Rope ropework

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DMS -- G. S. K.
ROPE and
ROPE WORK

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TYPES OF ROPE.
 Rope may be constructed from natural
fibres such as cotton, coir, hemp, manila
and sisal
 Or from synthetic fibres such as polyamide
(nylon), polyester (terylene), polythene and
polyproplene or a mixture of some of these
synthetic fibres.

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TYPES OF ROPE.
 It may also be made from drawn strands of steel
wire or a mixture of wire and either natural or
synthetic fibres.
 Wire ropes for marine use are normally galvanised.
 All ropes for marine use are normally laid up right
handed (anti-clockwise) and supplied in coils of
120 fathoms (220 m), unless specially ordered
otherwise.

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Natural fibres.
 Cotton rope is mainly used on yachts, being
soft and pliable. Hemp rope is used for
small lines and edging sails.
 Coir rope is both buoyant and elastic but
lacking in strength, normally used for guess
warps and when attached to wire rope tails,
for mooring springs and tow ropes.

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Natural fibres.
 Sisal rope is in general use for gantlines,
lashings and moorings.
 Manila rope is in general use for Lifeboat
falls, cargo handling, lashings and moorings.
 Coir, hemp and cotton ropes are no longer
much in demand, having been largely
superseded by synthetic fibre ropes.

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Synthetic fibres.
 Polyamide (Nylon) rope, the most elastic
and strongest of all synthetic fibre ropes,
resists alkalis, oils, organic solvents and rot.
Melting point 2500C.
 Mainly used for springs and tow ropes, also
used by stevedores for cargo work.

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Synthetic fibres.
 Polyester (Terylene) rope with a melting
point of 2600C has the highest resistance to
fusing of all synthetic fibres. Resists acids,
oils, organic solvents, bleaching agents and
rot. Mainly used on yachts.

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Synthetic fibres.
 Polythene rope with a melting point of
1350C has the least resistance to fusing of
all synthetic fibres. Buoyant, it resists
alkalis, oils, bleaching agents and rot. Used
for loglines and halyards.

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Synthetic fibres.
 Polypropylene rope is made in three types,
"Fibrefilm", "monofilament", and "staple".
 The main difference being in the elastic property
of the rope, the least elastic and lightest O{ the
synthetic fibre ropes, it has a melting point of
1650C and is buoyant. Resists acids, alkalis, oils
and rot.
 Main use is for mooring lines. Only spun staple
polypropylene should be used for gantlines.

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Preformed Galvanised Steel
Wire rope.
 Non-flexible galvanised steel wire rope (Iron wire)
is manufactured for use as standing rigging
(shrouds, stays, etc.), and will have six strands laid
up right handed on a wire core.
 Seizing wire as used for wire seizings will have six
wire threads laid up right handed on a wire core.

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Wire rope.
 Flexible steel wire rope used for running rigging
and moorings, and when attached to fibre rope as
tails for springs and towing. May have 6, 12, 17 or
18 strands laid up right handed on a fibre core.
The wire threads in each strand will also be laid up
on fibre cores. Generally speaking, cargo runners
and moorings will contain 6 strands while deck
cranes will have more, lifeboat falls are often 18
strand.

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Wire rope.
 The greater the number of strands and the
greater the number of wire threads in each
strand, the greater the flexibility of the rope.
 Wire ropes are to be discarded if in any
length of eight diameters, the total number
of visible broken wires exceeds ten per cent
of the total number of wires,

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Wire rope.
 or if the wire shows signs of excessive wear
or corrosion or other serious defect.
 No chain or wire rope shall be used when
there is a knot tied in any part thereof.

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION
 Normally, the threads in each strand of a
rope will be laid up left handed and the
strands will be laid up right handed.
 However, non-kinkable rope such as may be
used for lifeboat falls has both the threads
and the strands laid up right handed.

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION
 Hawser laid rope contains three strands laid
up right handed.
 Cable laid or water laid rope contains three
hawser laid ropes laid up left handed.
Synthetic fibre and wire cable laid ropes,
are laid up on a core.

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION
 Shroud laid rope contains four strands laid
up right handed on a core.
 Plaited rope is supplied where the rope is
subjected to twisting viz., log lines and
some halyards.

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION
 Squareline and multiplait ropes contain
eight strands. Two pairs are laid up right
handed and two pairs are laid up left handed,
so forming a plait.
 Six stranded synthetic fibre rope and all
wire ropes are laid up on a core.

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Breaking strains and Safe
working loads.
 To find the breaking strain or the safe working
load of any rope, the manufacturer's tables must be
consulted. However, in an emergency it is possible
to obtain a rough guide to the breaking ,strain of
good quality manila rope with the formula ---
 The circumference in inches multiplied by itself
and the answer divided by three will give the
approximate breaking strain in tons.

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working loads.
 A rough guide to the breaking strain of
flexible steel wire rope may be obtained
with the formula 2C2
 (the circumference in inches multiplied by
itself and the answer doubled will give the
approximate breaking strain in tons).

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working loads.
 The safe working load of manila rope may
'be found by dividing the breaking strain of
the rope by six.
 The safe working load of flexible steel wire
rope may be found by dividing the breaking
strain by six.

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working loads.
 Fibre ropes should not be worked through a
block whose cheek length is less than three
times the circumference of the rope.
 Wire ropes should not be worked over a
sheave whose diameter is less than sixteen
times the diameter of the rope, or five times
the circumference of the rope.-

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working loads.
 Under no circumstances will the safe
working load marked on any tag attached to
any rope or coil of rope
 or the safe working load marked on any
derrick, block, shackle or other tackle be
exceeded..

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Care in the use of rope.
 To open a coil of any rope, a turntable should
always be used, the rope being taken from the
outside of the coil and recoiled clockwise.
 Great care must be taken to avoid any kinks
getting into the rope.
 Fibre ropes are to be coiled down on duckboards,
(small lines may be hung up in a ventilated but dry
place.)

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 Wire ropes should be stowed on reels. Never leave
a rope coiled on a bare deck because this prevents
moisture from draining which in turn will cause
rot or corrosion.
 Try not to drag rope over the deck, because it will
pick up grit that may later cause serious damage to
the centre of the rope from abrasion as the grit
works in.

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 When no turntable is available, fibre ropes
may be uncoiled by taking the end of the
rope from the interior of the coil left-handed
or anti-clockwise (this will usually be from
the bottom of the unopened coil) and recoil
right-handed or clockwise.

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 Wire rope may be uncoiled by rolling the'
coil along the deck and then recoiling
clockwise, or better still be wound onto a
reel.
 No attempt should be made to uncoil a wire
rope by taking the end from the centre of
the coil.

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 A fibre rope that is 'full of kinks or turns may have
the turns removed by being thorough footed.
 An alternative method of removing turns is to
keep one end of the rope on deck while the
remainder of the rope is thrown down an empty
hold. The end of the rope is then taken to a winch
drum end and the, rope hove out of the hold.

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 Fibre and wire ropes should whenever possible be
kept separate, try not to put wire and fibre ropes
on the same pair of bitts or bollard or through the
same fairlead
 In any case the wire rope must never be allowed to
cross the fibre rope, for this causes considerable
damage to the fibre rope.

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 Unless otherwise stated, all fibre ropes are
liable to deteriorate when static, exposed to
strong sunlight, chemical fumes, heat,
sparks and by abrasion, or when
contaminated by acids, alkalis, bleaching
agents,, oils and organic solvents.

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 In the event of contamination, the rope should be
immediately washed with fresh water and closely
inspected for damage.
 Wire rope is mainly subject to deterioration from
moisture and abrasion and should be kept well
oiled.
 Natural fibre ropes are particularly subject to
damage from mildew and rot and must not be
stowed away wet.

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 Rope should never be stored in the vicinity
of steam pipes or boilers.
 When stowed on deck, fibre ropes should be
covered with tarpaulin canvas in order to
exclude damage from weather and strong
sunlight.

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 Never leave the end of a rope to fray.
 Put a whipping on.
 Never use a rope without previous
careful examination of its whole length.

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Care in the use of
WIRE ROPE
 1. Wire ropes should be regularly treated with
suitable lubricants
 2. Wire. should never be used directly from the
stowage reel, unless the reel is purposely designed
to allow direct operation; for if the wire should
foul when running, the reel and its supporting
frame mat be torn from the deck mountings,
causing serious injury to seamen.

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Care in the use of
WIRE ROPE
 3. Sufficent slack should be taken from the reel
to provide adequate to cover all contingencies.
Should any doubt exist as to the of slack that will
be required, then all the wire should be removed.
 4. When wires and ropes are under strain,
perhaps in a towing operations persons should
stand well back in a position of safety.
 5. Sharp angles on wire rope leads should be
avoided.

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Care in the use of
WIRE ROPE
 6. When awkward leads are the only
alternative when handling wires,as with
cargo winch use, then snatch blocks should
be suitably sited and secured sufficiently to
prevent them from breaking loose.
 7. When wire ropes are turned up about
bitts, then the top turns be secured against
springing off; by a light lashing.

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Care in the use of
WIRE ROPE
 8. When wire rope is to be joined to a fibre rope,
then the fibre rope be fitted with a thimble, so
preventing chafe and wear about the eye
 9. Wire ropes should never be led across fibre
ropes and allowed to cause chafe.
 10. Chain stoppers should be used on wire ropes.
 11. Wire on drum ends should not be used as
check wires.

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Care in the use of
WIRE ROPE
 12. Should a wire rope be used as a slip
wire, then the parts of the eye should be
seized' together and reduced in size to allow
passage through the ring of the mooring
buoy.
 13. When breaking out a new coil of wire,
care must be taken, and a turntable used
whenever possible

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ROPE MEASUREMENT.
 Small natural fibre cordage is measured by the ply
(number of threads) or by a number or by weight.
 Small synthetic fibre cord is measured by a
number.
 Ratline and pointline are measured by the total
number of threads contained in all the strands, i.e.,
9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 threads.

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ROPE MEASUREMENT.
 Seizing wire is measured by the gauge (18 to 26)
and supplied in seven pound (3.18kg) coils.
 All other ropes are measured by the circumference
in inches or by the diameter in millimetres.
 When measuring rope, if no rope gauge is
available, measure round the circumference with a
piece of twine and lay the length of twine against a
ruler.

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ROPE MEASUREMENT.
 To turn circumference in inches into diameter in
millimetres:-multiply by 8.
 i.e., 2 inch rope x 8 = l6mm rope.
 To turn diameterin millimetres into circumference
in inches:-divide by 8.
 i.e., l2mm rope / 8 = 1-1/2 inch rope.

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ROPE MEASUREMENT.
 Ropes may be marked by a coloured thread
if this is required by the purchaser
 There is no standard marking for any
particular type of rope
 The preformed ungalvanised steel wire rope
will be marked with a blue thread

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ROPE MEASUREMENT.
 Polypropylene cordages exceeding 12 mm
(1-1/2 inch) will incorporate a tape
throughout their length bearing at intervals
 The words "DOT accepted for LSA" if the
cordage has been accepted as suitable for
use with life-saving equipment. (M Notice
No.698).

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MARRYING.
 To marry the end of a dummy gantline to a
gantline for the purpose of reeving the
gantline through a sheave. Whip and sew
the ends of the two gantlines together end
on, with the aid of a palm and needle.

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WHIPPINGS.
 Plain or common whipping.
 Temporarily used to prevent the end of a rope
from fraying.
 Palm and needle whipping.
 Used to permanently prevent the end of a rope
from fraying. Finish off by tying a reef knot
between the strands, using both ends of the
seaming twine.

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SEIZINGS.
 Flat seizing.
 Used to secure two parts of rope together
side by side, when the strain on both ropes
is equal and in the same direction. Finish off
by taking several frapping turns around the
seizing, between the ropes and secure the
end with two half hitches.

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SEIZINGS.
 Round seizing.
 A more secure version of the flat seizing. A flat
seizing is made of about 12 turns and riding turns
are taken on top and made to lie between the first
turns. Several frapping turns are then taken around
the seizing between the ropes. Finish off with two
half hitches.

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SEIZINGS.
 Cross seizing.
 Used to secure the eye of a rope to a
particular place on a rope rove through the
eye. i.e., for securing the eye of a lifeline to
a davit head span.

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RACKING.
 Used to secure two parts of rope together
side by side, when the strain on the ropes is
unequal or in opposite directions.

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MOUSING.
 Used to prevent a shackle pin from working
out, or to close the eye of a hook so that
nothing can become unhooked from it.
 Seizings on fibre ropes and hooks are to
be made with spunyarn or marline.
 Seizings on wire ropes and shackles are
to be made with seizing wire.

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STOPPERS.
 Rope stopper.
 Made of manila or sisal rope it is for use on
natural fibre ropes. Not to be used on
synthetic fibre ropes.

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STOPPERS.
 Chinese or West Country stopper.
 Made of synthetic or natural fibre rope. Always to
be used on synthetic fibre ropes, can be used on
natural fibre ropes.
 **[Note that a stopper MUST always be of the
same material as the rope it is used to stopper off.
However stoppers should not be made of
polyamide (nylon) rope. Use polypropylene
stoppers on polyamide (nylon) mooring ropes.]

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STOPPERS.
 Chain stopper.
 Small chain used to stopper off derrick
topping lifts, wire. 'mooring ropes and other
wire ropes. The half hitches are separated
and the tail is backed against the lay of the
wire 'to ensure that the chain neither jams or
opens up the lay of the wire.

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STOPPERS.
 Carpenter's stopper.
 An efficient mechanical means of
stoppering off any wire rope. Made in
various sizes.
{ END }

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Home Work
 1 List 4 common use fibres for natural fibre ropes
and describe briefly the advantages and
disadvantages of each ?
 2 Compare and describe the advantages and
disadvantages of Nylon and Polypropylene rope ?
 3. List the precautions when handling with ropes
(Care in the use of rope )?
 4. List the precautions when handling wire rope ?
 5. How do you distinguish the Breaking Strains
and Safe Working Load for any rope ?
 6. Explain briefly how do you determinate the
Wire ropes in use are badly damaged and to be
discarded ?

Rope ropework

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