It provides the calculations to determine the amount of drug in milligrams, the number of doses or tablets, and the volume in milliliters needed to fulfill the prescribed dosages over set time periods.
Amiodarone is a unique antiarrhythmic drug that is classified as class III but also possesses class I, II, and IV properties. It works by blocking sodium, calcium, and potassium channels to prolong the action potential duration. Amiodarone has a slow onset due to its high lipid solubility and storage in adipose tissues, resulting in a very long half-life. It can have serious side effects involving the lungs, thyroid, and interactions with other drugs. Amiodarone is effective for treating atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias when other options are not appropriate. Close monitoring is required due to risks of pulmonary toxicity and QT prolongation.
This document discusses drugs commonly used in critical care settings such as the ICU, CCU, operating theater and emergency department. It provides lists of life-saving drugs used in emergencies including adrenaline, atropine and calcium gluconate. It also lists common drugs used for conditions like opioid poisoning, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, angina, and congestive cardiac failure. Specific drugs like xylocard, propofol and amiodarone are also discussed in detail including their mechanisms of action, uses, dosages, side effects and nursing considerations.
This document provides an introduction to a guide titled "50 Drugs Every Emergency Physician Should Know". It notes that the guide is not comprehensive and does not include all drugs an emergency physician should be familiar with, such as antibiotics or many pediatric drugs. It was created by Steven Elsbecker D.O. and Aryan Rahbar PharmD to serve as a quick reference for common and lifesaving drugs used daily in emergency medicine. Users are advised to exercise care and remember that dosing may vary based on patient characteristics like weight.
This document outlines the contents and organization of an emergency drug kit. It is divided into four modules: basic/critical drugs and equipment, non-critical drugs and equipment, ACLS drugs, and antidotal drugs. The basic module includes epinephrine, oxygen, bronchodilators, antihistamines, nitroglycerin, oral hypoglycemics, and aspirin. The non-critical module adds analgesics, corticosteroids, beta blockers, dextrose, and airway equipment. The ACLS module focuses on drugs for cardiac arrest like amiodarone and atropine. The antidotal module contains naloxone for opioid overdose and flumazenil for
Calculating intravenous drug infusion made easy!Azad Abul Kalam
This document provides simplified equations and instructions to help healthcare professionals accurately calculate dosages for intravenous drug infusions. It discusses [1] the complexity of intravenous drug calculations due to various factors; [2] common abbreviations and metric conversions; [3] calculating drug concentrations; [4] common errors; and [5] provides 3 equations and rules of thumb to simplify calculations. The goal is to minimize medication errors and build confidence among staff performing these important calculations.
The document discusses regimental therapy in Unani medicine. It describes regimental therapy as emerging from tibb (Unani medicine) for well-being. It provides examples of various regimental therapies practiced in Unani medicine like cauterization, diuresis, diaphoresis, emesis, purging, venisection, cupping, leeching, massage, exercise, and fomentation. It acknowledges traditional folk healers and Unani practitioners who have contributed to the knowledge and practice of regimental therapies.
Operational performance management is a key factor in successfully achieving the business target. Analyze the performance of your business with our content ready Operational Performance Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Evaluate business activities to meet organizational goals with the help of business operations management PPT slides. Assess regularly the performance of your business. you can also use performance measures PowerPoint template to showcase the level of operational performance, optimization of production factors, use of available resources, structure cost control and optimization. This deck is a guide for your business team. You can easily impart your information with this operational efficiency presentation graphics. These templates are designed in communicating way by our team of experts having in-depth knowledge of the subject. All the slides given in operational performance evaluation presentation are editable, users can change font size, color and text to make it more attractive. Acquaint folks with their great culture through our Operational Performance Management Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Inform them of their inheritance.
This document provides information on drug dosage calculations including formulas and examples. It discusses calculating dosages based on the amount ordered, amount available, liquid measurements, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates. Common equivalents are also listed such as 1 kg = 2.2 lbs and 1 gm = 1000 mg. Step-by-step examples are provided for calculating tablet dosages, liquid dosages, dosages based on weight, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates.
This document outlines how to perform various drug calculations, including metric conversions, dose calculations based on patient weight, and infusion rate calculations. It provides examples of each type of calculation and questions to practice the skills. Metric conversions involve moving the decimal place to convert between kg, g, mg, and mcg units. Dose is calculated by multiplying the prescribed mg dose by the patient's weight in kg. Infusion rates are calculated by dividing the total volume by the number of hours to get a hourly rate in ml/hr and then converting to drops per minute based on the giving set calibration.
This document provides information on the preparation and administration of various emergency drugs including dopamine, dobutamine, levophed, nitroglycerine, adrenaline, insulin, heparin, lasix, phenytoin, amiodarone, omeprazole, labetalol, hydrallazine, vasopressin, phenylephrine, propofol, sandostatin, atracrium, fentanyl, and midazolam. For each drug, it lists the concentration per vial or ampoule, how to prepare an IV infusion solution, the drug concentration in the prepared solution, and how to calculate the infusion rate based on the desired dose. The goal is to provide
Every day in hospitals across the country, nurse managers help create healthy work environments that attract and retain competent and caring nurses by assuring that high standards are followed. To help nurses become more effective nurse managers, the HealthcareSource eLearning Library is pleased to offer AACN’s Essentials of Nurse Manager Orientation (ENMO).
The document describes a case of medication error where a patient was wrongly administered pancuronium instead of an antacid, causing respiratory arrest. It provides definitions of medication error and discusses the prevalence and impact of medication errors. It identifies common types of errors like wrong dose, wrong drug or wrong route. Contributing factors discussed include look-alike packaging, sound-alike names, distractions, workload and abbreviations. Strategies to prevent errors include separating high-alert medications, tall man lettering, double checks and education.
- The document provides guidance on calculating drug dosages and infusion rates for healthcare professionals.
- It emphasizes the importance of double-checking calculations and converting between different units of measurement to minimize errors.
- Examples are given for calculating oral, intravenous and infusion dosages based on the drug amount available, prescribed dose, and patient weight or volume of solution.
The document discusses Patient Blood Management (PBM), which is a multidisciplinary approach to optimize care for patients who may need blood transfusions. It involves strategies before, during, and after surgery/procedures to minimize blood loss and transfusions. Key preoperative strategies include identifying and treating anemia, assessing bleeding risk, and considering preoperative autologous blood donation. Intraoperative strategies focus on techniques to reduce blood loss like cell salvage and tranexamic acid. Postoperative care emphasizes continued efforts to minimize blood loss and optimize physiology. The overall goals are to improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and ensure an adequate blood supply.
This document discusses the administration of medications. It begins by defining what a drug is, noting that drugs can be used to treat medical or psychological conditions. It then discusses various sources of drugs, including plants, animals, synthesis, and microorganisms. The document also covers different types and forms of drugs like tablets, liquids, injections and more. It provides examples of different drug delivery routes like oral, topical, inhalation and more. Finally, it discusses some key drug terminology like pharmacokinetics, metabolism, elimination and side effects.
Metoprolol succinate, a medicine used to treat hypertension, belongs to the beta-blocker pharmacological class.
Metoprolol, an antihypertensive medication, competes with other medications to block beta-1 receptors at oral doses of less than 100 mg in adults, while having little to no effect on beta-2 receptors. Metoprolol reduces the quantity of oxygen needed by the heart at any given level of exertion, which aids in the treatment of heart failure. The long-term management of angina pectoris is aided as a result.
This document discusses the 10 rights of medication administration and provides information on converting between different units of measurement for drugs. It also describes different types of infusion devices and methods for calculating drug dosages and flow rates for continuous intravenous infusions administered either manually via drop factor or with an electronic infusion pump. The document emphasizes the importance of accurately calculating drug dosages and administration rates.
The document contains multiple word problems involving calculating drug dosages from prescription instructions and available drug concentrations. It provides the calculations to determine the amount of drug in milligrams, the number of doses or tablets, and the volume in milliliters needed to fulfill the prescribed dosages over set time periods.
Amiodarone is a unique antiarrhythmic drug that is classified as class III but also possesses class I, II, and IV properties. It works by blocking sodium, calcium, and potassium channels to prolong the action potential duration. Amiodarone has a slow onset due to its high lipid solubility and storage in adipose tissues, resulting in a very long half-life. It can have serious side effects involving the lungs, thyroid, and interactions with other drugs. Amiodarone is effective for treating atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias when other options are not appropriate. Close monitoring is required due to risks of pulmonary toxicity and QT prolongation.
This document discusses drugs commonly used in critical care settings such as the ICU, CCU, operating theater and emergency department. It provides lists of life-saving drugs used in emergencies including adrenaline, atropine and calcium gluconate. It also lists common drugs used for conditions like opioid poisoning, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, angina, and congestive cardiac failure. Specific drugs like xylocard, propofol and amiodarone are also discussed in detail including their mechanisms of action, uses, dosages, side effects and nursing considerations.
This document provides an introduction to a guide titled "50 Drugs Every Emergency Physician Should Know". It notes that the guide is not comprehensive and does not include all drugs an emergency physician should be familiar with, such as antibiotics or many pediatric drugs. It was created by Steven Elsbecker D.O. and Aryan Rahbar PharmD to serve as a quick reference for common and lifesaving drugs used daily in emergency medicine. Users are advised to exercise care and remember that dosing may vary based on patient characteristics like weight.
This document outlines the contents and organization of an emergency drug kit. It is divided into four modules: basic/critical drugs and equipment, non-critical drugs and equipment, ACLS drugs, and antidotal drugs. The basic module includes epinephrine, oxygen, bronchodilators, antihistamines, nitroglycerin, oral hypoglycemics, and aspirin. The non-critical module adds analgesics, corticosteroids, beta blockers, dextrose, and airway equipment. The ACLS module focuses on drugs for cardiac arrest like amiodarone and atropine. The antidotal module contains naloxone for opioid overdose and flumazenil for
Calculating intravenous drug infusion made easy!Azad Abul Kalam
This document provides simplified equations and instructions to help healthcare professionals accurately calculate dosages for intravenous drug infusions. It discusses [1] the complexity of intravenous drug calculations due to various factors; [2] common abbreviations and metric conversions; [3] calculating drug concentrations; [4] common errors; and [5] provides 3 equations and rules of thumb to simplify calculations. The goal is to minimize medication errors and build confidence among staff performing these important calculations.
The document discusses regimental therapy in Unani medicine. It describes regimental therapy as emerging from tibb (Unani medicine) for well-being. It provides examples of various regimental therapies practiced in Unani medicine like cauterization, diuresis, diaphoresis, emesis, purging, venisection, cupping, leeching, massage, exercise, and fomentation. It acknowledges traditional folk healers and Unani practitioners who have contributed to the knowledge and practice of regimental therapies.
Operational performance management is a key factor in successfully achieving the business target. Analyze the performance of your business with our content ready Operational Performance Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Evaluate business activities to meet organizational goals with the help of business operations management PPT slides. Assess regularly the performance of your business. you can also use performance measures PowerPoint template to showcase the level of operational performance, optimization of production factors, use of available resources, structure cost control and optimization. This deck is a guide for your business team. You can easily impart your information with this operational efficiency presentation graphics. These templates are designed in communicating way by our team of experts having in-depth knowledge of the subject. All the slides given in operational performance evaluation presentation are editable, users can change font size, color and text to make it more attractive. Acquaint folks with their great culture through our Operational Performance Management Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Inform them of their inheritance.
This document provides information on drug dosage calculations including formulas and examples. It discusses calculating dosages based on the amount ordered, amount available, liquid measurements, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates. Common equivalents are also listed such as 1 kg = 2.2 lbs and 1 gm = 1000 mg. Step-by-step examples are provided for calculating tablet dosages, liquid dosages, dosages based on weight, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates.
This document outlines how to perform various drug calculations, including metric conversions, dose calculations based on patient weight, and infusion rate calculations. It provides examples of each type of calculation and questions to practice the skills. Metric conversions involve moving the decimal place to convert between kg, g, mg, and mcg units. Dose is calculated by multiplying the prescribed mg dose by the patient's weight in kg. Infusion rates are calculated by dividing the total volume by the number of hours to get a hourly rate in ml/hr and then converting to drops per minute based on the giving set calibration.
This document provides information on the preparation and administration of various emergency drugs including dopamine, dobutamine, levophed, nitroglycerine, adrenaline, insulin, heparin, lasix, phenytoin, amiodarone, omeprazole, labetalol, hydrallazine, vasopressin, phenylephrine, propofol, sandostatin, atracrium, fentanyl, and midazolam. For each drug, it lists the concentration per vial or ampoule, how to prepare an IV infusion solution, the drug concentration in the prepared solution, and how to calculate the infusion rate based on the desired dose. The goal is to provide
اساسا هر گونه اقدام در درمان ریزش یا تحریک رشد موی سر باید بر پایه یک یا چند مورد از مکانیسم های زیر باشد:
• مهار آنزیم 5 آلفا ردوکتاز
• افزایش گردش خونی محیطی و وازودیلیتوری
• بهسازی تغذیه ای سلولهای درمال پاپیلا وسلولهای بنیادی مو
• کاهش التهاب اطراف فولیکولها
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear medicine, in a sense, is "radiology done inside out" or "endoradiology" because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than radiation that is generated by external sources like X-rays. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy but the function and for such reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body.
The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers. These tracers are either swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a vein in your arm depending on what part of the body is being examined. Certain organs and tissues then absorb the tracer.
When detected by a PET scanner, the tracers help your doctor to see how well your organs and tissues are working.
The tracer will collect in areas of higher chemical activity, which is helpful because certain tissues of the body, and certain diseases, have a higher level of chemical activity. These areas of disease will show up as bright spots on the PET scan.
The PET scan can measure blood flow, oxygen use, how your body uses sugar, and much more.
A PET scan is typically an outpatient procedure. This means you can go about your day after the test is finished.
In the United States, around 2 million PET scans are performed each year.
Problems and Issues Facing Pharmacotherapy of Addictionseyed H
Background and Purpose: Drug addiction is a complex disease specified by exacerbation and repetition, uncontrollable penchant, with involuntary seeking for drugs and continuous consumption of that, with its horrible and destructive results. According to the problems which we would be faced with them during drug addiction treatment, this article is going to study on these problems. method: For this study the theoretical foundations and retaining
the existing research literature on the subject was discussed. Results: In this paper, the problems related with addiction treatment, the history of drug addiction treatment, the role of opioid preservative (Methadone and Buprenorphine) and its advantages (such as reducing criminal activities, increasing productivity, improving physical functions, Social and mental health, and limiting the blood-borne pathogens) and the weakness (such as the common side effects of constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, headache, increased transpiration, itching, nausea, sleep problems, and psychiatric disorders) are presented.Conclusion: Although long-term and even short-term addiction prevention and treatment programs will be effective, but the large population of domestic drug users remains a major concern for researchers, their families, therapists, and legal responses. An effective treatment process is one of the major challenges of contemporary research and clinical practice that should help clients to defense with destructive effects of brain addiction and behavior, and regaining control of life and restoring clients to productive functions in the family, workplace and community. addiction treatment using chemical drugs is one of the most difficult, most dangerous, and most responsible drug treatments, and the doctors should also be fully trained in the correct administration of agonist medications, and they must be so patient and educated to their patients.
Key words: Addiction, Pharmacotherapy, Conservative treatment, Treatment problems, The effectiveness of treatment, relapse, prevention