Resarch/Dissertation File on Ethnomedicinal Medicinal Survey of Plant.

“Ethnomedicinal Survey of Parasnath Area of
Jharkhand.”
A
Dissertation Submitted to
Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University,Dhanbad
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the
Award of Degree of Master of Science
IN
BOTANY
Submitted By
Sachin Kumar
M.Sc Botany
University Roll No. 221831311219
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Kalpana Prasad
Head University Department of Botany

DECLARATION
I SACHIN, M.Sc. Botany, University Department of Botany, hereby declare that
the thesis entitled “Ethnomedicinal Survey of Parasnath Area of Jharkhand.”
was carried out under the guidance of Dr. Kalpana Prasad, HOD Department of
Life Science, University Department of Botany, Dhanbad.
This is my original contribution and no part of the thesis has been
submitted forany other purpose.
SACHIN
ROLL NO- 221831311219
Department of Botany, University Department of Botany Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University, Dhanbad(Jharkhand).
Certificate
This is to certify that the dissertation project entitled “Ethnomedicinal
Survey of Parasnath Area of Jharkhand” submitted by SACHIN
KUMAR, ROLL NO-221831311219, Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal
University, Dhanbad in partial fulfilment for award of Degree of Master
of Science in Botany for the Academic Year 2021-23 is a bonafide record
of Dissertation Project, undertaken form 1st
June2023 to 15th
June 2023,
under my guidance and supervision.
Dr. Kalpana Prasad
Head Department of Botany, B.B.M.K.U

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Kalpana Prasad
HOD, Department of Botany(Life Science), B.B.M.K University, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand, and my parents and all the staff members for granting me permission
to do project work at Parasnath ,Mountain in Jharkhand. I am extremely thankful
to the people there, for allowing me to work on this project and continuous
guidance throughout the stay. I consider myself very fortunate to be associated
with all batchmates for their unstinted support and timely help during my project,
whose personal care and indomitable spirit has resulted in my successful
endeavours.
It gives me Great pleasure to thank my parents., all my friends for
constantly encouraging me during the course of project work.
Lastly but not the least, I would like to Thank all those unnamed but
cherished persons for their kind assistance and co-operation.
Sachin Kumar

Abstract
An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out from June 06 to June 16, 2023 in
Parasnath District of Giridih, Jharkhand for the express purpose of discovering
the kinds of Herbal remedies used by the local population. The purpose of study
was to collect indigenous traditional knowledge about medicinal plants by
interviews of different age groups between 30-60 years. The result of the research
reported 25 plants species belonging to 16 different families used by the people
of the study area for the treatment of various ailments. Most of the plants reported
belong to thefamily Fabaceae with 5 species followed by Apocynaceae with 4
species, 2 Rutaceae, 2 Meliaceae,2 Combretaceae while the rest of the other
families were represented with a single species each. Leaves and stem bark were
recorded as the plant part mostly use in the treatment of various ailments. Most
of the plants surveyed are Herbs (4.65%), others are Trees (65 .23%) while a few
are shrubs (30.12%). Some of the plants documented like Azadirachta indica and
Holarrhena Pubescensare used in the treatment of more than one ailment.
Majority of the traditional medicine practitioners were males of over 40 years of
age and with no formal education. This is a serious problem that may lead to the
disappearance of this important knowledge and so public awareness, further
researches, documentation and preservation of the indigenous knowledge is
recommended.

Table of Contents
Certificate
Preface
Chapter 1
➢ Introduction…………………………………………………………..1 - 4
Chapter 2
➢ Objective of Ethnomedicine……………………………………………..5
Chapter 3
➢ Review of literature…………………………………………………..6 - 8
Chapter 4
➢ Geographical Area…………………………………………………..9 - 12
Chapter 5
➢ Area of Survey……………………………………………………..13 - 23
Chapter 6
➢ Interview as Integral part of Ethnomedicinal Survey……………...24 - 27
Chapter 7
➢ Enumeration of Plants………………………………………………28- 29
Chapter 8
➢ Ethnomedicinal uses of plant………………………………………30 - 50
Result & Discussion
Conclusion
Reference

Preface
All cultures, from ancient times to the present, have used plants as a source of
medicine. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), most of the
world's population depend upon plants as an impor-tant element in primary health
care systems. Nevertheless, a large num-ber of plants have not yet been studied
for their medicinal properties, and researchers around the world are turning
increasingly to plants in the search for new medicines. In developing countries,
governments are looking to plants as a way to extend health care benefits within
a viable economic framework; in developed countries, consumers are seeking
viable alternatives to modern medicine. Despite a rich history and powerful
economic possibilities, medicinal plants' potential to contribute to the health of
the world's people has not been fully tapped. For the last two decades, through
the resolutions of its governing bodies and implemented by the WHO
Traditional Medicine Program, WHO has promoted the use of traditional
medicine in general, and the use of medicinal plants in particular, for primary
health care. The program has promoted the use of medicinal plants through a
series of international consultations, seminars, and symposia. The symposium on
the utilization of medicinal plants held in Phila-delphia, Pennsylvania, in April
1993 was part of a WHO international program strategy and had several specific
objectives shared by the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania: to
increase awareness throughout the world of the use of plants as medi-cines; to
promote the propagation and cultivation of medicinal plant.

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INTRODUCTION
An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out to document medicinal plants by
students of Science Department of Botany, Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal
University Dhanbad (Jharkhand). Total 7 questionnaires were taken from 5
different local & old people’s which have traditional medicine knowledge. The
result of research reported 25 plant species identified plant out of which 5 plant
family belong to Fabaceae followed by 4 Apocynaceae & rest of other belong to
different family.
Ethnomedicine is the study of traditional medical practice which is concerned
with the traditional or cultural understanding of health, diseases and illness. The
practice of ethnomedicine is a multi-disciplinary system comprising the use of
plants, animals and natural environment and has been the source of healing for
people (Krippner, 2003).. The use of traditional medicines has a strong cultural
influence to the extent that, even in urban setting with modern healthcare
facilities, people still consult tradition healers (Aiyeloja, 2006).
Fig- Ethnomedicinal Survey Group Fig- Activities during field work

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Plants used in ethnomedicine have a
wide range of substances that can be
used to treat infectious diseases
(Aiyeloja, 2006). Knowledge of how
these plants can be used against
various diseases is expected to be
accumulated in areas where the use of
medicinal plant is still appreciated
(Diallo, 1999. More than 80% of the
world population relies on traditional
medicine for their primary
healthcare(WHO,2003).
Parasnath Hills are a range of hills
located in Giridih district of
Jharkhand. The highest peak is 1350 metres. It is one of the most important
pilgrimage centre for Jains. They call it Sammed Sikhar. The hill is named after
Parasnath, the 23rd Tirthankara. Twenty of Jain Tirthankaras attained salvation
on this hill. For each of them there is a shrine (gumti or tuk) on the hill. Some of
the temples on the hill are believed to be more than 2,000 years old. However,
although the place is habited from
ancient times, the temples may be of
more recent origin. The Santhals call
it Marang Buru, the hill of the deity.
They celebrate a hunting festival on
the full moon day in
Baisakh(midApril)
(GOVERMENTOF
JHARKHAND).
Medicinal plants have been used
countless times for curing diseases
mainly in developing countries. They
are easily available with little to no
side effects when compared to modern medicine. This manuscript encompasses
information on ethnomedicinal plants in Champhai district, located in the North
East Region (NER) of India. The region lies within Indo-Burma biodiversity
hotspot. This study will be the first quantitative report on the ethnomedicinal

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plants used by the local tribes of this region.
Knowledge of medicinal plants is mostly
acquired by word of mouth, and the
knowledge is dying among the local youths
with the prevalence of modern medicine.
Hence, there is urgency in deciphering and
recording such information (BMC Journal
of Ethnomedicine & Ethnomedicine) .
Ethnomedicine is defined as a field of
anthropology that studies cultural
interpretation, beliefs, and notions related to
illness and health by the ethnic or
indigenous communities around the world
over centuries. It also involves
understanding the healing practices for
different diseases.
A group of people or gatherers collect herbs
or materials to prepare concoctions for the
treatment of a group in the tribe. Disease
among the tribes was directly associated with
the social behavior of the affected person. The deviations in the behaviors are
picked by the observers of the tribes and coded into different diseases.
Ethnomedicine is based on some basic principles mentioned below:
• Tribes that practice ethnomedicine worship nature and aim at attaining
wellness for humans, animals, plants, soil, water, and the complete
environment.
• It focuses on developing ethnomedicines that cater to the complete well-
being of the person and examines the knowledge of people inherited from
their ancestors related to health. Tribes that practice ethnomedicine
consider the mind and body as the same.
• It uses interdisciplinary science that incorporates an understanding of the
human body, cultural anthropology, natural components, herbs, and
psychological aspects of well-being.
Since the origin of humans on Earth, humans have tried to survive the harsh
environment, diseases, and illness by practicing healing processes that
involved the use of herbs. Indigenous people identified various plants with
medicinal properties and used them for curing multiple illnesses. Forests have
been the primary source for collecting materials for the practice of
Fig- Collecting plant sample

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ethnomedicine. The evidence of the use of plants for medicine is seen in the
fossil record of the Middle Paleolithic period around 60,000 years ago. Tribes
in China, India, Romania, and Africa have practiced ethnomedicine for ages.
According to a report from the World Health Organisation, around 88 percent
of people still rely on traditional medicines and herbs for their primary health
care requirements (Study.com) .
In general, the forests of Giridih district consists of Sal forest in south east in
Pirtnar and Gande, Central Giridih, northern part in Tisri, Deori and extreme
northern Gawan blocks; mixed jungles in Bagodar, Dhaguli and western parts in
Gawan blocks and scrub forest in southern part around Jamni-Sathebad and so
on. They are spread over the hilly, undulating to rolling landscapes with very
shallow-to-shallow soils with exposed rock outcrops and stonyness. During the
month of May, a large part of the area looks leafless with exposed rocks on the
satellite imagery, however during the same period certain areas do show a
moderately dense forest cover. Assuming that this has certain favourable edaphic
conditions, such information is brought out during soil mapping of the area.
Besides above, decreasing rainfall, high drainage results in heavy runoff losses
resulting into poor conditions of the growing stock. This has been further
accelerated by anthropogenic interferences by way of heavy falling, lopping, site
characters, overgrazing and fires. All together conducive for severe erosion and
loss of forest productivity.
Withdrawal of monsoon sets in dry period progressively resulting into
shedding of leaves and providing a carpet of forest liter. A both natural
and artificial fire in the forest converts this organic base into ashes, which
are washed out during the monsoon period.
The village Parasnath Hill is located in Pirtanr C.D.Block of Giridih District
in the State of Jharkhand in India. It is governed by Madhuban Gram
Panchayat. It comes under Pirtanr Community Development Block. The
nearest town is Giridih, which is about 25 kilometers away from Parasnath
Hill.(Geolysis Local)

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Objective of Ethnomedicine
➢ The objective of ethnomedicine is to study and understood traditional
medicinal system and practices that have been develop and used by
different cultures and indigenous communities around the world.
Ethnomedicine focuses on the relationship between culture, society and
health, examining how various cultural groups perceive, prevent, diagnose
and treat illnesses.
The main Objectives of ethnomedicine can be summarized as follows:-
1) Ethnomedicine and preservation ethnomedicine aims to document
and preserve traditional knowledge, practices and remedies used by
different cultural groups. This involve studying medicinal plants,
healing rituals, diagonistic techniques, and other aspect of traditional
medicine.
2) Cultural Understanding ethnomedicine seek to promote cultural
understanding by exploring the cultural and social context of health
beliefs and practices are deeply rooted in cultural traditions and world
views, and aims to bridge the gap between traditional and modern
medicinal systems.
3) Holistic approach: ethnomedicine emphasizes a holistic approach to
health and well-being. It recognizes the interconnectedness of the
physical, mental, spiritual and social aspects of health and often
incorporates rituals, ceremonies, and community involvement in
healing practices.
4) Validation and Integration: ethnomedicinal aims to validate the
efficacy and safety of traditional healing practices through scientific
research and validation. It seek to integrate effective traditional
remedies and practices into modern healthcare systems, were
appropriate to enhance healthcare options for communities.
5) Sustainability and Ethical Considerations: Ethnomedicine address
issues of sustainability and ethical concerns related to traditional
medicine. It explores the impact of cultural and environmental changes
on traditional healing practices and promotes the sustainable uses of
medicinal plant and resources.
• By studying and understanding ethnomedicine, researchers,
healthcare professionals and policymakers can gain insight
into diverse cultural perspective in health and healing and
support well-being of different communities.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Parasnath hill in Giridih(Madhuban) district, located 150.7 km from capital
Ranchi towards the eastern end of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is known for its
lush green cover, include rare medicinal tree and herbal plants.
As per the available data there are almost 67 species of trees, herbs 29, climbers
including parasites and semi parasites are 14, and grasses, including bamboos, 11
apart from few other species of trees or plants in and around the Parasnath hills
and suburban areas. Teliyakand and Soudhani the two important herbs usually
termed as life saving drugs, which were adequately found on the Parasnath hills
till recently, have now become a reverie for us”, a trader said. The green covers
of Parashnath valley, including the small hills & hillocks, were significantly
known as the hub of ‘herbs and herbals’ in the country. (1)
However, valuable species of such trees and plants are gradually disappearing
over the past few decades. Besides, varieties of herbs are now at the verge of
extinction. Gratuitous interference by the citizens and other human made trouble
are considered as the main reason behind it. According to the wildlife officials as
well as the local organizations and herbal traders, uncontrolled fire, ignited by the
Mahua pickers, grazing of rare grasses by cattle, felling of valuable trees are
among other activities that have been affecting these natural bounties and heritage
of the Parasnath hills.“Definitely fire and uprooting of plants and trees are
affecting the regeneration of these species. It is very difficult to speak about
particular species, unless we conduct specific survey in this regard, but possible
extinction of various such trees or plants cannot be ruled out”, said a forest officer
said. (2)
Parasnath is rich in biodiversity and was declared as a wildlife sanctuary in the
year 1981(3).
Following medicinal plant were identified by Rajesh Ravidas and PK Mishra
(2018) Department of Botany, Vinoba Bhave University Hazaribag. Whole study
area was divided into sectors and field visit was done in different seasons. Plants
were collected, herbaria were prepared and their identification were as certain
with the help of Heins Flora. Local medicine men and elderly people were
interviewed for medicinal properties of those plants. Standard texts were
consulted for verification of their medicinal uses.
They identify total 33 medicinal plant in which 5 belong to Poaceae family, 5
Leguminaceae followed by 2 Euphorbaceae, 2 Labiateae, 2 Menisepermaceae,
2 Compositae & rest of the other belong to different family.

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1) Andrographis naniculata Nees (Acanthaceae).
2) Asparagus racemosus willd (Liliaceae).
3) Anisochilus carnosus wall (Labiatae).
4) Acalypha indica Linn (Euphorbiaceae).
5) Ageratum conyzoides Linn (Compositae).
6) Aerua lanata juss. (Amarantaceae).
7) Loc. name ‘Gorkhabundi.’
8) Berberis asiatica Roxb (Berberidaceae).
9) Bambusa arundinaceae willd. (Poaceae).
10) Boerhaavia diffusa L.Syn.B.rapens, L. (Nyctaginaceae).
11) Cassia tora L.(Leguninanae).
12) Cassia occidentalia, L. (Leguninosae).
13) Clitoria ternatea Linn (Leguminosae).
14) Cocculus hirsutus Diels (Menispermaceae).
15) Cissampelos pareira Linn (Menispermaceae).
16) Celastrous paniculata willd (Celastraceae).
17) Cordia mixa L. (Boraginaceae).
18) Cuscuta reflexa Roxb (Convolvulaceae).
19) Cardia spermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae).
20) Curcuma aromatic salisb (Zingiberaceae)
21) Cynodon dactylon Pers (Poaceae).
22) Capparia horrid L.P.Syn C. Zeylanica L. (Capparidaceae).
23) Dalichas biflorus L. (Legimunosae).
24) Eclipta alba Hassk (Compositae).
25) Hyptis suaveolens Poit (Labiatae).
26) Hemidesmus indicus, Br. (Asclepiadaceae).
27) Lippia nudiflora Mich (Verbenaceae).
28) Mucuna prurita Hook (Leguminosae).

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29) Oroxylum indicum Vent (Bignoniaceae).
30) Phyllanthus miruri L. (Euphorbiaceae).
31) Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae).
32) Saccharum munja Roxb. (Poaceae).
33) Saccharum spontaneum L. (Poaceae).
Some earlier workers have also attempted study on the ethno medicine of
Jharkhand. Kumar and Singh (1991) have studied medicinal plants of Hazaribag.
Mahato and Mahto (1996) have provided a detail report regarding medicinal
plants of Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand. Verma(1996) have presented a detail
account of ethomedicine of Santhal Pargana. The information presented in this
paper is regarding medicinal plants of Parasnath.
Dr. Vinay Ranjan is working as Scientist in Botanical Survey of India, Howarah.
He did his D.Phill. on the Flora of Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh from University
of Allahabad. He has published more than 35 research papers in reputed national
and International journals.
The book on Flora of the Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary Jharkhand provides
exhaustive information on plant wealth of the interesting topography and
geographical position of the Parasnath hills. The book deals with taxonomic
account of 586 taxa belonging to 367 genera under 102 families of angiosperms
based on authors own collection available plant materials in herbaria CAL and
LWG and literature. Keys to various taxa families genera and species have been
provided for identification. Recent binomials with basionym if any and synonym
are cited for each taxa followed by taxonomic description, phenology and
collection number. Coloured photographs and line-drawings for some plants are
provided. The present study has resulted in the discovery of one new
species and 138 taxa as new to the Parasanath hills. (4)

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Geographical Area (Area Surveyed)
• At 1365 m Parasnath Hill is the highest mountain peak in the state of
Jharkhand.
• Location- Pirtand CD Block, Gridih, Jharkhand, India.
• Parent range- Parasnath Range.
• Easiest route- Pilgrimage Trekking.
• The mountain peak known as "Svarna Bhadra koot .
• Latitude- 23.996436°
• Longitude- 86.146348°
• Cities, towns and locations in the Giridih district in North Chotanagpur
Division.
Jharkhand

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The Geological formations of the Giridih district comprises mainly of Archaean
and Gondwana ages, of which, former have been last out by dykes of Deccan trap
age. The Archaean super group of lower to upper proterozic period mainly
belonged to Chottanagpur. Granite gneiss complex in which structural,
denudational, residual hills and linear ridges, pediment inselbergs complex and
plateaus dissected with valleys have been met with.
Basic rocks intrusions in granite gneiss country particularly in 72H/15 SOI
toposheets in the form of Dolerite.
Among Gondwana Supper Group, Barakar formation is met with in pockets of
SOI toposheets nos. 72L/2, 8,12,13. It consists of sandstone, shale and coal in
layers. Major seams are: Karabari lower seam, Karabari upper seams and
Bhadolah seam; whereas the remaining seams have coals of inferior quality,
dislocated by faults and traversed by numerous dykes of basalt and mica
periodite.
The unclassified meta sedimentaries belonging to Archaean super group of lower
to upper proterozoic period is met with in the from phyllite and schist 72 L/2, 4,8,
72H/12,14 and 15 and 72I/1 and quartzite in 72L/1,2,3, 7H/13,14,15.
The alluvium of quarternary with alternating sediments of sand, silt and clays
are met with 72H/l2 and 72 H/14; whereas, the recent Sakri formation is met
with in Baragunda.
Climate
The climate of the district is north tropical sub-humid and is characterized
by hot and dry summer. The annual rainfall is 1191.9 mm and is erratic
due to cyclic low rainfall of 778 mm. For soil classification, the temperature
regime is Hyperthermic and moisture regime is Ustic.
Geologically, major part of this district belong to Chhotanagpur granite gneiss
complex in which structural denudation, residual hills, inselbergs complex and
plateaus dissected with valleys are met with some dolerite inclusions. Among
Gondwana Super Group, Barakar formation is met with on 72L/2, 8, 12 and 13
includes coal. The unclassified meta sediments of lower to upper proterozoic
period are met with on 72L/2, 4, 8; 72H/12, 14, 15 and 72I/1 and quartzite. The
alluvium of quaternary period is met with on 72H/12, 14 and Sakri formation in
Baragunda areas.
Natural vegetation is spread over about 32.14% of the district area.
Highest forest coverage is in Gawan anchal whereas lowest 15% is found in
Jamuwa anchal. The Dry penninsular Sal, northern dry mixed deciduous forest

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dry deciduous scrub, Boswellia Harwickia, Butea, Bamboo forest are seen
scattered with pure formation at places.
The climate of this district is northern subhumid tropical. It is characterized by
hot and dry summer from March to May, rainy season from June to October
and winter from November to south. Thus, the year is divided into 3 district
seasons.
Functions the annual rainfall record from 2001-2005, which varies from 1099.9
in the year 2002 to a minimum of 777.6 mm in the year 2004. The average annual
rainfall for this district is 1091.9 mm which means that out of 5 years one year
(2002) in above normal while 4 years below normal of which 2 years received
about 229 to 314 mm less than the mean annual rainfall. About 89.3% to 99.3%
rainfall is received during June to October i.e. during the south east monsoon
period. Heavy rain was witnessed from July 4
th
week to October 2
nd
week of 1987
when standing crops and sowing were badly affected.
The cold season starts from November and continues till middle to end of
February in which December and January are the coolest months in
association with cold waves which occasionally pass through the area in the wave
of western disturbances, the minimum temperature may go down to the freezing
point of water on individual days in January and December. The maximum and
minimum temperature may go down to the freezing point of water on individual
days in January and December. The maximum and minimum temperature for this
district are 43.40°C and 6.20°C, respectively.
Moderate to severe cold waves had been reported in December and January and
in some years even in November.
By March temperatures begins to rise and moderate to severe heat waves have
been reported during May and June and in some years even in July 1
st
week or so.
Relative humidity is generally lower in afternoons than in the morning except in
monsoon months when there is little difference. Summer months are driest
recording 20 to 25% in the afternoons. Cloudiness during winter and summer
month varies from clear to lightly clouded; whereas, April and May experiences
cloudiness in the afternoon. During monsoon months sky is heavily clouded or
overcast.
Winds are light to moderate during winter and summer months, the speed being
higher in the afternoons. The thunder storm or gusty winds occurs during March
and May and monsoon season when depressions pass west wards across the
central part of the country.
(REPORT ON SOIL RESOURCES OF GIRIDIH DISTRICT,
NORTH CHHOTA NAGPUR COMMISSIONAIRE, JHARKHAND STATE )

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Soil
According to Soil Resources
and Agro-Climatic zones of
Jharkhand, the Giridih district
of Jharkhand falls under J3 C3
Agro Ecological Region.
Briefly, the soil map of
Jharkhand shows
preponderance of red and
yellow soils in Giridih district
developed in situ on gentle to
undulating plain intercepted
by some hilly ranges from
granite, gneisses and schists
sandstone dolerite and
alluvium under a subtropical
climate. Earlier, these soils
have been described as red
loamy, red sandy and red and yellow soils. Argillic horizon is met with in most
matured soils and are placed in Alfisols. These soils have been formed on
variety of rocks. Micaceous quartzite schists, phyllites, hornblende, schist and
gneisses are some of the rocks giving rise to yellow soils. Locally, five classes
are recognized, namely:
a. Red and yellow soils
b. Red domat soils
c. Red gravelly soils
d. Light black soils and
e. Lateritic soils
Fig- Sample of Soil Collected form Parasnath

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Area of Survey
Date of Survey- 6 June 2023 and 12 June 2023
Area of survey started from the starting point of the hill known as Khetrapal Baba,
To Kalikund Dhaam. Distance is 2 km in length we conduct the survey on both
side of the main track path up to range of 1 km. We select this range because in
this range consist some flat area which is suitable for walk otherwise up to this
range steep slops are there which is not suitable for trekking & conducting the
survey. We have taken the safety measures & equipment like gloves our lab coat,
polythene bags, first aid box, small knife etc.
Sampling/Collection of Plant Specimen Found:-
1) Random plant was selected.
2) About 7cm of plant was cut with the help of clipper.
3) The cut part was collected in polybags and mouth of poly bags was open for
constant air flow.
4) After collecting some plant specimen they were protected by using
newspapers as follows:-
a) Clipping of a plant sample(twig) from main plant.

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b) Placed on newspaper sheet.
c) Attachment of tag( name or a number)
d) Arrengement of leaves properly on the
newspaper

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e) Pressing
Total area of Parasnath Hill is 6489 Hectares as per the data available for the year
2009.
Total sown/agricultural area is 36.39 ha. About 37.82 ha is un-irrigated area.
About 1.62 ha is irrigated area. About 1.3 ha is irrigated by wells/tube wells.
About 0.32 ha is irrigated by tanks/lakes. About 19.63 ha is in non-agricultural
use. About 24.13 ha is used permanent pastures and grazing lands. About 103.34
ha is under miscellaneous tree crops. About 60.77 ha is lying as current fallow
area. About 58.51 ha is culturable waste land. About 74.85 ha is lying as fallow
land other than current fallows. About 61 ha is covered by barren and un-
cultivable land (Geolysis Local).(5)

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Photos of plant sample found are: -

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Identification of Medicinal Plants
The main feature of identification is its leaf shape, color & texture. Color and
texture from both leaf contain deterministic parameters to identify the
species. Colour and texture from both sides of the leaf contain deterministic
parameters to identify the species. This paper explores feature vectors from both the
front and back side of a green leaf along with morphological features to arrive at a
unique optimum combination of features that maximizes the identification rate. A
database of medicinal plant leaves is created from scanned images of front and back
side of leaves of commonly used ayurvedic medicinal plants. The leaves are
classified based on the unique feature combination. Identification rates up to 99%
have been obtained when tested over a wide spectrum of classifiers. The above work
has been extended to include identification by dry leaves and a combination of
feature vectors is obtained, using which, identification rates exceeding 94% have
been achieved. (IEE xplore)
A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains
substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for
the synthesis of useful drugs. This description makes it possible to distinguish
between medicinal plants whose therapeutic properties and constituents have
been established scientifically, and plants that are regarded as medicinal but
which have not yet been subjected to a thorough scientific study.(National
Library Of Medicine)
Now a days for quick identification of plants students use google lens to identify
common, local plants in any particular area.

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Preparation of herbarium
Herbarium, collection of dried plant specimens mounted on sheets of
paper. The plants are usually collected in situ (e.g., where they were
growing in nature), identified by experts, pressed, and then carefully
mounted to archival paper in such a way that all major morphological
characteristics are visible (i.e., both sides of the leaves and the floral
structures). The mounted plants are labeled with their proper scientific
names, the name of the collector, and, usually, information about where
they were collected and how they grew and general observations. The
specimens are commonly filed in cases according to families and
genera and are available for ready reference.
Steps for preparation of herbarium are:-
Step 1 The dried plant specimen was taken on an old newspaper

Page | 19
Step 2 glue was applied gently on the entire surface of the specimen with the
help of a cotton ball .
Step3: specimen was placed properly on the herbarium sheet.

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Step 4 the scissor is used to press the glued twig on the paper.
Step 5 using a needle and thread the twig is stitched to the sheet to further
secure the specimen.

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Step 6 thread must be pulled tight.
Step 7 the knot on the back of the sheet is secured.

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Step 8 thread is cut with the help of a scissor.
Step 9 the stictched knot is covered with a tape
Step 10 Add labels, name & other details

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Step 11 Lastely wrap with cellophane paper & Put in Clip file.

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Interview as an Integral Part of Ethnomedicinal
Survey
A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions for the
purpose of gathering information from respondents through survey or statistical
study. A research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended questions and
open-ended questions (WIKIPEDIA).
A questionnaire is a very convenient way of collecting information from a large
number of people within a period of time. Hence, the design of the questionnaire
is of at most importance to ensure accurate data is collected so that the results are
interpretable and generalizable (Google).
Total 7 Questionnaire were taken form 7 different occupation people form local
& people have traditional medicinal plant knowledge.
1) Keshav Kumar Tiwari.
• Occupation- Local Vaidya.
• Age - 55
• Studied- Ayurveda Ratna.
• Statement recorded- he told about many plant which are present on
parasnath hill. We note 16 medicinal plant which remember vaidya & he
told some places where they can found.
• Plants suggested by Vaidya are:-
a) Arjuna- use for good for heart & helps in thinning of blood.
b) Gathiabaad- use it is a supporting medicine.
c) Bidari Karna- use increase strength.
d) Rakatrchan- use in all pain.
e) Prasarni- use in pain & gathiya disease.
f) Lodh- use in menstruation.
g) Anantmool- use in fever, pain, stomachache.
h) Harre- use in constipation.
i) Amla- use in conditions like irritable bowel syndrome.
j) Kanchrnar- use in thyroid, throat related issues.

Page | 25
k) Kalmegh- use in diabetes.
l) Shatanarri- use helps in increase strength.
m) Safed musli- use also help in increase strength.
n) Bijaysaar- use in diabetes & water stored in jug made of bijaysaar wood
good for drink.
o) Nirgundi- use its leaves boiled in water and use in external swellen body
parts.
2) Ashok Kumar
• Age- 40 years.
• Occupation- Rides visitors to the temple.
• Statement recorded- from sakuta tree which also
called sarai in khortha oil from tree use in making
soaps.
3) Neeta Devi
• Age- 43 years.
• Occupation-owner of Saadhu Hotel.
• Satement Recorded- say that many medicinal
plants we can find in kullibagan on parasnath
hills.

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4) Sonari Devi
• Age-57 years.
• Occupation- Beggar.
• Statement Recorded- she collect sargi tree fruits
which later use for making oil, soaps etc
5) Choraman Mahato
• Age- 60 years.
• Occupation- Provide drinking water to the
visitors.
• Statement Recorded- he only know about
Nerium have medicinal properties.
6) Mr.Bhaskar Jyoti Sarkar
• Age- 56 years.
• Occupation- Horticulture.
• Statement Recorded- help us in identification
of many plant sample species which we are
found. Some of them are:-
• Jamun- Diabetes, blood purification, kidney etc.
• Palash- Toothache with the help of twig.
• Kutaja- urine problems, male related issues.
• Shorea Rubusta- seed oil used for medicated
soap.
• Lantana Camera- use in oral health teeth gum
problem, bad breathe & ring worm

Page | 27
• Bel- stomach related issues.
• Hemidesmus indicus- plant with long roots, Root is used in skin disease
and Bronchitis.
• Custard Apple- heart fruit, leaf use in diabetes, lice removal & loose
motion.
• Anantmool- use in fever, pain, stomachache
• Nerium- help in skin disease & wound healing property.
7) Dinesh Kumar
• Age- 48 years.
• Occupation- Shopkeeper.
• Statement Recorded- he told about Anil Jheel
were we can find many more medicinal plants.
8) Satish Kumar Mahto
• Age-35 years.
• Occupation- Ride visitors to the temple.
• Statement Recorded- he tell us about Sal
plant(Shorea Robusta) it is use in religious
practices.

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Enumeration of Plants
Identification and enumeration of plant and animal species of an ecosystem gives
its species composition. Vertical distribution of different species occupying
different levels is called stratification.
Sl.No Scientific Name Vernacular Name Family
1 Aegle marmelos(L.) Correa
Bili, Bhel, Bengal
Quince, golden apple
Rutaceae
2 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth
siris, Indian siris, East
Indian walnut, Broome
raintree
Fabaceae
3 Annona squamosa (Linn.)
Sugar Apple, Custard
Apple, Seri kaya
Annonaceae
4 Azadirachta indica A. Juss
Margosa Neem, Indian
Lilac, Neem tree
Meliaceae
5 Bauhinia varieata (Linn).
Bauhinia, Butterfly,
Camels Foot
Fabaceae
6 Butea monosperma (Linn.)
Flame of the Forest,
Dhak, Palash
Fabaceae
7 Cestrum diurnum (Linn). Blooming Jasmine, Solanaceae
8 Cissampelos pareira (L.)
Velvet Leaf, Ice Vine,
Patha Abuta
Menispermaceae
9 Gardenia latifolia(Aition) golden gardenia Rubiaceae
10
Hemidesmus indicus(Linn.)
R.Br
Naruneendi or Nannari Apocynaceae
11
Holarrhena
antidysenterica(syn
H.Pubescens)
(L.) Wall.ex A.DC.
Kutaja, Kutaj Apocynaceae
12
Smilax ovalifolia (Roxb.ex
D.Don)
kumarika, jangli ausbah
bhitura,vanamadhusnahi.
Apocynaceae
13 Lantana camara (L.) Red Sage, Yellow Sage, Verbenaceae

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14
Madhuca longifolia (L.)
J.F. Macbr
Butter Tree, Mahuwa, Sapotaceae
15 Milettia pinnata (L.) pierre Karanja, Indian Beech,
Pongamia
Fabaceae
16
Murraya koenigii (L.)
spreng
Curry Leaf, karapincha,
Karwa
Rutaceae
17
Cascabela thevetia
(thevetia (L.) H. Lippold)
Yellow Oleander Apocynaceae
18
Pterocarpus marsupium
(Roxb)
Indian kino tree or
vijaysar
Fabaceae
19
Semecarpus anacardium
(Linn.)
Marany Nut, Malacca
bean Tree
Anacardiaceae
20 Shorea robusta (Gartn.)
Blooming Jessamine,
Din ka raja
Dipterocarpaceae
21
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.)
oken
kusum tree, Ceylon oak,
lac tree, gum lac tree
Sapindaceae
22
Syzygium cumini (L.)
Skeels.
Mlalbar Plum, Java
Plum, Jamun
Myrtaceae
23
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.)
Wight & Arn.
Arjuna or arjun tree Combretaceae
24
Terminalia bellirica
(Gaertn.) Roxb
Baheda, Bastard
Myrobala
Combretaceae
25 Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam.) Red date, Chinese Jujube Rhamnaceae

Page | 30
Ethnomedicinal Use OF Plants
1) Holarrhena pubescens (L.) Wall.ex A.DC.
(Synonyms H.antidysenterica) Uses
• H,Pubescens is widely used in
Ayurveda & it is a traditional
Chinese medicine.
• In Ayurvedic medicine it is used
for treating anemia, kaundic,
dysentery, stomach pains &
cholera.
• It is widely used in Indian
medicine for treating diseases viz.
diarrhea, amoebic dysentery, liver
disorder, irritable bowel
syndrome & bleeding piles.
• The plant is astringent and bitter in taste.
2) Smilax ovalifolia (Roxb.ex D.Don)
Medicinal Uses
• Antioxidantactivity:
Antioxidants help protect the body
against oxidative stress, which is
associated with various health
conditions and aging processes.
By neutralizing free radicals,
antioxidants can potentially
support overall health and
wellbeing.
• Detoxification and blood
purification: They are believed to
cleanse the blood and remove
toxins from the body. This
Fig- Hallarhena pubescens
Fig- Smilax ovalifolia

Page | 31
traditional use has been attributed to various species within the smilax
genus, including smilax ornate.
• Anti-inflammatory properties- They are believe d to help reduce
inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with conditions such as
arthritis,gout, and skin disorders.
3) Bauhinia vahlii (Linn).
Medicinal Uses
• Antioxidant
properties:
Antioxidants helps
protect the body against
oxidative stress, which
is linked to various
chronic diseases.
• Anti-Diabetic
potential: these plants
contain compounds that
may help regulate blood
sugar levels and improve
insulin sensitivity.
• Anti-Cancer Activity:
They may exhibit
cutotoxic effects on
certain cancer cells or
inhibit the growth and
spread of tumors.
However further
research is needed to explore their
potential applications in cancer treatment.
• Anti-inflammatory effects: certain compounds found in Bauhinia species
have shown anti-flammatory properties in studies. These effects may be
beneficial for conditions involving inflammation, such as arthritis or
inflammatory bowl disease.
Fig- Bauhinia vohlii

Page | 32
4) Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken
Medicinal Uses
• Powdered seeds are
applied to wounds
and ulcers of cattle to
remove maggots.
The bark is astringent
and is used against
leprotic ruptures,
skin inflammations
and ulcers, while an
infusion is taken
against malaria.The
bark contains about
10% tannin and the
analgesic compound
lupeol.The antitumor
agents betulin and
betulic acid have also
been isolated from it.
• In traditional
medicine, the oil
obtained from the
seed is applied externally to cure itching, acne and other skin afflictions. *
Massaging the oil into the scalp is said to promote the growth of hair lost
through baldness.
• Skin Conditions: In traditional medicine, the oil obtained from the seed is
applied externally to cure itching, acne and other skin afflictions.
• The pulp of the fruit is astringent and appetite inducing.
Fig- Schleichera oleosa

Page | 33
5) Albizia Lebbeck (L.) Benth
Medicinal Uses
• The leaves and seeds
are used in the
treatment of eye
problems such as
ophthalmia.
• The bark is
astringent, It is taken
internally to treat
diarrhoea, dysentery
and piles. The bark is
used externally to
treat boils.
• The flowers are
applied locally to
maturate boils and
alleviate skin
eruptions. *The
powdered seeds are
used to treat scrofula.
• Saponin from the
pods and roots has
spermicidal activity.
Studies have shown that a
methanol extraction of the plant is a very effective treatment for diabetes.
Fig- 1Albizia Lebbeck

Page | 34
6) Semecarpus anacardium ( Linn. )
Medicinal Uses
• Anti-inflammatoey
properties: The oil
extracted form he seeds
of semecarpus
anacardium has been
traditionally used
topically to alleviate
pain and swelling
associated with
conditions like arthritis,
rheumatism and gout.
• Skin Disorders: It is
believed to have
antimicrobial and anti-
inflammatory effects
that may help in the
management of
conditions like eczema,
dermatitis and psoriasis.
• Antimicrobial
Activity: Several compounds found in semecarpus anacardium, including
anacardic acids, cardols ans cardanols , exhibit antimicrobial properties.
These compounds may help fight certain bacteria, fungi and viruses.
• Digestive Disorder: The fruit of semecarpus anacardium has been used in
traditional medicine to aid digestion and treat gastrointestinal disorders. It
as been employed to alleviate symptoms like indigestion, constipation and
diarrhea.
• Antioxidant Activity: Antioxidants help in protect the body against
oxidative stress and may have potential health benefits.
Fig- Semecarpus anacardium

Page | 35
7) Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.Br
Medicinal Uses
• Blood Purifier:
Hemidesmus indicus
is often used as a
blood purifier to
cleanse the blood and
remove toxins form
the body. It is belived
to help in treating skin
disorder, such as acne,
sczema and psoriasis,
which are often
associated with
impurities in the
blood.
• Anti-inflammatory
properties: The plant
contains compunds
with anti-inflammatory
properties which may
help in the treatment of
conditions llike
arthritis, rheumatism and
joint pain.
• Digestive Disorders: It is used to improve digestion and relieve symptoms
of indigestion, bloating slayulence. It is used in treatment of gastric ulcers
and hyperacidity.
• Respiratory Conditions: The plant is used in traditionalmedicine for
respiratory conditions sich as bronchitis, asthama and cough.
Fig- Hemidesmus indicus

Page | 36
8) Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Medicinal Uses.
• Respiratory Health:
Teuminalia belliricais
known for its
expectoront properties
which help in relieving
cough and congestion.
It is used in Ayurvedic
formulations to treat
respiratory conditions
like asthma, bronchitis
and common cold.
• Digestive Disorders: It
is known to improve
digestion a;eviate
constipation, and
provide relif form
gastrotestinal issues
such as indigestion,
matulence and
diarehea.
• Anti-inflammatory properties: It is used in traditional medicine to
manage inflammatory conditions like arthritis, gout and rheumatism.
• Eye Health: It is believed to strenghthen the eyes improve vision and
reduce the risk of various eye disorders like catarads and glaucoma. It is
oftenused in Ayurvedic eye drops to sooth eye irritation and heat
conjunctivitis.
Fig- Teuminalia bellirica

Page | 37
9) Pterocarpus marsupium (Roxb.)
Medicinal Uses
Diabetes management:
The plant contains several
bio-active compounds,
including pterostilbene and
epicatechin, which have
been found to
hypoglycemic effects.
These compounds help
regulate blood sugar level
and improve insulin
sensitivity, making
pterocarpus marsupium
beneficial for managing
diabetes.
effects: The bark of
pterocarpus marsupium
possesses potent Anti-
inflammatory properties.
It contains flavonoids and other bio active compounds that can help reduce
inflammation in the body. This make it useful for managing various
inflammatory conditions like arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
• Antioxidant activity: pterocarpus marsupium is reached in antioxidants,
such as pterostilbene, which help neutralize harmful free radicals in the
body. Antioxidant protect cells from oxidative stress, potentially reducing
the risk of chronic diseases and supporting overall health.
• Liver protection: pterocarpus marsupium has hepatoprotective properties,
which means it can help protect the liver from damage caused by toxins or
diseases. It aids in detoxification and supports liver function
Fig- Pterocarpus marsupium

Page | 38
10) Cissampelos pareira (L.)
Medicinal Uses
Properties: It is
believe to help in
reduce inflammation in
the body and may be
useful in conditions
such as arthritis and
other inflammatory
disorders.
• Analgesic (pain-
relieving) effects: It
has been used to
alleviate pain and
discomfort associated
with various
conditions, including
headaches, joint pain
and menstrual cramps.
• Anti-Ulcer Activity:
c.pareira may have
protective effects against
ulcer. It is belived to help reduce the information of ulcer in the
gastrointestinal tract.
• Antidiarrheal effects: The plant has been traditionally used to treat
diarrhea. It is believed to posses antidiarrheal properties which may help
reduce the frequency and severity of loose stools.
• Antimicronial Activity: C.pareira has antimicrobial properties in some
studies. It has shown potential against certain bactera, fungi and viruses.
Fig- Cissampelos pareira

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11) Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn
Medicinal Uses
• Cardiovascular
health: It is often used
in Ayurveda to support
heart health and
manage cardiovascular
conditions. The bark of
the Arjuna tree
contains bioactive
compounds like
flavonoids, tannins and
triterpenoids which
help strengthen the
heart muscle’s,
improve cardio
function and promote
healthy blood
circulation.
• Hypertension
management: The
bark extract believed
to have
antihypertensive effects by dilationg blood vessels, reducing peripheral
resistance and regulating blood pressure levels.
• Cholesterol Control: the bark extract posses lipid lowering properties,
reducing total cholesterol, LOL and triglyceride levels while increasing
HOL(good cholesterol) levels.
Fig- Terminalia arjuna

Page | 40
12) Ziziphus Mauritiana (Lam. )
Medicinal Uses
Digestive Health: Jujube fruits
and seeds have been used for
their digestive properties. They
are believed to aid digestion,
relieve stomach discomfort and
alleviate symptoms of
gastrointestinal disorders such
as indigestion, bloating and
diarrhea.
• Sleep Aid: jujube has a
long history of use as a
natural sleep aid. It os
often consumed as a tea or
extract to promote
relaxation and improve
sleep quality. Jujube
contains compounds that
may have sedative
effects, making it useful for managing insomnia and sleep disorders.
• Liver Health: traditional medicine jujube has been used to support liver
detoxification. It is believed to help protect the liver against damage and
improve its function.
13) Murraya koenigii (L. ) Spreng
Medicinal Uses
• The green leaves of M. koenigii are used in treating piles, inflammation,
itching, fresh cuts, dysentery, bruises, and edema.
• They are stimulating and used for common body aches. The bark is helpful
in treating snakebites.
• Curry leaves contain carbazole alkaloids that help control diarrhea.
Fig- Ziziphus Mauritiana

Page | 41
• Curry leaf tea is especially
beneficial for pregnant women to
help with their morning sickness.
• Curry leaves are antibacterial.
They are effective in preventing
bacterial infections by E.coli
and Staphylococcus.
14) Madhuca longifolia ((L.) J.F. Macbr )
Medicinal Uses
• It is used as Anti diabetic,
antiulcer, hepato protective, anti-
pyretic, anti-fertility, analgesic,
anti-oxidant, swelling,
inflammation, piles, emetic,
dermatological, laxative, tonic,
anti-burn, anti-earth worm, wound
healing headache and many more
problems.
• The oil for skin is a great skincare
product, as it provides glowing
skin.This oil for hair is good for
hair. Growth too.
• Leprosy is often treated using a
medicinal extract made from the
tree's bark.
Fig- Murraya koenigii
Fig- Madhuca longifolia

Page | 42
• Mahua seeds are a rich source of healthy fats which increases the economic
benefits of seeds.
• Nasal administration of the fresh juice of the flowers of Mahua is done in
diseases of vitiated pitta dosha like headache, burning sensation
of the eyes etc.
15) Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.)
Medicinal Uses
• Neem tree are useful,
and many of its
medicinal and cosmetic
uses are based on its
antibacterial and
antifungal properties.
• Neem is commonly
used in shampoos for
treating dandruff and in
soaps or creams for
skin conditions.
• Neem leaves have long
been used as a
traditional treatment
for diabetes, and there
is some clinical
evidence suggesting
that it may help control
blood sugar levels.
• It also used in
agriculture as pesticides
and fertilizer to increase crop production.
• Traditionally different parts of the plant are used by populations from many
countries for the treatment of several diseases such as leprosy, epistaxis,
eye problem, elimination of intestinal worms, anorexia, skin ulcers,
biliousness, and Skin diseases.
Fig- Azadirachta indica

Page | 43
16) Shorea robusta (Gartn.)
Medicinal Uses
• The sal tree's
antioxidant properties
help enhance the
immune system,
combat germs and
protect the body from
numerous illnesses. It
also exhibits powerful
antibacterial
properties.
• Sal may relieve pain
due to its
antinociceptive
(effective in reducing
pain) and anti-
inflammatory
properties.
• Sal tree contains a
bioactive chemical
that can be beneficial
in cleaning wounds. The
antibacterial quality of Shorea Robusta also helps in inhibiting the growth
of germs and preventing the spread of infection.
• The presence of flavonoids and fibre in the plant actually has anti-obesity
effects. It keeps the stomach full and reduces chances of overeating.
• It is used with honey or sugar in treatment of dysentery and bleeding piles.
Fig- Shorea robusta

Page | 44
17) Cestrum diurnum (Linn.)
Medicinal Uses
• In traditional
medicine, Cestrum
diurnum is used to
treat a variety of
ailments, including
fever, headaches, and
digestive problems.
• Leaves of Cestrum
diurnum are reported
as a sources of vitamin
D3.
• Aerial parts are also
reported to have
cytotoxic and
thrombolytic
activities.
• It is interesting to note
that in recent times
Ayurvedic
practitioners have started
to show interest to employ the leaves of this plant in the treatment of
different skin ailments, of which it is found to be effective in the treatment
of Psoriasis on external application.
• The leaves and flowers are also used to make teas and tinctures that can be
taken internally or applied topically.
Fig- Cestrum diurnum

Page | 45
18) Millettia pinnata (L.) Correa
Medicinal Uses
• Millettia pinnata has the
power to heal and cure
diseases. It has been
used in ancient
Ayurveda to make the
cure for a variety of
illnesses.
• It has antibacterial and
anti-inflammation
properties that can help
deal with sudden
illnesses like coughs
and colds, and bacterial
infections.
• Karanja or Millettia
pinnata has laxative
properties that can help
clear the stomach.
• Karanja oil is highly
useful for curing skin
infections and problems like boils and acne. It can help patients deal with
eczema and reduce itching.
• Millettia pinnata can aid in improving appetite. It is used in ayurvedic
medicines to balance the insufficient secretion of gastric juice. Since
Karanja improves digestion, it also helps increase appetite. This function
of the plant makes it great for people who are malnourished.
Fig- Millettia pinnata

Page | 46
19) Annona squamosa (L. )
Medicinal Uses
• Custard apple helps
manage constipation as it
promotes bowel
movements due to its
laxative property whereas
the bark of this fruit's tree
helps manage diarrhea.
• An oil distilled from the
leaves is applied to the
head for treating
sleeplessness.
• Annona squamosa is a
lowland tropical shrub
that possesses a high
pharmaceutical potential
for treating cardiac
ailments, thyroid-related
disorders, diabetes, and
cancer.
• Custard apple leaves also
helps manage high blood pressure due to the presence of potassium and
magnesium that promote the dilation of blood vessels that improves blood
flow.
• Custard apple leaves are also beneficial for the skin due to the presence of
vitamin A and vitamin C that have antioxidant property. It might help
prevent wrinkles, acne and maintain a healthy glowing skin.
Fig- Millettia pinnata

Page | 47
20) Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
Medicinal Uses
• Aegle Marmelos
leaf juice with
honey can prove
useful for treating
fever.
• Aegle Marmelos
is anti
inflammatory in
nature. Its extracts
when applied on
the exposed area,
help to cure
inflammation.
• Aegle Marmelos
is rich in anti-
oxidants which
helps in insulin
secretion which
leads to low blood
sugar levels.
• The abundance of
potassium in Bael makes it an
appropriate fruit for people suffering from hypertension.
• Calcium being the second abundant element present in Bael is vital for
bone health. It attributes to the strengthening of teeth, bones and
prevents osteoporosis.
Fig- Aegle marmelos

Page | 48
21) Lantana camara (L. )
Medicinal Uses
• L. camara has also
been used in
traditional herbal
medicines for
treating a of
ailments,
including cancer,
skin itches,
leprosy, chicken
pox, measles,
asthma and
ulcers.
• The flowers are
sweet tasting,
mildly cooling
and haemostatic.
A decoction of the
dried flowers is
used in the
treatment of
haemoptysis and
pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Externally, the leaves and stems are used as a wash to treat dermatitis,
eczema, pruritus, measles chickenpox rashes etc.
• camara leaves is mostly used in herbal medicine for wound healing, fever
treatment, cough treatment, influenza treatment, stomach ache, malaria,
etc.
• The bark contains lantanine, 0.08% Verbascoside, which Possesses
antimicrobial, immunosuppressive and antitumor activities, has been
isolated from the plant.
Fig- Lantana camara

Page | 49
22) Butea monosperma (Linn.)
Medicinal Uses
• A gum exudates
from the tree and is
used in medicine as
powerful astringent
that is given in
diarrhea and
dysentery.
• Seeds are
carminative and
depurative and are
used for chest
complaints, chronic
fevers, earache,
hydrocele, and
lumbago.
• In India, the seeds
are used for skin
ailments; keratitis;
piles; urinary
discharges; and
diseases of the brain,
eye, head, and skin. The juice from the plant as well as the oil is
antiseptic.
• Palash stimulates the normal elimination of body wastes via the excretory
system in the body. It boosts the secretion of fluids within the kidneys,
promptly getting rid of accumulated toxins and at the same time,
guaranteeing proper hydration of the internal organs in the body.
• Palash has a significant fiber content and carminative properties, which
helps to prevent instances of constipation, bloating and cramping of the
stomach, upon ingestion of a heavy meal.
Fig- Butea monosperma

Page | 50
23) Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.
Medicinal Uses
• The bark is acrid,
sweet, digestive,
astringent to the
bowels,
anthelmintic and
used for the
treatment of sore
throat, bronchitis,
asthma, thirst,
biliousness,
dysentery and
ulcers.
• Black Plums are
also low on calorie
count with only 3 to
4 calories compared
to other berries and
is an excellent
source of vitamin C,
carbohydrates,
protein, iron,
magnesium,
potassium and few phytochemicals.
• Several studies show that the high alkaloid content present in jamun is
effective in controlling hyperglycaemia or high blood sugar.
• Jamun seeds are having anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and
anti-diabetic content and thus are very effective and beneficial for human
health.
• May improve skin health: The leaves of the Syzygium cumini plant have
been found to have anti-aging properties, which may help improve skin
health and reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
Fig- Syzygium cumini

Page | 51
24) Cascabela thevetia (thevetia (L.) H. Lippold)
Syn. Thevetia peruviana
Medicinal Uses
• Oleander has
traditionally been used
in the treatment of
cardiac illness, asthma,
diabetes mellitus, corns,
scabies, cancer, and
epilepsy, and in wound
healing.
• Take 100 to 200 mg of
root bark after meals. It
causes heavy urination
curing heart pain. It also
cures other problems
associated to heart.
• An oil prepared from
the root bark is used in
the treatment of leprosy
and skin diseases of a
scaly nature content.
• Cascabela thevetia showed to possess a high quantity of lipid substances
which adds to its energy content.
• Leaves juice is used in snake bites and very effective in the cure of eye
diseases.
Fig- Cascabela thevetia

Page | 52
25) Gardenia latifolia (Aition)
Medicinal Uses
and analgesic
properties: Gardenia
extracts have been
used to relive pain and
reduce inflammation
in traditional medicine.
They may be applied
topically or consumed
orally for these
purposes.
• Antioxidant activity:
Gardenia plant contain
antioxidants that can
help neutralize harmful
free radicals in the
body, protecting
against oxidative stress
and potential damage
to cells.
• Traditional medicine for gastrointestinal issues: Gardenia extracts have
been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, such as stomachaches,
bloating and diarrhea.
• Liver protection: certain Gardenia species have been investigated for their
potential hepatoprotective effects, meaning they may help protect the lives
form damage caused by toxins or certain conditions.
Fig- Gardenia sootepensis

Page | 53
Conclusion
Based on the survey conducted on medicinal plants in Parasnath, Jharkhand, it
can be concluded that the region has a rich diversity of medicinal flora. The
survey likely aimed to identify and document the different plant species with
medicinal properties found in the area.
Medicinal plants have been used for centuries to treat various ailments and
diseases. They contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic properties and
can be used in traditional medicine or even serve as a source of new drug
discovery.
In the case of Parasnath, Jharkhand, the survey likely aimed to contribute to the
documentation of the local medicinal plant knowledge and identify species that
could be of interest for further research and conservation efforts.
The findings of such a survey could provide valuable information for several
purposes, including:
• Traditional medicine: The documented knowledge of
medicinal plant species can be preserved and utilized by local
communities for traditional healing practices.
• Healthcare and Pharmacology: The survey results could help us
in identifying potential sources of new drugs or natural compounds
for pharmaceutical development. It may also contribute to the
understanding of plants-based therapies and their integration into
modern healthcare systems.
• Conservation: Identification and documentation of medicinal
plant species can aid in conservation efforts by highlighting the
importance of preserving the natural habitats and biodiversity of the
region.
• Economic opportunities: The survey findings may uncover
opportunities for sustainable commercial ventures based on the
cultivation, production, and trade of medicinal plants, which can
contribute to the local economy.
In conclusion, a survey of medicinal plants in Parasnath, Jharkhand, can
provide valuable insights into the region’s biodiversity, traditional
knowledge, and potential applications in healthcare and conservation.

Page | 54
Result and Discussion
The present study revealed the ethnomedicinal knowledge of people in Parasnath,
Jharkhand, India. In this study 25 plant species have been identified in which 25
genera were identified as being used to various treatments. The dominance of
herbsconcurs with the general pattern seen in most ethnomedicinal survey. This
could be attributed to the abundance and year round availability of herbs in the
study area.
The most representative
family was, 5 Fabaceae
species followed by 4 ,
Apocynaceae, 2 Rutaceae, 2
Meliaceae the other families
had 1 species each associated
with treatment of the reports
some of the family play vital
role to cure the common
diseases among the tribal
people of parasnath region.
Growth form and Plant part used
The total number 25 plant species identified & studied different growth
forms were identified,Herbs, Shrubs, Tree and Small Trees.
Combreta
ceae
Rutaceae 2
Apocynace
ae, 4
Plant Family in Number

Page | 55
Most of the medicinal plant were Herbs(2), Trees(15) & Shrub(8).
Tribals use plants to alleviate
ailments such as antiseptic,
asthma, cold, cough, diabetes,
digestion, eye infection, fever,
gum infection, headache,
jaundice, joint pain, menstrual,
piles, snake bite etc. However
for ailments such as diabetes,
cut/wounds similar to siddha
formulations. However in such
cases, detailed information on
the role of individual
components used in formulation was rather obscure.
The most important aspect of parasnath tribal medicine is that fresh plant
materials is used in the preparation of medicine it fresh plant materials are
not available dried plant materials are used. Alternatively to circumvent the non-
availability of plant especially annuals several plants served as complimentary
alternative source of medicine to curse a single disease.
Most of the plant species we found are in young stage there is no
inflorescence yet. This is probably because recently the Mahuwa
pickers have fired the dry parts & plants of Hill.
➢ From this study it also revealed that the new population of
parasnath people have not much knowledge about medicinal
plants.
➢ They only know that plant which are of their economical use
mostly theyalso rely on English medicine not on herbal or natural
Tree in
number
20
15
10
Tree
Herb
Shrub
Fig- Tree- 15, Herbs- 2 & Shrubs- 8

Page | 56
medicine
➢ The present study observe that the younger generation takes no
interest inpreserving the traditional skills & ethnomedicinal culture
➢ This situation highlights the need for complete recording of
theirempirical knowledge for the benefit of the future
generation.
➢ Fig- Plant parts Percentage of medicinal plant part used by
the traditional healers.

Page | 57
References
a) T. B. C. Laldingliani1, Nurpen Meitei Thangjam1, Ethnomedicinal study of medicinal
plants used by Mizo tribes in Champhai district of Mizoram, India R.
Zomuanawma2, Laldingngheti Bawitlung1, Anirban Pal3 and
Awadhesh Kumar1
b) Munesh Kumar,1
Sushma Rawat,1
Implementation of the Use of
Ethnomedicinal Plants for Curing Diseases in the Indian Himalayas and
Its Role in Sustainability of Livelihoods and Socioeconomic
Development Bhuvnesh Nagar,2
Amit Kumar,3,†
Nazir A. Pala,4
Jahangeer
A. Bhat,5
Rainer W. Bussmann,6
Marina Cabral-Pinto,7,*
and Ripu Kunwar.
c) Rajesh Ravidas and PK Mishra Some Important Ethnomedicine Of
Parasnath.
d) Muhammad Umair,1
Muhammad Altaf,2
and Arshad Mehmood Abbasi3
An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad
district, Punjab-Pakistan.
e) A. Mudansiru1* U. Zaharaddeen2 Ethnomedicinal Survey of Some Plants
Used for the Treatment of Various Ailments in Gumel Town, Jigawa State,
Nigeria, A. M. Haidara1 S. Ibrahim1.
f) Pan India Consultants Pvt. Ltd. REPORT ON SOIL RESOURCES OF
GIRIDIH DISTRICT, NORTH CHHOTA NAGPUR
COMMISSIONAIRE, JHARKHAND STATE.
g) Prachi Singh
1
, Sanjeev Kumar Maurya
2
and Gaurav Nigam AN
ETHNOMEDICINAL STUDY OF PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF
VARIOUS SKIN PROBLEMS IN THE SIDHI DISTRICT OF MADHYA PRADESH,
INDIA.
h) Sakina Mussarat,1
Nasser M. AbdEl-Salam, Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants
by the People Living around Indus River kash Tariq,1
Sultan Mehmood
Wazir,3
Riaz Ullah,4
and Muhammad Adnan.
i) Devesh kumar and Mishra p k, PLANT BASED CONTRACEPTIVE POPULAR
AMONG TRIBALS OF' IHARKHAND'

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