The document is a field report submitted by a group of pharmacy students from the National Model College for Advanced Learning documenting their field visit to Daman, Nepal to study medicinal plants. The report includes an introduction on medicinal plants and their traditional uses. It outlines the objectives and methods used which involved collecting and identifying plants used in traditional medicines in Daman, as well as preparing herbarium specimens. The bulk of the report provides descriptions of 19 medicinal plants found in the area including their chemical constituents and traditional medicinal uses. It concludes with results, discussion, and conclusions from the field visit.

1. ENUMERATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OF DAMAN AND ITS SURROUNDING AREA
A FIELD REPORT
SUBMITTED TO:
National Model College for Advance Learning (NMCAL)
(Bachelor in Pharmacy-1st Year)
Kathmandu
SUBMITTED BY:
National Model College for Advance Learning (NMCAL)
Bachelor in Pharmacy (4th batch)
Khusibu, Nepal.

2. ENUMERATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OF DAMAN AND ITS SURROUNDING AREA
A FIELD REPORT
SUBMITTED TO:
National Model College for Advance Learning (NMCAL)
(Bachelor in Pharmacy-1st Year)
Kathmandu
SUBMITTED BY:
National Model College for Advance Learning (NMCAL)
Bachelor in Pharmacy (4th batch)
Khusibu, Nepal.

3. ENUMERATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OF DAMAN AND ITS SURROUNDING AREA
A FIELD VISIT REPORT
…………………………….. ……….…………………………
Mr. Prajwol Jung Pandey Mrs. Sabyata Gautam
Program Chief, NMCAL Program Co-coordinator,NMCAL
Khusibu, Nayabazar Khusibu, Nayabazar
SUPERVISIORS
……………………… ………………………….
Mr. Mohan Marasaini Mr. Narayan Ghimera
NMCAL NMCAL
Khusibu, Nayabazar Khusibu, Nayabazar

4. ENUMERATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OF DAMAN AND ITS SURROUNDING AREA
A FIELD REPORT
SUBMITTED TO:
National Model College for Advance Learning (NMCAL)
(Bachelor in Pharmacy-1st Year)
Kathmandu
SUBMITTED BY:
Group ”B”
SYMBOL NO:
SHYAMU MANDAL and group

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Under the prescribed syllabus of TU, student of Bachelor in Pharmacy (1st year)
were required to have visit field programme under the subject of pharmacognosy to
explore their knowledge in plant possessing medicinal value. It was our great
pleasure to visit Daman and its surrounding area and collect different species of
medicinal plants found in Daman community forest.
We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Department of
Pharmacy of National Model College for Advanced Learning for providing such an
opportunity to make us familiar with the medicinal plants, their uses and their
therapeutic values.
We would like to thank Mr. Narayan Ghimera for his help, support, interest and
valuable hints during the entire field visit and his stimulating suggestions and
encouragement in this field writing.
We have furthermore to thank to Mr. Mohan Marasaini and Mrs. Sabyata Gautam
for organizing the trip. We would like to thank Mr. Narayan Ghimera and Mr.
Bechan Raut for abundant support for the completion of this report.

6. CONTENTS
1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1: MEDICINAL PLANTS……………………………………………………………1
1.2: TRADITIONAL USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS……………………………….2
2: OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………...3
2.1: General Objective………………………………………………………………….3
2.2: Specific Objective…………………………………………………………………3
3: MATERIAL AND METHODS……………………………………………………………....4
3.1: Study Area………………………………………………………………………...4
3.2: Methods of Study………………………………………………………………….5
3.3: Identification of Medicinal Plants………………………………………………....5
3.4: Methods of preparation of herbarium……………………………………………..6
4: OBSERVATION……………………………………………………………………………...7
4.1: SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS………………………………...............................7
4.1.1: ACORUS CALAMUS………………………………….………………………7
4.1.2: AMOMUM AROMATICUM…………...………………...........………………8
4.1.3: ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS.............................................................................9
4.1.4: AZADIRACHTA INDICA................................................................................10
4.1.5: BERGENIA CILIATA........................................................................................11
4.1.6: CINNAMOMUM GLAUCESCENS.................................................................12
4.1.7: CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS...........................................................................13
4.1.8: DIGITALIS PURPUREA..................................................................................14
4.1.9: GAULTHERIA FRAGRANTISSIMA..............................................................15
4.1.10: JUNIPERUS RECURVA.................................................................................16
4.1.11: MAHONIA NEPAULENSIS...........................................................................17
4.1.12: PIPER LONGUM.............................................................................................18

7. 4.1.13: POTENTILLA FULGENS...............................................................................19
4.1.14: RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA.........................................................................20
4.1.15: RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM.................................................................21
4.1.16: RUBIA MANJITH...........................................................................................22
4.1.17: SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI..............................................................................23
4.1.18: SWERTIA CHIRAYITA.................................................................................24
4.1.19: ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM.....................................................................25
5: RESULT AND DISCUSSION................................................................................................26
6: CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................27
7: REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................28
8: ANNEX...................................................................................................................................29
8.1: LIST OF PHOTOPLATES.....................................................................................29
8.1.1: Photo plate I........................................................................................................29
8.1.2: Photo plate II.....................................................................................................30
8.1.3: Photo plate III.....................................................................................................31
8.1.4: Photo plate IV.....................................................................................................32
8.1.5: Photo plate V......................................................................................................33
8.1.6: Photo plate VI.....................................................................................................34
8.1.7: Photo plate VII...................................................................................................35
8.1.8: Photo plate VIII..................................................................................................36
8.1.9: Photo plate IX.....................................................................................................37

8. LIST OF PHOTOPLATES
Photo plate I
Photo no.1: Acorus calamus
Photo no.2: Amomum aromaticum
Photo plate II
Photo no.3: Asparagus racemosus
Photo no.4: Azadirachta indica
Photo plate III
Photo no.5: Bergenia ciliata
Photo no.6: Cinnamomum glaucescens
Photo plate IV
Photo no.7: Cymbopogon citratus
Photo no.8: Digitalis purpurea
Photo plate V
Photo no.9: Gaultheria fragrantissima
Photo no.10: Juniperus recurva
Photo plate VI
Photo no.11: Mahonia nepaulensis
Photo no.12: Piper longum
Photo plate VII
Photo no.13: Potentilla fulgens
Photo no.14: Rauwolfia serpentine
Photo plate VIII
Photo no.15: Rhododendron arboreum
Photo no.16: Rubia manjith
Photo plate IX
Photo no.17: Sapindus mukorossi
Photo no.18: Swertia chirayita
Photo no.19: Zanthoxylum armatum

9. 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1: MEDICINAL PLANTS
Any plants which provides health promoting characteristics, temporary relief or
symptomatic problems or curative properties is known as medicinal plants.
(http://davesgarden.com). Drugs or preparations can be made from such plants and
used to prevent and treat diseases and ailments or to promote health and healing.
Plants provide the predominant ingredients of medicines in most traditional
systems of healing and have been the source of inspiration for several major
pharmaceutical drugs (http:/www.plantaeuropa.org).
According to Herbpalace.com the use of herbs was first type of applied medicine
practiced by humanity. Medicinal herbs are employed by different cultures to boost
the immune system, ease pain and cure or provide relief from herpes to common
allergies.
The health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant,
animal and mineral-based medicines, spirituals therapies, manual techniques and
exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent
illness or maintain well-being is termed as traditional medicines. It is used to
maintain good health as well as to prevent and treat both physical and mental
illness.

10. 1.2: TRADITIONAL USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Medicinal plants had been used by all cultures throughout history. It was an
integral part of the development of human civilization. Much of the medicinal use
of plants seems to have been developed through observations of wild animals and
by trial and error. As time went on, each tribe added the medicinal power of herbs
in their area to its knowledge.
Traditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practice based on the
theorem , beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to
maintain health as well as to prevent, diagnose impose or tract physical and mental
illness.
Undisputedly, the history of medicinal plant is inextricably intertwined with that
of modern medicine. Many drugs listed as conventional medications are originally
derived from plants. Salicylic acid, a precursor of aspirin, was originally derived
from white willow bark and meadowsweet plant.

11. 2: OBJECTIVES
2.1: General Objective
 To study the plants used in the medicines in Daman community forest.
2.2: Specific Objective
 To collect and identify traditional plants found in the study area.
 To collect information regarding medicinal use of plants against different
diseases.
 To prepare the herbarium.

12. 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1: Study Area
We, the students of Bachelor in Pharmacy “1st year” had field study on 21st Jestha,
2070.We have been to Daman. Daman is a village in the central part of Nepal,
located in the district of Makwanpur. It is halfway between Kathmandu and
Hetauda at 2320m. Daman is a small village situated at an altitude of 2320 metres
and 100 kilometres southwest of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. The village
provides a grandeur view of The Himalayas with Mt. Everest in the east. The
village lies on the Tribhuvan Highway, one of the adventurous highways in Nepal.
Since the village lies in the outskirt of Kathmandu, it provides a great opportunity
for the people residing in Kathmandu to observe its beauty and use for means of
recreation. Also, during winter snowfall occurs in the hills which augment the
beauty of the village to inexplicable point. Most (67%) of the area of Daman VDC
is covered by vegetation which consists of tropical to temperate in nature. There
are mainly three specific forest areas viz. i) community forest, ii) whole village
owned forest or national forest and, iii) private forest (Source: Daman VDC
office).
According to altitudinal and climatic variations mixed forest, both evergreen and
coniferous as well as bushes and shrubs are found in the study area. The mixed
forest mainly consists of Alnus nepaulensis and Pinus species (Basnet 2007). In
the high hills and mountains areas the predominant vegetation comprises mostly
grasses and valuable medicinal plants, i.e.; Swertia chirayita, Rubia manjith,
Bergenia ciliata, Acorus calamus, Zanthoxylum armatum, Aconitum sp.etc

13. 3.2: Methods of Study
 Previous research, internet and literature review.
 Personal interview with the knowledgeable research person of Daman.
3.3: Identification of Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plants were identified by asking the local people about the locally used
plants. More details about the medicinal plants and their traditional uses were
collected by asking the respondent of Daman community forest.

14. 3.4: Method of preparation of herbarium
A herbarium is a database of dried, pressed plant specimens catalogued, and
arranged systematically. Each specimen is a voucher deposited for future reference
because a herbarium is a repository of information: geographical distributions,
taxonomic, biological and ecological data. They are basically used for education
and research purposes.
Polythene bags, magazines, blotting papers, sheets, field notebook, glue, labels
constitute the equipment of herbarium. In order to collect the specimen, first area is
selected and then plant with intact parts is collected. This material is placed in
polythene bags. The collected specimens are spread over magazine sheets.
Magazines are now put inside the press which consists of boards and straps.
Details should be noted down in the field notebook. A specific number is given to
specimen who provides all relevant details. After a day sheets are changed and
blotting papers are required. They provide drying effect. Sheets are color specific
and labels are placed over them. Formalin solutions are used to preserve the
specimen.
Plants prepared for a herbarium should be pressed flat and dried as quickly as
possible. The faster they dry, the better the color; and rapid drying under pressure
produces specimens that often keep their color for many years. The specimens are
now ready to be gathered together and held for mounting.
Plant specimens collected should fit the standard herbarium mounting paper, 16½ x
10½ inches. If the plant is small, the entire plant is collected; large plants should
include plant parts that show the habit of growth.
Arrangement of the plant within the specimen-paper should be done, keeping in
mind the herbarium sheet dimensions. On one side of the specimen-paper, the plant
is spread out carefully. A pleasing arrangement must be made at this time, as only
minor changes can normally be made after the plant is dry. If the specimen is too
tall for the sheet, make sharp bends in the stem so that it exactly fitted the paper.
Leaves should be placed both dorsally and ventrally so that it will be easily to
study both the surface character of leaves.

15. 4: OBSERVATION
4.1: SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS
4.1.1:ACORUS CALAMUS
Common Name: Bojho, Sweet flag
Botanical Name: Acorus calamus Linn.
Family: Araceae.
Distribution: It is native of Eastern Europe and is found wild in England. It is found
throughout India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Altitude: upto 2200m
Parts Used: Dried rhizomes.
Description: It is a semi-aquatic perennial plant. The plant grows from 60 to 100 cm tall.
The stem is triangular and sprouts from a horizontal, round rootstock, which has the
thickness of a thumb. The leaves are yellowish-green, 2-3 feet in length, oblong, sword-
shaped, tapering into a long, acute point, often undulate on the margin and arranged in
two rows. The rhizome has a intensely aromatic fragrance and a tangy, pungent an bitter
taste. The flowers are small, dice-shaped, slim, conical spadix, greenish in colour.
Chemical Constituents: The drug contains 1.5- 3.5% of aromatic volatile oil, the chief
aromatic constituent of which is asaryladehyde. The other contents of the oil are asarone
and eugenol. The drug also contains a bitter amorphous principle known as acorine, resin
and tannins.
Traditional Uses: The dried roots and rhizomes are chewed to relieve dyspepsia,
bronchitis, and also chewed to clear the voice.
Medicinal Uses : It has various pharmacological activites such as insecticidal, larvicidal,
antibacterial, mutagenic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, anticonvulsant, neuroleptic, smooth
muscle relaxant and smooth muscle stimulant activity. The drug has stimulating,
carminative, antispasmodic, emetic, expectorant, emmenagogue and diuretic properties.
For children, it is an excellent treatment for diarrhoea, dysentery, bronchial and chest
infection. The volatile oil is aromatic, expectorant and antiseptic.

16. 4.1.2: AMOMUM AROMATICUM
Common Name: Nepal Cardamom, Alainchi
Botanical Name: Amomum aromaticum Roxb.
Family: Zingiberaceae
Distribution: Wild or cultivated in wet places in the forest highlands.
It is found in tropical Asia and Africa, also observed in Australia and Pacific Islands.
Altitude: 2500m-5000m
Parts Used: Fruits
Description: Tall perennial herb, 2-3m high. A rhizomatous perennial herb with leafy
stems, upto1.2 m high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous on both sides, 15-30.5 by 5-10
cm. Spikes radical, shortly peduncled, globose; corolla-tube 2.5 cm; segments obtuse,
nearly as long as the tube, white; lip pale yellow, as long as the corolla-segments, outer
half deflexed. Root - stock horizontal with many nodes. Fruit ovoid, 3- valved, crimson.
Seeds numerous, angular, with a pronounced fragrance.
Chemical Constituents: Essential oil from seeds 1-1.5%.
Traditional Uses: The seeds are used as spice and are medicinal. A root extract is
obtained by chewing and used for mumps. Seeds are useful in indigestion
Medicinal Uses: Seeds are stomachic, hypnotic and appetizer, tonic to the heart and
liver, astringent to the bowels; useful in indigestion, vomiting and biliousness. The seeds
have antibacterial and stomachic properties. They are used to alleviate dyspepsia,
flatulence, colic, vomiting, diarrhoea and cough, in a daily dose of 3 to 6g in the form of
a decoction, powder or pills. They are also prescribed as a gargle or mouth-wash or for
perlingual administration to treat toothache, gingivitis and parodontosis. They are also
used for flavouring cakes.

17. 4.1.3:ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS
Common Name: Kurilo, Shatawari, Maakuri
Botanical Name: Asparagus racemosus willd.
Family: Liliaceae
Distribution: This plant is indigenous to temperate Europe and Asia from where it has
been introduced to many other parts of the world.
Altitude: 165m -2200m
Parts Used: Roots, aerial shoots
Description: It is a tall, woody, climbing, excessibly branched plant. Its root is pointed at
both ends and longitudinally striated. The leaves are flattened and spreading. The leaves
are reduced to minute chaffy scales and spines. The flowers are bisexual, racemes varies
slender, long and perianth is pentaloid.
Chemical Constituents: Steroidal saponins, known as shatavarins. Shatavarin is the
major glycoside with 3 glucose and rhamose moieties attached to sarsasapogenin.
Asparagamine, a polycyclic alkaloid is also present.
Traditional Uses: Root is boiled in milk and the milk is administered to relieve bilious
dyspepsia and diarrhea and to promote appetite. The paste prepared from roots is also
applied externally in case of bone fracture and joint dislocation. The boiled leaves
smeared with ghee are applied to boils, smallpox, etc., in other to prevent their
confluence. Juice of this drug taken with is useful in gonorrhea.
Medicinal Uses: It is used in gonorrhea, piles, diabetes, rheumatism, cough, diarrhoea,
dysentery, gastric troubles and headache. It is also used for increasing lactation. Shatavari
is used in Ayurveda for dyspepsia (amalpittas) and it has been shown to improve
digestion by increasing the levels of amylase and lipase. It is also used in low milk
secretion in mothers and anaemia.

18. 4.1.4:AZADIRACHTA INDICA
Common Name: Neem, Margosa tree
Botanical Name: Azadirachta indica A. Juss
Family: Meliaceae
Altitude: 50m-100m
Distribution: It is indigenous to Asia and widely grows in tropical and subtropical parts
of world.
Parts Used: Leaves and seeds
Description: Leaves are imparipinnate, alternate, exstipulate; leaflets 7-17; alternate or
opposite, very shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at the apex, unequal at the base,
margin bluntly serrate. Leaves are smooth and dark green in colour containing bitter taste
and typical odour. Fruit is a durpe, 1.2 to 1.8cm long, bluntly pointed. It is greenish
yellow when fresh and unripe but becomes yellow to brown when mature and ripe. It has
scanty pulp and hard endocarp. The seed are deep greenish, yellow-brown color about
1cm in length and 0.5cm wide.
Chemical Constituent: The Neem leaves contain azadirachtin, meliacin, quercitin,
nembosterol, beta-sitosterol, ascorbic acid, cartenoids, etc. The seeds of Neem contain
azadirachtin, azadirachtol. The oil also contains 2% bitter principles that include
nimbidin, nimbidinin, nimbin, nimbinin and nimbidol.
Traditional Uses: It juice is given in worms, jaundice and in skin diseases.
Medicinal Use: Neem oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties and is extremely
effective in the treatment of leprosy and skin diseases. The bitter component of the oil,
nimbidin, is used for making several pharmaceutical preparations such as emulsions,
ointments, liquors, antiseptic mouth washes, etc. It is commercially used as insecticidal
agent.

19. 4.1.5:BERGENIA CILIATA
Common Name: Pakhanved, Rockfoil, Winter begonia
Botanical Name: Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.
Family: Saxifragaceae
Distribution: It is native to Himalayan region.
Altitude: 1800m-4300m
Parts Used: Stem/Roots.
Description: The leaves of Bergenia ciliata are large and bright green, with fine hairs,
and grow to about 12 inches across leaves are ovate or rounded blade like. Flowers are
white pink or purple in a spreading, borne on a stout leafless stem and readily
distinguished by its large rounded basal leaves with entire bristly margins. Leaf stalks are
short. Calyx is hairless. Petals are five in number.
Chemical Constituents: Bergenin, Catechin and gallic acid.
Traditional Uses: The root powder, paste, juice are used in painful urination, stone.
Medicinal Uses: The juice or power of the whole plant is used to treat urinary troubles in
Nepal. The juice of the leaves is used as drops to relieve earache. The root is used as a
tonic in the treatment of fevers, diarrhoea, pulmonary infections and in dissolving stones
in the kidney. The root juice is used to treat coughs and cold, haemorrhoids, asthma and
urinary problems.

20. 4.1.6:CINNAMOMUM GLAUCESCENS
Common Name: Sugandhakokila, Nepali sassafras
Botanical Name: Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Druxy.
Family: Lauraceae
Distribution: The plant is found in Nepal, Bhutan and India. In case of Nepal this is
mainly distributed in western and central part of Nepal.
Altitude: 1000-2500m
Parts Used: Fruits and wood
Description: An evergreen tree about 15m high with spreading branches; bark rough and
pale brown; leaves stalked, 4-17cm long, 1.5-9cm wide,elliptic to ovate, pointed, entire;
flower yellowish, small, 2.5mm in diameter; fruit globose, green black when ripen.
Chemical Constituents: The leaves and small twigs with a comphoraceous essential oil
containing cinedyl-alpha-terpineol and d-camphor, wood also contains alpha-camphor.
Traditional Uses: The aromatic oil was extracted from fruits and leaves. The oil is used
in ayurvedic medicines.
Medicinal Use: The pericarp of fruit yields essentials oils which is used in perfumery,
incense sticks, soap and toiletries. A paste of seed is applied to treat muscular swellings.
The paste of wood is used to treat various skin diseases.

21. 4.1.7: CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS
Common Name: Lemon grass, Citronella
Botanical Name: Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.
Family: Gramineae
Distribution: It is found in south and southeast Asia.
Altitude: 2000m
Parts Used: Leaves
Description: Leaves are lanceolate, glabrous on ventral side and hairy on dorsal side and
veins are distributed parallely. The leaves are 15-25 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in breadth
.The fresh leaves are green and dried leaves are straw colour. They possess characterstic
odour and taste. Fracture is short.
Chemical Constituents: Leave contains 65-85% citral and active ingredients such as
myrcene, citronella, citronellol and geranilol.
Traditional Uses: The active ingredient myrcene has an antibacterial and pain relieving
activities. It is used as tea grass. Its oil is used in perfumery, soap, cosmetics and as an
insect-repellant. Its oil is also used as toiletry perfumes.
Medicinal Uses: It is used as bactericidal and fungicidal.

22. 4.1.8:DIGITALIS PURPUREA
Common Name: Foxglove leaves
Botanical Name: Digitalis purpurea L.
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Distribution: It grows wild in European countries and for medicinal purpose the plant is
cultivated in Holland, France, England, North America and Kashmir of India.
Altitude: 400m-700m
Parts Used: Leaves
Description: The leaves are linear or oblong- lanceolate and varies in size from 10 to 30
cm in length and 3-6mm in width. Both of the surfaces are hairy but the lower surface
is more hairy in comparison to upper one. The upper surface is dark green and the vein
are depressed but on the lower surface, the veins are more prominent and the color is
grayish green. It possess obtuse apex crenate dentate margin. Odour is distinct and taste
is bitter.
Chemical Constituents: Glycoside like digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, gitaloxin, odoroside
H, verodoxin , glucoverodoxin, digitoxin and gitoxin are found in digitalis.
Traditional Uses: It is used in heart disease.
Medicinal Uses: It is used as cardiac stimulant and tonic. Besides this it is also used in
heart failure, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. The drug stimulates cardiac muscles,
increases the systole of heart ventricle and normalizes the heart frequency.

23. 4.1.9:GAULTHERIA FRAGRANTISSIMA
Common Name: Dhasingare, Winter green
Botanical Name: Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.
Family: Ericaceae
Distribution: It occurs in the hilly regions of northern, eastern and southern india. And it
also occurs in hilly region of Nepal.
Altitude: 1500-2500m
Parts Used: Leaves
Description: The leaves are up to13cm long, rather broad, leathery, dotted with glands,
margin toothed. The leaves are alternate, the upper surface is pale green. They are
greenish in colour. The odour is distinct and aromatic and the taste is aromatic and
astringent. The fracture is short.
Chemical Constituents: The drug yields about 1.5% of oil. The principle constituents of
the oil is methyl salicylate (not less than 98%).
Traditional Uses: The oil extracted from leaves of Gaultheria fragrantissima is applied
on strain, joint pains to get relieve from it.
Medicinal Use: Its oil is used in the treatment of various form of rheumatism. It is also
used as stimulant, carminative, and for destroy of hookworm. Beside this it has great role
in the treatment of different types of tumors in animals and also used as insecticide.

24. 4.1.10:JUNIPERUS RECURVA
Common Name: Cedar, Dhupi
Botanical Name: Juniperus recurva Buch-Ham. ex. D. Don
Family: Cupressaceae
Distribution: It is found across the Himalaya region from Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, India,
Myanmar, China.
Altitude: 3300m - 4600m
Parts Used: Leaves, wood
Description: Juniperus recurva is a tree occasionally taller, with owl-shaped leaves 6-8m
long in whorls of 3, more or less ad pressed to the branchlets and loosely overlapping.
Growth rather lax, stems often brown, with ultimate branches tail like and curving
separately in various directions. Fruit purplish brown to black, shining when ripe, ovoid
8-13mm, and 1 seeded. Leaves are long in whorls of three, more or less ad pressed to the
branchlets and loosely overlapping. Stems are brown with tail like branches and curving
and separately in various directions. Fruits are purplish brown to black, shiny when ripe.
Chemical Constituents: The main constituents of the plant are monoterpene
hydrocarbons (68%); in addition, about 12% of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 9% of
oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and 5% of oxygenated monoterpenes were identified. 4beta-
Hydroxygermacra-1(10), 5-diene (28), beta-oplopenone (29A), oplopanone (34), 8-
acetoxy elemol (35), and manool (36) were found as trace components.
Traditional Uses: The wood and leaves are used as incense. The resinous twigs are burnt
as incense. It is also used for ornamental purpose.
Medicinal Uses: It is used in ophthalmological problems, toothache, kidney problems
and menstrual disorder. Smoke from the green wood is emetic and produces long-
continued vomiting. The leaves contain about 1.7% essential oil.

25. 4.1.11:MAHONIA NEPAULENSIS
Common Name: Jamane mandro, Indian barberry
Botanical Name: Mahonia nepaulensis DC.
Family: Berberidaceae
Distribution: It is found mostly in dense wet oak and rhododendron forests upto 2900m
of elevation. It is found in E. Asian countries like Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and Uttar
Pradesh.
Altitude: upto 2900m
Parts Used: Fruits, root, stem bark, wood
Description: Indian barberry is an evergreen shrub growing to 2.5m by 3m, with large,
pinnately compound leaves. The leaves are about 18 in (46 cm) long with 9 to 13 stiff,
sharply spiny, holly like leaflets. The fragrant lemon-yellow flowers, appearing in late
winter, are borne in erect racemes 3-6 in (7.6-15 cm) long. The fruit is a berry, first green,
then turning bluish black with a grayish bloom. They are about a half inch long and hang
in grapelike clusters.
Chemical Constituents: Secoisbenzylisoquinoline, O-methylpunjabine, are chemical
constituent found in the wood of Mahonia nepaulensis. Berberine is found in rhizomes
Mahonia nepaulensis.
Traditional Uses: The fruits are said to be diuretic and demulcent. They are used in the
treatment of dysentery. Berberine, universally present in rhizomes of Mahonia species,
has marked antibacterial effects and is used as a bitter tonic.
Medicinal Uses: The stem bark and wood of this plant Mahonia nepaulensis have long
been considered to have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal activity and they
are used particularly for the treatment of skin diseases. They are indicated for treatment
of the eczema, psoriasis, and other skin conditions. The fruits are said to be diuretic and
demulcent. They are used in the treatment of dysentery. A decoction of the bark is used
as eye drops to treat inflammations of the eyes. Berberine, universally present in
rhizomes of Mahonia species, has marked antibacterial effects and is used as a bitter
tonic. Since it is not appreciably absorbed by the body, it is used orally in the treatment of
various enteric infections, especially bacterial dysentery. Berberine has also shown
antitumour activity.

26. 4.1.12:PIPER LONGUM
Common Name: Pipla, long peper
Botanical Name: Piper longum L.
Family: Piperaceae
Distribution: The plant is native to the Phillipines. It is found occuring in India, Nepal,
Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
Altitude: 200m-800m
Parts Used: Fruits and roots.
Description: It is a small aromatic plant trailing on ground and also climbing with
rooting below; lower leaves long stalked, broadly ovate-cordate, 7-nerved, basal lobes
equal; upper leaves sessile or sub-sessile, oblong acuminate; flowers in solitary spikes,
male spikes larger, slender, 2.5 to7.5cm long while female spikes 1.25 to 2cm long; fruit
1.2 to 2.5cm long, 3-4mm wide, cylindrical, outer surface beaded and dark grey.
Chemical Constituents: The major chemical constituents are piperine,
piperlonguminine, piplartine and piperlongumine etc.
Traditional Uses: The dried fruit is used in treat cough, cold, diarrhoea, insomnia and
dysentery.
Medicinal Uses: Roots and fruits are used to treat insomnia, epilepsy, obstruction of bile
ducts and gall bladder, dysentery and leprosy. Dried fruits are used in cold, cough,
bronchitis and diarrhoea. It is also used in rheumatic pains and paralysis. It is anti-
helmintic and carminative.

27. 4.1.13:POTENTILLA FULGENS
Common Name: Bajradanti, Silver leaf, Himalayan cinquefoil
Botanical Name: Potentilla fulgens Wall. Ex Hook.
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution: It is found in temperate and higher Himalayan region. It is found in Nepal,
India, Bhutan and Tibet.
Altitude: 1800m-4350m
Parts Used: Entire parts of Potentilla fulgens such as root (as root juice, root powder,
root paste), leaves, etc
Description: The plant is an erect perennial herb, 15-75cm high, with a thick rootstock,
pinnate leaves and yellow flowers. Radical leaves are 4-30cm long, possessing 5-13
pairs of leaflets which are alternatively large and small and diminish in size from
uppermost downwards, terminal leaflet is oblong, with closely and sharply toothed
margins. Cauline leaves are white and sericeous.
Chemical Constituent: The principle components of Potentilla fulgens is Polyphenols,
tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The others components are potifulgene, potentene-
A, potentene-B, epicatechin etc.
Traditional Uses: It is used for treating toothache, throat inflammations, wound-healing,
jaundice, mouth ulcers, and dysentery, and as a homeostatic.
Medicinal Uses: Pharmacological studies report that it possesses anti- hyperglycemic,
hypoglycemic anti-hyperlipidemic, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and
antiulcerogenic properties. Root-sticks and whole herb is utilized as an astringent and
tonic for gum and tooth aliments, diarrhoea, stomach problems, cough, cold, diabetes
mellitus and cancer. Plant juice is taken for treatment of respiratory complains,
antihelmintic. Root paste is used for treating peptic ulcer and disusia, masticated for
pyorrhea.

28. 4.1.14:RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA
Common Name: Sarpagandha, Rauwolfia root
Botanical Name: Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex. Kurz.
Family: Apocynaceae
Distribution: It has fairly wide area of distribution, including the tropical part of the
Himalayas. This plant is native of Burma, India, Srilanka, Vietnam, Malayasia, Indonesia
and Phillipines. It is also found in Nepal, Pakastian and Myanmar.
Altitude: 1200m- 1300m
Parts Used: Roots and Rhizomes
Description: It is an erect perennial shrub with a long, irregularly, nodular, yellowish
root stock.The leaves are thin, lanceolate, acute, bright green above and pale beneath.
Flowers are arranged in irregular corymbose cymes, white, often tinged with violet. Fruit
is drupe, single or didymous, shining black, the inflorescenece with red pedicels and
calyx and white corolla.The roots and rhizomes are almost identical in external
characters. barks are greyish-yellow, light brown or brown in colour. Similarly they are
odourless and bitter in taste. It size ranges from 2-10cm long and 5-22mm in diameter. It
is subcylindrical, slightly tapering, and tortuous in shape. And also short and irregular in
fracture.
Chemical Constituent: Rauwolfia contain more than 60 indole alkaloids. Out of these,
the chief alkaloids of therapeutic significance are reserpine and rescinnamine. The root
contains ophioxylin (alkaloid having orange coloredcrystalline principle), resin, starch
and wax. Five crystalline alkaloids isolated are ajmaline, ajmalicine, serpentine,
serpentinine, and yohimbine.
Traditional Uses: Rauwolfia preparations are used as antihypertensive and as sedative.
Medicinal Uses: It is used as hypnotic, sedative and anti-hypertensive drugs. Among
various alkaloids of Rauwolfia, reserpine and rescinnamine are used as antihypertensive
drugs. It is also used for the treatment of various central nervous system disorders
associated with psychosis, schizophrenia, insanity, insomnia, and epilepsy.

29. 4.1.15:RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM
Common Name: Rhododendron
Botanical Name: Rhododendron arboreum
Family: Ericaceae
Distribution: Himalayan regions of Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Tibet, Srilanka.
Altitude: 1500m – 3300m
Parts Used: Total flower, leaf and bark
Description: The upper part of leaf is glossy green and the lower surface is somewhat
silvery and brown. The mid vein is grooved and lateral vein is deeply impressed. The
shape of leaf is lanceolate. Each flower contains 5-10 stamens with white filaments.
Chemical Constituents: It consists of chemicals like citesterol, cresolic acid, friedelin,
guercetin, 3-10 epoxyglutinae.
Traditional Uses: It is used as a fish bone repellant in throat and is also beneficial in
tuberculosis.
Medicinal Uses: The bark of the fresh plant is used in diarrhea and dysentery. It also
shows antimicrobial property. It is also used in headache, rheumatic pain and menstrual
disorder.

30. 4.1.16:RUBIA MANJITH
Common Name: Majitho
Botanical Name: Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming
Family: Rubiaceae
Distribution: It is distributed in Himalayan region of Nepal at and around 2400m of
elevation.
Altitude: 1200-2700m
Parts Used: Roots
Description: Herbaceous climbing with four angled stems and branches, with usual
reddish brown flowers in small cluster aggregated together in a large branched cluster
with small leafy bracts. Leaves are ovate-heart shaped long pointed blade with hooked
prinkles. Leaf stalk as long as blade with hooked prinkles. Fruits are globular , black, and
fleshy with red juice.
Chemical Constituent: It consists of ruberthyrin, quinones, anthroquinone glycosides
including rubiadin, alizarin, garancin, ruiearbonols, rubiaprasin A, B, C, etc.
Traditional Uses: The stem and root of Majitho furnishes a good red dye for dyeing
coarse cotton fabrics, blankets, and carpets.
Medicinal Use: Roots of Majitho are credited with tonic, astringent, antidysenteric,
antiseptic, and deobstruent properties. They are used in rheumatism and form an
ingredient of several Ayurvedic preparations. Roots are said to be active against
Staphylococcus aureus and are made into a paste for application into ulcers,
inflammations and skin troubles.

31. 4.1.17:SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI
Common Name: Rittha, Soap nuts
Botanical Name: Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
Family: Sapindaceae
Distribution: It is native to warm temperate to tropical regions in both the Old World
and New World. It is one of the most important trees of tropical and sub-tropical regions
of Asia. It has been widely planted, both in Nepal and many other countries of tropical
Asia.
Altitude: 1000m-1200m
Parts Used: Seed and wood
Description: Tree up to 18 m tall. The leaves are alternate, 15-40 cm long, pinnate, with
14-30 leaflets, the terminal leaflet often absent. The flowers form in large panicles, each
flower small, creamy white. The fruits are solitary globose, round nuts 2 to 2.5 cm (1 in)
diameter, fleshy, saponaceous and yellowish brown in color. The seed is enclosed in a
black, smooth and hard globose endocarp.
Chemical Constituent: Saponin is the major constituent of soap nuts.
Traditional Uses: It will naturally help prevent dandruff and keep your hair soft and
strong. Soap nuts are commonly used in Indian households for cleaning and shining
jewelry. Soap nuts have gentle insecticidal properties and are traditionally used for
removing lice from the scalp. They are a popular ingredient in Ayurvedic shampoos and
cleansers. Saponin is a natural detergent commonly used for cleaning among many other
things.
Medicinal Uses: Soapnuts have been used medically as an expectorant, emetic,
contraceptive, and for treatment of excessive salivation, epilepsy, psoriasis, head lice and
migraines. Its main use is for its fruits, the pulp of which is used in place of soap for
washing clothing. It is also used medicinally as a fish poison. They are used in Ayurvedic
medicine as a treatment for eczema and psoriasis.

32. 4.1.18:SWERTIA CHIRAYITA
Common Name: Chiraito, Bitter stick
Botanical Name: Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex. Fleming) Katrn.
Family: Gentianaceae
Distribution: This plant is found in the temperate Himalayan region of India, Nepal and
Bhutan.
Altitude: 1200m- 1300m
Parts Used: Entire plant of Swertia chirayita (root, stem, leaves).
Description: The drug consists of whole plant possessing a peculiar shining yellowish
ting all over the herb. The stem is up to 1m long and 6mm in diameter, glabrous,
yellowish-brown to purplish with slightly quadrangular above and cylindrical below. The
leaves are sessile, opposite decussate, oval, oblong or broadly lanceolate having five to
seven lateral veins. The branching occur from the axils of leaves which ramify further
into paniculate infloresence. The flower show calyx and corolla of same size and there
are two distinct glandular depressions near the base of each of corolla lobes. They
possess two carpel with superior ovary. The fruit is ovate capsule. The root is primary
tapering and slightly twisted with longitudinal rinkles. The drug is odourless and taste is
very bitter.
Chemical Constituent: The drug contains glycosidic bitter principle gentiopicrin,
amarogentin and nonglycosidic bitter principle ophelic acid.
Traditional Uses: It is used for treatment of fever, roundworms infection, loss of
appetite and in wound and infection.
Medicinal Uses: The whole plant is extremely bitter tonic, digestive febrifuge that lowers
the fever and is also a stimulant. It is also given in case of nausea, indigestion and in
internal haemorrhage of stomach.

33. 4.1.19:ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM
Common name: Toothache tree, Timur
Botanical Name: Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
Family: Rutaceae
Distribution: This shrub is found in Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and the Philippines.
Altitude: 900m – 2500m.
Parts Used: Stem, leaves, bark, fruits and seeds.
Description: A shrub nearly 3m tall, stems and branches armed with prickles, bark pale
brown with deep furrowed. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 3-9, lanceolate; flowers small,
whitish in colour; fruit globose, pale red; seeds oval and shining black . The flowers are
dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found
on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required)The
plant is not self-fertile.
Chemical Constituents: Fruits and leaves : Linalool and linalyl acetate; Bark:
Alkaloids: g-fagarine, b-fagarine, magnoflorine, laurifoline, nitidine, chelerythrine,
tambetarine and candicine; Coumarins: xanthyletin, zanthoxyletin, alloxanthyletin,
Resin, tannin, volatile oil.
Traditional Uses: Branches, fruit and thorns are used as carminative, stomachic. The
bark and berries is alterative, anti-rheumatic, carminative, diaphoretic, hepatic, stimulant,
tonic.
Medicinal Uses: It is used in asthma, bronchitis, cholera, fever, fibrositis, indigestion,
rheumatism, skin diseases, toothache, and varicose veins. Prickly Ash is used in many
chronic problems such a rheumatism and skin diseases; cramp in the leg, varicose veins
and varicose ulcers. It is also used for low blood pressure, fever, and inflammation.
Externally it may be used as a stimulation liniment for rheumatism and fibrositis. It has a
stimulating effect upon the lymphatic system, circulation and mucous membranes.

34. 5: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Our trip to Daman was quite beneficial as we got to know about
pharmacognostically important plants. The people are friendly and helpful. It has
good climatic conditions favourable for varieties of medicinal plants.
Daman is a small village in Makwanpur district of Nepal. It possesses ravishing
and exquisite sites. The village provides a grandeur view of The Himalayas with
Mt. Everest in the east. During winter snowfall occurs in the hills which augment
the beauty of the village to inexplicable point. It renders the most exotic feeling to
the tourists. The area of Daman VDC is covered by vegetation which consists of
tropical to temperate in nature. The people are quite meticulous and affable.
According to altitudinal and climatic variations mixed forest, both evergreen and
coniferous as well as bushes and shrubs are found in Daman. In the high hills and
mountains areas the predominant vegetation comprises mostly grasses and valuable
medicinal plants i.e.; Swertia chirayita, Rubia manjith, Potentilla fulgens, Mahonia
nepaulensis, Bergenia ciliata, Cinnamomum glaucescens, Acorus calamus,
Amomum Aromaticum, Zanthoxylum armatum, Gaultheria fragrantissima,
Aconitum sp. ,etc.
During the field trip, most of the plants collected were found to be used in
Dysentery, diarrhoea, epilepsy, cough and cold, etc. A few plant like Sapindus
mukorossi, Azadirachta indica, Cymbopogoncitratus, Piper longum, Asparagus
racemosus, Amomum aromaticum, Acorus calamus etc, has long history of being
used in traditional way for long times.

35. 6: CONCLUSION
Daman and its surrounding areas present some of the best example of graded
climatic conditions in central development region of Nepal. Pronounced altitudinal
gradients, coupled with variable topography and geology, have resulted in a rich
biodiversity with unique vegetation.
The striking coincidence between the traditional plant use and scientifically proven
phytochemical and pharmacological properties show that the traditional remedies
are an important and effective part of indigenous health care systems in Daman.
In the nutshell our trip was worthwhile from pharmacognostic view point.
Furthermore we all had the first wonderful experience of trekking. The beauty of
Daman and its surrounding areas and its scenery was mesmerizing. People of
Daman welcomed us with great hospitality. We will never forget this trip.

36. 7: REFERENCE
 http://davesgarden.com
 http://www.plantaeuropa.org.com
 http://www.botanical.com
 http://naturalmedicinalherbs.net (retrieved on 2013, November)
 http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page23/page24/files/herbariummaking.pdf
 http://www.springreference.com/docs/htm/chapterbid/69731-htm
 www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactssheets/riuvolfia.htm/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/ (retrieved on November)
 http://Forestrynepal.org/resources/trees/
 www.iisc.ernet.in/~currsci/aug252005/635.pdf (retrieved on November)
 www.ansab.org/userfiles/cfiraito.pdf
 www.biotik.org/india/species/r/rhodarni-en.html (retrieved on November)
 www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ffj.1019/pdf (retrieved on
November)
 http:/www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/AFDbases/af/asp/speci
esInfo.asp?SpId=1141 (retrieved on November)
 http://naturalmedicinalherbs.net (retrieved on 2013, November)
 Bechhan R. , Shrestha A.P.; “A Text Book of Pharmacognosy”; 3rd
edition[2012]; Makalu Publication House, Kathmandu, Nepal
 www.iucnredlist.org/details/.42247/0 (retrieved on 2013, November)

37. 8: ANNEX
8.1:LIST OF PHOTOPLATES
8.1.1: Photo plate I
Photo no.1: Acorus calamus
Photo no.2: Amomum aromaticum

38. 8.1.2: Photo plate II
Photo no.3: Asparagus racemosus
Photo no. 4: Azadirachta indica

39. 8.1.3: Photo plate III
Photo no.5: Bergenia ciliata
Photo no.6: Cinnamomum glaucescens

40. 8.1.4: Photo plate IV
Photo no.7: Cymbopogon citratus
Photo no. 8: Digitalis purpurea

41. 8.1.5: Photo plate V
Photo no. 9: Gaultheria fragrantissima
Photo no.10: Juniperus recurva

42. 8.1.6: Photo plate VI
Photo no.11: Mahonia nepaulensis
Photo no.12: Piper longum

43. 8.1.7: Photo plate VII
Photo no. 13: Potentilla fulgens
Photo no. 14: Rauwolfia serpentine

44. 8.1.8: Photo plate VIII
Photo no.15: Rhododendron arboretum
Photo no.16: Rubia manjith

45. 8.1.9: Photo plate IX
Photo no.17: Sapindus mukorossi
Photo no.18: Swertia chirayita

46. Photo no.19: Zanthoxylum armatum