A brief course on Smart City and Critical Infrastructure Networks

1. MOOC on Academic Writing
Subjective Assignment 2
Application No- a49137d1e6b111e983bdc799963d9c82
Dr. Poornima G
Course Name-Academic Writing(UGC19 GE03)
Affiliation-BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore
Email Id-gpoornima.ece@bmsce.ac.in

2. Acknowledgement
I would like express my thanks to all people involved in
creating the swayam platform and also my sincere gratitude
to the course coordinators of Academic Writing for
contributing their learning in Nation knowledge Building.
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3. B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU
Towards A Smart City of Interdependent
Critical Infrastructure Networks
Presenter
DR Poornima G
Associate Professor, Dept of ECE

4. Smart City for Sustainable Future
Infrastructure for smart city
 Available on demand
 Reliable to operate
 Resilient to failure
 Robust to attacks
 Scalable to support changing needs and population demographics.
 Logically independent but functionally interdependent on each other.
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5. Flexible
Communication
Infrastructure
Visualization
Model
High End
Data
Processing
Optimization
Control
In Smart City Networks engage interaction and information exchange via
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6. IoT IoE
• Policy Making
• Human Behavior
• Decision Making
• Social Analytics
 Power Grid
 Transportation
 Waterway
 Communication and Analytics
 Oil and gas
 Consumer Services
 Emergency Services(Health Care and Fire)
 Societal Management Services
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7. Smart Load
Energy must be available in reserve or on demand
Electric Vehicles trade energy via
 Grid to Vehicle
 Vehicle to Grid
 Vehicle to Vehicle
 Resilient and pervasive communication infrastructure coupled with high speed distributed data analytics.
 Command and control center conducts traffic optimization and congestion control
 Monitors for real time situation using powerful visualization and cloud analytics.
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8. SMART CITY
ENVIRNOMENT
DATA
ANALYTICS
ENERGY
TRANSPORTATION
COMMUNICATION
To Ensure Sustainable Network
 Constantly Optimized
 Secured
 Reliable and flexible to changing needs
Harness Renewable Energy Sources
 Distributed Control
 Dispatch and commit the generation units
 Manage and route traffic
 Schedule and Manage processing tasks at
data centers
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9. Intelligent Communication
 Advanced Metering Infrastructure-Electric and water
 Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, Automation and Control
 Traffic control and management systems
 Smart Inverters and Weather stations
 Intelligent Electronic Devices for protection and control
Forms of Communication
 Machine to Machine
 Machine to Human
 Machine to Software
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10. Communication Protocols
Wireless Communication
1. LTE-U-Long Range communication
2. WiFi-Short Range Communication
3. ZigBee- Low Power Communication
Wired Communication
1. Power Line Communication(PLC)
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11. Communication Protocols
Short Range
• Wi-Fi
• ZigBee
• Smart home building
Medium Range
• DSRC
• V2V
Long Range
• LTE-U
• NBIoT
• Meter to Meter or
Meter to AP
• Monitoring and Data
collection
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12. • LTE-U – Predominantly used for personal mobile communication
-Smart Phone, laptops, tablets, Smart health monitoring sensors along
diverse sensor networks are connected to internet through LTE.
-LTE utilizes licensed spectrum for guaranteed quality of service.
-Proper spectrum sharing technique is required for fair neighbor
sharing of spectrum.
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Communication Protocols

13. • Wi-Fi -Short range communication standard manifested as wireless local
area network.
- Operate in unlicensed band like 2.4GHz to 5GHz
- Yields throughput of up to 1GBps
- Provides internet and IOT connectivity for smart devices
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Communication Protocols

14. • ZigBee – Most feasible to meet low power and data rate requirements of
smart city
- Maximum throughput is 250KBps
- Range is 90mts
- Advanced metering infrastructure of smart cities utilize ZigBee to
relay consumption data from meter to meter and finally to data
concentrator
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Communication Protocols

15. • DSRC – Medium range protocol designed for V2V communication uses 5.9Ghz
band with bandwidth of 75MHz
- Typical range of DSRC is 100mts
- Communication latency should be around 1ms with a reliability of
99.99%
- Ensures autonomous driving, collision avoidance, proper platooning of
vehicles, optimization of traffic signals
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Communication Protocols

16. • NBIoT– Low Power WAN designed for large number of devices distributed
across a geographical location
- Uses communication resources of LTE builds an IoT network for its
supporting devices and can use the dedicated unused resources of LTE
- Supports long range communication and does not require to connect
base station each time
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Communication Protocols

17. Open Research Challenges
 Spectrum - 900MHz, 2.4Ghz, 3.5GHz and 5GHz (unlicensed band )
-Bands are free for any application.
-Protocols use the same band
-Cause interference and reduce quality
 Coverage – Node/device is a coverage issue Over larger territory
- Short range communication can support up to range of 100mts
-Repeaters and amplifiers are required for higher range
-Propagation delay and corruption of packets is prominent while relaying
-Use of long range communication increases cost of installation and
maintenance
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18. Open Research Challenges
Node Density - Density Aware Network design for IOT considering worst
case scenario
Heterogeneous Network - In unlicensed band, diverse technology will
co-existed for operation
- For example: Coexisted operation of LTE-U and Wi-Fi
if done in proper way will cause one protocol to
degrade the performance of the other
Security – Resilient communication along with added security mechanism
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19. Decentralized Data Processing
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Edge & IOT
Fog for Low Latency
Analytics
Bidirectional
Communication
Cloud for High
Latency Analytics

20. Fog Architecture
Key Interdependent characteristics
 Reliability: Dynamic Resource allocation and deallocation, parallel computing
 Hierarchical Structure: Layered Approach to process data
 Resilience: To takeover a compromised, failed or overloaded fog node
 Dynamism and heterogeneity: Viable option to ever-changing customer needs
 Partitioning: Cloud inclusive
 Interoperability, automation and autonomy: SDN, MQTT and CoAP
 Latency and Bandwidth: Bandwidth Aware and Mission Critical
 Security and Privacy: Root of Trust
 Agility: Context Aware Aanalytics
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21. Smart Energy Design
 Maintaining Real time Situation Awareness using synchrophasor
devices.
 Guaranteeing more power and choice to end customer.
 Addressing dynamic demands using secondary generation and high
speed optimization.
 Prosumer Driven.
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22. Open Research Challenges
 Lack of Standardization: Smart grid big data management
 Optimality of Computation: unit commitment, optimal power flow, demand forecasting
weather estimation load shedding
 Cyber Physical Security: Lack of efficient Situation Awareness
 Scalability: Handle data of different sizes, types and speeds
 Privacy Concerns: Block chain
 Social Aspect
 Policymaking and Enforcement
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23. Smart Transportation
 EV’s are the key elements for electrification of transportation systems.
 Mobile source of energy
 Establish bidirectional power connection with power grid, residential and commercial building
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As of January 2018, the world's two best selling all-electric cars in history are the Nissan Leaf (left), with 300,000 in global
sales [20] and the Tesla Model S(right), with over 200,000 in global sales.[21]

24. Open Research Challenges
 Interoperability: G2V,V2G,V2I,V2H and V2V
 Communication: Two Way Communication
 Foreign Object Detection: Detect presence of metallic and living objects in charging area.
Dynamic inductive EV charging system should be highly optimized for
power transfer efficiency, cost efficiency and Vehicle misalignment
tolerance with EMF emission considerations.
 Implementation cost of Dynamic IPT System
 Economic Allocation of EV Charging Stations
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25. • Cobb, Jeff (2018-01-22). "Tesla Quietly Sold 200000th Model S Last Year". HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2018-09-02.
• Jeff Cobb (2015-12-08). "Plug-in Pioneers: Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt Turn Five Years
Old". HybriCars.com. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
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References

26. Thank You
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