2. Introduction
• Management information system is a system
consisting of people, machines, procedures, databases
anddata models,asitselements.
• The MIS is defined as a system which provides
information support for decision making in the
organization.
• The MIS is defined as a computer based information
system.
• The MIS defined as a system based on the database of
the organization evolved for the purpose of providing
information to the peoplein the organization.
3. Structure of MIS
1. Behavioral Science Technique
2. Quantitative Technique
3. Décision Technique
4. Experience Rule
Organization and
Management
Technique of Management
Function of Management
Planning Organization Directing Staffing Controlling
Man Power
MIS
Resource Flows
Money Material Facilities
4. Structure of MIS:
• Structure of MIS is a difficult concept to
understand because there is no standard or
universally accepted framework for describing
management information system.
• MIS structure be described by following a
variety of different approaches.
– Physical components,
– Information system processing functions,
– Decision support,
– Levelsof management activities,
– Organizational functions.
5. MIS Structure Based on Physical components:
• Structure of MIS may be understood by looking
at the physical components of the information
systemin an organization.
• Hardware: Hardware refers the physical data
processing equipment and peripheral devices.
• Software: software is broad term given to the
instruction or program that direct the operation
of thehardware.
• Database: the database consist of all data
utilizedby applicationsoftware.
• Input and output: various physical input and
output from the information system, existing in
the formlikeprintout, report etc.
6. Information system processing functions:
• The main processing functions of information system are
describedbelow:
– To Process Transactions:
• Information systems process transaction may be defined
asanactivity taking placein anorganization.
– To Maintain Master files:
• Information systems create and maintain master files in
the organization. A master file stores the historical data
about theorganizational.
– To Produce Reports:
• Reports are significant products of an information
system. Many reports are produces on a regular basis,
which are called scheduledreports.
– To Process Interactive Support Applications.
7. Decision Support:
• Decisions vary with respect to the structure that can be provided for making
them.A highly structuredecision can bepre-
-
planned.
• A structured decision, because of its well defined nature can besaid to be
programmable.
• Level of management activities:
• The structure of an information system can be categorized in
terms of level of the managementactivities
• Strategic planning deals with long-range considerations. The
decisions include the choice of business directions,
market strategy, product etc.
• Management control level includes acquisition and organization of
resource,structuring of work andtraining of personnel.
• Operational control is related to short-
term decision for
current operations. Pricing, ,inventory level etc.
8. Organizational functions:
• The structureof management information
systemcan alsobedescribedin termsof
the organizational functions
9. • MIS may be describe as an information in
theformof standard reports anddisplays
tomanagers.
• MIS is a broad class of information system
that are designed to provide information
needed for effective decision making by
managers, so the term MIS may be used in
many organization as the title of their
computer services.
10. • MIS is design to provide accurate timely
and relevant information needed for
effecting decision making by managers.
• MIS is a general purpose integrated system
that monitor and control the internal
operation of an organization.
• MIS provides vital information to middle
managers to take the tactical decision for the
daily operations as well as for the long rang
goal of thecompany.
11. • The input to theMIS comes fromT.P.S and may come
from the other source also( different changes
in environment).
• Theout of MIS isin twoforms
– 1.summary reports.
– 2. Special reports.
• A summary report accumulates data from several
transaction andpresents the result in compact form.
For Ex. A bank manger may get a summary report
listing the total money deposited and withdraw made
onthepreviousday.
• A special report is a report that outline any deviator
fromexpectedresults.
– The primary purpose of these special report is to draw the
attention to any significance difference between actual
performanceadexpect performance.
13. Major difference between TPS and MIS
• The primary goal of TPS is to record and
process transaction that takes place in the
company while the primary goal of MIS is to
produce summary and special report used in
tactical decision making.
• Output of TPS becomes the input to the MIS
although TPS is not only the one source for the
MIS.
• The TPS helps managers day to day operation,
while the MIS help managers to make tactical
decision over a large period of time such as year
or six month.
14. Fundamental Components of MIS
• Databasemanagement system(DBMS).
• A DBMS serves as a data bank for the MIS. It
stores large quantities of data that are relevant
to the class of problems for which the MIS has
been designed and provides logical data
structureswith whichtheusersinteract.
• A DBMS separates the users from the physical
aspects of the database structure and processing.
It should also be capable of informing the user
of thetypesof datathat areavailableandhow to
gainaccessto them.
15. Examplesof DatabaseApplications
• Purchasesfromthe supermarket
• Purchases using your credit card
• Booking aholiday at the travel agents
• Using the local library
• Taking out insurance
• Renting acar
• Using the Internet
• Studyingat university
16. File-
BasedSystems
• Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g.
reports).
• Each program defines and manages its own
data.
18. Limitationsof File-
BasedApproach
• Separation and isolation of data
– Each program maintains its own set of data.
– Users of one program may be unaware
of potentially useful dataheldby other programs.
• Duplication of data
– Samedatais heldby different programs.
– Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for thesameitem.
19. Limitationsof File-
BasedApproach
• Datadependence
– File structureis definedin theprogramcode.
• Incompatiblefileformats
– Programs are written in different languages,andso
cannot easily accesseachother’sfiles.
• Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application
programs
– Programsarewritten tosatisfy particular functions.
– Any new requirement needsanew program.
20. DatabaseApproach
• Arosebecause:
– Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
– No control over access and manipulation of data
beyondthat imposedby application programs.
• Result:
– the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
21. Database
• Shared collection of logically related data
(and a description of this data), designed to
meet the information needs of an
organization.
• System catalog (metadata) provides
description of data to enable program–data
independence.
• Logically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an
organization’sinformation.
22. DatabaseManagement
System (DBMS)
• A software system that enables users to
define, create, maintain, and control access
tothedatabase.
• Database application program: a
computer program that interacts with
database by issuing an appropriate request
(SQL statement) totheDBMS.
24. Roles in the Database Environment
• Data Administrator (DA)
Is responsible for the management of the data
resource including database planning,
development and maintenance of standards,
policies and procedures, and conceptual logical
databasedesign.
• Database Administrator (DBA)
Is responsible for the physical realization of the database,
including physical database design and implementation,
security and integrity control, maintenance of the
operational system, and ensuring satisfactory
performance of the applications for users.
25. • Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
Is concerned with identifying the data (that is, the entities and
attributes), the relationships between the data, and the
constraintsonthe data that is to bestored in the database.
• Application Programmers
Typically, the application developers work from a specification
produced by systems analysts. Each program contains
statements that request the DBMS to perform someoperation
on the database. This includes retrieving data, inserting,
updating, anddeleting data.
• End Users (naive and sophisticated)
The end-users are the ‘clients’ for the database, which has been
designed and implemented, and is being maintained to serve
their information needs
26. MIS Planning
• key stepsin theMIS planning.
• The problem statement :-
-
– The problem statement must be made clear to
thosewhowill design andimplement theMIS.
– The problem statement will first determine the
user needin specificterms.
– The statement of the problem may be give to a
computer specialist, for analysis (Expert
Analysis).
