1. •Overview of various medical imaging/
treatment techniques
•My History
•Endoscopes.
•Assessment
•Diagnostic X-Ray machine.

2. Assessment
 Presentation Monday
 Look at assessment sheet 5 minute
 How are you going to present? 2 minute
 Draw mind map – Brianstorm how are
you covering all points in assessment
sheet? 15-20 minutes
 Start research
 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/

3. Assessment – Searching
terminology
 CT = Computed Tomography
 Tomography
 CAT = Computed Axial Tomography
 PET = Positron Emission Tomography
 Tomography
 Nuclear medicine PET
 Ultrasound = Ultrasonography
 MRI = Medical Resonance Imaging

4. Assessment
 Google Search try key words with
 How does it work *Principals
 Explanation *Working model
 Basic Info * Very basic
 No equations or info on equations

5. Assessment
 Look at assessment sheet 5 minute
 How are you going to present? 2 minute
 Draw mind map – Brainstorm how are
you covering all points in assessment
sheet? 15-20 minutes
 Start research
 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/

6. Assessment
 Start research
 When researching be sure to copy good
notes to word file so you have them later
also copy URL
 Download pictures as you go that may be
useful.
 Once you go through a website you should
close it.
 Go through each point in you mind map
finding information once found move on to
next.

7. Assessment
 Start research
 Literature 1st – Understanding needed
 Images, you tube later – Confirm video correct
 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/
 http://onoimaging.blogspot.com.au/
 www.britannica.com
 Google Search try key words with
 How does it work *Basic/Principals
 Explanation *Working model
 Basic Info *Role of

8. Assessment
 PET
 http://www.petnm.unimelb.edu.au/pet/detail/princ
 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=pet
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC112

9. Assessment
 Ustrasound, Ultrasonography
 http://onoimaging.blogspot.com.au/2008/07/basic

10. Assessment
 CT Computed Tomography
 http://www.impactscan.org/slides/impactday/basi

11. Assessment
 MRI
 http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/magneticreso
- Very basic
 http://onoimaging.blogspot.com.au/2008/07/basic-
principles-of-magnetic-resonance.html
 http://www.refindia.net/rlinks/reviewedlinks/mri.htm -
Great
 http://www.e-radiography.net/mrict/Basic_MR.pdf
 p1-2, 6, 12+
 http://vimeo.com/15223414 - Not basic but take basics
from it
 http://www.simplyphysics.com/page2_1.html

12. Medical Imaging/treatment
 Radiation
 Diagnostic X-ray, CT (Computed
Tomography), PET (Positron Emission
Tomography), LINEAC (Linear Accelerator)
 Non-ionising
 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),
Ultrasound/Sonography (Sound wave),
Endoscope (light)

13. CT (Computed Tomography)
Computed axial tomography (CAT)
Digital geometry processing is used to
generate a three-dimensional image of
the inside of an object from a large
series of two-dimensional X-ray
images taken around a single axis of
rotation

14. PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
The system detects pairs of
gamma rays emitted indirectly by
a positron-emitting radionuclide

15. LINIAC (linear accelerator)
Is an accelerator that greatly
increases the velocity of charged
subatomic particles or ions by
subjecting the charged particles to
a series of oscillating electric
potentials along a linear beam line.
LINIAC range in size from a
cathode ray tube (which is a
type of linac) to the 2-mile
(3.2 km) long linac

16. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Medical imaging to visualize
detailed internal structures. MRI
makes use of the property of
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
to image nuclei of atoms inside the
body.
Uses the varying
magnetic properties of
atoms to produce an
image

17. Ultrasound/ Sonography
Diagnostic imaging technique used
for visualizing subcutaneous body
structures including tendons,
muscles, joints, vessels and internal
organs for possible pathology or
lesions
Uses sound waves to
produce an image

18. Assessment
 Chose one modality each- no repeats
 Next class Wednesday - research/ask
questions.
 Friday – presentation
 Mark 80% teacher, 20% fellow peers

19. About Mr Rainbow
 RMIT graduated 2004 – Bachelor
Applied Science (Medical Science -
Radiation Therapist)
 Peter MacCallum 2005-2009
 Head & Neck Specialist

20. Radiation Therapy
 Treatment – LINIAC, X-Ray, Palliative,
Brachytherapy, Surgery, Chemotherapy

21. Radiation Therapy
 Planning – CT, PET/CT, X-Ray,
Planning software

22. Radiation Therapy

23. About Mr Rainbow
 LINIAC
 Bramstraughn effect, 6mV – 21mV
 Ionising radiation – Compton effect

24. Endoscopy
Means looking inside
Typically refers to looking inside the body
for medical reasons using an endoscope

25. Endoscopy
An endoscope can consist of
 a rigid or flexible tube
 a light to illuminate the organ or object under
inspection.
 A lens system transmitting the image to the
viewer from the objective lens to the viewer,
typically a relay lens system in the case of
rigid endoscopes or a bundle of fiberoptics in
the case of a fiberscope/flexible endoscope
 an eyepiece
 an additional channel to allow entry of medical
instruments or manipulators

26. Endoscopy
An endoscope can consist of
 The ability to 'steer' the tip,
 remotely operated surgical instruments
contained within the body of the endoscope
itself.
 This is "key-hole surgery" as we know it today.

27. Endoscopy
igid Endoscope is solid
metal tube with a series of
lens inserted in the tube
lexible Endoscope, the
principle optical component
is either a plastic or glass
fibre bundle for delivery of
the image, plus additional
fibres for the light.

28. Endoscopy
 The gastrointestinal  Plastic Surgery
tract (GI tract):
 The respiratory tract  During pregnancy
 The nose (rhinoscopy)  The interior of a joint
 The ear (otoscope)  Organs of the chest
 The urinary tract  Orthopedic surgery
(cystoscopy)
 The female  Endodontic surgery
reproductive system
(gynoscopy)
 Normally closed body
cavities (through a
small incision):

29. Endoscopy
Other uses
Endoscopes are also a tool helpful in the
examination of improvised explosive
devices by bomb disposal personnel
Search and rescue teams in natural
disasters, mine collapse etc.

30. Endoscopy

31. Endoscopy

32. X-ray Machines

33. X-ray Machines
 Discovery of X rays
 Production of X rays
 Dignostic X Ray interaction with matter
 Image aquisition
 Evolution of X ray machines
 Safety aspects of X ray machine
 X-ray usage today.

34. X-ray Machines
 Rontgen Rays or X Rays
 1895 experimenting with Cathode rays
 Cupboard glowed painted in Barium
Platinocyanide
 Barium Platinocyanide screen
 Testing – small piece of lead while a
discharge was occurring
 Four photographs with his first paper;
○ The hand of his wife, a set of weights, a
compass, and a piece of metal

35. X-ray Machines

36. X-ray Machines
Waves of Electromagnetic Radiation

37. X-ray machines – Cathode tube
 Electrons are passed from the Cathode
to the Anode
 Electrons hit a tungsten target and
through the interaction produce X rays.

38. X-ray machines –
Filament/Cathode
•The Cathode is the
negative side of the
x-ray tube.
•The purpose of the
cathode is to conduct
a high voltage to gap
between cathode
and anode.
•Flow of electrons
from cathode to
anode.

39. X-ray machines – Anode
 Tungsten  High melting point
 Hi Atomic number  High-conducting
ability

40. X-ray machines – Anode
•A target for high-voltage electrons from the filament; thereby
becoming the source of the x-ray photons.
•Conducts the high voltage from the Cathode back into the
circuit.

41. X-ray machines – Anode
 Tungsten – is the target surface is
where the high speed electrons are
attracted from the filament are suddenly
stopped.
 Braking radiation" or "deceleration
radiation"

42. X-ray machines – X-ray
production
 X rays are produced by 2 forms of
electron interaction with the tungsten
target.
Bremsstrahlung Characteristic Photons

43. X-ray machines –
X-ray Bremsstrahlung production

44. X-ray machines –
X-ray Characteristic Photon

45. X-ray machines – X-ray Photon
Energy

46. X-ray machines
 The energy will be mono-energetic and
so appear as a spike rather than a
continuous spectrum. Electrons ejected
come from the K, L or M orbits. The
other corollary of this type of interaction
is that the atom becomes an ion
 The average energy of a
bremsstrahlung-derived beam is
approximately 1/3 of the maximum
energy (or kVp)

47. X-ray machine - Filtration
 The bremsstrahlung photons generated within
the target material are attenuated as they pass
through typically 50 microns of target material.
The beam is further attenuated by the
aluminum or beryllium vacuum window.
 The results are an elimination of the low
energy photons, 1 keV through l5 keV, and a
significant reduction in the portion of the
spectrum from 15 keV through 50 keV. The
spectrum from an x-ray tube is further modified
by the filtration caused by the selection of
filters used in the setup.

48. X-ray machines – X-ray Photon
Energy

49. X-ray machines – X-ray Photon
Energy

50. X-ray machines –
X-ray Photon Energy

51. X-ray Machines
A nail gun shot six nails into construction worker Isidro Mejia's
head during an April 2004 accident. He not only survived but was
expected at the time to recover fully.

52. X-ray machines – Image
 X-rays are directed at the area of
interest at patient.
 Correct kV is chosen.
 Film/image screen is placed behind the
patient
 Only the X-rays that have not been
attenuated (scattered) are wanted to
form the image

53. X-ray machines – Image

54. X-ray machines – Image

55. X-ray Machines
The Black area
of the film has
been exposed by
x-rays.
The white area
shows less
radiation
exposed to that
area of the film.
A An 6-inch pair of surgical scissors appears in the abdomen
of Australian Pat Skinner in April 2004 -- 18 months after
her initial operation.

56. X-ray Machines
Python Gulps Down Queen-Size Electric Blanket. It took surgery to save
a 12-foot Burmese python after it swallowed an entire queen-size
electric blanket - with the electrical cord and control box.

57. X-ray machines
 Security – ports, air ports, baggage,
container scans, product scans
 Dental, Vet,
 Aeroplane – small wing cracks.
 Manufacturing/industrial – check welds
 X-ray microscopic analysis, which uses
electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray
band to produce images of very small
objects.
 X—ray hair removal 1920’s

58. X-ray machines - Evolution
 Evolution
 Fixed Tungsten Target to rotating

59. X-ray machines - Evolution
 Grid on imaging plate to decrease
scatter.
 Portable - power sources – E.R
 Digital image acquisition
 Internet
 Lower emissions

60. X-ray machine - Safety
 Housing – designed to absorb scattered
x-rays from tungsten target –Lead
shielding
 Operated behind lead glass, concrete
walls.
 TLD - Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter
 In Emergency Rooms – Lead aprons
 Inverse Square law I/R2
 Emergency shutdown switches
 Qualified Staff

61. X-ray machines
 Serurity – ports, air ports, baggage,
container scans, product scans
 Dental, Vet,
 Aeroplane – small wing cracks.
 Manufacturing/industrial – check welds
 X-ray microscopic analysis, which uses
electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray
band to produce images of very small
objects.
 X—ray hair removal 1920’s

62. X-ray machines

63. X-ray machines – Anode
 Tungsten  High melting point
 Hi Atomic number  High-conducting
ability

64. X-ray machines – X-ray
production
 X rays are produced by 2 forms of
electron interaction with the tungsten
target.
Bremsstrahlung Characteristic Photons

65. X-ray machines – Image

66. X-ray Quiz
 Organise these in terms of flow from
electron source to X-ray. Start to finish.
Key terminology
Characteristic Photon, Patient, Anode,
Tungsten Target, Film, Filament,
Cathode, Bremsstrahlung, Scatter Filter,
Casset.

67. X-ray Quiz
1. Cathode,
1. Filament,
2. Tungsten Target,
2. Anode,
3. Bremsstrahlung, Characteristic Photons,
4. Patient,
5. Scatter Filter,
6. Cassette,
7. Film.

68. Thank You

69. Thank You