Drug caculation
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This document discusses the 10 rights of medication administration and provides information on converting between different units of measurement for drugs. It also describes different types of infusion devices and methods for calculating drug dosages and flow rates for continuous intravenous infusions administered either manually via drop factor or with an electronic infusion pump. The document emphasizes the importance of accurately calculating drug dosages and administration rates.
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Medication calculation
This document provides information on converting between different units of measurement for medications (e.g. milligrams to micrograms), calculating infusion rates, and determining volumes needed based on medication doses and concentrations. Equations are given for determining infusion rates based on micrograms/kg/minute for drugs like dobutamin and dopamine. Examples are also shown for calculating infusion rates and volumes based on given medication orders and available concentrations.
Drug calculations
This document outlines how to perform various drug calculations, including metric conversions, dose calculations based on patient weight, and infusion rate calculations. It provides examples of each type of calculation and questions to practice the skills. Metric conversions involve moving the decimal place to convert between kg, g, mg, and mcg units. Dose is calculated by multiplying the prescribed mg dose by the patient's weight in kg. Infusion rates are calculated by dividing the total volume by the number of hours to get a hourly rate in ml/hr and then converting to drops per minute based on the giving set calibration.
Drug calculation rules
This document provides information and instructions on drug calculation rules and methods for nurses. It includes:
1) Common unit conversion formulas for measurements like milliliters, grams, ounces, and pounds.
2) Formulas and methods for calculating intravenous drip rates and drug infusion rates based on amount to infuse, concentration, and time.
3) A method for calculating drug doses based on micrograms per kilogram of body weight, drug concentration, and time.
4) Examples of practice questions and step-by-step workings to calculate the number of capsules, amount of drug, or volume to administer based on the dose ordered and drug availability. The document emphasizes checking calculations for accuracy.
Medication calculation
Many nurses have difficulty with drug calculations. Mostly because they don’t enjoy or understand math. Practicing drug calculations will help nurses develop stronger and more confident math skills. Many drugs require some type of calculation prior to administration. The drug calculations range in complexity from requiring a simple conversion calculation to a more complex calculation for drugs administered by mcg/kg/min. Regardless of the drug to be administered, careful and accurate calculations are important to help prevent medication errors. Many nurses become overwhelmed when performing the drug calculations, when they require multiple steps or involve life-threatening drugs. The main principle is to remain focused on what you are doing and try to not let outside distractions cause you to make a error in calculations. It is always a good idea to have another nurse double check your calculations. Sometimes nurses have difficulty calculating dosages on drugs that are potentially life threatening. This is often because they become focused on the actual drug and the possible consequences of an error in calculation. The best way to prevent this is to remember that the drug calculations are performed the same way regardless of what the drug is. For example, whether the infusion is a big bag of vitamins or a life threatening vasoactive cardiac drug, the calculation is done exactly the same way.
Drug Calculation
my latest presentation which i just recently conducted just this week in the "2nd Critical Care Course for Nurses
Dosage Calculation Using Formula Method
The document discusses the formula method for calculating dosages of medication. It provides the formula: Desired Dose (D) = Strength Available (H) x Quantity (Q) / Unknown (x). It explains the terms in the formula and steps for using it properly. It emphasizes converting measurements to the same system, usually metric, and testing answers for reasonableness.
Drug Dosage Calculations
This document provides information on drug dosage calculations including terminology, measurement systems, calculation methods, routes of administration, conversions, and formulas for calculating dosages for tablets, mixtures, IV rates, and fluid therapy. Key terms are defined such as flow rate, dose, concentration, and drop factor. The three main measurement systems of apothecary, household, and metric are described. Dimensional analysis and other methods for calculations are discussed. Common routes of drug administration are also listed.
Good practice for drug calculations
- The document provides guidance on calculating drug dosages and infusion rates for healthcare professionals.
- It emphasizes the importance of double-checking calculations and converting between different units of measurement to minimize errors.
- Examples are given for calculating oral, intravenous and infusion dosages based on the drug amount available, prescribed dose, and patient weight or volume of solution.
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Medication calculation
This document provides information on converting between different units of measurement for medications (e.g. milligrams to micrograms), calculating infusion rates, and determining volumes needed based on medication doses and concentrations. Equations are given for determining infusion rates based on micrograms/kg/minute for drugs like dobutamin and dopamine. Examples are also shown for calculating infusion rates and volumes based on given medication orders and available concentrations.
Drug calculations
This document outlines how to perform various drug calculations, including metric conversions, dose calculations based on patient weight, and infusion rate calculations. It provides examples of each type of calculation and questions to practice the skills. Metric conversions involve moving the decimal place to convert between kg, g, mg, and mcg units. Dose is calculated by multiplying the prescribed mg dose by the patient's weight in kg. Infusion rates are calculated by dividing the total volume by the number of hours to get a hourly rate in ml/hr and then converting to drops per minute based on the giving set calibration.
Drug calculation rules
This document provides information and instructions on drug calculation rules and methods for nurses. It includes:
1) Common unit conversion formulas for measurements like milliliters, grams, ounces, and pounds.
2) Formulas and methods for calculating intravenous drip rates and drug infusion rates based on amount to infuse, concentration, and time.
3) A method for calculating drug doses based on micrograms per kilogram of body weight, drug concentration, and time.
4) Examples of practice questions and step-by-step workings to calculate the number of capsules, amount of drug, or volume to administer based on the dose ordered and drug availability. The document emphasizes checking calculations for accuracy.
Medication calculation
Many nurses have difficulty with drug calculations. Mostly because they don’t enjoy or understand math. Practicing drug calculations will help nurses develop stronger and more confident math skills. Many drugs require some type of calculation prior to administration. The drug calculations range in complexity from requiring a simple conversion calculation to a more complex calculation for drugs administered by mcg/kg/min. Regardless of the drug to be administered, careful and accurate calculations are important to help prevent medication errors. Many nurses become overwhelmed when performing the drug calculations, when they require multiple steps or involve life-threatening drugs. The main principle is to remain focused on what you are doing and try to not let outside distractions cause you to make a error in calculations. It is always a good idea to have another nurse double check your calculations. Sometimes nurses have difficulty calculating dosages on drugs that are potentially life threatening. This is often because they become focused on the actual drug and the possible consequences of an error in calculation. The best way to prevent this is to remember that the drug calculations are performed the same way regardless of what the drug is. For example, whether the infusion is a big bag of vitamins or a life threatening vasoactive cardiac drug, the calculation is done exactly the same way.
Drug Calculation
my latest presentation which i just recently conducted just this week in the "2nd Critical Care Course for Nurses
Dosage Calculation Using Formula Method
The document discusses the formula method for calculating dosages of medication. It provides the formula: Desired Dose (D) = Strength Available (H) x Quantity (Q) / Unknown (x). It explains the terms in the formula and steps for using it properly. It emphasizes converting measurements to the same system, usually metric, and testing answers for reasonableness.
Drug Dosage Calculations
This document provides information on drug dosage calculations including terminology, measurement systems, calculation methods, routes of administration, conversions, and formulas for calculating dosages for tablets, mixtures, IV rates, and fluid therapy. Key terms are defined such as flow rate, dose, concentration, and drop factor. The three main measurement systems of apothecary, household, and metric are described. Dimensional analysis and other methods for calculations are discussed. Common routes of drug administration are also listed.
Good practice for drug calculations
- The document provides guidance on calculating drug dosages and infusion rates for healthcare professionals.
- It emphasizes the importance of double-checking calculations and converting between different units of measurement to minimize errors.
- Examples are given for calculating oral, intravenous and infusion dosages based on the drug amount available, prescribed dose, and patient weight or volume of solution.
Drug calculation
This document provides information on drug dosage calculation including objectives, types of medications, calculation methods, measurement systems, and terminology. It describes ratio and proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis methods. Measurement systems including metric, apothecary, and household are defined. Key terms like concentration, flow rate, and drop factor are explained. The document also covers titrating medications, oxytocin dosing recommendations, and barriers to accurate calculations.
Drug dose calculations
The document defines key terms related to pharmacology and drug dosing such as posology, recommended dose, minimum dose, maximum dose, toxic dose, lethal dose, single dose, daily dose, maintenance dose, and loading dose. It also describes common systems of measurement including the metric, apothecary, and household systems. Finally, it outlines general methods for drug calculations including basic formulas, ratio and proportion, fractional equations, calculations based on body weight, and calculations based on body surface area.
Dosage calculation stepby step
This document provides information and formulas for calculating dosages in various forms, including tablets, liquids, intravenous fluids and medications. It includes examples of calculating the number of tablets or amount of liquid needed based on the available dose, as well as formulas for determining intravenous drip rates in mL/hr or gtts/min based on the volume and time period. The document also addresses pediatric dosage calculations that factor the patient's weight.
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This document discusses three systems of measurement used in dosage calculations: the metric, apothecary, and household systems. It provides details on the basic units of each system for weight, volume, and linear measurement. It also describes how to convert between units within and between these systems using formulas, ratios, and approximate equivalents. Key points covered include calculating pediatric dosages using methods like Clark's rule based on weight and Fried's rule for infants. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate dosage calculations for patient safety.
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This document provides information and examples for calculating drug dosages. It discusses reconstituting powdered medications and calculating the amount to administer based on the resulting concentration. It also covers calculating dosages for pediatric patients based on weight, reconstituting multiple strength solutions, and calculating dosages using body surface area (BSA). Safety is emphasized, including an example where a misread decimal point in an order led to a baby receiving an overdose and dying. Formulas are provided for calculating both metric and non-metric BSA for adults and pediatric patients.
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This document provides instructions for calculating drug doses using the formula Want x In / Got. Want is the amount of drug needed, In is the volume of the syringe, and Got is the total amount of drug in the syringe. The formula is demonstrated using an example where a patient needs 2mg of Drug X, the syringe contains 500ml, and there is 10mg of Drug X in the syringe. The result is that the patient needs 100ml. Concentrations are also addressed, showing how to calculate doses when the drug amount is given in mg/ml rather than total amount and volume.
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This document provides information on drug dosage calculations, including definitions of key terms, measurement systems, calculation methods, and formulas for specific calculations like intravenous drip rates and pediatric dosages. It defines terms like dose, concentration, drop factor, and flow rate. It also covers volume and unit conversions between metric, household, and apothecary systems. Methods like dimensional analysis are described for solving dosage problems. Formulas are given for calculating pediatric dosages based on age and body size, intravenous infusion rates in mL/hr or drops/min, and fluid maintenance requirements.
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DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATION IN PEDIATRICS BY MANISHA THAKUR
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Convert 15.4 lbs to kg: 15.4 lbs = 7 kg
2) The dosage range is 75-150 mg/kg per day
3) To calculate the dosage for this order:
7 kg * 150 mg/kg = 1050 mg per day
4) The doctor's order of 200 mg every 8 hours is:
200 mg * 4 times per day = 800 mg per day
5) The doctor's order of 800 mg per day is within the recommended dosage range of 75-150 mg/kg per day (which is 1050-2100 mg per day for this patient).
Therefore, the doctor's order is within the desired dosage range
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The document discusses different methods for calculating intravenous fluid rates. It provides formulas for calculating flow rates based on volume over time for infusion pumps, and drop rates based on volume over time and drop factor for manual regulation. An example is shown for each method. It also includes a table for calculating daily fluid maintenance requirements based on a patient's weight.
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The document provides a tutorial on drug calculation. It begins with a basic math review covering order of operations, fractions, percentages, ratios, and decimals. It then discusses drug calculation concepts like identifying the desired dose, available dose, vehicle, and amount to give based on word clues in problems. Dimensional analysis is introduced as a method to set up drug calculation problems by identifying units and using conversion factors to cancel out unwanted units. Examples are provided to demonstrate multi-step problems and different drug calculation formulas. The tutorial emphasizes the importance of showing work and including correct units in answers.
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Drug calculation
This document provides information on drug dosage calculation including objectives, types of medications, calculation methods, measurement systems, and terminology. It describes ratio and proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis methods. Measurement systems including metric, apothecary, and household are defined. Key terms like concentration, flow rate, and drop factor are explained. The document also covers titrating medications, oxytocin dosing recommendations, and barriers to accurate calculations.
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The document defines key terms related to pharmacology and drug dosing such as posology, recommended dose, minimum dose, maximum dose, toxic dose, lethal dose, single dose, daily dose, maintenance dose, and loading dose. It also describes common systems of measurement including the metric, apothecary, and household systems. Finally, it outlines general methods for drug calculations including basic formulas, ratio and proportion, fractional equations, calculations based on body weight, and calculations based on body surface area.
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This document provides information and formulas for calculating dosages in various forms, including tablets, liquids, intravenous fluids and medications. It includes examples of calculating the number of tablets or amount of liquid needed based on the available dose, as well as formulas for determining intravenous drip rates in mL/hr or gtts/min based on the volume and time period. The document also addresses pediatric dosage calculations that factor the patient's weight.
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This document discusses basic intravenous therapy calculations. It outlines the learning objectives which include calculating IV flow rates, interpreting IV labels, and setting up PCA pumps. The document introduces different types of IV lines like peripheral and central lines. It describes how to calculate IV flow rates in two steps: 1) calculating mL/hr when the total volume is given, and 2) calculating drops/min when the mL/hr rate is given. The document provides examples and emphasizes the importance of accurate calculations to ensure safe IV administration.
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This document discusses three systems of measurement used in dosage calculations: the metric, apothecary, and household systems. It provides details on the basic units of each system for weight, volume, and linear measurement. It also describes how to convert between units within and between these systems using formulas, ratios, and approximate equivalents. Key points covered include calculating pediatric dosages using methods like Clark's rule based on weight and Fried's rule for infants. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate dosage calculations for patient safety.
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This document provides information on the preparation and administration of various emergency drugs including dopamine, dobutamine, levophed, nitroglycerine, adrenaline, insulin, heparin, lasix, phenytoin, amiodarone, omeprazole, labetalol, hydrallazine, vasopressin, phenylephrine, propofol, sandostatin, atracrium, fentanyl, and midazolam. For each drug, it lists the concentration per vial or ampoule, how to prepare an IV infusion solution, the drug concentration in the prepared solution, and how to calculate the infusion rate based on the desired dose. The goal is to provide
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A tutorial to help nursing students to better get a handle on drug calculations. This will make students safer and competent.
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This document provides information and examples for calculating drug dosages. It discusses reconstituting powdered medications and calculating the amount to administer based on the resulting concentration. It also covers calculating dosages for pediatric patients based on weight, reconstituting multiple strength solutions, and calculating dosages using body surface area (BSA). Safety is emphasized, including an example where a misread decimal point in an order led to a baby receiving an overdose and dying. Formulas are provided for calculating both metric and non-metric BSA for adults and pediatric patients.
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This document provides instructions for calculating drug doses using the formula Want x In / Got. Want is the amount of drug needed, In is the volume of the syringe, and Got is the total amount of drug in the syringe. The formula is demonstrated using an example where a patient needs 2mg of Drug X, the syringe contains 500ml, and there is 10mg of Drug X in the syringe. The result is that the patient needs 100ml. Concentrations are also addressed, showing how to calculate doses when the drug amount is given in mg/ml rather than total amount and volume.
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This document provides information on drug dosage calculations, including definitions of key terms, measurement systems, calculation methods, and formulas for specific calculations like intravenous drip rates and pediatric dosages. It defines terms like dose, concentration, drop factor, and flow rate. It also covers volume and unit conversions between metric, household, and apothecary systems. Methods like dimensional analysis are described for solving dosage problems. Formulas are given for calculating pediatric dosages based on age and body size, intravenous infusion rates in mL/hr or drops/min, and fluid maintenance requirements.
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This document provides information on intravenous fluid tubing calibrations, IV flow rate calculations, examples of IV flow rate problems, subcutaneous heparin injections, heparin infusions, critical care drug calculations including lidocaine and nipride, and unacceptable abbreviations. It includes formulas, step-by-step calculations, and highlights key points such as micro/mini tubing always being 60 gtts/cc and choosing the correct concentration for subcutaneous injections.
DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATION IN PEDIATRICS BY MANISHA THAKUR
DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATION IN PEDIATRICS:
PEDIATRIC DOSAGE DIFFERENT FROM ADULTS
FORMULAS: YOUNG, CLARK, DILLING, FRIED RULES
BASED ON AGE, BASED ON BODY SURFACE AREA, WEIGHT
EXAMPLES.
DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATION
DAILY FLUID REQUIREMENT
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Convert 15.4 lbs to kg: 15.4 lbs = 7 kg
2) The dosage range is 75-150 mg/kg per day
3) To calculate the dosage for this order:
7 kg * 150 mg/kg = 1050 mg per day
4) The doctor's order of 200 mg every 8 hours is:
200 mg * 4 times per day = 800 mg per day
5) The doctor's order of 800 mg per day is within the recommended dosage range of 75-150 mg/kg per day (which is 1050-2100 mg per day for this patient).
Therefore, the doctor's order is within the desired dosage range
Intravenous fluid computations
The document discusses different methods for calculating intravenous fluid rates. It provides formulas for calculating flow rates based on volume over time for infusion pumps, and drop rates based on volume over time and drop factor for manual regulation. An example is shown for each method. It also includes a table for calculating daily fluid maintenance requirements based on a patient's weight.
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Presented by :
Phrmacist: Ridha Hareka
Mohammad Balkhair
Meeqat General Hospital, Medina, KSA
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A presentation done at the paediatrics department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria.
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The document discusses the administration of various medical substances including drugs, intravenous fluids, blood, and blood components. It provides guidelines for proper ordering, transcription, administration, and documentation of drugs. It also outlines guidelines for intravenous fluid therapy, drug calculations, ordering and administering blood and blood components, and responding to transfusion reactions. Proper patient identification, consent, and monitoring are emphasized.
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Weights measures n abbrevations
1. Metrology is the science dealing with measurements of weights and volumes. The three systems for weighing and measuring drugs recognized in Britain are the metric, imperial, and international systems.
2. The metric system uses units like kilograms, grams, liters, and milliliters that are related and based on powers of 10. The imperial system includes the avoirdupois and apothecaries systems that use units like pounds, ounces, and grains.
3. The international system (SI units) adopted in 1960 is intended for universal use and based on the kilogram, meter, and second. It includes primary, secondary, and derived units and is replacing previous measurement systems in pharmacy and medicine.
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12446567 basic-computations-2-iv-ivf
The document discusses various methods for calculating medication dosages using ratios, proportions, conversions between measurement systems, and calculations based on weight. It provides examples of calculating dosage amounts from given concentrations in vials or syringes. It also addresses calculations for intravenous infusions and piggyback infusions, including drip rates and time required.
self drug calculation.pptx
This document provides information on drug dosage calculations including formulas and examples. It discusses calculating dosages based on the amount ordered, amount available, liquid measurements, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates. Common equivalents are also listed such as 1 kg = 2.2 lbs and 1 gm = 1000 mg. Step-by-step examples are provided for calculating tablet dosages, liquid dosages, dosages based on weight, intravenous drip rates, and infusion pump flow rates.
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This document provides information and examples for calculating drug dosages and infusion rates. It is divided into 5 sections. Section 1 covers units and equivalences for converting between different dosage units. Section 2 demonstrates calculating the volume needed to administer a given dose. Section 3 shows calculating volume based on drug concentration. Section 4 covers calculating infusion time based on stated infusion rate. Section 5 ties the previous concepts together to calculate appropriate infusion pump rates. Worked examples are provided for various drugs and dosage scenarios.
Calculation of drug dosage (Posology )
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Rev. 0527 Basic Math Review Complete
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Introduction to mathematics in nursing 2012
Nursing students must learn mathematical competencies to safely administer medications and IV fluids. These include converting between measurement systems, calculating drug dosages using ratios and proportions, and practicing word problems. The document provides examples of calculating tablet amounts and milliliter volumes using the DO-DA and ratio-proportion methods. Resources for practicing calculations are listed.
Obgyn med maths problems and solutions using dimensional analysis (2)
This document provides examples of dimensional analysis problems and solutions for calculating drug dosages and infusion rates. It addresses questions such as calculating the rate of infusion for drugs like dopamine, pitocin, and oxytocin given in mL/min or units/hr based on the concentration and volume of the infusion bag. Other examples show how to determine the number of bottles, milliliters, or milligrams of a drug needed to treat a given number of patients or the total cost of treatment. The document demonstrates how to use dimensional analysis to set infusion pump rates to deliver a specific dosage of a drug in mcg/min based on the drug concentration and volume in the infusion bag.
ORGANIC _ Chapter 1 _ Activity.pptx
This document provides instructions for an activity involving metric conversions in medical scenarios. It includes 4 scenarios asking students to convert between units like mg/dL to g/L for cholesterol, grams to kilograms for weight, and revolutions per minute to revolutions per second for centrifuge speed. Correct unit conversions are crucial in medicine to ensure proper dosages and measurements, as incorrect conversions could lead to overdoses, insufficient treatment, or improper diagnostic results.
Instructions pediatric doses
This document provides instructions for calculating pediatric drug dosages based on weight, body surface area (BSA), or age. It lists common unit conversions and outlines a 7-step process: 1) consult a pediatric drug reference, 2) determine patient age, weight, height, 3) calculate dosage based on weight or BSA, 4) calculate BSA-based dosage, 5) calculate age-based dosage, 6) divide daily dosage by number of doses, 7) divide dose by concentration to determine volume. Examples are given for each step.
Calculation of medication in Pediatric., walaa.ppt
This document provides information on pediatric medication administration including:
- Converting between pounds and kilograms for calculating doses.
- Formulas for calculating intravenous fluid rates and drip rates based on total volume, time, and drop factor.
- Examples of calculating safe dosage ranges based on weight in kilograms and calculating the number of tablets or volume to administer.
- Using syringe pumps and solusets to administer intravenous medications over a specified time period.
The document emphasizes accurate dosage calculations for pediatric patients and provides multiple examples to demonstrate the calculation methods.
Intro
This document provides an introduction to mathematics skills needed in nursing. It discusses [1] the importance of mathematical proficiency for safely administering medications and fluids. It then [2] outlines necessary competencies like calculating dosages, converting units of measurement, and setting up ratio and proportion problems. [3] The document demonstrates examples of different methods for calculating dosages and emphasizes the importance of practice to develop mathematical skills for safe patient care.
Drug Calculation/Basic Drugs Calculation.pptx
This document discusses drug calculation and dosage. It provides conversions for units of measurement like kg, gm, mg, mcg, liter and ml. It explains the importance of accurate dosage calculation in preventing medical errors and ensuring adequate treatment without toxicity. Calculating dosages allows nurses to monitor patients for side effects and make decisions about discontinuing or changing medications. The document recommends ways to reduce medication errors and provides formulas for drug and fluid calculations. It also lists drop factors for different medical sets.
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Drug caculation
- 1. DRUG Calculation PRESENTED BY: NAJAH AL-JOHANI
- 2. 10 Rights Of Medication Administration 1. Right patient 2. Right medication 3. Right dose 4. Right time 5. Right route 6. Right education 7. Right documentation 8. Right to refuse 9. Right assessment 10.Right evaluation
- 3. 1 Liter = 1000 Milliliters 1 Kilogram = 1000 gram 1 Gram = 1000 Milligrams 1 Milligram = 1000 Micrograms
- 4. Cont.. To convert larger units to smaller the larger is multiplied: -Kilograms (kg) to grams (g) = kg x 1,000 -Grams to milligrams (mg) = g x 1,000 -Milligrams to micrograms (mic) = mg x 1,000 -Liters (L) to milliliters (ml) = L x 1,000
- 5. Cont.. To convert smaller units to larger the smaller is divided: -Milligrams to grams = mg÷1,000 -Micrograms to milligrams = mic÷1,000 -Milliliters to liters = ml÷1000
- 6. What is the Infusion device..!! • An electronic device used to control the administration of intravenous fluids and medication in very small amounts and at a carefully regulated rate over long periods.
- 7. Types of Infusion 1.Continuous infusion. 2.Intermittent infusion. 3.Patient-controlled 4.Total parenteral nutrition
- 8. Drop Factor.. • It is an formula to calculate the certain amount of liquid ,a time is period and a drop factor to give the necessary IV flow rate per minute . Measurement used when IV is regulated manually. • There is different type of drop factor according to infusion set that we should use : 10gtts/ml 15gtts/ml 20gtts/ml 60gtts/ml
- 9. Cont..
- 10. Calculation via infusion pump
- 11. Drug calculation via syringe pump
- 12. Cont..
- 13. Cont..
- 14. Cont..
- 15. Cont..
- 16. Cont..
- 17. Cont.. *For Insulin: Regular insulin 1ml=100unit 1ml+49mlNS=50ml 1ml=2unit/h
- 18. THANK YOU