SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 78
Download to read offline
YTBep)KLeHO
PIfe Y'leH020 cosenza
PoccuiicK020 yHusepcumema
opy:JIC6bluapooos
CmnOBClmn )l;.E., IIlyJIeHllHa H.B.
IIOJII1'1OJ[0['1151:KOHCneKT ~'lCKUlIiL - M,: 113J~-BO py/U I, 2006. -
156 c.
,nJIH I1110CTpanHblx cTYJIeHTOB I Kypca, ooyqafOIIl11XC~ no nanpaB-
nell11l0 «IOPllCIIPY)(ClIlU15I».
KOlICIICKT JJCKnl1H nOJIrOTOBnefI fIa KacPCJIpe nomnonOrI1l1.
© Cn1130BCKHH ,n.E., 11lYJlClIllllll (l.B., 2006
© I13JIaTem,CTBo POCcHHcKoro ymmepCI1TCTa !(PY)KObJ HapOJIOB, 2006
TEMA 1. nOJWlT14KA KAK 061.l.1.ECTBEHHOE flBJlEH14E.
nPE,IJ,MET nOJl14TOnOr1414
TepMHfI "nomUHKa" (rpcq. p01itika - rOCYJIapCTBCHfIbIC H 00-
IIleCTBeHHbIe .n:eJIa; polis - fOPO.n:-focy.n:apCTBO) rrOJIYQJ1JI pacnpocrpa-
HClme nOJI Bn1151fIHCM OJIH011MCHfIOro TpaKTaTa ApHCTOTCAA 0 rocy-
!(apCTBC, npaBnCHHH H npaBHTcnhCTBC.
IIoJIHTHKa - MHOrOOOpa3HblH lvfI1p OTHOIIICH11H, JIe51TCnbfIO-
CTH, nOBCJICHH51, opHCHTal]HH H KOMMyHHKal]HOHfIbIX CB513CH MC)KJIY
KJJaCCaMH H COl]HaJJhHbIMH rpynnaMH no nOBOJIY BJJaCTH H ynpaBJJeHH~
001l]CCTBOM. OCfIOBHbIM11 C!JaKTopaMH nOJJHTHKH BbICTynafOT OOJJhIIIHe
COl(I1<UlhHble rpynnbI (maccbI, Hal]H11, fIapOJIbI, l]HBHJJH3al]HH), a TaK-
)f(C Bhlpa)KafOIIlHC I1X HHTCpCChI nbnHTHqCCKHe opraHH3anHH, HHCTHTy-
1'1>1, )(BH)KeHH51 11nHJIeph1.
[IOJlliTHKa TpaJIHn110HfIO 03fIaQaeT rOCYJIapCTBefIfIble H o6IIle-
CTBeHfIblC JIena, ccPepy JIe~TeJJhHOCTH, CB5I3afIHYIO C BnaCTHblMH OTHO-
nreHH5IMH Me)KJIY mOJIbMH, COl]l1aJJbHbIMH rpynnaMH, HapO,Il,aMH, I-la-
l111~MH, rocy,Il,apCTBalvfI1. OHa BKJJfOqaCT B ceo51 cPyHKl]HOHHpOBaHHC
1I0mrrnqeCKHX HHCTHTyTOB H opraHH3aUHH, nOJJHTHQCCKYle HOPMhI H
Tpa!~I1l]HH, BJJaCTHo-ynpaBJleHQCcKyfO 11 opraHH3aTopcKyfO JIC51TeJJb-
llOCTb JIlO,Il,eH, HX COl]HaJJbHo-nOJl11T11QeCKl1e I1HTepeCbI H nOTpCOHOCT11,
nOJlHTHqeCK11e 11JIeH H B3rJI51JIhI.
B COBpeMefIHOH ryMafIHTapHOH HayKe npHfI51TO BbIJIeJI51Tb pa3-
JIH'lHble nOJIXOJIhI K TeopeTflLreCKOH 11HTepnpeTanHH nOJJHTHQeCKOH
CI!)CPbl, QTO rr03BOJI5IeT CJIenaTb BbIBOJI 0 ee MHorOMepHOM xapaKTepe.
(JOJlI1T11Ka BblcTynaeT B CAHHCTBe Tpex B3aHMOCB513aI-lHhIX acneKTOB:
KaK ccPepa OOIIleCTBeHHOH )KH3HH, HeOTheMJleMbIH 3JIeMeHT CTpyKTyphl
06n~eCTBa, HrpalOlIlHH B HeM onpCJIeJleHHylO POJIh; KaK O,Il,HH113 BHAOB
llCJIOBecICCKOH JIe5lTeJIbHOCT11 H COIlHaJJbHoro nOBeAeHH5I, cnocoo CO-
BOKynHoH H HHJIHBHAyanbHOft aKTHBI-lOCTH COWlaJJbHbIX CyObCKTOB;
KaK THn COnHaJIhHhIX OTHOIIICHHH. 3aMeT11M, lITO y)Ke ApHCTOTeJlb on-
pe;:J,eJI~CT nOJlHTlIKY KaK BhlCIIIHH BMA qeJlOBeQCCKOrO OOIIleHH5I. <DpaH-
llY3CKHe HCTOpMKH nep110Aa PeCTaBpaIl11H 11 MapKCHCTbl TpaKTOBaJJH
nOJllUHKY KaK OTHOIIIeHH~ macCOB no nOBOAY rOCYAapCTBeHHOft BJIa-
CUi. B XX B. JIOMHHHpOBaJI B3rJI5IJI Ha nOJIHTHKy KaK nm KOHCpJIHKT-
HbIX OTHoIIIemu'I.
IIpHw£TO BbIJl,CmITb CJICJI,ylOIIIHC ypOBHH ocymcCTBJICHH5I no-
JIHTHKH~
1. H1130BOM ypOBcHb, Ha KOTOpOM nOJI11THqCCKa5I Jl,C51TCJIbHOCTb
OCYliIccTBmIeTC51 B OCHOBHOM OTJl,CJIbHbIM11 IIHJI,HBIIJl,aMll, HIIll acco-
~lla~I151Mll, II CB5I3aHa C PCWCHI1C MCCTHbIX npOOJICM ()KllJIHIIIHbIC YC-
JIOBI15l, WKOJIa, yHl1BCpCllTCT, OOII~CCTBCHHbIM TpaHcnopT II Ln.).
2. nOKaJIbHbIH ypOBcHb, Ha KOTOpOM aKTllBHa5I nOJIllTllKa rpynn 11
aCCO~I1a~IlM, 3aHtITepeC013aHHbIX B KOHCTPyKTHBHOM pa3pCWCHI1I1 pcrllo-
HaJIbHblX npOOJICM, rpCOyCT rocyJl,apCTBCHI-IOrO BMCWaTCJIbCTBa.
3. Ha~I10HaJIbHbIH ypOBCHb, Ha KOTOpOM cOJI,Cp)l{aHI1C nOJIIlTI1-
KI1 orrpcJI,CJICHO JI,C51TCJIbHOCTblO rocyJI,apCTBa KaK KJIlOqCBOrO
nOJII1TI1qCCKOrO I1HCTI1TYTa.
4. MC)l{Jl,yHapO,TJ,HbIM ypOBcHb, Ha KOTOpOM OCHOBHbIMI1 CYO'b-
CKTaMI1 nOJII1TlI'lCCKOH Jl,C51TCJIbHOCTI1 BblcTynaIOT CyBCpCHHbIC
rocyJI,apcma.
B CTpyKTypC nOJII1TI1KI1 BbIJl,CJI51lOTC51¢opMa, COJI,Cp)l{aHI1C 11
npo~ccc (OTHOrucllI15I).
<D 0 P M a II 0 II If T If I( 11 - 3TO cc opraIU13aUlIOHHa5l cTpyKTypa
(rocyJl,apCTBO, na!JIHvl vI '1./.), a TaK)KC HOpMbI, 3aKOHbI, rrpHJI,alOlllyIc CM
yCToH'mBOCTb, CnlOVlJlbllOCTb H n03BOJI5IIOWI1C pcryJIHpOBaTb
nOJIIlTIlqCCKOC nOBC/J,cn VlCJII0/CH.
COIJ,epiKalUle IIOIHITH 101 BbJpmKaCTC5I B CC UCJ15lX 11 IICH-
HOCT5IX, B MOTI1BaX 11 MCXaHI13MaX UptIJUITH51 nOJII1TH'ICCKHX pCWCHHH,
B npOOJICMaX, KOTOpbIC OHa pcruaCT.
B IIOJIHTHqeCKOM IIpou,ecce lIaXOJl,IlT OTpa)l{CHI1C CJIO)l{-
HbIH,l'vIHOrOCYObCKTHbIH 11 KOHclmlIKTHbIH xapaKTCp nOJII1TU'lCCKOH
,nC51TCJlbHOCTI1, rrp05IBJICHUC H OCYIIICCTBJlCHl1C OUWruCHI1H pa3JIIIQHbIX
COUI1aJlbHblX rpynn, OpraHI13a~UH 11IIH)J,IlBI1jJ,OB.
TIOJIHTO.lJOrUn - no HayKa 0 nOJIHTlIKC KaK OCOOOH ccpcpc
)l{U3HC"IC51TCJlbHOCTI1JlIOJl,CM, CB513aHH00 C 13JIaCTHbIMH OTHOWCHH5lMH, C
rocyJl,apCTBCHHO-nOJIHTH'ICCKOH opraHll3aIIHCH OOWCCTBa, nOJII1Tl1QC-
CKI1MH I1HCTHTyTaMH, npI1H~I1rraMH, BOp:rvIaMH, JI,CHCTBHCKOTOpbIX npH-
3BaHO 06CCrrC'iUTb cpyHKliI1OImpOBaHUC bOUJeCTBa, B3aHl'vIOOTHOlllCHlI5I
MC)l{Jl,YJUO)j,bMI1, OOliICCTBOM U rocYlapCTBOM.
KaK HayKa 0 nOJIUUIKC nODllTOJIOHI5r "OXBaTbIBaCT" BCCb
cncKTp rrOJ111UFICCKOH )l{1l3HU, BKJIIOQa5I, B3allMO)j,CHCTBHC nOJIHTHKII C
,LIPYrI1MH ccpcpaMH OOllCCTBCHHOM )l{I13Hll. IIpc,nMeTOM II3YQCHII5l II
HCCJIC1IOBaHll5I nOJIllTOJIOHIll BbICT)TfIalOT TaKHC OCHOBHbIC CJIaraCMbIC
110JIHTHKll, KaK nOJII1TlIQCCKllC OTHOIIICHI151, nOJIllTlltIcCKIIC I1HCTllTYTbI
H IIPOIXCCCbI, nOJlllTlltICCKa51 II,LICOJIOrll5111KyJIbTypa.
CJIQ)KHOCTb 11 lmOrorpaHHOCTb nOJIllT11KI1 KaK OOllCCTBCHHoro
5fBJICHll51 n03BOJI51eT llCCJIc,nOBaTb CC Ha MaKpo- H MHKpOypOB-
II 51x. Ha MaKpoypOBHC HCCJICn,YIOTC51nOJIllTWICCKHc 5IBJICHH5111 npo-
I~CCCbI, npOllCXO)j,51llllC B paMKax OCHOBHbIX llHCTllTYT013 BJIaCTI1 I1
yllpaBJleHI151, llMCIOllllX OTHOllICHH5I KO BCCM OOI~CCTBCHHOM CllCTCMC.
Iia MHKpOypOBHC - on11CbIBaIOTC5l II aHaJIH3llpYlOTC5I ¢aKTbI, CB513aH-
IIbLC C nOBC,LIeHllCM llHJl,HBlllIOB II MaJIbIX rpynn B nOJIllTI1QCCKOM cpc,nc.
IlOJIllToJIorll51 yCJIOBHO no,npa3,nCJI5ICTC5l Ha TCOpCTWICCKyIO II
IIpI1KJra!~IIYI0.
TCOpeTHQeCKUii acrreKT rrOJ1I1TOJIOrHH BbIpa)KaCTC51 B
CTpCMJICllHII K n03HaHllIO 1I JIyQWCMy nOHHl'v1aHIIlO npHpOlIbI nOJIllTll-
'1CCKOH )Kll3Hll, B TO BpCM5I, KaK ce npllKJIalIHOH aCneKT CB513aH C pcwc-
IInCM npanvranlqeCKllX 3a,naQ OKa3aHI151 BJIII51Hll51 H H3MCHCHlI51 TCKy-
Ilc}i IlOJII1TllKI1. QCHTpaJlbHOH MCTo,nOJlOrlIqCCKOM npOOJlCMOM IIOJIH-
TOJIOrllll, a TaK)l{e CC Ba)l{HCHlIICH COUHaJIbHOH 3alIaQCM 5I13Jl51CTC5lno-
'lIlallnC nOJIllTI1QCCKllx 3aKOHOMepHOCTcH.
B 3aBUCI1!vIOCTll OT C¢CPbI ,nCMCTBll5I H np05IBJICHll5l npllH51TO
BbI)~CJI5ITbTpll OCBOBHbIX rpynnbI nOJIllTllQCCKllX 3aKOHOMCpHOCTCH,
IIepeylO 2pynny COCTaBJI5lIOT 3aKoHoMcpHOCTlI, Bblpa)l{aIolll1c
rnaHMO,LICMCTBll5I nOJIHTllQCCKOH CCPCpbI C IJ,pyrllMI1 C¢CpaMI1 06liICCT-
BCIIHOH )l{ll3Hll. K HllM OTHOC51TC5I:3aBHCHMOCTb CTpyKTypbI, CPYHK~11H
Il0JIIITHQCCKOH CHCTCMbI OOlleCTBa OT cro 3KOHOMl1QCCKOM II CO~llaJIb-
IIOi1 CTpyKTyp; aKTllBHOC B03,nCHCTBllC nOJIHTllK11 fla 3KOHOMlIQCCKYIO,
COUHaJlbHYIO 11,nyXOBHYIO )l{ll3Hb OOllCCTBa H ,np.
Bmopa5l zpynna - 3TO 3aKOHOMepHocTH, B1Ipa)l{aIOliIUC CYUlc-
CTBeHHbIC H YCTOHQHBbIC CB513ll 11 OTHOIIICHH5I BO B3aHMolIcHCTBllll
crpyKTypHblx 3JICMCHTOBCaJl.lOHnOJIllTHQCCKOM C¢CPbI. K HHM OTHOC5ITC51,
HanpllMcp, TaKllC 3aKoHoMepHocTH, KaK BJIll5IHllC nOJIllTHQCCKOrO C03Ha-
HH51, rrOJIHTH'iCCKOH KyJIbTypbI JII1'IHOCTll Ha ce nOBeJl,cHHc; B3aHMOCB5l3b
CjWPMlIcMOK-paTHI1H Tllrra rrOJIlITH'iCCKOMCllCTeMbI 06IIIccTBa.
3aKOHOlVlepHOCTll, Bblpa)l{aIOlllle CYlleCTBCHHbIC H yCTOMQH-
BblC CB5I3ll, TCH,LICHUHll pa3BHTII51 OT,nCJlbHbIX CTOpOH, 5IBJICHlltr nOJIH-
Tl1QCCKOH )KH3HH OOIIICCTBa COCTa13JI51IOTmpemblO zpynny. K HllM OTIIO-
C51TC51,HanpIIMCp, pa31ICJICHI1e BJIaCTll B ,ncMOK-pamQCCKOM OOIIICCTBC
Ha 3aKOHOAaTem:'HyIO, HCrrOJIHI1TeJILHYIO 11 cYAe6HylO; YTBep)KAeHI1e
rrpHHlHrra rrOJ1I1THqeCKOfO rrJIIOpaJII13Ma. I10JIfITWreCKYre 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTH YKa3bIBaIOT Ha 06beKTHBHO 3aAaHHLIe rrpeAeJILI H yCJIOBH5I rro-
JIHTHqeCKOM Ae5ITeJIbHOCTH, HO He rrpeAOrrpeAeJ15IIOT 0AH03HaQHO ee
pe3yJ11TaTLI, AeMcTBy5I KaK TeHAeHUH11.
IIpHKJIaJJ:HaH nOJHITOJIOfHH I1CCne,n:yeT OCHOBHble Cy6b-
eKTbI rrOJIHTWIeCKHX C06blTHM, 11X HepapXIIIO, KJIaCCLI 11 BHyTpHKJIaC-
COBbIe 06paJOBaHII5I, rrapT1111, TOJIrry 11 rrOJI11T11QeCKYIOaYA11TOp11IO, Co-
UHaJIbHble, 3THHQeCKIIe II peJII1fH03HbIe rpyrrrrbI, POJIb ytJaCTHHKoB no-
JIHTHtJeCKHX C06bITHH B npHH5ITIIII nOJIHTHQeCKIIX pemeI-IHH 11 HX pea-
JIH3alHH. K rrpHKJIaAHbIM OTpaCJ15!M nOJIHTOJIOfHH MO)KHO OTHeCTJl
KOHuenUHII fOCYAapCTBeHHOfO yrrpaBJIeHII5I, napTHMHOH CTpaTefHH 11
TaKTJIKH, CiiTyalII0HHOfO rrOJIHTHQeCKOfo aHaJIH3a. B QaCTHOCTH,
BeCbMa aKTyaJIbHOM 5IBJ15!eTC5IB HaCT05IIIIee BpeM5I TeOpII5I nOJIHTI1tJe-
CKI1X TeXHOJIOfHM (TCXHOJIOfH5I Bblpa60TKH H rrpI1H5ITH5I rrOJIHTHtJeCKO-
fO pemeHH5I; TeXHOJIOfI15I rrpOBeAeHH5I pecpepeHAYMa, I136HpaTeJIbHOM
Ka!vmaHHH H T.A.). I1pHKJIaAHa5I rrOJII1TOJIOfI15I rrpeACTaBJI5IeT cOBoKyrr-
HOCTb TeopeTI1QeCKI1X MOAeJIeM, MeTOAOJIOfI1tJecKHX rrpI1HlI1rrOB, Me-
TOAOB, rrOJII1TOJIOfHqeCKI1X TeXHOJIOfHM, KOHKpeTHbIx rrpOfpaMM, OpH-
eHTHpoBaHHblx Ha AOCTH)KeHHe PCaJlbHOfO rrOJIHTHtJecKofO 3cPcPeKTa.
CJIeAY~CTrrOAqepKHyTL, QTO rrpHKJIaAHa5I rrOJIHTOJIOfH5I - 3TO crrelI1cPI1-
QeCKHII I1CCJIeAOBaTeJlbCKHH ypoBeHb rrOJII1TOJIOfHI1. HOBOH OTpaCJIbIO
nOJIHT11QeCKOfo 3HaHH5I CTaJI nOJII1TWIeCKHH MeHeA)KMeHT, cocTaBHOH
qaCTbIO KOTOpOfO 5IBJI5IeTC5IpaJpa60TKa cTpaTefHqeCKHX ueJIeH, Teope-
THQeCKHX yCTaHoBoK, MexaHH3Ma B03AeMCTBH5I yrrpaBJIeHQeCKHX fOCY-
AapcTBeHHbIx CTpyKTYP, 3aKOHOAaTeJIbHOH H HCnOJIHIUeJIbH0I1 BJIaCTH
Ha pa3Bl1THe 06IIIeCTBa.
B rrOJII1THqecKoil HayKe 3HatJHTeJIbHYfO POJIb HrpaeT cpaBHH-
TeJIbHa5I nOJIHTOJIOfH5I, HCCJIeAYIDIIIa5I 06IIIHe qepTbI H CrrelHCpI1QeCKI1e
paJmlQH5I pa3JII1QHbIX fpyrrrr rrOJIHTHQeCKI1X 06beKTOB.
I10JIHTOJIOfH5I - HHTefpaJIbHa5I HayKa 0 rrOJIHTHKe, BKJIIOQmO-
IIIa5I TaKHe Ba)KHeMIlII1e AHCUHrrJIHHbl, KaK nOJIHTI1tJecKa5I cPHJlOC0cPH5I,
yqeHHC 0 rrOJlI1THQeCKHX HHcTHTyTax, nOJII1THQeCKa5I COUHOJIOfH5I, Teo-
PH~ Me)KAyHapoAHOH rrOJIHTHKH, a TaK)Ke HCTOpH5I rrOJIfUHQCCKI1X YQe-
HI1H, rrO}II1THqeCKa5I rrCHXOJIOfI15I, IIOJIHTI1QCCKa5IaHTpOrrOJIOfI15l, I1 T.,n:.
I1cTOpI1QeCKI1 IICpBOH cPOpMOM cYIIIecTBOBaHI15I rrOJII1TI1QeCIWH
HayKI1 6bma rrOJIHTHqeCKaH ljlIVIOCOljlHH. 3KCnJI11UHpy5I yHHBep-
CIJ I" II bl.C npHl-Il11IIbI H 3aKOHbI B3aHMOOTHomeHHM tJeJIOBeKa, 06IIIeCTBa
II IIIaCTH, OHa Cny)KHT o6rueli MeTOAoJIOfHqeCKOM 6a30H COBpCMCHHblX
110IIIITHLIeCKHX HccJIeAOBaI-II1M. IIpe,n:McT rrOJIHTHQeCKOH cPHJIOCOcPHH
COCTaBJI5IIDT IIOJIHTHQeCKHe leHHOCTH, MOpaJIbllble KpHTepHH oueHKH
pC,WhllOM IIOJIHTI1K11,crroco6bI H cpeAcTBa n03HaH115I rrOJIHTHKH. Y q e-
IIIfe 0 nOJIHTH'leCKHX HHCTHTyTax rrpe,n:CTaBJleHO TeOpM5lMI1
1l0JIlfTWleCKOH opraHH3aUHH o6IIIecTBa, fOCYAapcTBa H rrpaBa, IIOJlH-
Tlt'lCCKHX rrapTHli. TeopHH MeJKJJ,yHapoJJ,HoH IIOJIHTHKH H3ytJa-
l~T MC)KAynapoAHLIC opfaHl13aUHH I1 o6beAHHeHH5I, BHClilHerro.'THTHQe-
cKylO AC5ITeJIbHOCTbfocy,Il,apCTB, rrapTHli, 06IIIecTBeHHblx ABI1)l(eHI1H, Me-
}1()yltapOAHbIe OTHOmeHH5I, np06JIeMbI BOHHbI I1 MHpa, rrpeAOTBpaIIICHI15I
1,1 yperyJII1pOBaHH5I Me)K)];yHapoAHbIX KOHc]mHKTOB. IIoJIHTHqeCKaH
l,". () I~It ().II0 r It H ACJIaeT aKleHT Ha COUHaJIbHOM AeTepMHHHpOBaHHOCTI1
IIOJlllTl1qeCKHX 5IBJIeI-IHH.B ueHrpe BHHMaHI15I IIOJIHTnqeCKOH IICU-
x IIJI 0 r H Ii - cy6'beKTHBHLIe MeXaHI13MbI nOJIl1THQeCKOfO rroBeAeHH5I.
1I0JIIITUqeCKaH aHTpOIIOJIOrHH HCCJIeAyeT B3aI1M03aBT1Cl1MOCT1
IIOJIHTHQeCKOrO crp05I H POAOB1IX KaqeCTB QeJIOBeKa. 11CT 0 P Ii H II 0-
II HTiPleCKliX yqeHIIU paCCMarpHBaeT 3BOJIIOUHID nOJIHTHqeCKOfO
C03HaHI15I KaK cMeHy TeOJIOfI1QeCKOH, HarypaJII1CTHQeCKOM, COUHaJILHoli,
!)alIHOHaJIbHO-KpIHI1qeCKOM rrapaAI1rM, orrpeAeJIHBIIII1X cnoc061I BOCnpI1-
mHH H HHTepnpeTalHH nOJIHTI1QeCKOH AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH.
KOHTpOJIbHhIe Bonpocbl:
1. KaKI1C nOAxOAbl K onpeAeJICHHID rrOJII1THKH npHH5ITO BbI,II,C-
2. lITo npeACTaBJI5leT C060H CTpyKTypa rrOJIHT11KH?
3. KaKHe ypOBHH oCYIIIeCTBJIeHH5I nOJIHTHK11 BbI 3HaeTe?
4. B qeM rrp05IBJI5IeTC5I yHHBepCaJIbHOCTh rrOJIHTIIKH?
5. B LleM pa3JII1y.I1e Me)KAY TeOpeTHQeCKOH I1 rrpHKJIa)lHOH IIO-
JnITOJIOfI1eli?
6. KaKHe 3aKoHoMepHocTH H3ytJaeT rrOJIHTOJlOfH5I?
JIuTepaTypa:
1. nOJIHTOJIOf!15l. YtJe6HI1K I IIOA pe)l. M.A. BaCHJIHKa. M.,
[apAapI1KI1, 2001. [JI, L
") 11· 10 B 3011"06 B TT 30111060 JI.B. I10JII1TOJIOfH5l:"--. pXUH .. , ' '1-1"
Yy.e6HI1K. M., lOpI1cTb, 2001. [JI. 1.
r 3. IIyzal.{ee B.Il., CO.7oebee A.H. BBeJJ,eHfle B nOJIHTOJIOnrro
Y<leoHHK JJ,JI5I By30B. M., AcneKT npecc, 2000. rJI. I, II. .
4.Bacu.7beea JIll. nOJIlrTIlKa - ¢HJIOCOqJIl5I II COI.HaJlbHO-
ryMaHHTapHhIe 3HaHWI. 2003. N<~3. C. 150-164.
5. EopuceHKoe A.A. nOJIHTWleCKHe OTHOIIlemUI: CylI(HOCTb H
BllJJ,bI II COI.llaJIbHo-rYMaHHTaplme 3HaIIH5I. 2004. NQl. C. 161-171
6 HoeuKoe HfO n . .h . .' . " OJIHTHLJeCI<He I.eHHOCTll: CneI.H¢HKa H
~FI;KI.Hll II COIIHaJIbHo-rYMaHIiTapHI,Ie 3HaHH5I. 2003. NQ6. C. 116-
7. LJeHJleHP. 0 nOJIHTHLJeCKoH HayKe, ee COOTHOIlIeHHII C _
rHMH OTpaCJI5IMH 3HaHH5I H 06 H3yqeHHH nOJIHTHqeCKOro npocT aH~~:a
(npeJJ,HCJIOBHe M.B. HJIbHHa). DomIc. 2005. NQ2. C. 115. P
rH5I 8. HUKumuHa A.r OTOM, «KaK B03MO>KHa» RayKa nOJIHTOJIO-
(CTaHOBJIeHHe H OCHOBHhle MeTOJJ,OJIOfIrqeCKHe np06JIeMbI) II Do
JIHC. 1998. NQ3. C. 147. -
9. HHbUH jVf.B.. KOeaJlb E.H. qTO eCTh nOJIHTHKa H qTO - Ha' Ka
~O~~JIHTHKe (OnbIT HeTpaJJ,HIIHOHHoro 0630pa) II nOJIHC. 1991. NQ4~CC.
~ 10.JJ,ezm51J;ee A.A. fIpHKJIaJJ,Ha5I nOJIHTOJlOrH5I (npor aMMa
yqeOHOro Kypca) Ii nOJIHC. 1997. NQ3. C. 169. P
fIOJIHC. ;~91Jl~O~~ r DOJIHTHLJeCKa5I HayKa: HCTOpWl JJ,HCI.HnJIHHbl II
TEMA 2. METO,Qbl (.1cJ>YHKll(.1(.1nOm~TOnOrH(.1
MeTOJI,bI rrpHH5ITO orrpeJI,eJI5ITh KaK cpeJI,CTBa aHaJIH3a cnoc06bI
npoBepKH H OIIeHKH Teoprm. '
C JI,peBHocTH nOJIHnlqeCKaJl MhICJIb 6a3HpOBaJIaCh Ha H' _
THBHo-ueHHocTHOM '. opMa
. . nO)l,xotJ.e, HCXOJI,5IIrreMfI3 3TMQeCKfIX JIMne-
palMBOB npM OI.eHK~ nOJIHTIIQeCKIIX JlBJIeHJIH H pa3pa60TKe II1J,eaJIa no-
JIIITIIQeCKoro yCTpOIICTBa. YKa3aHI-lbIH rroJI,XOJI" HeCMOTp5I Ha OTHOCII-
TeJIbHOCTh ueHHOCTHbIX cy''WIT ~
mp,eHHIl, BHOCIIT B rrOJllITHKy HpaBCTBeHHoe
HaqaJIO, II, oc06eHHo He06xoJI,IIM nOJIHTHqeCrorr Hay'
r. . n C Ke Ha COBpeMeHBOM
3Tarre OOll(eCTBeHHoro pa3Bl1TfUL
He Mel-ree JI,peBI-noIO HCTOPIIIO IIMeeT aHTpOnOJlOrH" "~
no)l,xo . ~'. -.eCKHU
. JI" JI,aWlIlrm n,eJIOCTHoe npeJI,CTaBJleHHe 0 cpaKTopax, <P0PMlI-
PYIOIlJHX MOTIIBaIIIUO IlOJIlITIIqeCKOro IlOBeITeHW' AH'rpon
,u, /1. OJIOnlqe-
CI01l·[ IIOJI,XOJI,HCXOJI,IIT H3 npIIHUHnoB: lIHBapiiar-lTHocTH ¢yHJI,aMeH-
THJlhllhiX pO,n;OBbIX KaLJeCTB qeJIOBeKa KaK 6HOCOl~HaJIbHOrO cyUrecTBa;
ymlBcpcaJIbHOCTII LJeJIOBeKa, eJI,HHCTBa LJeJIOBeLJeCKOrOpoJI,a, paBI-IOnpa-
1l11aBcex JIlo,n;eH; HeOThelVWeMOCTlI OCHOBOnOJIaraIOlIllIX npaB LJeJIOBeXa
II I1X npl10pIITeTa no OTHorrreHIIlO K IIOJIHTI1qeCKIIM rrpI1IIUI1naM. C KOP-
pCKn1poBKoH Ha II3yqel-IHe cy6beKTIIBHbIX MexaHII3MOBIIOJII1TIILJeCKOrO
IIOBC;~ClllI5I He LJeJIOBeKa Boo6ille, a KOHKpenIOro LJeJIOBeKa, aHTpoIIo-
,1I01'l-llICCKIIH1l0JI,XOJI,JI,OIIOJIHJleTC5I, TaK>Ke IIMeIOillIIM MHofoBeKoBYlO
IICTOPl1l0 nCHXOJlOrll'IeCKliM MeToJI,OM.
)];0 HaLJaJla XX BeKa B nOJIHTHqeCKOH HayKe fOCnOJI,CTBOBaJI,
llap51)~y C HopMaTIIBHo-ueHHocTHbIM, llHCTHTYUIIOHaJlbHbIH nOJl:-
x ()!~, OpHeHTI1pOBaHHbIH Ha I13YQeHHe CTpyKTypbI 06~ecTBeHHo yKO-
Pl:IIClllIbiX nOJIIITHLJeCKI1X ¢OpM, TeCHO CBJl3aHHbIH co cpaBHllTeJlb-
111.1 M (KOMnapaTIIBHbIM) nOJI,XoJJ,oM, CneUII¢IIKa nOCJIeJI,HerO 3aKJIlO-
'1aCTC51B COIIOCTaBJleHHH JI,ByX (WII1 60JIee) nOJIHTIIQeCKlIX o6beKToB C
ICJlbl0 yCTaHOBJIeHHJI IIX nOJI,oGIIJI II pa3JII1QH5I. JI1060e cpaBHIITeJIbHOe
I-ICCHeJI,OBaFme BKJIIOQaeT: OTGOp II onlIcaHIIe ¢aKToB; BbI5IBJleHIIe II
OIlIIcaHIre TO>K,Ll,eCTBaI1 Pa3JIWIHH; ¢OpMI1pOBaHIIe B3aHMocBR3eH Me>K-
!~y :meMeHTaMII nOJIHTIILJeCKOrO npouecca H JI,pyrIIMM COUIIaJIbHbIMII
llll.llClllrJlMII B ¢OpMeJKCnepHMeHTaJIhHbIX fHnoTe3; 1l0CJIeJI,YfOIIIYro
IIP(JBCpKy fI1nOTe3; "npII3HaHIIe" HeKoTopbIX oCHOBOnOJIaraIOIIII1x rH-
1l0TC3. CpaBHIITeJIbHbIH 1l0JIHTHLJeCKIIH aHaJIH3 n03BOJIJleT pa3pa60TaTh
IqJOBep5IeMylO cHcTeMy 3HaI-IIIH 0 nOJIHTIIKe, oueHIITb nOJII1TllQeCKI1H
OllbIT, lIHCTHTyTbI, 1l0BeJI,eHHe II npouecchI C TOLJKH3peHH5I npHQHHHO-
C.lIC!~CTBeHHblX CB5I3eH; npOrH03I1pOBaTb C06bITHJI, TeHJI,eHUfIII II no-
C.lIC!~CTBI151nOJ1HTIFreCKOro pa3BI1TIIJI. B uel-npe BHHMaHII5I cOBpeMeH-
110i-icpaBHIITeJIbHoI'1 nOJIIITOJIOrIIII TaKIIe 51BJIeHII5IKale rpynnoBble I1H-
TCPCCbI, HeOKopnOpaTIIBI13M, nOJII1THLJeCKOe yLJaCTIIe, paUl10HaJIbHhiH
1I1.IGOp, JTHHqeCKHe, peJIIIfH03Hble, .rreMorpa<pwreCKIIe Cpal<TOphI II HX
lI.11lllUmC Ha nOJIHTHKy, npoueCCbl MOJI,epHH3auIIH, CTa6HJIbHOCTb II He-
CTa6HJIbHOCTb IIOJIHTHQeCKHX pe)KHMOB, yCJIOBI1J1 JI,Jl.51B03HI1KHOSeHlI5I
)~CMOKpaTIII1, BJ11IJlHIIe nOj1HTl1KII Ha 06w:eCTBO II T.JI,.
AKTI1BHOe pa3BHTJre nOJIyLJaeT counonOrUqeCKHH notJ.-
x ()JI., npe,n;CTaBJI5IIOillI1H COGOH COBOKyIIHOCTb IIpHeMOBIl MeTO)lOB
KOHKpeTHhlX COIIIIOJIOl'IIQeCKHX llCCJIeJJ,OBaHIIH, HanpaBJ1eHHbIX Ha
cGop H aHaJIII3 ¢aKTOB peaJIbHOH nOJIHTIIQeCKOH >KH3HII. PacnpOCTpa-
lIeHIIe B XX BeKe MeTOJI,OBCOUIIOJIOrIIQeCKIIX I1CCJleJI,OBaHIIH (onpOCOB,
aHKeTnpOBaHIDI, 3KCnepHMeHTa, CTanICTHtleCKorO aHaJ1H3a, MaTeMaTH-
qeCKOro MOJJ;eJIHpOBaHH5I) CCPOPMHPOBaJ10 rrpHKJIaJJ;HylO nOJ1IITOJIOrHlO.
I1peHMym,eCTBO COU;HOJIOrHtIeCKHX MeTOJJ;OB 3aKJIlOQaeTC5I B TOM, tITO
HCCJIeJJ;OBaTeJ1I, HMeeT JJ;eJIO C MaTepHaJIOM, KOTOpbIH rrOJJ;JJ;aeTC5IMaTe-
MamqeCKOH CpOpMaJIH3aU;HH. COU;HOJIOrnqeCKHH MaTepHaJI 5IBMeTC5I OC-
HOBOR nOJIl1TJIQeCKRX npOfH030B. C nOMOIUbIO COI.l1OJIOmQeCKOro Mero-
JJ;a MO)KHO BbDIBHTb B3aHMOCB5I31 rrOJIHTHKH H JJ:PyrHX c4Jep )Kfi3HH, pac-
KpbITb COU.HaJIbHylO rrpnpoJJ;y BJIaCTH, rOCYJJ;apCTBa, npaBa H T.JJ;., onpeJJ;e-
IDiTb COU.HaJIbHyfO HarrpaBJIelmOCTb npHHHMaeMbIX roCYJJ;apCTBOM peme-
HlIn, yCTaHoBIITb, B IIHTepeCaX KaKHX rpynn OHH OCym,eCTBJI5IfOTC5I.
I1pHMeHeHHe aJIbTepHaTHBHOrO IIHCTHTYU;IIOHaJIbHOMY rroJJ;xo-
JJ;y - 6HXeBHOpHCTCKOrO MeTOLJ;a, OKa3aJIO peBOJIfOU;HOHII3II-
pyIOm::ee JJ;enCTBIIe Ha rrOJIHTH'IeCKYIO HayKy B 30-50-e n. XX
BeKa. I1cnOJIb30BaHIIe 6HXeBIIopIICTCKOrO MeTOJJ;a B nOJIIITOJIOrIII1 OC-
HOBbIBaeTC5I Ha nOHHMaHHI1 nOJIHTHKH KaK BIIJJ;a COU;l1aJIbHorO nOBeJJ;e-
HH5I HHJJ;HBHJJ;OB(rpynrr), XapaKTepII3yIOIu;erOC5I YCTanOBKal1JI 11 MOTH-
BaU;H5IMH, CB5I3aHHbIMH C yqaCTHeM BO BJIaCTII H BJIaCTBOBamnI. DnXe-
BIIOPH3M CTpeMIITC5I K onpeJJ;eJIeHIIfO peaJIbHbIX npl1tII1H 11 napaMeTpOB
nOJIHTHtIeCKOrO nOBeJJ;eHI15I Ha MaCCOBOM ypoBHe. "EJJ;HHHu.eH" HCCJIe-
JJ;OBaHII5I, B paMKaX JJ;aHHOro no)].xoJJ;a, npH3HaeTC5I Ha6moJJ;aeMOe no-
BeJJ;eHHe HHJJ;HBII)].OB H rpynn B pa3JIHtIHbIX rrOJIHTHtIeCKHX cHTyaU;II5IX.
OCHOBHble npHHU;HnbI 6HXeBHOpHCTCKOrO rroJJ;xo)].a 4JOPMYJIIIPYfOTC5I
CJIeJJ;yfOm,HM 06pa30M: 06Hapy)KeHIIe 3JIeMeHTOB eJJ;IIHOo6pa3H5I B rro-
JIIiTHtIeCKOM nOBeJJ;eHHH, HX o6061u;eHHe H Bblpa)KeHIIe B TeOpH5IX H
MO)].eJI5IX, 11MelOlII,HX 3BpHCTHtiecKyfO 11 npOrl-IOCTWJeCKyIO U.efiHOCTb;
COOTHeCeRHe BbIBO)].OB C 3MnHp11QeCKI1MH C]mKTaMH H nOCTpOeRl1e
BbIBOJJ;OB TOJIbKO Ha HX OCHOBe; 11CnOJIb30BaIlHe aJ~eKBaTHbIX MeTOJJ;OB
JJ;JI5I nOJ1YQeHI151 JJ;aHHbIX; Jl;II4J4JepeHII11pOBamra51 HlITepnpeTaU;H5I 11
Ou;eHI(a nOJIYQeRHhIx )].aHHbIX; CHCTeMHbli1 xapaKTep HCCJIe)].OBaHI151,
CTpeM5IllJ,erOC5I K 3KCnJIHKaU;IIH rrpIIQIIHHO-CJIe)].CTBeHRbIX CB5I3eH;
aKTIIBlwe IICnOJIb30BaHIIe nOJIHTHQeCKOH HaYKon pe3YJIbTaTOB 11
JJ;aHHblx ryMaHIITapHbIX II eCTeCTBeHHbIX HayK.
DIIxeBIIopII3M CblrpaJI 3aMeTHyfO POJIb B CTaHOBJJeHIIII II pa3-
BIITIIH cpaBH11TeJIbfWH II npIIIwaJJ;HOH nOJIIITOJIOrIIII, pa3pa60TaB OC-
HOBHble MeTOJJ;bI npIIKJIaJJ;HbIX nOJIIITIIqeCKIIX IICCJIe)].OBaH11n: CTaTII-
cTIIqeCKHe 11CCJIe)].OBaHII5I nOJIIITHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCT11; aHKeTHble IIC-
CJIe)].OBaHII5I 11 onpOCbI; JIa60paTOpHbIe 3KcnepIIMeHTbI; npIIMeHefme
~TIIqeCK11X pemeHHH. B TO )Ke
TCOpHH IIrp B H3YQeHIIH rrpHR5ITII5I nOJI II nCIIXOJIOrII HeoJI;HOKpaTHO
IIpCM5f, MHorHe. Be)].ylII,IIe nOJI11TOJIOrH j3IIOpHCTOB MeTo)].aMH MaTeMa-
IIO)lIePKHBaJIII' rrTO yBJICrreHHOCTb 6Hxe
p ym,ep6 KarreCTBeHHbIM MeTO-
THlfeCKoro II CTaTIICTWleCKoro aHaJIII3a fIOCTb IICCJIe,lIOBaHIIH.
N1M, CHII)KaeT rrOTeHU;IIaJI II pe3YJIbTaTIIB ~CKOrO IIepnO~a pa3BHBa-
B paMKax IIOCTOIIxeBIIopIIC~II3 II cHcTeMHbIH rroJJ;xoJI;.
IOTC51CTpyKTypHO-4JyHKU;HOH<L'lbHbIII aH pJIhHOM aHaJIIOe 3a eJJ;H-
B CTpyKTypHO-4>yHKIIHOH TBrre" a 06mecTBo rrpeJJ;cTaB-
" eHv ' LL.
IIHIY IICCJle)].oBaHH5I rrpHHI1MaeTC5I JJ; c1UIIaJIbHblX CHCTeM JJ;enCTBII5I.
./IHCTC5f KaK cOBoKyrrHocTb CJIO)KHbIX C eM rrOBe)].eHIIH opIIeHTHpoBaH
(nnaeTC5I, rrTO Ka)K)].bIH IIHJJ;HBIIJJ;B CBC1j1. HOPMbI o6"beJJ;HHeHbl B HH-
Ila "06m,errpIIH5fTble" 06pa3U;bl nOBeJJ;eHI+ aIOlII,I1e epynKU;II5IMII, HarrpaB-
cnnyTbI, IIMefOllJ,He CTpyKTypy H o6rra)1. 06llJ,eCTBa. IJ;eJIb CTpyKTypHO-
./Il~llllblMH Ha )].OCTII)KeHIIe cTa6HJIbHOCTII j<OJIHqeCTBeHHOH ou;eHKe Tex
(I'YIlKqrroHaJIbHOrO aHamna COCTOHT B MO)KeT rrpncnOC06IITbC5l He B
11'lMeHeHIIH, K KOTOpblM JIaHHa5I GIICTeMa pblM 065I3aHHOCT5IM. )J;aHHbIH
YI1~ep6 CBOIIM OCHOBHblM CpyHKU;HOHaJIb(/060B coxpaHeHII5I H peryJIH-
MCTOJJ; qerreco06pa3eH )].JI5I aHaJIH3a C~O 14JcpeKT np05IBJI5IeTC5I B cpaB-
pOBaHII5I CHCTeMbl, ero MaKCHMaJIbHbIIl J{IIX CHCTeM. CTpyKTypHO-
lIIneJIbHOM IICCJIeJIOBaHIIII rrOJIIITIIrreC H3yrreHHe 4JYHKUHOHaJIbHbIX
(I'YIIKUIIOHaJIbHblH aHaJIH3 HanpaBJleH H~ crrCTeMbl: e)].HHCTBa HHCTI1-
'IaBI1CHMOCTeH 3JIeMeHTOB nOJIHTHtIe~CKO r1H nOTpe6HOCT5IM norrIITIIrre-
TyTOB BJIaCTII, COOTBeTCTBII5I IIX JJ;eIICTB peaJIII3yeTC5I nOTpe6HOCTb B
CKIIX cy6beKToB; Bbl5IBJIeHIIe Toro, KaK eHC5I cpe)].e II T.JJ;. CHCTeM-
Ilpl1Cnoc06JIeHHII CIICTeMbI K H3MeH5II01LJ;; KaK calVlOperYJIHpYf01LJ;YfOC5I
II hIii nO,lIXOLJ; paCCMarpHBaeT rrOJIHTIIK''fBeHHOH cpe)].oH rryTeM BOC-
CIICTeMY, B3aHMo)].eHCTBYf01LJ;YIO. C 06m,e~CTeMbD» II rrpIIH5ITH51 rrOJIH-
IlpI15ITII5I Tpe60BaHun rpa)K)].aH (<<BXO)]..C)- )KH3He06ecnetIIIBaIOIU;IIMH
THrreCKIIX perueHII{r. (<<BbI~O)]. CHCTeMbI» 1aIOTC5I: pacrrpeJI;eJ1eHHe u;eH-
cl)YHKJ~II5IMHnOID1TWJ~CKOII CHCTeMbl CtIH p5I rpa)KJJ;aHaMH pacnpe)].eJIII-
rrOCTCH II pecypcoB; ooeCrreqeHHe npIIH5IT
~ r. BPIX.
TeJIbHbIX perueHIIH B KaqeCTBe 0~5I3aTeJ1.b n03BOJI5leT pa3pa6oTaTb KII-
KOMMYHHKaTHBHhIll MeTOJ1Pouecca, paccMaTpHBa51 no-
6epHemqecKylO MOJIerrb nOJIIInI'lecKoro6t1~eHH5I. I10JIIITHrreCKl1e B3aH-
JII1TWleCKIIe CTpyKT>'PbI KaK eJIIIHH~lbl ° pMaUHOHHble nOTOKH, rJIaB-
MOJJ;eHCTBH5I paCCMaTpI1BaEOTC5l KaK HmpO
HbIM11 113 KOTOpbIX 5IBJI5IIOTC5I nOJI11TH"ICCKOC pCmCH11C 11 pCaKII115I Ha
HCrO arCHTOB nOJI11THKH.
,D,JI5I pCmCHH5I m11pOKOrO Kpyra HC<j.lOpMaJI113ycMhlX npOOJICM
nOJI11THqCCKOH )I{H3HH (Hanp11MCp, Bblpa60TKH ynpaBJICHQCCKOro pC-
mCHI15I, OIICHK11 nOJIl-ITI1QCCKOH CIITyaIIHI1, npOrH03a nOJII1THQCCKOrO
pa3B11TH5I H T.p;.) HaHOOJICC 3<j.l<j.lCKTHBHbIM5IBJI5ICTC5InpHMCHCHHC Me-
Top;a 3KCnepTHbIX ou,eHOK CnCIIHaJIHCTaMH B TOM 06JIaCTH nOJIH-
TWICCKOM P;C5ITCJIbHOCTH, no nOBOP;Y KOTOpOM BCP;CTC5I3KcncpTH3a.
JVleTo,IJ: rronHnPleCKOfO Mop;enHpOBaHHH COCTOI1T B
HCCJICp;OBaHHH nOJIHTHQCCKHX npoIIccCOB H 5IBJICHHM nyTcM pa3paOOT-
Kl1 H H3Y"ICHH5I HX NIOP;CJICM. MOP;CJIl1pOBamIC nOJIHTH"ICCKHX npOIICC-
COB MO)l{CT OCYllI,CCTBJI5ITbC5IHC TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBaHHH y)f(C H3BCCTHhIX,
3Ml1HpnqCCKn npOBcpcHHhIX p;aHHbIX, HO H Ha OCHOBaHnH r:lmOTC3.
MOP;CJIHpOBaHnc fnnOTC3 H npOBcp;CHnc BblqHCJIHTCJIbHhlX 3Kcncpn-
MCHTOB C nOJIYQCHHhIMH MOP;CJI5IMH n03BOJI5ICT, C OP;HOM CTOpOHhl,
npOBcpHTb r11nOTC3bI Ha HcnpOTHBOPCQHBOCTb, C .n;pyroM - BbI5IBHTb
CCHCHTHBHbIC napaMCTpbI MOP;CJIH, TC npH3HaKH II CB5I3H, H3MCHCHII5I
KOTOpbIX OKa3blBaIDT I-IaHOOJICC CyllI,CCTBCHHOC BJIIIJIHI1C Ha BbIXOP;HbIC
napaMCTpbI MOp;CJIH. MOP;CJIl1pOBaHI1IO nOp;JIC)KaT: McxaHH3M nOJIHTH-
QCCKOM CHCTCMbI (IranpHMCp, McxaHH3M pCaJIH3aIIHH nOJIHTHQCCKOM
BJIaCTI1), npOIICCC (npOIICCC npl1WITHJI pCmCI-IHM), OTP;CJIbHbIM <j.lpar-
MCHT <j.lyHKIIHOHl1pOBaIIHH CHCTCMbI (HIm ynpaBJICHHJI CI-O), HHCTHTyTbI,
HX 3JICMCHTbI H 06bCl~I1HCI-lH}I (rOCY1apCrBO, nOJIHTI1QCCKHM pC)f(HM),
McxaHH3Mbl B3aHMop;CMCTBlUI C l~pyrHMH lIQJIHTWICCKHMH CHCTCMaMH
(MC)f(p;YI-IapOJJ,HbIC OTHomCHHH) HT.lI. /
l103HaBaTenhHhle cpep;CTBa nOJiliTOJlOl'HI1 TaK)f(C BKJII-O-
"IaI-OT B CCOJI rpynny 06ilICLlOrHQCCKHX McrOi~OB (1111)~YKl(H5IH .n;CP;yK-
UI15I, aHaJIl13 11 CI1HTC3, MO.n;CJIHpOBal-lHC, MblCJICHHblM 3KCnCpI1MCHT,
MaTCMaTHQCCKI1C, npOrHOCTI1QCCKI1C 11 )J,p. MeTO!~hI), MCTO)~hI 3Mnnpl1qC-
CKnX I1CCJICp;OBaHI1M,n03BOJI5IIOllI,HC nOJIY(IaTb HH<j.lopMaumo 0 nOJII1THQC-
CKnX CpaKTax. YKa3aHHhIC n03HaBaTCJlbHbIC Cpcp;CTBa HC 0TPa)f(aI-OT cnc-
IIH<j.lHKy nOJIHTOJIOrHI1 H 3amvlCTBOBaHbI H3 p;pyrHx HayK. MCTOp;OJIOrH5I
COBpCMCI-lIIOMnOJIHTHQCCKOM HayKH npCp;CTaBJICHa cOBoKynI-IOCTbI-O Ka"IC-
CTBeHI-IbIX MeTOJ:OB KJIaCCHQeCKOH H HHCTHTYQHOHaJIbHOH 110JU1TOJIOrHH 11
6HXCBHOpI1CTCKHX, 3MnHpn"ICCKI1X 11KOJIHQCCTBCHI-lhIXMCTO.n;OB.
WYHKU,IHI nonMTonorMM. CYIb ZHOCeOROZlf4eCKGtI, no-
3HaeameJIbHGtI PYHKIIllll COCTOI1T B HaH60JIcc QCJIOCTI-lOM, aJICKBaTI-lOM
II paWCIlfIH nOJIHTWICCKOM pCaJIhHOCTH, paCKphlTHH npHcyllI,HX CM
OCil,CICTHBllbIX CB5I3CM, OCHOBHhlX TCHP;CHUHM H nponmOpC"IHM.
Pa3pa6aJ'hIBa5I onnrrvlaJlbHbIC MOP;CJIH ynpaBJICHH5I, nporH03H-
py}1 pa:3BIHHC nOJIHTH"ICCKl1X npOLJCCCOB, nOJIHTOJIOrH5I CpOpMHpyCT
ICOPCIWICCKYI-O OCI-lOBY rrOJIHTHqCCKOrO CTpOHTCJIbCTBa H pc<j.lOpMHpO-
lI'IIIH}!. (13YQa51 06beKTHBHblC 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H npOTHBOPC"IH5I nOJIH-
111'IlXKOM CHCTCMhI, <j.lOPMYJIHpy5I np06JIeMbI, CB5I3aHHhIC C npCOopa30-
1I<II11lCMnOJIHTH"ICCKOH P;CMCTBHTCJIbHOCTH, aHaJIH3HpY5I nYTH H cpcp;-
('ilia nCJICHanpaBJICHHOrO B03P;CMC'IBH5I Ha nOJIHTH"ICCKHC npOIICCCbl:
III).11HTOJIOrH5I BbIIIOJIH5ICT pyHKL{UlO paLfUOHaRU3aLfUU nOJlUmU4ecKoU
,Iwu'mu.
lIOJlI1TOJIOrlI5I BbIDOJIWleT Ba)f(HCMllIYI-O pyHKL{UlO nOJ7l11nLI4e-
('/11 Ii! ('( J1./1WJ7l13aL{UU,<j.lOpMHpOBaHH5I rpmKp;aHCTBCHHOCTH, nOBbIlIICI-IH5I
I10.11IlTH'ICCKOM KyJIbJ'ypbI HaCCJICHH5I. 3HaHHe HaY"IHhlX OCHOB IIOJIHTH-
1(11II03BOJl5ICT npaBHJIbHO OlICHHTb COOTHOllICHHC 06llI,C"ICJIOBC"IeCKHX,
IOCY)IapCTBCHHbIX, rpynnoBhIX H JII1"II-lbJX HHTCpCCOB, BblpaOOTaTb OJ'-
IIOlllCHHC K CyILJCCTByIOllI,IIM nOJIHTH"ICCKHM CTpyKTypaM, napTH51M,
()11PC)WJlCllIlYIO Jl11HHIO nOJIHTHqeCKOrO rrOBcp;CHH5I.
PCaJIH3aIIH5I npOZflOCn1l14eCKOLI rjJYHKL/llU n03BOJI5ICT nOJIHTOJIO-
11111COCTaBJlJITh p;onrOBpCMCI-IHbIC H KpaTKocpO'IHbIC nporH03hI 0 .n;Ha-
IW'OlIC B03MO)l{HOCTCM nOJIHTH"ICCKOrO pa3BHTH5I TOM HJIH HflOM crpa-
Ilbl lIa KOHKpCTI-lOM HCTOPHQCCKOM 3Tanc; pa3pa6aIbIBaTb aJIbTepHa-
TlHlHbIC cUeHapHH nOJIHTHQCCKI1X npoueccoB, onpe.n;eJI5I5I BCp05IJ'HOCT-
IlblC nOTcpH II n060"IHbIC 3c])<j.leKIbI.
KOHTpOJIbHbIe BorrpochI:
1. PacKpoMTC cop;Cp)l{aHHe OCHOBI-IbIX MCTOP;OB nOJIHTOJIOrHH.
2. BblP;CJIHTC CPYI-IKlIHHnOJII1TOJIOfHH.
JlIITepaTypa:
1. 06Ula5I 11 npI1KJIaP;HM nOJIHJ'OJIOrHJI. Y"IC6HOC noco6Ilc / I10p;
o6ll1,. pcp;. B.l1. )l{yKoBa, B.YL KpacHoBa. M., 1997. lJI. XLIII.
2. IIvza4ee B,ll., COJIOebe6 A.H. BBcLieHHc B rrOJI1UOJIOfHI-O.
YQCOHHK P;JI~ By30B. 113.n;. 3-e, nepepa6. H p;on. M., AcrrCKT I1pccc, 2000.
In. 2. N24.
3. AIal-lzeintf(;Jfc., FUtt F.R. I1onHJ'OJIOrH5I. MCTOP;bI Hccncp;OBa-
HH5I. M., 1999.
~. ./v[UmpOXllHa TH CpaBHemre KaK Cpe,ll,CTBO Pa3BHTWI nOJIH-
THqeCKOH TeopHH11 llOJIHe. 2004. N2 3.
5. llOJIHTHqeCKITll aH3.Jlli3: cOBpeMeHHoe COCT05fHHe H HanpaB-
JIeHH5f pa3BHTH5f II llOJIHC. 2004. N2 3.
6. llaHlnuH B.B. B03MO)I(HOCTH n:HKJIWICCKH-BOJIHOBOro no,ll,Xo-
.n:a K amUHf3Y nOJIHnrqeCKoro pa3BJ1TH51II ITOJIHC. 2002. N2 4.
7. Y0H6amx/-l lo.r. CpaBHHTCJlhHa5f nOJIHTOJIOrH5f _ Ba)I(HCI1mcc
BanpaBJICHHC HayKH 0 nOJII1THKC II BecTHHK MOCKoBcKoro yHHBcpcHTe-
Ta. Ccp. 12. llOJIIfTHqCCKHC HayKH. 2004. N2 4. C. 35-48.
TEMA 3. nOnl-1Tl-14ECKA5I BnACTb
llOH5fTHC BJIaCTH 5fBJI5fCTC5fO,ll,HHMI13 n:CHTPaJIhHhIX B nOJIHTO-
JIOrHH. Onpe,ll,CJICHHC CYIIIHOCTH H xapaKTcpa BJIaCTH HMeeT Ba:>KHell-
mce 3HaqeHHe ,ll,JI5fnOHHMaHWI npHpO,ll,hI nOJIHTHKH, n03BOJI5feT BhI,ll,e-
J:HITh nO~HTJ1lIeCKHe OTHOlIIeHH5f H3 BceH CYMMhI 06IIIecTBeHHhIX OT-
f-fomeHI1H. llOJII1TOJIOnUO npHH5fTO onpe,ll,eJI5fTh KaK HayKy 0 nOJIHTIIKe
lMexaHH3Max pacnpe,ll,CJICHII5f H I1CnOJIh30BaHH5f BJIaCTI1.'
B:?aCTI. 5fBJI5fCTC5I O,ll,HHMH3 Ba)I(HCHrnIIX BH,ll,OBCOn:HaJIhHoro
IS3aHMO,ll,eHcTBH5I, cnen:HepHqeCKHM OTHomCHIIeM cy6beKToB npM KO-
T'OpOM BJIaCTByIOIIIHu cyo~ . .'
. . bCKT pCaJII13yeT CBOIO BOJ1IO II mncpechI
nO,ll,qHH5I5I ce6c ,ll,pyroro cy6beKTa. B nOJIHTIIqeCKHX OTHOllICHH5I~
BJIaCTh 3aHHMaeT n:eHrpaJIhHoe MeCTO.
BJIacTh H nOJIHTHKy HHOr,ll,a OTO)I(,ll,ecTBJI5fIOT,a6COJIIOTI13HPY5I
Ir x B3am,1006ycJIOBJleHHocTh. BJIacTf, 5fBJI5feTC5f HeOneMJIeMhIM 3JIe-
JVt:eHTOM MexaHH3Ma BocnpOH3BO,ll,CTBa nOJIIITHKH, H cpe,ll,CTBOM ee
ocym:ccTBJIeHH5f. Eoph6a 3a BJlaCTh, 3a ec OBJIa,ll,CHHC H y,ll,ep)KaHHC _
np06JICMa nOJIHTHQeCKa5I, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, pCrnaeTC5I OHa nyTcM
B~16opOB,. Ha3HaQCmIU, HJIH 3aXBaTa. KaK npaBHJIO, ,ll,JI5fCOImaJIhHhIX
CHJI, CTpCM5fIIIHXC5I pea.nH30Ban, CBOH L(CJIH, BJIaCTh - HC caMOL(CJIb
o)J,HaKO, 3aBOeBafIl.re H y,ll,cp)KaHHC BJIaCTH y)I(e CCTb nOJIHTIIKa co Bce~
M.1: ee aTpH6yraMH - nOCTaHOBKOU 3a,ll,aQ, BbI6opOM L(eJICU Cpe,ll,CTB
MCTO,ll,OB 60Pb6bl II T.,ll,. 11, DpI1,ll,5fK BJIaCTH, 3TH CHJIbI HaQI1f:aIOT cPop~
MMpOBaTh KOHKpeTHhle BJIaCTHble CTpyKTyphI - OT npaBHTCJIhCTBa, npe-
3I1::::)J,eHTa, napJlaMeHTa ,ll,0 pernOHaJIbHbIX H MeCTHbIX cTpyK'ryp. OCyIu,e-
CT .:BJI5IJI CBOH HHTepeCbI 11 QCJIH, OH11 Bhlpa6aThIBaIOT H npOBO,ll,5fT B
)I(I.::'I3Hb c06cTBeHHyIO nOJIHTHKy, KOTOpa5I CTaHOBHTC5I CpC,ll,CTBOM HX
1111:1('111.lloJIHTHKa, TaKI1M 06pa30M, OKa3bIBaerC5I npWII1HOH BJIaCTH, a
1111aCli>--- npI1QI1HOH nOJII1THKI1. CJIC,ll,yer nO,ll,qepKHyTh, QTO 3TOT BO-
IIlllC HMeCT HC TOJlbKO TeOpeTlI'-ICCKOe, HO 11 npah.""THqeCKOe 3HaQeHI1e. B
1((111KpCTllbIX nOJIHTIIQeCKHX CIITyaUI151X3a BceMH BonpOCaMI1 nOJIHTIIKII,
I:II( 1!Jlll IIHaQe, CT05fT BOrrpOCbI BJIaCTI1, ee coxpaHeHII5I II y,ll,ep)I(aHII5I.
.l"iIlC,IICPCil B116opaMI1 mo6a51 BJIaCT1 rrpOBOill1T norryJIJiCTcKyfO rrOJIHTHKy
IIYCTi>IX 06eIIIaHIIH, 3aurpbIBaHII5I C HapO,ll,OM, ,ll,eMOHcrpHpy5I «OTeQC-
~;(YI()}):m6oTy 0 «6C,ll,HbIX, 60JIhHbIX, YHlI)I(eHHbIX II OCKop6JIeHllblX».
. K CBOHCTBaM BJIaCTIf OTHOC5IT: Bceo6IIIHOCTb (BJIaCTb OX-
1;1I1,IBaCT Bce cellephI 06m:CCTBa); IIHKJII03IIBHOCTb (BJIaCTb npOHIIKaeT
1111Bec BII,ll,bl QeJIOBeLJCCKOM)IC5ITeJIbHOCTI1; COC,ll,HWICTII npOTIIBonoc-
r;IIIJIHCT COIl,IIaJIhHhIe rpynrrbI H OT,ll,eJIbHbIX IIH,ll,IIBII,ll,OB).
npIIH5ITO BbI,ll,CJI5ITb,ll,orocy,ll,apCTBeHHhIe (aHOHIIMHa5I BJIaCTb,
((laCllbIJICHHa5I» B rrpIIMIITIIBHblX 06IIICCTBax; H HH,ll,HBII,ll,YaJIbHa5I,B03-
1IIIIGlIOlIl,a5I C n05IBJICHIIeM pa3,n,eJIeHII5I TpY,ll,a, rocy,ll,apCTBeHHbIe (IIH-
l'ITITY3.JlI13IIpOBaHHa5I ny6JIHQHa5I nOJIIITI1QeCKaJI BJIaCTh) II Ha,ll,rocy-
)(apCTBeHHhle (¢OPMI1PYIOllI,IICC5I Ha COBpeMCHHOJYl 3Tane 06IIICCTBCH-
1I0!'O pa3BIITII5I) If CTO P If I{ eCKlfe <I> 0 p M hI BJI a CTIf.
BJIacTh MO:>KeT 6bITh npc,n,CTaBJICHa KaK B3aHMOCB5I3h ,ll,IIpeK-
IlIBIlOrO (o6CCnCQCHIIC BbmOJIHCHII5I npHKa30B); cPYHKL(IIOHaJIbHOrO
(ClIoe06IIOCTb II yMeHIIc npaKTI1QCCKH peaJIH30BbIBaTb cPYHKII,IIIO 06-
IIl,CCTBCHHoro ynpaBJICHIIJI); II KOMMyHIIKaTIIBHoro acneKTOB (BJIaCTb
((al( «5I3hIK» 06IIIccTBa).
OCHOBHbIe no,n,xo,n,bI K onpe,ll,eJIeHHIO Cyrn.HOCTII
1l.II:lCTII:
- peJl5l14UOHllcmcKue KOHl4em41111 (JJWcmll xapaKTepH3yIOT
11IIaCTbKaK OTHorneHIIC Me)K)J,y ,ll,BYM5InapTHcpaMII, npII KOTOpOM O,ll,I1H
IIIcaThIBaeT onpe,ll,eJI5IIOlll,ee BJIH5IHIIe Ha ,ll,pyroro; npIIH5ITO BbI,ll,CJI5ITh
C.lIC)I,ylOm:HCOCHOBHble BapIIaHThI YKa3aHHOH KOHucnIl,I1II:
1) meopufl «cOnpOmuBRewlfl» (,[()I(. cDpeHQ, ,[(. KaTpaHT,
I;. Pci-lBCH II T.,ll,.) I1CCJIC,n,YCTBJIaCTHblC OTHOmCHII5I, B KOTOpbIX cy6b-
CKT ImaCTH nO,ll,aBJI5ICTconpOTIIBJIeHIIe ec o6beKTa;
2) meopufl «06JlleHG pecypcaMu» (n. EJIay, ,[(. XIIKCOH,
K. XaHHJiHrC II T.)],.) y,ll,CJI5ICTBHIIMaHIIC CIITyaUII5IM, Kor,n,a IIH,ll,IIBII,ll,hI,
pacnOJIaraIOIIIIIe «,ll,e¢IIL(IITHbIMIl pecypcaMII», MoryT TpaHcepopMIlpO-
BaTb IlX I13JIIlllIKH BO BnaCTb, yCTyna5I QaCTh pCCypCOB B 06MeH Ha )KC-
JIaCMOC nOBC,ll,eHIIe TeM, KTO B HIlX Hy)K,ll,aCTC5I;
3) meopUR «pa30efla 30H 6IlURHU5l» OJ,. POHr 11 Jl,p.) nOJl,qepK11-
BaeT 113MeHQHBOCTb pOJIeH YQaCTHHKOB B3aHMOJl,eHCTB115!;
- 6uxe(JuopucmCKlie K01l1{enl(1l1l (JJlacIJUJ aKleHT11pyroT BH11-
MaHHe Ha MOT11BaXnOBeJ-emUI JIlOJ-eH B 60pb6e 3a BJIaCTb, paCCMaTpH-
Ba5! CTpe~1J1eHHe K BJIaCTH KaK J-OMHHHpyIOII(yro qepTy qeJIOBeqeCKOH
nC11XHKH, a BJIaCTb l<aK HCXOJ-HbIHnyHKT H KOHeqHyID leJII, nOJIHT11qe-
CKOro J-eHCTBIl5!. I10JIHT11qeCK11e OTlIOrneH115! paCCMaTpHBaIDTC5J: KaK
PblHOK BJIaCTH, Ha KOTOpOM aKT11BHO J-eHcTByIDmHe nOJIHTHQeCKHe
cy6beKTbI CTpeM5!TC5I BhlrOJl,HO HCnOJIb30BaTb HMeIOIlHeC5I y HHX pe-
CypCbI, nOJIyqa1OmHe TaM )l{e npH3HaHHe B KaqeCTBe 06meCTBeIlH03Ha-
qHMbIX pecypcOB.
- CllCl1leJI11-lble U CI1lPYKI1lJP1l0-PYI1Kl{IWIUUlbllble KOlll{em{llU
(Jj7aCI1lU (T. I1ap-COI:IC, JJ:. 11cTOH, r. ArrMOHJ-, M. Kp03be) paCCMarpH-
Ba10T BJIaCTb KaK CBOHCTBOMaKpOCOUHanbHOH CHCTeMhI, JIH60 KaK pe-
a.lIbHyIO cnoc06HOCTb eJl,HHHUbI CHCTeMbI aKKyMyJIHpOBaTb CBOH HHTe-
peCbI H BJIWITb Ha npoueCCbI B CHCTeMe. BJIaCTb TaK)Ke onpeJ-eJI5IeTC5I
KaK B3aHMOJ-eHCTBHe HHJ~HBHJ-OBB paMKax crreumjmqeCKOH COlHaJIb-
HOH CHCTeMbI.
- lleOCl1lpy!mlJprUlllCl11CKue KOH1{enl{UIi «apXeOJlOrWI Ii re-
HeanorHH MaCTH» (M. <DyKO) H <<nOJI5IBJIaCTH» (D. EYPJ-he) paCCMaT-
pHBa10T BJIaCTh KaK MO,llaJIbHOCTh 06meHH5I, HerrepCOHH<pH11HpOBaH-
Hhle, HeOBemeCTBJIeHHble OTllOrneHH5I cy6beKToB, HaXOJ-5ImHXC5!B no-
CT05J:HHO H3MeHqHBOM Hanp5I)l{eHHOM COOTlWrneHHH CHJI. I1epapXH5I
BJIaCTHbIX OTlWrneHHH KOHCTHTyHpyeT «nOJIHTHqeCKOe nOJIe», n0311-
I~I1H cy6beKToB, Ha KOTOpOM orrpeJ-eJI5IIOT pacnpeJl,eJIeHHe «CHMBOJII1-
qeCKOH BJIaCTH» KaK cOBoKynHocTH 3KOHOMHqeCKHX H KyJIbTypHbIX
«KanI1TaJIOB» .
CTpyKTypa BJIaCTH BKJIIOqaeT B ce65I CJIeJl,YIOmHe KOMllO-
HeHTbI: HCTOQHHK, cy6beKT H 06beKT, <PYHK1111H,OCHOBaHH5IH pecyp-
CbI BJIaCTlr.
B KaQeCTBe llCI1l0'lf-lUlW6 6/WCI1UI MoryT BblcTynaTh aBTopl1-
TeT, CI1Jla, 3aKOH, 60raTCTBO, 3HaHHe, npeCTH)l{ 11T.,ll. B POJII1 cy6'beKl1la
6/WC11Ul MoryI' BblcTynaTb He TOJIbKO cjm3HQeCKIIe JI1111a, HO H caMa
BJlaCTb (rocyjl,apCTBO, npaBHTeJlbCTBO, napJIaMeHT, napnl5I, COI03Hble
,llB11)l{eHH5J:H Jl,pyrne KopnopaTHBHble 06pa30BaHH5I). Cy6'beKll1 BOnJIO-
maeT B ce6e aKTHBHoe HanpaBJI5IIOII(ee HaQanO BJIaCT11, onpeJl,eJI5IeT
COJl,ep)l{aH11e BJIaCTHbIX OTHorneH11H nOCpeJl,CTBOM: npHKa3a; nO,llqJiHe-
IIIIH (1IOJWC,lleH11e qaCTHOH BOJIH noJl, Bce06mHOCTb BOJIH BJIaCTH), Ha-
l:n:1I11U1 (cpe,llCTBO B03J1,eHCTB115IHa HrHopHpOBaHHe HJIH OTpHUalIHe
I (ICIIO)~CTBYIOII(eH BOJIII), HOpMHpOBaHl15I nOBeJl,eHHJl. Cy6beKT BJIaCTH
Mmt<CT HMeTb ¢OPMaJlbHbIM xapaKTep II 611Tb peanbHbIM I-IOCJueJleM
11II:lCTI1.
06'beKI1l 6JlaCl1lU - 3TO naCCHBl-IOe HaqanO BO BJIaCTHl1X OTHO-
IllelIlIHX; 3TO Te JIYIua HJIH CTpyKTypbI, Ha KOTopble HarrpaBJIeHO B03-
Ill'iiclBUe BJIaCTHblX cy6beKToB.lfepapxuJl imacmu npeJl,rrOJIaraeT, qTO
(l(i hl~t<T BJIaCTll 5IBJI5IeTC5ITaKOBbIM TOJIbKO no OTHorneHl1IO K Bblrne-
(. 1()}lll~eMY BJIaCTHoMy opraHy, HO no OTHorneHH1O K Hl1)l{eCT05ImeMY,
(lll BblCTynaeT KaK cy6beKT BJIaCTII. OTHOllleH1151 Me)l{JI,y cy6"beKTOM II
(l(l),CKTOM BJIaCTII He paBHonpaBHbI. Cy6beKT BJIaCTII OTJI,aeT
POICIIOp51)KeHII5III paCCqIITbIBaeT Ha IIX IICnOJIHeHIIe 06beKTOM BJIaCTII,
I() CCTb Ha nOJl,QHHeHIIe 06beKTa. IIpl1H5ITO BblJl,eJI5ITb CJIeJl,Y1Oml1e
lll'IIOBaHH51 nO)l,qIIHeHl15I: CTpax, Jl,OBepHe, IIHTepec.
B.IJaCTHo-yrrpaBJIeHQeCKl1H aKT ~lO)KeT ObITb rrpe)J,CTaBJIeH cxe~lOH:
Cy6beKT 06JIa,llaeT aKTl1B-
IlOCTblO no nOBOJl,y ynpaB-
JleHI15106beKTa
06beKT-
naCCIIBHa5I CTopOHa
<PYHKlI,IUiMII BJIaCTII 5IBJI5110TC~I: rocnO,llCTBO, pyKOBO-
)CI'I30, perYJI5111H5I, KOHTpOJIb, ynpaBJlefIHe, KOOpJl,IIHaUH51, opraHH3a-
1l1~1, M06HJIH3aUl15I 11 T.JI,. K Ba)l{HeHlll 11M, 06II(eCTBeHHO 3Ha'IHMbIM
II)YHKUl151MnOJIJITJ1QeCKOH BJIaCTH OTHOC5ITC5ICPyHKUJ1II no nOJl,JI,ep)l{a-
11111006II(eCTBeli:HOrO nOp5IJ-Ka H Cn6HJlbHOCTH; BbDlBJleH11IO, orpaHJ1-
'ICIlHlO II pa3perneHHIO KOH¢JlIIKTOB; Jl,OCTH)l{eHIIIO 06II(eCTBeHHoro
C(ll'JIaCWI (KOHceHcyca); npIIHy)l{JI,eHHlO 06beKTOB (BO l1M51C011HaJIbHO
lIIa'lHMbIX 11eJIeH II coxpaHeHII5I cTa611JIbHOCTH); ynpaBJIeHHlO ,lleJIaMl1
(l()lu,eCTBa.
DOJ- OCHOBaHIUIMH BJlaCTfI nOHl1MaeTC5I ee 6a3a, Ha KOTO-
pylO OHl1paeTC5I BJIaCTHa5I BOJI5I cy6beKTa. PaCrnl1pHTeJIbHa51 TpaKTOBKa
pCCypCOB BJ'1aCTH BKJIJOqaeT Bce TO, qTO HHJI,HBH,ll IIJIH rpynrra MoryT
IICnOJlb30BaTb JJ:JI5IBJIH5IHH5IHa Jl,pyrHx; B Y3KOM CMbICJIe - Bce Te cpeJ--
CTBa, KOTOpbIe l1CnOJIb3YeT l1JIl1 MO)KeT l1CnOJIb30BaTb cy6'beKT ,I])UI LI:OC-
Tl1)KeHl1~ CBOeM IJ,eJIl1. B COBpeMeHHOM rrOJIfITOJIOrl1l1 OCHOBaHH~ MaCTH
COCTaBMIDT ee <pyHLI:aMeHT, B TO Bpe~ KaK peCypCbI BJIaCTH - :3T0 ee rro-
TeHIJ,H<IJIH TeXHOJIOr~. IIpHH~TO BbILI:eMTb CJIeLI:YIDIIJ,He0 CHOB a H H 51 II
pecypchI BJIaCTII: 3KOHOMHtrecKue, COIJ,HaJIbHbIe, IDpHLI:HtrecKMe, aLI:-
M11H11CrpaTMBHO-CI1JIOBble 11KYJIbTYPHO-I1H<popMaQI10HHble.
3KOUO.MU'-leCKUe ocuoem-IWI ellacmu XapaI{Tep113YIDTC~ roc-
nOLI:CTBYfOu~eM <pOpMOM c06CTBeHHOCTH, 06beMOM BaJIOBOro HaIJ,MO-
HaJIbHOrO npOLI:yKTa Ha LI:ymy HaCeJIeHH5I, CTpaTerHqeCKl1 Ba)KHbIMl1
rrpl1pOLI:HbIMl1 pecypcaMM, CTeneHbID yCToihI1BOCTM HaIJ,HOHaJIbffOM
BamOTI,I M T.LI:. 3KOHO.M1l1.feCKu.MUpecypca'vtu BJIaCTH 5IBJI5IIOTC5I aK-
TMBHa5I MHBeCTMIJ,MOHHa5I, HayqHO-TeXHHtrecKa5I, HaJIOrOBa5I H TaMO-
)KeHHa~ nOJIIfTHKa.
COlfuallbUble OCHOeaml51ellacmu - 3TO COIJ,HaJIbHbIe rpynnhI If
CJIOH, Ha KOTopbIe onHpaeTC5I BJIaCTh. B m060M rOCYLI:apCTBe cyIIJ,eCT-
ByfOT C0JJ:IfaJIhHbIe rpynrrbI, 06peQeHHbIe Ha rrOLI:tr11HeI-fHe, a TaK)Ke
rpynnbI, 3aHMMaIOIIJ,11e npOMe)KyTOtII-We nOJIO)KeH11e Me)KLI:Y YCTOMQ11-
BbIMI-I cy6beKTaMH I-I 06beKTaMI-I BJIaCTIf. COlfuallbHble pecypcbl - 3TO
cOBoKynHocTb B03MO)KHOCTeM I-I3MeHeHM5I cTaTyca C0JJ:11aJIbHbIX rpynrr
11 CJIOeB, LI:eMCTBI-I5I,HarrpaBJIeHHbIe Ha rrOH11)KeHI-Ie I-IJI11 rrOBbImeH11e
06IIJ,eCTBemfOM aKTI-IBHOCT11.CJIeLI:yeT rrOLI:QepKflyTb, tITO BJIaCTb LI:OJI)K-
Ha 06eCrreQI-IBaTb 06IIJ,eHaUI-IOHaJIbHbIe 11HTepeCbI, CTpeM11TbC5I K COIJ,11-
aJIbHOMY rrapTHepCTBy.
JOpU()U1.feCKUe OCl/oeaUU5I e.'lacmu COCTaBJI5IeT COBoKynHocTb
3aKOfIOB, fIa OCfIOBafIH11 KOTOpbIX BJIaCTb C<pOpM11pOBafIa I-I, Ha KOTopbIe;
OnI1paeTC5I B rrpaKT11QeCKOH LI:e5ITeJIbfIOCT11.JOpu()U1.feCKUepecypcbl - 3TO
BC5IKOrO pOLI:a 11fICTpyKJJ:I111,MepOrrpI15ITI-I5I no YTOQHefI~ 11 pa3b5ICHeHI1IO.
3aKOHOLI:aTeJIbCfBa, YKa3bI 11rrOCTaHOBJIeHI15I rrpe311LI:eHTa.
1(vllbmJPUO-llHPOPMalfUOUHble OCHoem-lZl51BKJIIOQaIOT B ce65I
CI1CTeMY OpraHI13aIJ,11H, aKKyMyJII-IpyIOIIJ,I-IX I-I COXpaH5IIOIIJ,I1X KyJIbTyp-
HbIll nOTeHJJ:l1aJI CTpaHbI, CpeLI:CTBa MaCCOBOM I-IHclwpMaIJ,1111 11 T.Ll:.
1(V.'lbmJPHO-Ul-lPOPXWlfUOHl/ble pec,JPCbl - 3T0LI:YXOBHbIe IJ,eHfIOCTM,'
3HaHM5I, I1HClwp!mJJ:115I, B03feHCTBI15I C rrOMOIIJ,bIO CpeLI:CTB MaCCOBOfl
I1HCpOpMaJJ:HJl 11 T.LI:.
K nplll-ly()umeJlbHbIM peCJpCWd OTHOC5ITC5IMepbI aLI:M11HI1CTpa.
T11BHOrO HaKa3aHM5I, a TaK)J(e MepbI, OCHOBaHHbIe fIa MeTOLI:ax y6e)KLI:O.
H115I.CUJlOeble pec.JpCbl CB5I3aHbI 11CnOJIh30BaH11eM BoefIlwro arrrrapaTa,
PaCKpbITI1e COLI:ep)KafI115InOH5IT115I«pecypc BJIaCnu> npeLI:nOJIa-
I':tL~TpaCCIvlOTpemie Ba)KHeMmero eonpoca 0 coomHOUleHUU JIeZaHbHO-
('Ill/Ill HeZUmWltl-LOCmUeHacmzt.
JleraJlhHOCTh - nOJI11THKO-rrpaBOBa5I xapaKTepHCTHKa BJIa-
elll; CpOpMaJIbHO-IOpHLI:HQeCKa5I 3aKOHfIOCTb ee yCTaHOBJreH115I (rryTeM
11'I()paHI15I B pe3YJIbTaTe BbI6opOB), xapaKTepH3YfOIIJ,a~C5I COOTBeTCTBH-
L'M )CHCTBHH BJIaCTHbIX CTpyKTyp IOp11!J:HtreCKI-IMfIopMaM.
IIoH5IT11e «JIenUHMHOCTh» (<<3aKOHHOCTb»), BBeLI:eHHoe B
llOllllTHtrecKyJO HayKy M. Be6epOM, OTpa)KaeT 11CTOp11trecKlI CJIO)KI1B-
1IIIIiic~l, COJJ:I1aJIbHO 3HatrI1MbrH nOp5ILI:OK npOHCXO)KLI:eHH5l BJIaCT11, CTe-
11l'111>)OBepl15I K HeM Hap0LI:a, cooTBeTCTB11e np11H11MaeMbIX 3aKOHOB
IllITcpccaM 06IIJ,ecTBa, COrJIaCOBaHHOCTb BJIaCT11 C 06bIQa5IM11, TpaLI:11-
1I1111MI1,HopMaMH nOBeLI:eHH5l. Be6ep BbILI:eJII1JI Tp11 HLI:eaJIbHbIX T11na
IIITIlTHMHOCTH: TpaLI:11JJ:HoHHyIO, Xap113MaUJ:qecKYIO H paIJ,I10HaJIbHO-
t HUj1o-KpaT11QecKylO. B KOHKpeTHblx rrOJIHTIItreCKI-Ix C11CTeMax LI:aHHhIe
111111,1JIerHT11MHOCT11, rrpI1 LI:OMI1H11pOBaH1111KaKOH-JIH60 TeHLI:eHIJ}IH,
IIIIII()JIlI~IOT !J:pyr Ll:pyra.
TpaJl,IfUHOHHa51 BJIaCTh OCHOBafIa Ha Bcpe B CB5IIJJ:eHHbIH
;'I1:lICTep HOpM, 06bItraeB, TpaLI:11IJ,I1H,KOTopbIe paCCMaTpHBalOTC5l KaK
1II'PYIlIl1MbIe. 06brtrau BbIcTyrraIOT OCHOBOH yrrpaBJleH115I 11 nOCJIyma-
IIIIII B 06IIJ,CCTBe, (I160 TaK rrpI1H5ITO, TaK 6WIO BCerLI:a). BJIacTb TpaLI:11-
111111 TaKOBa, trTO eCJm TpaLI:11JJ:11IOHapymaIOT JI11LI:epbI, BO)KLI:11,TO OH11
1"IlliiOT JIenITI1MHOCTb B rJIa3aX Macc 11 MoryT 6bITb OTCTpaHeHbI OT
IIII;It' Ill. TpaLI:I1IJ,I-IOHHbIe 06IIJ,eCTBa CTaTI-IqHbI, MoryT cyIIJ,eCTBOBaTb
11l''';IMH 6e3 cyIIJ,eCTBeHHbIX I13MeHeH11H, BOCnp0113BOLI:5IBHOBb 1I BHOBb
I 1111/l(IIBIIII1eC5lOTHOmeHH5r rocnOLI:CTBa 11 rrOLI:trI1HeHH5I,TpaLI:11JJ:110HHa5I
1111:1('II, 6bwa xapaKTepHa LI:JI5ILI:pCBHI1XBOCTOtrHbIX 11MnepHM (Er11neT,
IliiIIIlJIOIl, fIepC115I, KUTaH), LI:,'15ICpeLI:HCBeKoBOMEBponbI. TpaLI:MIJ,I10H-
Ilil1 IILTHTHMHOCTb npI-IcyTcTByeT 11 B COBpeMeHHbIX rrOJIHTHQeCK11X
, 11['ll'IVIaX. ITa CBoeI1 MOT11BaJJ:1111OHa CXO)Ka C OTHOIHeH115IMl1 B naTpH-
1'I':1111>1I0H CCMbe, rLI:e MJIafID11e rrOB11HYIOTC5ICTapmI1M. M. Be6ep
I '1111:111,lITO 11 B YCJIOBI15fXLI:eMOKpaTM11nOJIe3HO COXpaH5ITb HaCJIeLI:CT-
11i'11I1)'((1MOHapXnI-O, trTo6bI rrOLI:KperrJI5ITb TeM caMbIM aBTop11TeT rocy-
'11'1I[' 1Il:l MHorOBeKOBbIMU TpaJl,HJJ:H5IMUnOlHiTaHU5I BnaCT11.
Xa p If3lIa TlPI eCKa51 JIer11TI1MHOCTb (xapU3Ma - 60)KeCT-
"'"II1,lii )Clp,3KCTpaOpLI:I-IHapHa5f He npI106pCTCHHa5f, He CB5I3aHHa5I C
I III 11())~CTBYIOIIJ,I1MH06ilIeCTBCHHbIM11 HOPNlaM11 cnoc06HOCTb 11HLI:I1BH-
,1l,a), OCHOBbIBaeTC51 Ha Bepe B J1CKJIIOqHT
HJJH HeCKOJJbKHX HHITHBfXIT,OBX " eJJbHhIC CDoc06HOCTJ1 O,1l,HOro
14 HA • apH3MaTIllIeCKa
Ha C KyJJbTOM jJJNHOCTH TI 51JJCrHTJ1MHOCTb CB513a-
HHqHO Bep>HIlerO B CBO~ M~~~~~ X~~~3ManrqCCKOrO JJH,1l,Cpa, 6c3rpa-
,1l,HTB nCpHO,1l, 06IIIecTBeHHoro Kp " ~IHCTa, H pa,1l,HKaJIa, npOHCXO-
THqeCKOH JJCrHTHMHOCTH Ba"""H H3Hca. JI51 B03HHKHOBCHH51 xapH3Ma-
~ '" 0 He CTOJJhKO caMO 6
MOH, KaKUMU-TO OC06bI'MH K ' 0 JJa,1l,aHUC xapU3-
n aqCCTBaMU BO)K,1l,51
co CTOpOHbI rrOCJJC,1l,OBaTCJJerr X ,,' CKOJJhKO npU3HaHue ee
HOCUTeJJbHO HeCTa6uJJhHOu . apu3MaTUqCCKa51 BJJaCTb 5IBJI>ICTC>IOT-
v ~ n no cpaBHCHUlO C TpaIT ' , v
HOH, HoO JIH,1l,CPY qT06T
I ' ,u,HIIJ10HHOU U JJeraJIh-
, D ee y,1l,ep)KHBaTh H ,..
MOHCTpUpOBaTb CBOIO HC ' ' COOXO/J,HMOnOCTO>IHHO ,1l,C-
B
KJJlOqHTeJJhHOCTb pc '
JJaCTh xapII3MaTUKa ITJJH ' man HOBbIe 3a,1l,aQH.
C ,u, nTC5I, rrOKa B cro «,1l,a
pe,1l,aQU XapH3MaTWICCKorr BJJaC ", p» BCpUT HaCCJJCrmc. TIc-
rrpceMHHKa (UHorrra Ha3HaQ' ae TU OCYIIICCTBJJ>IeTC51nyTeM Ha3HaQCHH5I
,u, TC51QeJJOBCK He B " y
oKpy)KeHUC «BeJJHKOrO xap )' XO,1l,5IIIIUIIB 6JlH)Karrmcc
H3MaTHKa» . JJH60
caMy ,1l,OJJ)KHOCTbHJJU opraHU3aIIulO B~I ' ,rrcpCHoca xapU3MbI Ha
BC, eIIIc He OCBOUBmeM rr ' . O~PHH3IIPYlOIIICMC5I 06IIICCT-
,u,CMOKpaTUQCCKHII THrr '
paCrrpOCTpaHCH XapII3MaTIItICCKJ1IIv ,yrrpaBJJCHH>I, TaK)KC
TIIrr BJJaCTBOBaHU5I
I1CTOpII51 n03BOJl5Ier npUBeCTII MHO - .
BOBaHII51 XapH3MaUrQeCKOrr BJJaCTII B )KeCTBO rrpHMCpOB CYIIIeCT-
TeMaX. 3TO PUMCKa>I UMrrepu 10 pa3JJIIQHhIX rrOJJIIT,IItleCKIIX CIIC-
51npu ' JIHII U,C3a '
rUTJIepOBCKIIrr HaIIH3M cl-.a' M pe, pe)KIIM HarrOJJCOHa
, I' mH3M yCCOJJUHU' '
CTaJIfIfla, Mao TT
3c>rrYI-Ia P , COIIUaJJII3M JIeHuHa
, .u, J,u, • a3HOBJ1,1l,HOCT ' '
JlerUTUMHOCTII 51BJl5ICTCOB ' hID XapH3MaTIItleCKOrO THrra
" 0)K,1l,H3M XapaKTCp' bV
aBTopUTapHbIX U TOT<>rrHTap" ' 6 H In ,1l,JJ51He,1l,UHalv1HQHhIX
<wn HhIX 0 IIICCTB 06 '
BO)K,1l,II3Ma5IBJJ5IeTC5IepaKT JlHQHOrr rr e ,,' ,IIIUM /J,JI5I Bcex BU/J,OB
CT051III,UM ,U Bcex BMeCTC _ rJla' p ,1l,a
3
HHOCTb,HU)KeCT051IIIJ1X BhlIIIC-
Be KJJaHa. TOMy TH
,1l,eMOKpaTIl5I nOCKOJJbKy,hOp' , rry He Bcer,1l,a qy)K,1l,a
, 'j1 MaJIhHO npH3HalO ~
eCTb nO,1l,/J,cp)KKa HacenCHIIeM ' , TC5I npaBa oOJJhIIIUHCTBa
IIy» HaIIHJ1 B03paCTaCT no J' npaB>IIIIcro pe)KIIMa. «JlIo6oB,1» K «OT~
6
rcpc YMeH1IIICHH51 0 ' , '
o IIICCTB xapaKTepHa Toprr rrrr03HIIHU. L(n>I TaKUX
,h ~,1Ha>I II,1l,eonoru3aIIH ' v
'j10pMH3M, rrp0,1l,BU)KCHII'C no C ' ,>I, rpa)K,1l,aHCKUH KOH-
v' ' oqHaJI1Horr Ucp
CB5I3CU. apXHII Ha OCHOBC JJJ1QHhIX
B ycnOBH>IX (POpNIHpOBaHH>I pbIH ~
pau,HOHaJIhHag, OQHOI1 3KOHOMI1KH B03HHKaeT
JIerHTHMHOCTh UpJ1 ~
rpa)K,1l,aH K BJIaCTI1 orrpeITen>le'TC ' KO~?POJ1 OCHOBa ,1l,OBCpJ1>I
v A >l 3aKOHaMJ1 CC (l-.Vg
yCTpOJ1CTBOM rocy,1l,apCTBa JI " , , I'J
uK
IIHOHHpOBaHIl>l,
. eraJIbHa5I BJJaCT1 OCHOBblBaCTC5I Ha rrpII-
111:111111110plI/~I1'IeCKHX HOpM, KOHCTIITYIIIIII, pcryJIHpylOIIIHX OTHOIIIC-
1IIIII Y IIP:lIlJICIU1}l II nO,1l,QHHCHmI. 3TH HOPMbI OTICPbITbl ,1l,JI5IH3MeHCHHrr,
II,Jlli 'llTO IIMCIOTC5IYCTaHOBJJCHHble 3aKOHOM npOIIC,1l,YPbJ. L(m 060CHOBa-
IIIDI CIHlCii BJIaCTH 3JHITa 06paIIIaCTC51 K ,1l,eHCTByroJ.n:eMy 3aKOHO,1l,aTCJIhCT-
lIy, IWIOPOC npC,1l,ycMarpIlBaer CB060,1l,HOCBOJICH3b>IBJJeHHCrpa)K,1l,aH, BbI-
lIOlliIOCII" paBIwnpaBHC BCCX nOnHTHqCCKHX CM, ,1l,CHCTBylOIIIHXB paM-
1:1 'ill(()lIa, orpaHHqeHHe CCpCpbI,1l,e5ITCJJbHOCTHrocy)l,apCTBa.
l'aUHOH<UIbHO-npaBOBa>I JJerUTHMHOCTb xapaKTCpHa l~m /J,CMO-
"IJ;IIII'ICCKHX rocy,1l,apCTB. aHa npclJ;nOJJaraCT cTporoe C06JIIO,1l,CHHe
lillWIIOB BCCMI1 cTpyKTypaMH 06IIIeCTBa, B TOM qHCnC 11 rocy,1l,apCTBeH-
III,IMII opraHaMH, )l,ocTyn K rrOJJHTI1QeCKHM HHCTI1TyTaM BCCX cnoeB
IliH:CJIClIH5I.
BonJJOIIIaTb npaBO B )KH3Hb ,1l,OJJ)KH1ICneIIHaJIbHO 06yqeHHbIe,
IlIlMllCICHTHble QHHOBHI1KH - 6lOpOKpaTI1>I. OCHOBHble Tpe60BaHI15I K
'1IIIIllllHHKaM, cepOprvIYJIHpOBaHHbIe Be6epOM, B HaillIl )l,HH Ka)KyTC>I
"XilpaKTepHCTIlKOH» 60roB-oJJHMnHI1ueB: QI1HOBHHKH )l,OJJ)KHhI 6hITb
1111'1110CB060,1l,HbI H nO,1l,tJI1H5ITbC5ITOJIbKO ,1l,eJJOBoMy CJIy)Ke6HoMy ,1l,OJJ-
1y; I1MeTh yCTOHtJIlBylO CJJy)Ke6HylO IlepapXJ1lO H onpe/J,eJleHHYlO KOM-
Ill'ICIllIHIO; paCCMaTpI1BaTh CBOIO CJJy)K6y KaK enHHcTBeHHym I1 rJJaB-
Ilyll) npOCpeCCI1lO.
aT CTenCHH JJerHTHMHOCTH I1 JICraJIbHOCTH 3aBI1CI1T 3epepeK-
IIIBIIOCTb BnaCTI1.
JIeraJIhHag IVIH pau,llOHaJIhHO-rrpaBOBag JIerH-
I'''M II ()CTh.
B nepI1o/J, pa,1l,IlKaJIhHhIX COUHaJIhHO-3KOHOMIlQeCKHX H3rvIeHe-
111111Ha6j1IO,1l,aeTC5I, KaK npaBIlno, KpJ13J1C 3aKOHHOCTH BJJaCTH. CTapbIH
PC)KI1M y)Ke yTpaTHJJ nerI1THMHOCTb, a HOBbIH eIIIe He rrpII06peJJ. fIo-
IIO)KeHHe HOBoro pe)KI1Ma BO MHorOM 3aBI1CJ1T OT Toro, KaKHM crroco-
(lOM OH rrOnhITaeTC>I yTBep,1l,HTb CBOIO JIerI1THMHOCTb. Cpe,1l,II Tpex B1I-
JCJleHHbIX M. Be6epOM "tJHCTbIX" cnoc060B JIerJ1TIIMHOCTH BJIaCTII -
1pa/J,IlUHOHHoro, xapH3MaTHtJeCKoro H JJeraJI1HOrO, rrpHXO.IJ1TC5I BbI6I1-
paTb IIX ,1l,BYXrrOCJJe,1l,HIlX.
fIpaKTJ1Ka no Ka3blBaeT, QTO K cTa6IIJlhHOH JJerHTIlMHOCTlI Be-
JCl JII1UIb paIIIlOHaJIhHO-rrpaBOBOH crroc06, rrpH KOTOpOM ,1l,OBepIIe II
YBa)KeHIle K BJJaCTH OCHOBbIBaeTC>I Ha npH3HaHIlH B KaQeCTBe e)l,IlHCT-
BCHHO ,1l,OrrycTHMbIX 3aKOHHbiX rryTeH, Be,1l,YIIII1XK HeH. B PC3YJlhTaTe
'lcro B 06IIIeCTBe <pop~mpyeTC>I COrJIaCHe OTHOCHTeJJbHO "rrpaBI1JJ I1r-
PbI" Ha rrOJIHTHqeCKOH apeHe. TaKoe COfJIaCHe 3aKJIa):(bIBaeT OCHOBy
cTa6HJIbHOCTH rrOJIHTHqeCKOro peMHMa.
ComaCHO pa3BHTOMy .A:. HCTOHOM 1(e1l1IOC11lllO-1iOpJ~taI1UI6HO.MY
nooxooy K J7eZlllllllJllliOCmU, ee rJIaBHbIM yCJIOBHeM 5IBIDIeTC5IBbI5IBJIe-
HHe B OCHOBe COI~HaJIbHbIX OTHOIIIeHIIH MHHI1MaJIbHOro QeHHOCTHoro
KOHceHcyca. B KaqeCTBe 6a30B1IX KOMnOHeHTOB BJIaCm BbI.ll;emHOTCJI
IIHTepeCbI II QeHHOCTI1, 06eCrretII1BaIOIQIIe rrpIIH5ITIIe II rrO):(tII1HeHIIe
BJIaCTII, comaCHe C ee rpe60BaHH5IMH H rro):():(epMKy ee ):(eHCTBHH.
JIerHTHMHOCTb - CTeneHb, C KOTOpOH JIIO):(H BOCnpmJ:I1MaIOT
nOJIHTHqeCKYIO CHCTeMbI, BOCnpHHI1lvlaIOT BJIaCTI:. KaK ):(OCTOHHyIO CBO-
eH no):():(epMKH. BbI):(eJI5IlOTC5I CJIe):(yIOIQHe THnbI no):():(epMKH: ):(HcPCPY3-
rIa5f - ):(OJIrOBpeMeHHa5f no):():(epMKa, 3cPcpeKTHBHa5f He3aBHCI1MO OT pe-
3YJIbTaTOB ):(e5ITeJIbHOCTH; cneQHcPHtIeCKa5I - cHTyaTHBHa5I, KpaTKOBpe-
MeHHO OpI1eHTHpOBaHHa Ha pe3yJIbTaTbI, OCHOBamIa5I Ha C03HaTeJIbHOH
rrOL):(epMKe Toro, KaK ):(eHcTByeT BJIaCTb.
cDpaHQY3CKHH nOJIHTOJIOr }ICJ1. Illa60 OTMetIaJI, tITO nOJIHTH-
tIeCKaH BJIaCTb JIerHTHMHa OTHOCHTeJIbHO ):(ByX KJIIOtIeBbIX aKTopOB B
CTpyKType BJIaCTI-fbIX OTHOIIIeHHH - yrrpa13JI5IeMbIX H yrrpaBJUeJIeH. ITo-
JIHTHtIeCKa5I 13JIaCTb ):(OJIMHa COOTHOCHTb BOJIeH3b5I13JIemIe ynpaBJI5fe-
MbIX ():(eMOKpaTI15I) II coo6pa30BblBaTbCH co cnOC06HOCT5IMH yrrpa13H-
TeJIeH (TeXHOKpaTH5f).
)l;eM OKpa TH'IeCKaH JIerHTH MHO CTb 03HatIaeT rrpOII3-
BO):(HOCTb CBo60):(HOH KOJIJIeKTHBHOH BOJIII OT IIHLHBH):(YaJIbHOro npo-'
5fBJIeHH5f cB06o):(Horo cyM):(eHH5I. TeXHOKpaTH'IeCKaH JIerIfTHM-
HOCTb 3aBHCHT OT yMeHH5I BJIaCTBOBaTb, 06yCJIOBJIemIOrO cnoco6aM '
):(ocTyna K BJIaCTfI II co):(epMaHHeM npoQecca ee OCYIQeCTBJIeHII5I. ITo
JIHTHtIeCKa5I BJIaCTb JIerHT11MII3IIpyeT ce65I OTHOCHTeJIbHO cy6beKTHB
HbIX npe):(CTaBJIeHHH 0 MeJIaeMOM COl~Hao1bHOM nop5I):(Ke. COOTBeTCT
13IIe rrOJIIITHtIeCKOH 13JIaCTH YHHBepCaJIbHbIM npHHlHnaM COlHaJIbHOr '
6bITH5I COCTaBIDIeT CYTb OHTOJIOflf'IeCKOH JIerIfTHMHOCTIf.
B COBpeMeHHOH nOJII1TOJIOrHH rrpHH5ITO 13bI):(eJIJITb: IIepco
HaJIhHYIO JIerHTHMHOCTb, HCTOtIHHKOM KOTOpOH 5IBJ15IeTCJIJIHtIHbI
aBTopIITeT npaBIITeIDI; CTpyKTypUyIO - HCTOqHHKOM KOTOpOH Bf,I
cTynalOT CJIOMHBDH1eC5f rrOJ1IITIIqeCKIIe CTpyKTypbI, H OCHOBaHHOH Hi
y6e)K):(emm B 11X 3aKOHHOCTH 11 leHHOCTII ):(JI5I 06IQeCT13a; II):(eOJIOfIIqe,
CKyIO - IICTOqHIIKOM KOTOpOH CJIy)KaT II):(eOJIOrIIqeCKIIe leHHOCTII
BHyTpeHHH5I y6e)K):(emIOCTb IIJII1 Bepa B IIX npaBIIJIbHOCTb.
BapIIaHTbI COOTHOllieHIIH JIefaJIbHOCTH II JIefHTIIMHOCTI1:
- BJ1aCTb JIeraJIbHa II JIefHTIIMHa, (qTO xapaKTepHO ):(IDI nOJIH-
TWleCKII cTa6IIJlbHOrO 06IQeCTBa);
- BJIaCTb JIeraJIbHa, HO HeJIerIITIIMHa, (06bIqHO B YCJIOBH5IXrro-
,IIIITHqeCKOrO KpII3IIca, CJIOMIIBllIeHC5I npe):(peBOJIIOlIIOHHOH c11TyalIIII,
I(()r)~anpaBOBaJI O¢OpMJIeHHOCTb BJIaCTlI Y)Ke He nOAAepMIIBaeTCJI Ha-
CCJfCHIIeM);
BJIaCYb HeJIeraJIbHa 11HeJIerIITIIMHa (HarrpHMep, 06pa30BaHIIe
BJIaCTb JIerIITIIMHa, HO HeJIeraJIbHa, (qTO xapaKTepHO ):(JIH
III1:1Cnr, yCTaHOBJIeI1Hoi1 B pe3YJIbTaTe peBOJIlOUIIOHHoro nepeBopOTa).
CJIe):(yeT OTMeTIITb, qTO ajleKBaTHa5I npaBOBa5I OcPopMJIeHHOCTb
IIl1:1CTHbIXOTHOllieHIIH BbICTpaIIBaeTC5I TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBe JIerIITHMHO-
nil BJlaCTII, CTeneHb KOTOpOH CHII)KaeTC5I, no Mepe B03paCTaHIIJI ypOB-
111IIIpI1HyM):(eHH5f. [JOKa3a1nefl51MU cmenel-tU fleZUmUkll-tOCmU 5l6fl51lOm-
," IIpHHy)K):(eHHe, CTeneHb rpa)K):(aHCKoro HenOBHHOBeHH5f, nOnbITKa
I I II' y)apCTBeHHoro nepeBopOTa (HaCHJIbCTBeHHoe CBepMeHHe BbICIlIHX
IllHallOB rocy):(apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTII).
3tj}(jJeKl1ll16HOCmb 6JlaCmU - 3TO xapaKTepHCTHKa BJIaCTlI,
1I111;llI.IBaIDIIla5f CTeneHb BbIIIOJ1HeHH5I em 3a):(aq H CPYHKQHH,
Pt'lllllnalIHH BJIaCTHbIX paCnOp5IMeflHH C HaHMeHbllIHMI1 3aTpaTaMI1 I1
II IJWp)J(KaMH B lY1aKCHMaJlbHOKOpOTKI1e CpOKH.
KpHTepH5fMII )(pcPeKTIIBHOCTH BJ1aCTH 5IBJI5IIDTC5f:
- )lOCTaTOLlHOCTh OCHOBaflHH BJIaCTII H ajleKBaTI-lOCTh HCnOJIb-
II ",nil 11;1ee pecypCOB;
- palHOflaJIbHOCTb «BepTHKaJlbHOH>J H «ropH30HTaJIbHOH>J
I '1',k1ypbI BJIaCTH;
- )CPcPeKTIIBHhIH H CBoeBpeMeHI-lbIH KOHTpOJIh 3a BbIIIOJIHeHH-
, 11 P:II'IIOp5lMerlHH BJIaCTHbIX CTpyKTyp;
OpraHI13aUHOHHO-TeXHHtIeCKOe H Ka):(pOBOe 06eCrreqeHHe
'.'I' 1:1 II :llIanH3a BJIaCTHbIX paCnOp5IMeHHH;
IIaJIHqHe ):(eHCTBeHHOH CHCTeMbl caHKUIIH, npHlvlell5IeMhIX K
'''' '.I'.', 1Y B.lIaCTH B CJIycIae HeBhIIIOJIHeHH5I HM BJIaCTHOrO npHKa3a;
'H])(jJeKTI1Bfla5f CHCTeMa caMOKOHTpOJI5f BJIaCTH, O,lI,HIIMH3 no-
I 'i Llll' Ill'ii KOTOpOH 5fBJI5feTC5Iee aBToprueT.
(i1l1JlllIUll1lCllbHbU·tU 'tepma.MU nOlllllll11'leCKOii 6fWCmll 5l6-
- JIeraJIbHOCTb B I1CrrOJIb30Bamm CHJIbI 11,ll,pyrHx Cpe,ll,CTB BJIa-
CTBOBaHWI B rrpe,ll,eJIaX CTpar-IbI;
- BepXOBeHCTBO (o65I3aHHOCTb ee pemeHHM ,ll,JI5IBcero o6liIecT-
Ba 11, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, ,ll,JI5IBcex ,ll,pyrl1x BH,ll,OBBJIaCTI1);
- rry6JII1qHOCTb, (Bceo6liIHoCTb 116e3JIl1qHOCTb);
- MOHOlJ,eHTpHQHOCTb, (HaJIHQHe e,ll,HHOrO lJ,eHTpa rrpI1H5ITH5I
pemeHIIM, B OTJII1QHe OT BJlaCTH3KOHOMHQeCKOM);
- MHoroo6pa3He pecypcOB.
Pa3,ll,eJIeHHe BnaCTH, CJIO)KHBmeeC5I Ha paHfII1X 3Tarrax
CpOpMl1pOBaHI15I rocy,ll,apCTBa, 5IBJI5IeTC5IOCHOBHbIM MeXaH113MOM ¢yHK-
lJ,HOHHpOBaH115I Bcex B11,ll,OBrrOJI11T11QeCKOH:11 HenOJI11THqeCKOH: BJlaCT11,
H orrpC,ll,eJICHO caMOM rrpHpO,ll,OM BJIaCTHOro OTfIOmCHI15I KaK OTIwme-
HH5I «rOCnO,ll,CTBa - rrO,ll,QI1HCHI15I».B rrOJI11T11QCCKOMC11CTeMe o6liIecT-
Ba, r,ll,C cy6beKTaMH BJlaCT11 BblcTynaIOT yQpC)K,ll,CHH5I, opraHH3alJ,11H,
pa3,ll,CJIeI-II1e BJIaCTI1 03HaQaeT np111I5ITHe pemer-IUM 11 fIX 11CrrOJIHeH11e,
pacnpe,ll,CJICH11e Tpy,ll,a, pa3,ll,eJIeH11e ¢YHKlJ,HM.
DepBoe KpyrrHoe pa3,ll,eJICHl1e BJIaCTM CB5I3aHO C OT,ll,CJIefmeM
lJ,epKBM OT rocy,ll,apCTBa. COrrepHMQeCTBO Me){(,ll,y 3TIIMII BJlaCT5IMH npo- .
,n;OJI)KaJIOCb MHorHe CTOJIeUilI. B CBeTCKOM rocy,n;apCTBe pa3n;eJIeHMe.
npocpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX ¢YHKlJ,11M BJIaCTM HaQaJIOCb n;OCTaTOqli:O paHO.
DPOMCXO,n;IIJIO pa3n;eJIeHIIe BJIaCTII Me){(,n;y lJ,eHTpaJIbHbIM II MeCTHhIM
yrrpaBJlemreM (caIvlOynpaBJIeHueM). Pa3n;eJleHIIe BJIaCTII Ha rocy,ll,apCT-
BeHHOM ypOBI-fe mJIO HepaBHOMepHO H COrrpOBO)Kp,aJIOCh OCTphlMU
KOHCpJIHKTaMII, p,a)Ke BOMHaMH Me)K,ll,y KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTbIO II rrapJIa-
MCHTaMII (rrpllMepOM MOlJT CJIY)KIITb "CJIamIa5I peBOJIlOIIH5I" 1688 r. B
AHfJIIIII, rrepepocma5I B BOMHy KOpOJI5I II rrapJIaMeHTa, 11 cMeHy ,ll,IIHa-
CTIIM; cDpaHlJ,Y3cKa5I peBOJIIDlJ,H5I). TaK)Ke MHorOBeKOBa5I 6opL6a BeJIaCh
3a rrpaBo YQaCT115IHapO,ll,a B npaBJIeH1111 - 3a II3611paTeJIbHhIC rrpaBa, TO,
eCTb, 3a pa3,ll,eJICHlle BJIaCT11 Me)K,ll,y rocy,ll,apCTBOM II o6liICCTBOM.
Pa3()eJWHUe (pacnpe()e.rteHue) 6.nacmu - 3TO nOJIIITHKO-npaBOBM
p,OKTpI1I-Ia II KOHCT11TYlJ,llOHHblM rrpl1f-IU11rr JIC)KaliII1M B OCHOBC OpraHI1-
3aU11I1 BJIaCTH p,eMOKpaTI1qeCKOrO rocyp,apcTBa, rrpe,ll,nOJIaralOliII1ij
pacnpe,ll,eJ1CHI1e BJIaCTHbIX nOJIHOMOQllH: Me)Kn;y BeTB5IMI1 BJ1aCTI1. H,ll,e$j
Heo6xop'llMOCTIl pa3,n;eJICHIl5I BJIaCTfr B03HI1KJIa H3 nOHllMam15I TOM yr-
p03hl, KOTOpylO HeceT 06liIecTBy 6e3pa3p,eJIbHa5I, Bceo6bCMJlIOliIa.
BJ1aCTb. DpoeKTbl pa3p,eJleHII5I e,ll,IIHOH: rocy,ll,apCTBeHHOM BJIaCT11 H
HeCKOJIhKO He3aB11C11MhlX, HO B3a11MOCB5I3aHHhlX COTpY,ll,H11QarDillI1X l'
KOlITPOJ1I1PYIOll1IIX ,ll,pyr ,ll,pyra BJIaCTeH:, n05IBIIJ111Cb B XVII BeKe. )J,)I~
J IOKK pa3,ll,eJI5IJ1 BJIaCTb Ha 3aKoHOp,aTeJlhHylO, IICnOJ1HIITCJIbHYlO (K Heu
()Il!OCIIJIaCb II cy,ll,e6Ha5I BJIaCTb) 11 ¢C,ll,epaTIIBHYr-o· B ero nOHHMaHMH
IlCpXOBHa5I - 3aKOHo,n;aTCJIbHa5I BJIaCTb I1MCeT rrpaBO yKa3blBaTb, K~
il()J[)KHa 6bITb ynOTpC6JICHa CHJ1a rocy,ll,apCTBa ,ll,JUl coxpaHCHH5I COoo-
III,CGrEa Il cro QJICHOB, I1CnOJIHHTCJIbHa5I 3aKJlIOQaCTC5I B KOIUpOJ1C 3a
(·(lOJ/lO,ll,eHHeM 3aKOHOB. B KOMneTeHUIlll cpep,epaJIbHOH: BJIaCTI1 Haxo-
IIHTC5IBonpochi BOMHhI I1 MIIpa, YQaCTl1e B KOa.J1I1UWIX 11 COf03ax, TO
,.,. 1I, 06JIacTb BHCUIHeM rrOJIHTIIKIl. Ill. MOl-fTCCKhC B XVIII BeKe npen;-
1IIlIKIIJIpa3p,eJIeHI1C BJIaCTI1 Ha 3aKoHO,ll,aTeJIhHyIO, I1CnOJIHI1TeJIbHYr-o I1
'VIICOllYIO.
BIlaCTnb npI1H5ITO nO,ll,pa3p,eJI5ITb Ha rocy,ll,apCTBcHHyIO I1 06Ille-
 IIWIIIIYW. rocyJ],apcTBeHHaH BJIaCTh o6eCneQIIBaeTC5I COOTBeTCT-
IIVIOII~HMI1 rrOJII1THQeCKHMI1 I1HCTHTyTaMI1 (napJIaMeHTOM, rrpaBI1TCJ1h-
, Illm'l H cY,ll,e6HhIMH opraHaMH I1 T.,ll,.), opraHaMH npanOnOp5Ip,Ka (no-
i1llll1ld1, ap:rvII1CMI1 T.,ll,.), a TaK)Ke IOpH,ll,WleCKOM 6a30M. 06rn,ecTBeH-
1111 U Il.IIaCTh oCYll1eCTBJI5ICTC5InapTI1MHbIMI1 CTpyKTypaMI1, o6IllecTBeH:
111.1~111 OpraHfI3aUI15IMl1, He3aBI1CI1MhIMI1 cpep,CTBaMI1 MaCCOBOI1
111111)()p~1aul1I1,06ll1CCTBeHHbIM MHeHl1eM.
B cOBpeMeHHOH: nOJIHTOJlOrMI1 nop, pa3,ll,eJIeHI1e BJIaCTl1 «rro ro-
I'll 1IIlT<lJII1» rrOHI1MafOT BhI,ll,eJIeHHe 3aKOHO,ll,aTeJIhHOM, HCnOJIHI1TeJIb-
IIIill II cy)~e6ImM «BeTBeM» BJIaCTI1. Pa3,ll,eJ1eHHe «no BepTI1KaJIH» 03Ha-
'lilt 'I lhli~CJICHI1e perI10HaJIbHOM I1 cpCp,epaTI1BHOM BJIaCTI1.
3aKoHO,ll,aTeJIhHa5I BJIaCTb npe,ll,CTaBJI5IeT C060M cOBoKynHocTb
1111 1I110IVI0'1I1M:no I13,ll,aHI1fO 3aKOHOB, a TaK)Ke CI1CTeMY rocy,ll,apCTBeH-
11101'oprallOB, oCYll1eCTBJI5IfOll1I1X 3TI1 nOJ1HOMOQI15I. B rrOp,aBJI5IIOll1eM
I" I'1I.IIIIIIlCTBe cTpaH HOCHTeJIeM 3aKoHO,ll,aTeJIbHOM BJIaCTb BhlcTyrraer
"I"!III:! BHTCJlbHbIH: opraH - napJIaMeHT.
1'!crronHI1TeJIhHa5I BJIaCTh npe,ll,CTaBJI5IeT C060M COBOKynHOCTb
IIIIill III~10' lI·li1 no ynpaBJIeHI1IO rocY,ll,apCTBeHHhIMI1 p,eJ1aMIl 11 a,ll,MI1HHCT-
1""II1IIIIlMy KOHTpOJIIO, HOCI1TeJIeM KOTOpOM5IBJIlIeTC5InpaBI1TeJl~CTBO.
('Yilc6Ha5I BJIaCTb - 3TO cOBoKynHocTh nonHOMOQIlH no ocy-
I!!' , 1.111t'111110npaBocyp,II5I, TO eCTb nOJIHOMOQI1M no paCCMOTPeHI1IO II
1
'
'111''1111"111110yrOJIOBHhIX, rpa)Kp,aHCKI1X I1 a,n;MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHhIX I1 KOH-
, 1111"'lllltlllllhlX l(eJ1 B nOp5Ip,Ke, yCTaHonneHHOM 3aKOHOM.
1~IIBIIJIH3aIJ,I10HHbIe THUbI BJlaCTIL B onpe,ll,eJIeHI1I1
1IIIIiI 1111;1('111II nOJIIITI1QeCK11X pe)KI1MOB CHaQaJIa B 3ana,ll,HOH nOJllno-
JIonnr, a, E nOCJIelt;Hee EpeM5I 11 B OTetIeCTBeHHOH HayKe, CTall I1CIIOJlb-
30BaTbC5I rrI1BI1nH3arrI10HHbIH nOlt;XOlt;, n03IIrrIIOHI1pyeMbIH ero alt;enTa-
MI1 KaK arn'HTe3a MapKCI1CrCKOro <popMarrI10HHoro rrOlt;XOlt;a. CornaCHO
rrI1BIInI13arrI10HHOMY nOlt;xolt;y, <pYHlt;aMeHTanbHbIe pa3nI1tIr!51 3analt;HOH
11 BOCTOtIBOH rrHBHnI13arrl1I'I 0npelt;emlIOTC5I OC06bIM xapaKTepOM B3an-
MOCB51.3HBnaCTJr H C06CTBeHHOCTH. B eBponeHCKOH I(HBHJIII3aU;HH on-.
pelt;
en5IIO
tIIeH CTpyI<TYPOH BbIcTynaeT c06CTBeHHOCTb, Ha 6a3e KOTOpOH
<P°PMI1pyeTC5I CB060lt;Ha5I nI1tIHOCTb - rpmKlt;aHI1H npaBOBoro 06IIIecT-
Ba, np05I13n5IlOIIII1H ce65I He3aBI1CHMO BO BJIaCTHbIX OTHOmeHI15IX. B
paMKax It;aHflOro nOlt;XOlt;a IIpmH.(I1II tIeTKOro pa3lt;eJIeHI15I MeJKlt;y c06-
CTBeHHO:l'bIO H BnaCTbIO rpaKTyeTC5I KaK onpelt;emnoIIIHn np
I1H
rr
I1
II
3analt;H0I1 It;eMOKpaTI1I1.
Ha BocmoKe, npelt;CTaBJIeHHOM Pa3JII1tIHbIMI1, HO 0lt;HOTI1nHbl-
MU rr
HBU
JII13arrI15IMU (apa60-MCJIaMCKOH, I1Hlt;o-6Ylt;lt;HiicKOB 11 KMTaH-
CKO-KOH<PYrruaHCKon), nOnO)/(eHI1e HHoe. 3lt;eCb, BJIaCTh It;OMJ1HMpyeT Halt;·
co6CTBemIOCTbIO M pbIHKOM, CTaB5I MX B nOnH)'lO OT ce65! 3aBHCHMOCTh Ii
KOHTponHpy5I. B EBpone EJIaCT!) H Co6CTBeHHOCTb tIeTKO pa3.n:eneHhI, a B.
BOCTOtIHbIX rrHBIDIH3arrH5!X OHMBCI02.(YHepa3lt;elli:IMbI, CJIBTbI.
B POCCMH YCTaHOBI1JIC5I OC06bIH, caMOCT05ITeJlbHbIB «eom4UH-
HbUI» TMn BJIaCTM. TepMMH «BOTtIMHa» 0603HatIaeT, no CyTIl It;eJIa, 02.(-
HOBpeMeHf-IO yHaCne2.(OBaHHbIe Co6CTBeHHOCTb H BnaCTHble nonHOMO-
tIH5I, rrop0)Klt;a5f CJIMTHOCTb BJIaCTII M c06CTBeHHOCTH, Mx HeODIMtII1-
MOCTb It;pyt' OT ):(pyra, H e):(I1Hble MeXaHI13MbI oCy1rreCTBJIeHl15I. B POC-
CMU rOCY):(apCTBeHHa5I BJIaCTb It;OJIroe BpeM5I MbICJIJ1JIaCb H ocyw:eCTB~
JI5IJIaCb Kal< rrp02.(OJIJKeHI1e npaBa C06CTBemIOCTM. «C06CTBeHHHtIe-
CKMH})rro2.()(02.( K rrOJIHTMtIeCKoMy peIKMMy, BhITeKalOIIIl1ii M3 OTOIK2.(eCT-
BneHM~ rrpaBa co6CTBeHHOCTM H BJIaCTM, 5IBJI5IeTC5I orrpe.n:emnoIlJ,eif
tIepTOH C013peMeHHOH pOCCMMCKon nOJIMTMtIeCKOH IKM3H11. .
KOHTPOJIbHbIe BorrpochI:
1. PacKpoHTe co):(ep)I(aWIe rrOH5ITH5I«rrOJIHTHtIeCKa5I BnaCTb».
2. YKaIKJ1Te HCTopwlecKHe <pOP~bI BJIaCTM.
3. KaKI1e rrO,l.(XOlt;blK onpe):(eJIeRHfO CyUl,HOCTH BJIaCTli cyu.(ecT-
4. Y KaIKHTe OCHOBHbIe KOMnoHeHTbl rroJUITI1tIeCKOH BJIaCTJr.
5. KaK CB5I3aHhl OCHOBaHH5I H pecypcbl BnaCTH?
6. PacKponre co)];epJKamIe nOH5ITH5I «JIerHTl1tvlHOCTb BJIaCTH}).
7. KaKI1e OCHOBHbIe rrO,l.(XO,l.(bIK THIIonorHH JIerHTHMHOCTI1BJIa-
em npHH5ITO BbI,l.(emlTb?
8. KaK COOTHOC5ITC5I IIOH5ITI15I «nerI1THMHOCTb» H «JIeraJIb-
IIOCTI,» EnacTH?
9. YKa)KHTe KpHTepHH 3<pcpeKTHBHoCTH BJIaCTH. ~ ?
10. KaKOBbI OTnHQHTenbHble QepTbI nOnHTHQeCKOI1 BnaCTH.
~?11. B qeM COCTOHT rrenecoo6pa3HocTb pa3lt;eneHH5I BnaCTeH.
K:lI( rrpe2.(cTaBJIeHO BepTHKallbI-IOe H ropH30HTallbHOe pa32.(eneHHe Bna-
ndi?
JhlTepaTypa:
1. HpxltH lOB., 30mo6 B.}J,., 30mo6a HB. flOnHTOJIOfI15I:
V'ld11IHK. M., 2001. rJI. 5,6.
2. llVZa'le6 B.ll., COJl06be6 A.H. BBe,l.(eHHe B IIonHTonorHW:
V'ldlllHK It;;5I By30B. M., 2000. rn. 5, 6.
3. }J,3J!lfe6X Hapo2.( 11BnaCTb 1/ BnacTb. 2003. N~6. C. 53-62. ~
4.}J,eZ1n.Hpe6A.A. flOnI1TI1tIeCKa5I BnaCTb KaK peryJI5ITHBHbIH
~11'aI1H3M COrrHallbHOro 06IIIeHH5I II flOJIHC. 1996. N~3. C. 108.
5.}J,e.MU()08 A.H. l.1,elmocTHbIe H3MeHCHH5I BnaCTH II flonHc.
I'>%. N~3. C. 121.
6. BOP06blX OB. K Bonpocy 0 IIOH5ITHH rocylt;apCTBelmoH BJIa-
I III /1 BeCTHI1K MocKoBcKoro YHI1BepCIITeTa. CepH5I 11. C. 91-100.
7. Crw6flbul B.H. flp06neMa BnaCTH: HOBoe I13MepeHlIe II flo-
i1111 1991. N~5. C. 33.
8.FaMaH-Fo,.'lym61LHa O.B. flapnm H BnaCTb II CB06olt;Ha5I
ill.II"III•. 2004. N'! 9. C. 77-89.
9. H'lbUH !vlB., MeJlb61LTJbA.lO. BnacTb 1/ flOJIHC. 1997. N~3.
COI~HaJlbHhIe cyobeKThl rrOnI1TIIKH - 3TO 06IIIecTBeHHbIe
I I' 11111,1 II OT,l.(enbHbIe HH,l.(HBI1)lbI, B[,mOJIH5IIOIIIHe rrOJIHTHtIeCKI1e
'1'111<111"1H peallH3YIOIIIHe BJIaCTHbIe nOnHOMOtIH5I. K HHM OTHOC51TC51:
IIII 11111.1IHrrepecoB, npaB51W:I1e 3JIIITbl, KonneKTHBbl, 3THI1tIeCKHe rpyrr-
111.1. IWllll)CCCHOHallbHble 06W:HoCTH, KnaCCbl, HarrHH, nOJIHTHqeCKOe
'111'11"1)(.:110.COrrHaJIbHble cy6beKTbI rrOJIHTHKH 5lBn5IIOTC51H~cHTe:5IIV1I1
II! II"II:lllpaBJICHI-lOH nOnI1TlItIeCKOH ):(e5ITenbHOCTII. Ka)K,l.(bIII cyobeKT
nOJIHTHKH, OKa3bIBM B03L(eHCTBHe Ra COUfI
caM B TO.IKe BpeM5! Mo"""eT B' 'I 6' aJIf,Hb1e rpynnf,1, o6ru;ecTBo
, '"' n cTynaTf, 0 beKT' ~ ,
POHbI L(pynlx cy6beKTOB. OM B03L(eHCTBH5! CO CTO-
OCltOeltblJHU COeOKVl1liblMU c;c ,
60JIf,IIIIfe COUIfaJIf,HbJe OO~~ ) ObeJ<lJ1aHUnOIlUlJ1UKU 5IBJllUOTC5l
IIIHOCTH - KJIaCCf,J If CJI
ru;ecTBo, RapOL(f,I HaU'IiJ~ IInB OH, rpa.IKL(aHcKoe 06-
, ", n IfJIH3aUHIf' c1Jllfec
MaJIf,Je rpynnbI 06be ' , ~' :T' lJ1eelil-tbUI,fll- cpen;HIfe H
,L(fIH5IIOru;Ife JllOL(eH no A.
qeCKoMy, nOJ10BoMy Tepp'" " L(eMOrpa't'Jit,I e,CKOMy, 3THH-
, nTOpfIaJIf,ROMY 06pa
B,OL(CTBe1-IHoMy nporheccn ' 30BaTeJIbHoMY, npoB3-
, 'i' nOHaJIf,HOMY fIJIB KOp
(61OpoKpaTH5!, MarhH5! 3JIJ~Ta) C nopanIBRoMy npH3RaKy
'i', " . oBoKynHbIM C 6
CTaROBI-ITC5! JIl06a5! 06rnR' y beKTOM nOJIHTHKH
~ OCTb, KorL(a caMoop
CBOff ffHTepeCbl ORa He TOJIT' , ' raHfI3Y5lCf, H OC03HaBa5!
, nKO OKa3blBaeTC5! B np
,
rfIl,111 COIIfIaJIbRf,JMI-I rpynn' OTfIBOCT05!RfIH C L(py-
aMH HJIH .lKe B n03
BfIH C ReKOTOpbIMII H3 HFX H " fITHBHOM B3aI-IMOL(eHCT-
, , 0 I-I BCTynaeT B KOHrh
qeCTBo C cyru;ecTBYfOmeH no ,~ 'pJIHKT I-IJIH COTPYL(HH-
~ JIHTHqeCKoH BJIaCTf,IO.
llepeU'fliblM cy6beKlJ10M nOJ1llmUKU ' ,
HOCTb, rpa.IKL(aF!fm. C pa3BI-ITI-IeM ' 5!BJI5!erC5I I-IHL(fIBfIL(, JII-Iq-
ru;eCTBe np06JIeMa JIJitIHOCTH ' L(eMOKpaTWleCKfIX TeHL(eHIIfIH B 06-
nepB, bI,H, nJIaR. BC5!KfIH HfITTlAB',~ rpa>KL(aIIHHa Bb1XOL(HT B nOJI,HTHKe Ra
"'In n"'l 5lBJI5!eTC5l nOTeHIIH
nOJIfITfIKH, HO He Ka.IKITf,IH C ' " aJIf,HbIM cy6beKToM
"'I TaROBI-ITC5I TaKOBf,IlVi p
CTaTf" qeJIOBeK L(OJI)J(eH npno"" ,eaJIf,HO. QT06bl HM
¥" opeCTH rrOJIHTHqeCK
pa60TaTb CBOIO rr03'"L("1O" ' He 3HaHfI5! 11 onf,IT BbI-
n n u OnpelJ,eJIHTf, , .. ,
M11Py nOJIHTHKI1. C rrpyron CEoe L(e5lTeJlf,Hoe OTRomeHfIe K
"'I n CTOpOHf,I, np11HL(HnIlaJI
CKfIe OCHOBbl H rapaHTI-IH CB060L( ~ ,~f,RO Ba)KHf,J IOpI1L(fIqe-
QeJIOBeK CTaROBHTC" C R
6
0HnOJIHTI1qeCKoH L(e5!TeJJf,HOCTfI.
n. y beKTOM nOJIHTHK
pa3BHTH5I HMeHHO KaK qJIeHa C ' H B npouecce CBoero
OOTBeTcmyIOru;ero 6
c,B,OfIX,JIHqHbIX KaqeCTB TIp , ",coo lIJeCTBa H B CHJIy
. HH5!TO Bf,JL(emITf,' aK
ytIaCTHe JIlOL(eH B nOJIHTI1Ke ' . TfI,BHoe, C031-rareJIf,HOe
, yJBep.IKlJ,emiH HMH C
HHTepecoB fI ueRHOCTeH' CTn ~ , BOHX OCMbICJIeI:lH,bIX
, nXfIHHoe HJIH Reoco
CHBRoe yqacnre «norrrram-rnqec 3HaI-IH,0,e yqaCTHe; nac-
"'1"'1 n Koro» TI1IIa T e
nOJIlUHqeCKI1X pOJIeH npn ,..._', ' ',' n,OHJIlV,IaI-IJIe CMf,ICJIa
n oe3yCJIOBI-IOM IIOL(qJII-I
H3HaqaJIf,I-I0 3alJ,aI-II-IOMy' I-I ' eHHH, HM KaK qeMy-To
, eocnopr-rMoMy' npo B
anaTHH, HeyqaCTHe B nOJIHTr-rKe. ' 51.JIeI-Ir-re nOJII-rTr-rqeCKoH
K COUI-raJlf,HbIM cy6beKTaJvI nOJIHTHKH
KTIaCCbl. B cOBpeMeHHo" n ' OTHO,,C5ITC51 COl(llaHl>1lble
u OJIHTOJIOrr-rn cyru;ec
non;xon;a K HX OnperreJIelinI'O' ','a ' ~ TByIOT TpH OCHOBHbIX
"'I n. n'H PKCHCTCKJ1r-r Be6 ,"
CpHKaUr-rOHI-If,IH(¢YHKUHOI-IaJIf,HbIH). ' epOBCKI-rI-I H crpaTH-
B paMKax JltapKcucmcKou mpaKm06KU, JII060e 06ru;ecTBo, oc-
lJ(lBaHHoe Ha rOCnOL(CTBe eraCTI-IOH co6cTBeHHocTH, COCTOHT H3 KJIaCCOB -
«OOJIbliIHX rpyrrn mOn;eH, pa3JII-IqaIoru;HXC5l no HX MecTy B l1CTOpI-rqe-
l'KIf onpeL(eJIeHHOH CI-ICTeMe o6ru;ecTBeHHoro np0I-I3BOn;CTBa, no HX OT-
IIOIileI-II-IIO K CpeL(CTBaM np0I-r3BOL(CTBa, no I-IX POJIl1 B 06ru;ecTBeI-II-IOH
llpraHH3ar~HH TpYL(a, a, CJIen;OBaTeJlbI-IO, no cnoc06aM nOJIyqeHH}! H
p:l'llvrepaM TOH ,n:OJII-r06ru;ecTBeHHoro 60raTcTBa, KOTOpOH OHH pacno-
r
IWl'aI-OT».
Kal1lUaJIHCTHqeCIWe 06ru;ecTBo ,n:eJII-rTC}( Ha L(Ba OCHOBHblX
1lIacca: KJIacc c06CTBeHHI-IKOB - 6yp.IKya3I-rIO I-r KJ1aCC HaeMHblX pa60-
'IHX - npoJIeTapI-raT. COrJIaCHO MapKcH3My, KJIaCCf,I - maBHble cy6beK-
11,1 nOJIHTHKH, a KJIaCCOBa}! 60pf,6a - L(BwKYIIIa}! CI-IJIa HCTOpI-II-I.
B wtmepnpe711alfUU jll. Be6epa, KJIaCCf,I - 3TO rpynnbl mOL(eH C
Iq1l1MeplcIO paBHbIMI-r .lKH3HeHHbIMI-r liIaHcaMH, I-rHTepeCaMI-r I-I ueHHOCT-
IlblMH opHeHraIIH5IMH. OTJIHQaeT HX lJ,pyr OT lJ,pyra H C03L(aeT B03MO)J(-
IIOCTf, KJIaCCOBf,lX KOI-I¢JII-rKTOB- 06ru;HOCTf, 3KOHOMI-rQeCKOrO nOJIO.IKeHI-r}(.
('lleUI-r¢I-rLleCKHMl1 npH3HaKaJII-r KJIaCCa, no ero MHeHHID, Bf,1CTyrraIDT KOH-
IPOJIb HaL( CpelJ,CTBaMH npOI-r3BOL(CTBa, HalJ, I-lMymecTBoM, lJ,ocryn K BJla-
l:TIf I-I nOJII-rTHQecryIO opraHH30BaI-IHOCTf" npOcpeCCI-I5!, KBaJImpI-rKaIII-r5I I-l
IICKOTopb1e L(pyrI-re COL(HaJIbHO-3KOHOMI-IQeCKHe npH3HaKfI.
M. Be6ep BbIL(eJI5lJI TpH TI-Ina KJIaCCOB: I-rMyru;He, nOJIYQaIOru;He
I(OXOL( aT c06cTBemroCTI-I; npH06peTaI-Oru;He, L(OXOn; KOTOpblX onpeL(e-
IIHeTC}! OT npOL(a)J(H pa60QeH CI-IJIf,I H cr-rTyaIIHI-r Ha pf,IHKe TpYlJ,a, I-I CO-
IllIaJIbHble KJJaCCf,I, oc06eHHOCTf,IO KOTOpbIX }!BJI}!eTC}( BbICOKa}( BHyT-
pHrpynnOBa}! M06HJIf,HOCTb, JIenWCTf, H TI-Inr-rqHOCTb BHyTpHrpynno-
BbIX rrepeMeru;eHI-IH OTL(eJIf,HbIX I-rHL(I-rBH)l,OBI-l L(eJIbIX nOKOJIeHHH.
B paMKax qJYHKlfuOl-taRbHOZOno()xo()a UeHTpaJIbHOe MeCTO 3a-
IIHMaeT ¢YHKUHOHaJIf,Ha}( (CTaTycHa}() KOHuemlI-r}( KJIaCCOB, COrJIaCHO
KOTOpOH KJIaCCf,I - 3TO rpyrrrrf,I mOL(eH rrpI-rMepHO OlJ,I1HaKOBOro COuI1-
:UIf,HOrO cTaTyca, orrpelJ,eJ15!eMOrO BeJIWII-rI-IOH lJ,oxOlJ,a, rrpeCTfI.lKHOCTf,IO
IIpO¢eCCHI-I, ypoBHeM 06pa30BaHI1}(, ,n:ocTynoM K BJIaCTI-r. 3TI-r cTaTyc-
IILle rrapaMeTpf,I rrpO}(BJI}(IOTC5l B rrOJII-ITI1qeCKOM rrOBeL(eHI-rI-l, qyBcTBe
KOJIJIeKTI-IBHOH HL(eHTI-IQHOCTH, C03HaHI-IfI H 06pa3e )KI-r3HI-I KJIacca.
!)YHKUI-IOHaJIbHa5l KJIaCCOBa5! CTpyKTypa paCCMaTpI-lBaeTC}! KaK He06-
XOlI-rMbIH 3JIeMeHT L(JI5!IWPMaJIf,HOrO pa3BI-ITH5l 06ru;eCTBa.
rpynnM UHTepeCOB - 3TO 06LeJJ:I1HeHI151 IIHJJ:RBH2l,OB H
OCHOBe 06m;nx 1HnepeCOB, crpeWIIIJ,IIeCJI OKa3aTb BJIIIJIHIIe Ha nomrnr
lfeCKRC IIHCTJnyTbl B I}eJIJIX npRHJITlliI HaII60JIce 6JIarOnpIIJITHblX
BbIT02l,Hb1X JJ:JIJICc6JI pemCHRH.
OCH06Hbl.Mll rjJYHlOPl5lMll 2pynn UHlnepeC06 JIBJIJIlOTCJI: apTRKy
JIJI[I}I5IIi arpenrpOBamie HHTepeCOB, HH!popMaTHBHa5I <!JYHKI.lH.lI,!POp
MHpOBaHHC nOJIRTIIlfCCKOH 3JIRThl. DOJJ: apmuKyJUll!Ueii UlllJ1epeCoe no
HHMaCTCJI npe06pa30BaHHC COUIIaTlf,Hb1X qyBCTB, 3MOI}HH, O>KH2l,aHHn
paUHOHaJIf,HO CcP0PMYJIIlpOBaHHf,le nOJIHTI1lfeCKHe lpe60BaHHJI. Azpe-
ZUp06aHue umJ1epecoe 03ffalfaeT cOrJIaCOBaWle pa3JIIllfHblX norpe6HO-
cTei1II Tpe60BaHIIi1, IIX IIepapXH3aI}HIO Il Bf,Jpa6oTKY 06UJ,erpynnOBb1X
ueJIei1. HHrjJopMamU6HCl5l rjJYHKlfll5l Bblpa>KaeTCJI B ZJ:OBe,n:eHHH JJ:O opra-.
HOB BJIaCTll llFlcPopMaUllIl 0 np06JIeMax, LeJlJIX Il IIHTepecax COOTBeT-
CTBYlOUJ,IlX rpyrm. DOCKOJIbKY rpynnM IIHTepeCOB npOJJ,BIlraIDT CBOIlX
npeJJ:CTaBHTeJIei1 B opraHbl BJIaCTII, TO CJIeJJ:YIOm;aJI llX cPYfIKUIIJI _
tjJ°PMup06aHue nOJlUlJ1U'IeCKuX 3JlUlJ1.
Teopll5l zpynn uHmepecoe 6f,wa CcPOpMyJIHpOBafIa aMepllKaH-
CIOlM nOffi1TOJIOrOM A. beHTJIH, KOTOpbli1 paCCMaJpHBaJI CTOJIKHOBeHIle II
B3aIIMOJJ,ei1cTBIle 3aIlHTcpeCOBaHHblX rpynn KaK OCHOBy nOJIIlTIlQeCKOro
nporrecca. ,I{eJITCJIf,HOCTb 3TIIX rpynn, no MHCHIlIO bCHTmr, 3TO nOCTOJIH-
HO II3MeHHIOUJ,Hi1CJI npOUCCC, B xOJJ,e KOTOpOro oCYUJ,ecTBJIJIeTCJI JJ:aBJ1eHIle
Ha npaBllTeJ1f,CTBO C ueJIf,IO rrpIlHY2l,IITb ero n0JJ:lfIIHHTf,CJI HX BOJIe.
B COBpeMeHHoi1 nOJIIlTOJIOrIIH cym;ecTBylOT Pa3JIIIlfHb1e THrrOJIO-
r1I3aUHII rpynrr IIHTepCCOB. AMepHKaHCKIIe rrOJ1HTOJIOrH r .AJIMOH2l, II ,I{)K.
Day::mJ1 Bb1JJ,eJ:UIlOTaHOMU'IeCKlle II IlHcmumYl/llOHGJlbHble rpyrrrrM IIHTC-
peCOB. fpyrrnb1, OTHOCJIUJ,ReCJIK ncpBOlvJY TRrry, B03HHKaIOT, KaK npaBRJIO,
cnOfITaHIIO, nJIOXO OpraBR30BaHb1 H HeJJ,OJIrOBpCMCfIHf,I. I1x JJ:CJITeJIf,HOCTb
MO>KeT npIIHHMaTb fIaCHJIbCTBCHHble epOPMbl (MIlTHHrH, ZJ:CMOHCrpa1rHJI,
MaCCOBf,Je arcu:mr npOTCCTa H HcnOBHHOBeHIDI). CTcnem, BJ11IJITCJ1f,HOCTH
3aHHTepCCOBaBfIb1X rpyrrn nOJJ,06Horo pOJJ:a Ha opraHLl BJIaCTH HeBf,}COKa.
I1HCTHTYUROHaJIbHb1e rpymrbl, Ha060pOT, xopomo OpraHH30BaHf,1, JJ:OJIro-
BpeMCHHbl, npeCJIeJJ:}10T paUIlOHaJILHO CcP0PMyJ1I1pOBaHHLJC HHTepeChl R
JJ,Ci1CTBYJOTHa OCHOBC onpeJJ,eJ1eHHb1X npaBHJI. 3cpepeKTHBHOCTL )WJlTeJIL-
HOCTlITanIX rpynn MO>KeT 6hITb2l,OCTaTO'lHO BblCOKOfr.
Ha OCHOBe xapaKTepa BHyrpIIrpynnoBMx CBJI3en rpynnb1 HH-
TepeCOB nOJJ,pa3,l1,eJ1JIJOT Ha aCCOlptamu6Hble H HeaCCOl!ZfamU6Hble.
DepBLle xapaKTepII3YlOTCJI KaK 2l,06pOBOJILHLle 06Le,ll,HHeHHJI, npeCJIc-
HTe . CChl (n pe)~npl1ffHMaTeJILCKllC opra-
)~YIOml1e CneLHC
pll. lfeCKllC H p. .,... n) HeaccorxnaTl1B-
h TBOptIeCKl1e COIO ~bl H T. ..
dIl3aUHll, npocFcOE03bI, 6 OT noc}('J' nc;06pOB0J1f,HbIH xapaK-
fIhlC rpyrrnbI IUncpecoB, Hao op, o. . I1 KJ1aHbl) a HX
Bble K0J1JICKTHBf,1 3THlltIeCKHC 0 l1HOCT , ,
rep (Tpy,n:O , He)KeJ1H lI,CMrCJ1LHOCTf, aCCOUlla-
)e5ITeJ1bHOCTb MeHee nOCTOJIHHa,
TI1BH1IX. . ~ . "Ie bJ10HTTeJI1 BhI2l,CWleT CJIC2l,YlOUJ,I1CcDpaHUY3CKllll rrOJIHT0J10r ./1 • ,L
Ooc"-l"alO B03HHKaIOUJ,HC Ha OCHOBe. . H epeCOE" Zpy11l1bl no u-' ,
nrrrb.l.r
py
rrrr 1l T. 6n'HOCTen' zpnmnbl 3aufumbl, CTPC-
. OBbIX KJ1aHOBbIX 0 .LU, '.J
Il()UIllHHb1X, KaCT .'. CTOpOHHHKOB' UHcmumYlfuo-
HffTepeCLl CBOHX ,
~I}IIUIlCCJI . OTCTaHBaTI, . .1-..0PMaJ1bHbIX opramnaIl,ll5IX
HOBLIBaEOUJ,HeC5I Ha '±'
IItUlbHble rpynnf,I, OC . .. aTa' z '11l1bl nOOOepJICKU, OpHCHTH-
1111YTpll rocy,n:apeTBeHHoro anrraP
eJ1H
, (~:0J10rHtIeCKlle, aHTHBoeHHble
pOJlaHHbIe Ha onpeAeJ1CHHbIe Il, . B» Llero-HHoy,n:L).
IlIHDKeHIlJI, aCCOIl,Har.(1l~ «3a» HJIH «n
p
OTI1yr
n
eCTByeT HeCKOJ1f,KO KOHLer{..
B BpeMeHHOH rr0J1HT0J10rHH C ~
CO .. .. e eeOB COrJIaCHO meopuu COlfuaTfbH020
Hllii npOllCXO)K2l,eHIDI rpynrr HHT p ..' eCOB 06LJlCffJleTCJI KaK pe-
l/o/iHOKa U KOHrjJJl.UKma, reHe.~HC rpyrrrr HHTHeHP1-CpeCaMIJH y.OC)KZJ:eHHJIMIJ.
H J1JO,IJ,eHCO CXO)KHMH
IVI'braT COJ1H,n:apHOCT H'IC rpynrrLr B1IHY)K,n:eHf,J ne-
~. ,n:pyrOM YKa3aH 0
111:lIfMOZJ:eHcTBy5I ,n:..pyr c , H ITJ1JIpemCHllJI B03HHKaJ{}-
6 f, 51K HHCTI1TYTaM BJIaCT ,L
l'IIO)INeCKI1 0 paw:
aT
C .f HenneOeuoeHHblX nOClleocm-
.1-. C OLIKH 3pemIJI meopuz r
III.II~ KOH'FJIHKIOB. T .. eeOBaHHblX rpynn COCTaBJ1JI-
',lIil ,pvnn06blX wanepeC06, OCHOBy 3aHHTep n" COI}HaJI1HO-
' .. B3aHMOCB5I3b ,n:OCTJl)KCHxvt
" II IIHlI,HBll.2l,bI, OC03HaBmHe 0 OpraHI13aUHen KOJlJIeKIIlBHblX
nOJ1MTlltIeCKfIX J1ar e
1I111110M11QeCKfIXH . BHOCTb B03HHKaeT B lI,aHI-fOM
~. y ~ I10J1HTfIlfeCKM aKTH
1/1111111 11 2l,eI1.cTBHH... . TT Te"'HOCTH rpynn llHTepe-
Hoe nOCJ1eJJ,CTBl1e f-e51 J"D ~
I 11"I:le KaK Henp..e,n:BHJJ,en . . aTepIlaJILHblX norpeOHOCTCH.
~ Ha yll,OBJ1eTBOpeHHe M
I 1111,lIan
p
aBJleHHOH. . rpyrrrr HHTepeCOB C ,n:e5ITCJIf,-
c' eT B03HHKHOBeHHe
I" 'f'"fl OOMeHa. C.B.JI3bIB.a . . . nomrtIHTL ZJ:OJ1>KHOCTL
aTOpOB crpeMJImHXC5I "J
III I, 11.10 OTlI,CJ1bHhlX OpraH113 , . .~ OpraBIl3aIl,HH KaK KOMneH-
. . anrrapaTe C03,n:aBaeMOH
I' "'I.~1I1HHC.l:paTHBHOM ... C ... 1l.""1 me0'Puu aHza:JfcupoeaH-
H aKTHBHOCTH TOpOHH lU"
'ilIIIIIO CBOnX 3aTP.aT . . . ..".",.pe3y. JIbTaT LeJlTeJ1f,HOCTH
rpynnLr HRTCpCCOB KuL'c .~
I;. ',{/(II paCCMarpllBaroT . CTH)KeHHC CBOHX Il,eJ1eI1 e
IIII II" 1I1QeCKHX HH,n:HBll,n:OB, CBJl3f,IBaIOUJ,llX fO
II" 1II/KeHHCM nOJ1I1THQeCKllX Il,CJ1cn rpynnbJ.
BbIe I1HTe eCLl If BJI3CTHo-ynpaBJ1eWreCKI11f
'l/""l/peHKO BJI. rpynno ;Fe C 1996.N~11.C.121-125.
111I1Idl',1 r: K MeTOLOJIOrIU1I1CCJIeLOBaHIUlOI1H .
Cyill,CCTBOBaBIIC J1066II3Ma KaK nOJ1IITlIqCCKoro 5IBJ1CHII5ITCCHO
CB5I3aHO C epYHKUIIOHIIpOBaBIICM rpynn HHTCpCCOB II B03MO)KHOCT5IMII
IIX BJ1MHlI51 Ha OpraHlI BJ1aCTII, JIo 66 Ii 3 M npC):CTaBJ15ICT UCJ1CHa-
npaBJ1CflHOC B03L(CHCTBIIC rpynn HHTCpCCOB Ha OpraHbI BJIaCTII C UCJIbIO
pCanJI3aIIIIII cnCUIIepHqCCKIIX IIHTCpCCOB, K KJlloqCBblM epaKTOpaM pa3BII-
TH5I J1066II3Ma OTHOC5IT:ypOBCHb Pa3BIITJI5I nmOpanJI3Ma, CTCnCHb I1IICTII-
TY~IIOHanII3aIIIIII nOJ1IITIIqeCKoro y'laCTII5I, Xapar<TCp nOJ1IITIIQCCKIIX nap-
TIm. C
c
mTaCTC5I,cITO 3rPepCKTIIBHOCTb )J,C5ITCJ1bHOCTII nOJ1IITHQCCKIIX
napTHH OrpaHIIQJiBaCT B03MO)KHOCTH rpynn HHTCpCCOB OKa3bIBaTb
BJ1M5IHHCHa Bblpa60n<y nOJ1IITIIQCCKHX pcmCHIIH, H, Ha060pOT.
AMOPcPHOCTb onpcn:CJICHHH )J,aHfIOro 5IBJ1CHII5IB nOJII1.T0J10rH-
'lCCKOH J1I1.TCparypc H nOJ1HTlltICCKOH npaKTHKC, n03BOJ15IlOT CepOK'Y
C
I1.-
pOEan CJ1C)J,ylOill,HCTC3IICbI:
~066HpOBaHHC CB5I3aHO J1Hmb C npIIl-J:5ITHCM rOCY)J,apCTBCHHbIX
pcmCHflH. PCmCHH5I, npHHIIMaCMblC 'laCTHbIMH JIHuaMH, opraHH3aUH5I-
MH HJIH KopnOpaUH5IMH, MoryT TaK)KC 6blTb nO)J,BCp)KCHbl BJ1WIHHlO
Hl-I'I'CPCCOB onpC)J,CJ1CHHbIX 3aHHTcpCCOBaHHbiX rpynn, O)J,HaKO nO)J,06-
HOC BJ1H5IHIICHC npHH5ITO Ha3bIBaTb J1066II3MOM,
Bcc BII)J,bl J1066II3Ma MOTIIBIIpOBaHbl CTpCMJIClmCM OKa3an
BJ1II5IHHC. MHorIIC )J,CHCTBII5I HJ1H C06blTH5I MoryT B03)J,CHCTBOBan Ha
npoUCCC npUH5ITH5I npaBHTCJ1bCTBCHHbIX pcmCHHH, HO, eCJ1U OHH HC
Bb13Ba~bl )KCJ1aHI1.CM OKa3an BJ1lI5lHIIC, TO 3TO HC KBaJIHepHUHpyerC5I
KaK JIOo6H3M.
JI066HpoBaHHC nO)J,pa3yMcBacT HaJ1HqHe nOCpC,lJ,HHKa HJIH
npC)J,CTaBHTCJl51 KaK CB5I3ylOill,cro 3BcHa MC)K,lJ,y rpyrmoH rpa)K,lJ,aH.
CTpaHbl II oepHUUaJIbHblMU rocy)J,apCTBCHHbIMH JIHuaMH.
BC5IKOC J1066IIpOBaHHC HCII3MCHHO CB5I3aHO C YCTaHOBJ1CHHCM
KOHTaKTOB JJ;J15I ncpC)J,aqH C006ill,CI-J:I1H, nOCKOJ1bKY 3TO C)J,IIHCTBCHHbIH
nyn" no KOTOpOMy MO)KHO OCYill,CCTBJ15ITbBJIH5IHHC,
JI066II3M 13 TCOpCTH'lCCKOM nJ1aHe onpC,lJ,eJ15ICTC5IKaK OJJ;HHII3
McxaHII3MOB peanII3aUIIH nOJ1IITHQeCKl1X OTHomCHIIH MC)KJJ;y 06IlCCT-
130M II rocy)J,apcTBOM. Ka)K)J,a5I 3aIIHTcpCCOBaHHa5I rpynna MO)KCT)J,oBe-
CTII )J,o cBeJJ;CHH5IrocY,lJ,apcTBcHHbIX opraHoB CBOC MHCHIIC no paccMaT-
pMBaeMblM BonpocaM M oTCTaMBan CBOMn03MUHH,
B npaKTfIKe J1066IICTCKOHJJ;C5ITeJ1bHOCTH npIIH5ITO Bbl)J,eJI5ITb
pa3Ho06pa3HbiC cnoc06bI BJ1H5IHI15IHa opraHbl BJ1aCTH: BblcTynJICHHJI.
Ha CJIYIllaHH5IX 13KOMJITerax I1.KOMHCCH5IXnapJ1aMCHTa; J1HQHbIC Berpc-
'Ill, KOHTaKTbI, nepcrOBopbl; pa3pa60TKa 3aKOIlOnpoeKTOB II IIpIIBJICQe-
IIIlC K Bblpa60TKC HopMaTHBHblX ):OKyMCHTOB 3KcncpTOB; opraHl13aUH5I
li,lMnaHHJI «)J,aBJICHH5I C MCCT» (MHOrOQJICJ1CHHbIC nJICbMa JI nporpaM-
MI>l OT JI36JIpaTCJ1CH, nocTynalOlIIJIC B a)J,pcc )J,cnyTaTOB); JICnOJIb30Ba-
IIHC MCTO,lJ,OB«public relations» ,lJ,J15IrPOpMHpoBaHwI o6lIICCTBcHHoro
WICHJI5I: nOL(rOTOBKa l1lllHpOKOC pacnpocTpaHCHJIC PC3YJIbTaTOB Hay'l-
III,IX (IIpe)KL(C Bccro COUHoJ10rJIQCCKHx) JICCJIcJJ;OBaHHH; opraHH3aUlI5I
11~J1CHanpaBJICHHbIX JJ;CHCTBJIH «CBOlIX JIlO).l,CH» BHYTpl1 opraHoB BJIa-
1111; epl1HaHCHpOBaHl1C 1I36HpaTCJIbHbIX KaMnaHHH; np5HvwH nOL(Kyn
1(( l.f1)KHOCTHblXJIIIU·
DOJIHOUCHHbIH 3JICKTOpanbHblH npouccc HCB03MO)KCH 6C3 rrap-
Illii H 6e3 YQaCTJI5I B HCM rpyrrn HlITCpCCOB, )J,JI5I peanH3aUHH CBOHX
11.l"lIdi JJ;aHI~hlC THIIbl 06beL(HHeHHH Hy)K).l,alOTC5I JJ;pyr B JJ;pyrc II yCTa-
1I;lIlJ1HBalOT TC HJ1H HHbie CPOPMbl B3aJIMO).l,CHCTBJI5IH cOTpyJJ;HHQCCTBa.
IlpH 3TOM cYIIIecTBycT QeTKOe pa3L(eJICHHe TpYL(a, B COOTBCTCTBJIH C
h () IOpblM, JIlIL(HpylOT rrapTHH, nO>KlIHalOIllHC OCHOBHblC nJIOJJ;bl COBMC-
('lllblX yCHJIHH - MCCTa B napJIaMCHTax H opraHax MCCTHoro carvlO-
,llpaBJICHH5I, rpynnbJ mncpecoB HrpalOT «POJIb BToporo nJIaHa», Xo-
IH, 1 CJIyqac ycncxa HX C0103HHKOB Ha Bbl60pax, OHH MoryI' OKa3blBaTb
1lIIII1llIHC Ha npouccc npHH5ITH5I rocy)J,apcTBCHHblX pemCHHH. OCHOBOH
IlIlPMi1.JJbIlblX, HC HapymaIOIII,HX )J,CMOKpaTWICCKHX npHHUHnOB, CB5I3CH
Ml'jl<)Y napTH5IMH H rpynnaMH HHTCpCCOB 5IBJ15ICTC5I.nOJlHa51. caMOCT05I-
1l'IIbilOCTb rrOCJleJJ;HHX, 0601OJJ;Ha5I ).l,06pOBOJIbHOCTb OTHOmCHl1H H OTCyT-
,lillie KaKHX 6bI TO HJI 6bIJIO npJIHy)J,HTCJIbHbJX )J,CHCI'BJIHC 06CHX CTOpOH,
Bbl,lJ,CmHOT n,CraJ1bHblH H HCJICra.nbHbJH JI066H3M, JIeza.TfbHblU
·1<lU(ILUkl IlC HapylllacT CYIIICCTBylOlIIHX B 06lIIcCTBC 3aKOHoB, CYTb He-
1/·,'Iiii bllOZO COCTOHT B np5IMOM B03Harpa)K).l,CHHJI ).l,OJI)KHOCTHblXJIJIU 3a
Iqlllll}fmC HY)KHbIX pCllleHHH. B COOTBCTCTBHJI C UCJI5IMH, npecJ1e)J,yc-
~II,IMH rpynIIarvm HHTCpCCOB, JI066H3M MO)KCT nOJJ;pa3).l,cJI5ITbC5I Ha 3KO-
lI<1l1ll'!eCKlfU, COlfltaTfbHblll, COlfuOKY'lhmJpH bill , Do cepcpaM L(e5ITeJIbHO-
" III pa3JJHQalOT ompac.Tle8o£i U pezuoHG.TlbHblll JI066H3M. B 3aBJICHMO-
, III or 06bCKTOB JIo66JIpOBaHH5I, (Ha KOTOpbIC HarrpaBJICHO JI066JICT-
, Id ll~ B03)J,cHcTBHe) Bbl).l,CJI5IlOTnapJ?aMeHmcKUlI, npe3u()eHmcKUlI, npa-
,.1I/1I1'.'!hCmBeHHblu J1066H3M. Do OTHOlllCHJIlO K nOJ1IITHQeCKOH CHCTCMC
1 11;I(,:CH(mIIHPYlOTJI066H3M Ha 8HeuLHlni (oKa3aHHc ,lJ,aBJICHH5IBa opra-
111.1IlJlaCTI1 co CTOpOHbI) JI BHympellHuu, (KorL(a npe).l,CTaBHTCJ1H 3aHH-
I('pl:coBaHHblx rpynn «yKopCHCHbI» B nOJIHTJIQCCKJ1X HHcTHTyTax).
CneIJ,HcPWleCKOR (POPMOR npeJJ;CTaBIUem:'CTBa rpynnOBl:'IX HH
TepeCOB, Hap5fJJ;y C J1066Ii3MOM, 5fBJI5feTC5f KOpIIOpaTHBlf3M. ITo
KOpnOpaIJ,IieH nOHl1MaeTC5f UNCmUmYl/UONaJIU3lip06aNNCl5l 3aMKNyma
zpynna, AlONOnOflbNO paCnOp5l,JlCaIOU/aflCfl OnpeOeIleNNblJl.'IU peCJpCail1U,
6blJ10flNflIOU/afl OnpeOefleNNble X03flllCm6ellllble, aOAfUliUCmpamU611ble,
60ellHble UJ7U nOJlltmwleCKUe rjJYHKlfllU U, OOHOepekleHHO, omCmaUeGIO
u/a5l U 3aU/UU/aIOU/Gfl Cl1el/uqJUlfeCKUe KOIlIIeKmU6lfbie uWnepeCbl.
K 0 P II 0 P a UIf 51 - :no CTporo IiepapX11311pOBaHHa5f Cl1CTeMa, peaJTbHa5f
BJIaCTb B KOTOpOR npHHaLJIe)Kl1T He60JIbmHM 3JIHTHblM rpynnHpoBKaM,
a 611ympuKopnopamU6Nble OmNOtueHll5l OCHOBblBaIOTC5f Ha npHHIJ,Iine
JI05fJIbHOCTIi Ii JIHqI:IOR npeJJ;aHHOCTH P5fJJ;OBbIX qJIeHOB pyKOBOJJ;CTBy.
OCHOBaHHa5f Ha KopnopaTHBHblX npIiHUl1naX, CHCTeMa npeJJ;-
CTaBIiTeJIbCTBa IiIuepeCOB nOJIyql1JIa Ha3BaHI1e KoprropaTHBH3M.
KopnOpaTHB113M - CIiCTeMa. nOJIIiTIiqeCKIix OTHomeHIiH, npIi KOTOpOH
HaH60JIee BJIl15fTeJIbHble rpynnbI HHTepeCOB He TOJIbKO (POPMIipyIOT, HO
H peaJIH3YlOT rocYJJ;apCTBeHHylO nOJIl1TIiKY.
K CneIJ,HcPHqeCKHM qepTaM KopnopaTHBH3Ma OTHOC5ITC5f: yqa-
CTHe B nOJIIiTHqeCKOH )KH3HIi OpraH113aUIiR, a He OTJJ;eJIbHbIX HHLHBH-.
JJ;OB; POCT BJIH5IHH5f np0cPeCCHOHaJIbHbIX npeJJ;CTaBHTeJIeH CneUHCpI1qe-
CKHx HHTepeCOB B YIIIep6 rpa)KJJ;aHaM; npHBHJIempOBaHHoe nOJImKe-
HHe HeKOTopbIX aCCOIJ,I1aUHH H I1X 60JIee mHpOKHe B03MO)KHOCTH
BJIIi5IHH5I Ha npHH5ITHe pemeHHH; 3aMeHa KOHKypeHIJ,I1H mnepeCOB I1X
MOHOnOJIHeH B onpeLeJIeHHbIX cepepax. I
He 0 K 0 P II 0 paT H B H 3 M onpeLeJUIeTC5f KaK JJ;eMOKpaTI1QeCKa5I
CHCTeMa npeJJ;CTaBI1TeJIbCTBa Ii COrJIaCOBaHI15f IiHTepeCOB pa3JIiIQHbIMIi
epHpMaMI1, aCCOUHaUH5IMH H opraHH3aUH5fMH; CHCTeMa COrJIaCOBaHIi5f
HHTepeCOB Tpex cy6'beKTOB - rOCYLapCTBa, npeJJ;npHHI1MaTeJIeH H Ha-
eMHbIX pa60THHKOB; HaB.5I3blBalme rOCYJJ;apCTBOM OCTaJIbHbIM yQaCT-
HHKaM «neperoBopHoro» npouecca npIiopHTeTOB H IJ,eHHOCTeH, BblBO-
JJ;HMbIX H3 06IIIeHaUI10HaJIbHbIX HHTepeCOB; CI1CTeMa Me)KKOpnOpaTHB-
HOro B3aHMOJJ;eHCTBH5I, QJIeHbI KOTOpOH HecyT B3aI1MHbIe 065f3aTeJIbCT-
Ba no BbIIIOJIHeHHIO B3aIiMHbIX COrJIameHHH.
rrpaBHII~aH 3JIHTa H ee POJIb B rrOJIHTHKe. TepMHH
«3JII1Ta» npOI1CXO)J;l1T OT JIaTHHCKoro eligere I1JIH OT (ppaHUY3CKOro elite,
03Ha
t
IaIOIIIHX JIyqmee, oT60pHoe, I136paIIHoe. HaQHHa5I C XIX BeKa, ero
1
lIlMHTTep <D.HeOKOpnOpaTHBH3M II TIOJII1e. 1997. N2 2. C. 17.
lraqaJIH ynoTpe6JI5ITb npHMeHHTeJILHO K «I136paHHbIM JIIOJJ;5fM», npe)KJJ;e
Bcero BblcmeH 3HaTH. ITo Jv1HeHI1IO HTaJII.JHHCKoro COI~I10JIOra B. IIape-
TO, 3JIIna JJ;eJII1TC5f Ha npa6flUfYIO, np5lMO HJ1H KOCBeHHO OCYIIIeCTB-
JUIIOIIIyIO BJIaCTI" H Henpa6JlUfYIO (KOHTp3JIIny), He IiMeIOIIIYlO JJ;ocTyna
(( ynpaBJIeH11lO 11 pyKOBOJJ;CTBy. I1apeTo yTBep)KJJ;aeT, qTO 3JI11Ta cym:e-
CTByeT B mo60M 06Il1,eCTBe H l1pH mo60M 110nHTHQeCKOM CTpOe. I1ape-
TO p(3)J;eJI5fJI3JIHTbI no MeTO)J;aM npaBJIeHI1.5I Ha «JIbBOB» I1 «JIIIC». l1ep-
Bble - OIIIlpaIOTC.5I Ha MaTepHaJIbHylO 11JI11peJII1r1103HYlO C11JIY, )J;JI.5IH11X
xapaKTepHO npeIiMym:eCTBeHHOe 11CnOJIb30BaH11e HaCI1JII1.5Inp11 ocym:e-
CTBJIeH11I1 rocnOJJ;CTBa. IIpaBJler-1He 3JII1TbI «JIbBOB» npI1BOJJ;I1T 06m:eCT-
BO, B KOHeql-lOM l1TOre, K 3aCTOIO. «JI11CbI» JJ;JI5IyKpenJIeH115I BJIaCTI1 I1C-
IIOJIb3YlOT, rJIaBHblM 06pa30M, XHTpOCTb, 06MaH, 11CKyCCTBO y6e)K)J;e-
11I151Macc H nOJI11THQeCK11e KOM611HalII1I1. 3JIHTbI 3Toro TI1na 60Jlee L11-
JlaM11QHbI, OH11 COCT051T 113 3Hepr11QHbIX, nparMaT11QeCKH MbICJI5fm:I1X
)(C5ITeJIeH 11HOBaTopOB.
Me)K)J;y 3JI11TOH 11 MaCCOH nOCT05IHHO np011CXO)J;I1T 06MeH:
'laCTb 3JIIi1'bi nepeMem:aeTC5I B HIi3lIIIie CJIOl1, a HaI160JIee cnoco6HbIC
JlpC)J;CTaBI1TeJI11 HH30B nOJJ;HHlvlaI-OTC5I no «COUI1aJIbHOH JIeCTHIIue» 11
IIOnaLalOT B COCTaB 3JII1TbI. )J;aHHbIH npoIJ,ecc nOJIYQ11JI Ha3BaH11e
l/lIPKJ"J75111UU 3JlUm. OH cnoc06cTByeT COXpaHeHl1lO COIJ,11aJIbHOH I1
IIOJII1TJ1LleCKOH cTa6IiJIbHOCTI1 B 06m:eCTBe. B 11CTOp1111 nOCT051HHO
Ila6JIIOJJ;aIOTC51 II11KJIbI nOXJ.beMa11 ynaJJ;Ka 3JII1T. CMeHy 3JII1T I1apeTo
paCCMaTp11BaJI KaK OJJ;HH H3 rJIaBHbIX cPeHOMeHOB I1CTOpHQeCKOrO
I!lwuecca.
)J;pyroH HTaJIb51HCKI1H COlJ,IiOJIOr r. MOCKa CQ11TaJI, 'ITO HaJIH-
'II-Ie npaB51IIIerO KJIaCca I1 KJIaCCa, KOTOpblM npaB51T, MO)KHO 06Hapy-
IKIITb B JIl060M 06m:eCTBe, Ha JI1060H CTa)J;1111l1CTOpH'IeCKOrO pa3B11T115f.
IlpaB51IIIIiH KJIaCC - BcerJJ;a B MeHblIII1HCTBe, HO 6epeT Ha ce651 Bce no-
1IIITHQeCK11e (pyHKlJ,I1H, MOHOnOJII13I1pY51 BJIaCTb 11 nOJIb3Y51Cb npeHIvlY-
111,CCTBalvlI1,KOTopble H3 Hee BbITeKalOT, BomOHTap11CTCKIi H HaCl1JIbCT-
HellHO ynpaBJI515I 3HaQ11TeJIbHO npeBOCXOJJ;51IIII1M ero KJIaCCOM.
BOeHHa51 )J;06JIeCTb, 60raTCTBO, np0I1CXO)KJJ;eH11e, JI11QHbIC Ka-
'll~CTBa (ylvl, TaJIaHT, 06pa30Balme), cnoc06HOCTb K ynpaBJIer-IHIO - Ka-
'ICCTBa, OTKpblBalOIII11e, no MHeHI1IO MOCKa, JJ;ocTyn B 3JII1TY. OCYIIIe-
('JllJIeHl1C BJIaCTH B 06IIIeCTBe onpe)J;eJI5IeTC5I cnoco60M BOCnp0113BOL-
('ma npaB51m:ero KJIaCca nyTeM HaCJIe)J;OBaH1151 (ap11CTOKpaT11QeCKa5I
Il~II)J,eHUH5I), BbI60pOB (JJ;eMOKpaTI1'IeCKa5I TeHXJ,eHIIH51)11KOOnTaUH11.
B COBpCMCHHOM II0J1HT0J10nm JJ;OMHHHpyIOT MCpHTOKpaTHqC-
CKHM (J1aT. meritus - JIyqmHM H rpCq. cratos - BJIaCTb) H BJIaCTHblM IIOJJ;-
XOJJ;bI K HCCJIC.LOBaHHIO 3JIHT. TIepBbIM no.LXO.L 6epeT CBoe HaqaJIO B
3JIHTI1CTCKOM TeopHH B. TIapeTo. MepHTOKpaTI1qeCKHM IIO.LXO.Lnpe.L-
CTaBJICH TcxHOI<paUlqCCKHM (A. bomaHoB, T. Be6JlcH) H opraHH3aIJ,I10H-
Ho-yrrpaBJ1CHqCCKHM HanpaBJICHIDIMl1. B paMKax Mep.HTOKpanlqCCKHX
TeOpI1M 3JIHTa OnpcJJ;eIDICrC5I KaK HaH60JIec IJ,eHHlIM cerMCHT 0611IecTBa,
06JIa.LaIOllIHM BbIJJ;afOllI.HM.HC5IKaqCCTBaMI1, BbICOKHMH cnoc06HOCDIM.H H
rrOKa3aTCIDIMH B 0611ICCTBcHH03HaqHMbIX c¢cpax .LC5ITeJlbHOCTH.
.JJIHTa CpOpMHpyCTC5I BCJICJJ;CTBHe eCTCCTBCHHOro oT60pa 06-
llICCTBOM HaH60JIcc IJ,CHHbIX npCLJ,CTaBI1TCJICM, a HC TOJIbKO B 60Pb6c 3a
BJIaCTb. COBcpmcHcTBoBaTb MexaHH3M nOLJ,06HOM CCJICKIJ,HH0611ICCTBO
.LOJI)I(HOB HHTcpccax C06CTBclfHoro npOIJ,BeTaHH5I.
3JIHTapHOcTb o6yCJIOBJICHa HcpaBcHcTBOM cnoc06HoCTCM HH-
JJ;HBH.LOB,a, CJIC.LOBaTeJ1bHO, HcpaBcHcTBOM PC3YJIbTaTOB H COIJ,HaJIb-
HhIX cTaTycoB, nPH CYllIccTBoBaHHH paBcHcTBa B03MO)KHOCTCM. 3JlIHa
rocnOJJ;CTByCT B 06I1~CCTBC, nOCKOJ1bKY 5IBJI5ICTC5IHaH60JIcc np0.LYK-
THBHOM H HHHl1HaTHBHoM qaCThfO HaCCJICHH5!. MaCCbI - «KOJICCO llCTO-
PRH», npoBoJJ;HllK B )KI13Hb pcmcHllM, npI1HHMaCMbIX3J111TaMll.
OCHOBOrrOJIO)I(HHKaMH TcxHOKpaTHqCCKHX TCOpHM Cql1TalOT,
qTO, B CB5I311 C HTP B 06Il1CCTBC B03paCTacT pOJlb I1H)KCHCpOB-
opraHH3aTopOB, TCXHOKpaTOB, KOTOPbIC, O¢OPMJI5I5ICb B caMOCT05ITCJIb-
HyIO 0611ICCTBCHHyIO CI1JIY, nocTcrrcHHO BhITCCH5IIOT Tpa,'l)1I1I10HHhIX
C06CTBCHHHKOB C Be.LYllIHX COIJ,HaJ1bHbIX rr03I1IJ,l1M. 3aJIO)KHJ1
)J,)K. EcpHxeMM - OCHOBaTCJIb opraH113aIJ,HOHHo-yrrpaBJ1eHqCCKl1X TCO-
pHM, BbI.LBl1HYJ1Te3HC 0 rrcpCXO.LC BJ1aCTH H3 pyK C06CTBCHHHKOB B py-
KH npocpCCC110HaJIOB-MeHC.L)I(CpOB (<<PCBOJ1IOIJ,H5IlVlCHCLJ,)I(CpOB»).
HaH60J1bmCC pacnpOCTpaHCHHC B COBpCMCHHOM nOJ1HT0J10rI1H
nOJ1yqHJI BJ1aCTHbIM nOJl,xoJJ; K onpCJJ;CJ1CHHlO 3J1HTbl. Ero npCJJ;CTaBlUC-
J1H (r. MOCKa, P. Ml1XCJ1hC, P. MHJ1J1C, P. ,I],apCHJI,Op¢) onpCJJ;CJ15IIOT
3J1HTy KaK rpyrmy, OCYUl,CCTBJ15IIOIl1YIOBJlaCTHblC CPYHKl1HH 11 BJ1I15IIO-I
llIYIO Ha 0611ICCTBO. B CBOIO OQCpCJJ;b, BJ1aCTHbIM nO)J,xoJJ; nOJJ;pa3JJ;cIDI-
CTC5I Ha CTpyKTypHbIM H ¢YHKl1I10HaJIbHhIM. CTOpOHHHKI1 CTpyKTypHO-
fO nOLl,XoJJ,a OTHOCHT K 3JII1Te Bcex JII1U, 3aHI11vIaIOliII1X CpOpMaJ1bHOC no-
J10)I(CHHe B opraHax (CTpyKTypax) BJIaCTH (HanpIIMep: npe3HJJ;eHT, MI1-
HIICTpbI, PYKOBO.LCTBO apMIIII). TIpl1Bep)I(eHIlbI ¢YHKIJ,IIOHaJII1CTCKIIX
TpaKTOBOK OTHOC5IT K 3J1HTC Te rpynnbI II Tex HHJJ;l1Bl1LJ,OB,KOTopble
()IG:l3bIBaIOT pCaJIbHOC BJ1II5lHl1e Ha 06UICCTBClIlIYlO )I(113Hb H Ha rrpHI-l5I-
IIIC COIJ,l1aJIbHO 3HaQHMbIX pcmCHIIM. J1CXO).)! H3 1I0JJ;06Horo KpHTCpII5l
IbI)ICJ1CHII5l 3JlI1Tbl, HCMCIJ,KIIM YQeHbIM P. HapCHlJ,OpCP BKJ1fOQaCT B ee
('oCTaB: 3KOHOMIIqeCKIIX JIIILJ,epOB, nOJIIITHqCCKHX JU1~(CPOB, npocpecco-
pllB II yQlnCJICM, .LYXOBeHCTBO, BbI.LaIOllIIIXC5l )KypH<:UII1CTOB, BOCHHbIX,
('Y~(CM11a.LBOKaTOB.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, npaB5IIl1a5I 3J1IITa MO)I(CT 6blTb orrpCJJ;CJ1CHa
I<:IKCOIJ,I1aJIbHbIC rpynrrbl, 3aHIIMafOllIHC HaI160JICC BbICOKIIC n03HIJ,I111 B
(lfllIICCTBC, 06J1a.LaIOllII1C B MaKCHMaJIhHOM CTcnCHI1 BJIaCTbIO H B03-
~1())KHOCT5IMI1BJII15lHH5lHa 0611IeCTBO.
I13YQCHHC 3JIl1T npOHCXOJl,I1T nyTcM cpaBHIITCJ1bHOrO aHaJIH3a
P:lWH'-lHbIX 3J7UlJ1HblX zpynn. 3mnbI nO.Lpa3.LCIDIIOTC5l no CpyHKIJ,HO-
11:lJlbHOMY npII3HaKy Ha: nORl1l111P.JeCKylo,3KOHo.MU1.JeCKY'o U KY%l11JP-
1/1 J-wujJoP.MaLfUOHHylO.
ITo HHTCHCHBHOCTH UHpKyJl5lIJ,HH II cnoc06alVl pCKpyTHpoBaHH5I
II,I)CIDIIOT Ol11KpbUnble II 3aKpbllJ1ble 3JIIITbI. 0lJ1KpbllJ1a51 3JIHTa xapaK-
Iqm3ycTC5I .LOCTaTOQHO .LHH3MH'-lHOM IJ,HpKyJ15Il1IICi1, ci1 npHcym
a
OT-
h!l,ITOCTh, np05lBJI5II-OllIa5lC5I B cpOpMaJlbHO paBHblX B03MO)KHOCT5IX JJ;OC-
IYlla B HCC QJICROB RC3J1HTHbIX rpynn. )J,JI5I 3aKpb11110£i3JIHTbI xapaK-
Iqma 3aMC.LJleHHa5I IJ,HpKyIDIIJ,H5I, orrpC.LeneHHa5I HcpaBHbIMH B03MO)I(-
II()CT51MH.LOcTyrra B HCC npC.LCTaBHTCJIeM He3JIIITHbIX rpynrr.
ITo xapaKTcpy BHYTPII3J1HTHhIX OTHOmCH11M BbI.LCIDIJOT 3JIHTbI
' 1l"COKOM CTcnCHblO IIHTerpaIJ,HH (o6be01lHeHHble) 11 C HH3KOM cTcnc-
111.10I1JUcrpaU1111 VJa3beOUHeHHble). I1flTCrpHpOBaHHhIC 3J1IITbI B .LOC-
1:1nlqHoi1 cTcncHH CnJ10QCHhI. MC)KAY BHYTPII3J1HTHbIM11 rpynrraMH
'y"eCTBYWT YCTOHQHBhIC CB5I3II. CTcnCHb MC)KrpynnoBoM KOHKypCH-
IIIIII MO)I(CT 6bITb AOCTaTO'-lHO HI13KOM, H KOH¢J111KTbI BHYTPH 3J1HTbI HC
II()C5IT HCnpHMl1pHMOrO xapaKTcpa. CpCAH HHTerp11pOBaHHblx 3J1IIT
111,JJeJI5IIOTuOeOIlOZU1.JeCK1I 11 KOHceHcycHo o6beozlHeHHble 3Jl1llJ1bl. )J,J15!
III liT C HH3Koi1 CTcneRbIO I1HTCrpaIJ,HH CBOMCTBeHHa OCTpa51 60ph6a
W:)f(lW pa3JIHqHbIMI1 rpymmpoBKaMH 3a OBJ1a.LeHHC CTpaTCrnqCCKHMH
1I()I1l~H5IM11, 3a ccpepbI KOHTp0J151 11 pacnpCJJ;CJ1CHHe pCCypCOB. B npo-
1l,l'ece 60Pb6hI MoryT HCrr0J1b30BaTbC5I caMhIC pa3J1II'-lHbIC MCTOAhI,
I'oIIJlOTb)l,O KOIYlIIpOMeTaIJ,IIH cOnepHHKOB. CTeneHb rrJIOTHOCTJ1 BI-IyrpJ1-
1illITHbIX CB5I3CMHII3Ka.
TIo MCCTy B n0J111THqCCKOH CHCTCMC 3J1HTa nO.Lpa3ACJ15IeTC5I Ha
1I/)(/(I5lUIY'O H onn03UlflLOHHYlO (KOHI11P3JlUlJ1J} B cOCTaB npaB5IllI
CM
3JIH-
Tbl BX~n;HT Te rpyrrm:'J H HHn;HBHn;hI, KOTOphIe peaJIhHO rrpHHHMaID
Ba)KHeHIJIHe perneHH5I HJJH )Ke OKa3bJBaIDT BJJH5IHHe Ha I1X npHH5ITl1e B
COCTa~ KOHTp3JJl1TbJ BXOn;5IT Te, KTO CTpeMHTCH 3aH5ITh rr03l1TTl1H np' a
B5IIuel1 3JJHThJ. '-' -
KOHTPOJIbHbIe BonpocbI:
1. LJ;aHTe onpen;eJJeHl1e COUl1aJIhHbJX cy6'heKTOB BJIaCTH
;. CpaBHI1Te onpen;eJJeHl1e KJJaCCOB K. MapKca 11M. B~6epa.
~ . KaKHe Tl1rrOJJOrHI1 rpyrrrr HHTepecoB Cyru:eCTByIOT B cOBpe-
MeHHOI1 rrOJJI1TOJJOrI1H?
4. LITo TaKoe JJo66113M?
~. KaKHe BI1n;M JJo66l1CTCKOll n;e5ITeJIbfIOCTI1 BaM 113BecTHhI?
paTI1BI131;a~ t!eM CYI1l,HOCTb KOHQeml,HI1 0 Q:>OPMl1pOBaHI1I1 HeoKo~rro-
7. KaKoe COn;ep)KaHl1e BKJIan;bIBaJI B I1apero B nOUOTl1e ?
8 B q .. . w. «3JJHTa» .
. . eM cneumpl1Ka I1CCJJen;OBaTeJIhCKOro non;Xon;a r M .?
9. KaKI1e 3JIl1THhIe rpyrr. . .. . OCKl1.
nM rrpl1HHTO BbIn;eJJ5ITb KaKOBbI Kpl1Te-
pmr BbIn;eJJeHI15I? '
Jhneparypa:
1.HPX1LH Jo.B., 3 B IT I1
2001. rJJ. 8. N2 3. om06 'rl' OJIl1TOJIOrFIH: Yqe6HI1K. M.,
~2. CmapoCnUtH A. COBpeMeHHhle POCCI1HCKl1e 3JIl1TM' Ha T
K HOBOI1 KOHqmrypaUI1I1 II BJIacTb. 2003. N2 7. C. 48-56 . rry 11
3. IlepezYd06 ell. KpyrrHbJe POCCI1llCKl1e Kop~OpaUl1l1 B
TeMe BJIaCTI1 II I1omrc. 2001. N2 3. C. 16. CJIC-
4 TOUfeHKO )J( T C
. .. . .OUJIOJIorl15I BJIaCTI1: reHe3JIC JIn;ell II Co-
UJIoJIOrJ1tIeCKI1e JICCJIen;OBaHJI5I. 2004. N2 7. C. 12-23.
5. raMGft-r0J1ym6U11a G.B. I10JIJITJ1tIeCI<a5I 3JIJITa-
OCHOBHbIX rroHHTHll II I10JIJIc. 2000. N2 3. C. 97 onpen;eJJeHI1e
~. Cepzee6 B.M, Cepzee6 K.B. MexaH~3MhI 3BOJ"IIDUI1I1rrOJIJI-
TI1QeCKOI1 CTpyKTypbI o6ru:ecTBa: COQl1aJIhHhle .
ceTH II IIoJIJIc. 2003. N2 3. C. 6. nepapXI111 I1 COUJIanhHhle
~. rad;JfCUe6 K.e IIoJJI1nrQeCKa5I HayKa. M., 1994. rJJ. 3.
. ll1Hummep CP. HeoKopnopanIBl13M/1 IIoJIJIc. 1997. N2 2.
9. IIepezyo06 e, CekwHeHKo H. J1066113M B nomUI1QeCKoi1
CHCTeMe POCCIiI1 II MI1pOBaH 3KOHOMIiKa 11 Me)Kn;yHapon;Hhle OTHorne-
111151. 1996. N2 9.
10. Auam r.K. 3JJI1TI13M Ii n;eMOKpaT1151 II 06ru:eCTBeHHbIe Hay-
101 Ii cOBpeMeHHocTh. 1996. N2 5.
J1Iin;epcTBO YHI1BepCaJIhHO KaK COUI1am:'Hoe Ii nOJIIiTI1QeCKOe
>IBJIeHI1e. I1oH5J:Tl1e <<TIOJIl1TI1QeCKOe JJIin;epcTBo» OTpa)KaeT Ben;yru:ee
IOJW)KeHl1e OTn;eJIhHOll JJl1qHOCTIi, rpynrrbI, KJIaCCa, orrpen;eJIeI-IHOe 3cjJ-
1ICKTI1BHhIMI1Ii o6Ul,e3HaQI1MbIMI1 pe3yJIhTaTaMI1 n;eHTeJIhHOCTIi, a TaK-
,KC npOQecchI BHyrpeHHei1 caMoopraHIi3aUI1I1 I1 caMoynpaBJJeHl1H
IpyrrIIbJ, 06yCJJOBJJeHHbJe QaCnlOll HHIiUl1aTI1BOll ee QJIeHOB.
B rnIipoKoM CMhICJIe, JIIin;epCTBo - 31'0 cOBoKynHOCTb pa3HO-
ilCipa3HbIX B3aIiMOCB5I3ei1, KOTopbIe YCTaHaBJIIiBalOTCH Me)Kn;y JII1n;epOM
II Ben;OMhIMIi. TaKI1M 06pa30M, JIIin;epCTBO 5IBJJ5IeTC5IOn;HIiM I13 Mexa-
IIH3MOBI1HTerpaQIiI1 rpynrroBoll n;e5ITeJJhHOCTI1, B Xon;e KOTOpOH I1Hn;I1-
Ill)~ I1JIH QaCTh rpynnbJ peaJII13YIOT cjJyHKQIiIO JIIin;epa, T.e. 06ben;I1H5I-
IllT, HanpaBJIHlOT n;ei1cTBI1H Bcell rpynnbI, npl1HIiMaI-OUl,ei1 I1 nOn;n;ep)KJ1-
lalOru:ellIiX n;ellCTBIi5I.
CJIen;yeT nOn;qepKHyTh, '11'0 JIIin;epCTBO - 31'0 OTlWIJIeHIi5I n;o-
MIIIII1pOBaHI15I H IlOn;QI1HeHH5I, BJIII5IHII5I I1 CJIen;OBaHII5I B CIICTeMe Me)K-
Ill1llHOCTI-lbIX OTHornel-mH. OHO B03I-lliKaer JI cjJYI-lKUI10I-lIipyeT B CIICTe-
MC I-leC]:lOpMaJIbHhIX OnfOrneHIIi1 11 Bhlpa)KaeTC51 BO BJIII5lI-lI1II JIIIn;epa
ilCTaJIbHhlX QJIeHOB rpynnhI. <DOPMbI BbJpa)KeHI151 non;06Horo BJIII5lHH51
pa:m006pa3HhJ. OHO MO)KeT 3aTparIIBaTh CTIIJIh nOBen;eHII5l, a TaK)Ke
pa)l,IIKaJIbHO TpaHccjJoplv1I1pOBaTh yCTaHoBKH, MOTHBaumo Be):!,OMbIX.
ITOJIHTIitIeCKOe JJH):!,epCTBO - 3TO cnoc06 B3aIIMo):!,ellCTBH51 JIH-
)cpa H Macc, B rrpOIl,eCCe KOToporo JIH):!,ep OKa3bIBaeT 3HatIHTeJIhHOe
B.III151III1eHa 06Ul,eCTBO. I10JIIITIItIeCKIiMIi JIIin;epaMH 5IBJI51I-OTC5IHan60-
lice BJII15ITeJIbI-lhle JII1ua, cIloc06Hble M06IIJIH30Ban 06Ul,eCTBO (IIJIII ero
;IIatII1TeJIbHYI-O qaCTb) ):!,JI5l):!,ocTIi)KeHII5I 3HatIHMbIX ueJIell .
J1IIn;epCTBO B nOJIIITHKe IIMeeT pH):!,cneUHcjJHtIeCKIIX oc06emw-
crei1. OHO HOCHT MHOrOpOJIeBoi1 xapaKTep. KaK npaBI1JIO, JIHn;ep OpH-
CllTHpoBaH Ha cornaCOBaHIIe pa3JIHtIHbIX COUHaJIhHhIX MHTepecoB II
BblHy)Kn;eH CTpeMHTbC51 K onpaBn;aHHlO MaCCOBbJX O)KIIn;aHHH 01' ero
));e5ITeJIbHOCTJI. B3al1MO));eMCTBlle MelK));y 06ll.(eHaUl10HaJIbHbIM JIl1));e-
pOM .11 06ll.(eCTBOM orrOCpe));OBaHO rrapTH5IMl1, rpyrrrraMl1 l1HTepeCOB,
Cpe));CTBaMl1 MaCCOBOM l1H!popMaIIl1l1.
DOJIl1Tl1yeCKOe JIH));epCTBO KoprrOpaTl1BHO. 3a pemeHl15IMl1, KO
Topble rrpl1Hl1MaWTC5I BbICml1Mll pyKoBO));llTeJI5IMl1, BCer));a CKpbIBaeTC
HeBH));l1Ma5I ));JI5I 06ll.(eCTBa pa60Ta MHOrOYl1CJIeHHbIX 3KcnepTOB
«6JIl1lKHerO Kpyra» JIll));epa. DOJIllTllyeCKOe JIll));epCTBO B onpe));en:eH
HOM CTerreHl1 BCer));a l1HCTllTYIIHaJI1l311pOBaHO. ~e5ITeJIbHOCTb JIl1));ep
OrpmmYllBaeTC5I cyll.(eCTByWll.(l1Ml1 COIIl1aJIbHbIMll OTlWmeHll5IM
HopMaMll, npOIIe));ypaMl1 rrpHH5ITl15I pemeHHM.
B COBpeMeHHOM nOJIl1Tl1yeCKOM HayKe JIl1));epCTBO xapaKTepV
3yeTC5I HeO));H03HaYHO. DPl1H5ITO BbI)J;eJI5ITb CJIe));yWll.(lle OCHOBH
nO));XO));bI K HHTepnpeTaIIMJI ero Cyll.(HOCTH.
Do)); nOJInTHyeCKflM JIfl));epCTBOM nOHIIMaWT nOCT05IHHOe rrp'
opflTeTHoe BJIfl5IHl1e co CTOpOHbI onpe));eJIeHHOrO JIflIIa Ha Bce 06ll.(ec
BO, nOJIflTflyecKYW OpraHI13aIIIIfO flJIl1 60J1bmyw COIIHaJIbHyw rpyrr
DOJ1l1TI1Y:~Koe JII1));epCTBO MOlKeT 6bITb TaKlKe onpe));eJ1eHO KaK ynp
J1eHyeCKMH cTaryc, COUHaJIbHa5I n03HUfl5I, CB5I3aHHa5I C npHH5ITfleM BlIa
HbIX peilleI-IHM, pyKoBO));5Ill.(a5I ));OJIlKHOCTb. DOmITHyeCKOe J1fl));epCmO
3TO CHMBOJI 06ll.(HOCTH II o6pa3eII rrOJ1l1THyeCKOro nOBe));eHI15I rpyr
(rpyrrrr), crroco6HbIM peaJIH30BaTb ee (IIX) I1InepeCbI C rrOMOIIIbfO BJlaC'l
llTaK, rrOJ1IITHyeCKOe J1II));epCTBO npe));CTaBJI5IeT c060!i nor::
RHHoe npuoplllnemJ-loe U lleZZfmllA11l0e BllllRHue OOHOZO lUlU lleCKO/lb
IfIll!, 3aHllMaJOu/UX BllacmHbze n03111!UU, Ha Bce 06U(ecmBO, opPClm'
I!UlO UJiU zpynny.
B cTpyKType J1II));epCTBa BbI));eJI5IfOT BJIII5IfOll.(IIe Ha 3C])(jlC/C
HOCTb JIH)J,epCTBa OCI-IOBHble KOlV1I10I:IeHTbI:IIH));IIBII)J;YaJIbHbIe LICIHlll
));epa; pecypcbl H));HHI-ICTPYMeHTbI, KOTOpbIMH OH pacnOJJaraeT; CI.ITYIl
B KOTOpOMOH ));eMcTByeT II KOTopa5I OKa3bIBaeT I-Ia Hero BJ1H5IHIIe.
110nbITKII 06b5ICHl1Tb CYTb epeHOMeHa JIl1));epCTBa O'J!'.
MHOlKeCTBO CYll.(eCTByfOll.(HX TeOpIIM. CBoeM aKTyCL'IbHOCTl1 lIe Y'I'
Jla CTapeMma5I 113 I-Il1X - Te 0 p II H q e p T, KOTOpa5I C(3));aBaJIaCb 11
3KCrrJ1IIKallHl1 KayeCTB, npHCYIIIl1X Jl));eCL1bHbIM JIn));epaM - n~po
paMKax ));aIIJIOM TeopHII epeHOMeH JIl1AepCTBa 06bJICWIJIC5I Bbl/Ill
Ml1C5I KaYCCTBaMII LleJIOBeKa. Cpe));H YCpT, npl1cyll.(HX rrOJ1HTII".
ml));epy, 06bIYHO BbI));eJI5IJ1II KOMrreTeHTHOCTb II rOTOBHOCTL (ir"
ce65I OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, OCTPbIM YM, TBep));yIO Bomo H lJeJ1cyc'l'/'
11)Clb, KIInyLJyIO 3Heprl1IO, He3ayp5I));HbIe OpraI-IH3aTOpCKIIe crroc06HO-
(III. K 065I3aTeJ1bHbIM KaLJeCTBalvl COBpeMeHHbIX nOJ1IITHLJeCKHX J1H));e-
I,(III io6aBJI5IWTC5I !POTO- H TeJIereHl1LJHOCTb, BHemH5I5I npHBJIeKaTCJ1b-
111'11" Clloc06HOCTb BHymaTb mOMM ));OBepHC H T.n.
06ml1pHbIe IICCJ1e));OBaHI15I, npOBe));eHHble ,n:JI5InpOBepKH Teo-
111111'lepT, B 3HaLJHTeJ1bI-IOM Mepe nOCTaBHJIH no)); COMHeHIle 3Ty KOH-
11111111110,TaK KaK OKa3aJIOCb, LITO npH ));eTaJ1bHOM aHaJ1H3C HH));HBII));y-
i1111,fIl,fC/Gl'leCTBa JIH));epa nOLITH B TOLJHOCTH COBna));aIOT C nOJIHbIM Ha-
1111111)~I IICHXOJIOrHLJeCKHX H COIIHaJIbHbIX npl13HaKOM J1HLIHOCTH Bo06-
Iiii' 111.lc()I(He HHTeJIJ1eKTYaJIbHble II MOpaJ1bHbIe KayeCTBa 5IBJ15IIOTC5I
I lot 'Ili'(' "PCIl5lTCTBHeM ));J15I3aH5ITH5I J1H));HPYIOll.(HX n03HlJHH, LJeM YCJ10-
l!IiI~( ,('IICXa, B HeKOTopLIX c!pepax ));e5ITeJ1bHOCTH, (oc06eHHO B 06JIac-
III IIJII'11,11J11IflHMaTeo1bCTBaH nOJIHTHKH). BbI));aIOll.(HeC5I cnoc06HOCTH
1I11!11II 11:1IlpOT5IlKeHHH MHorHX J1eT, a nopoM H BceM lKH3HH, OKa3LIBa-
till! 'I 1Il'IIlH!lpc60BaHHLIMH.
) (111I'1aII5ITH5IJ1H));HPYIOll~HXn03HIIHM B YCJ10BH5IXKOHKypeHIIHI1
Hill 111111'1110110IlYlKHbI onpC));eJIeHHbIe nCHX0J10rHLJeCKHe H COllHCL'lL-
!l1I1I "'1'1('111:1. Oi~IIaKO HX Ha60p l1CTOpHYCCKH H3MeHLJHB.
l'i1l1IIT1ICM TeOpl1H LJepT 51BJ15IeTC5I epan:TopHo-
MIIII illllll'Il'l.'H:aSl KOHlJ,errlJ,HH, KOTOpa51 BBOLI1T B Teopmo JIH));ep-
tel 11;1 Iii II1'1IIi' I(CJlcf1 11 3a));aLJ, CB5I3aHHLIX C onpc,n:CJleHHOH CIITyalJl1eM.
" 11Il', ill.l i1II' lI'I:lHIVIO));eMCTBH5IHH));HBH));YaJIbHbIX KaqeCTB JIH));epa 11
~tt"'"II', "1H'11,IIIIM JCJleM 11YCJIOBHMHX oCYll.(eCTBJ1eHH5I Bblpa6a:fbIBa-
I'll" I 111'11.no 1I0IlCjCHH5I. CTHJJb nOBe));eHI15I H ueJ1eBa51 opHeHTaUH5I
iIIH' I'" 11((  1 11:1ccoc OTlIeyaTOK onpe));eJ1eHHLIX COUHaJ1LHLIX yCJIO-
1It111 III' III II 1:111MO'IaIHICHMOCTH LJepT JIH,Lepa H onpe));eJ1eHHLIX COIIH-
L'~llld" ';11111111111OC)OCIIOBhmaeT H pa3BHBacT cHTyaTHBHaH KOH-
1t''''"111 II' ('IOI/IILlIJI, T. XHJITOH, A. 10));Hep H ));p.), nocTymlpylO-
It 1111""111, IlIillIll'lI. II MHOlKeCTBCHHOCTh J1Il));epCTBa. JIH));ep pac-
'I1II1"1i II" 1',lh Ij'.YIIICIl15Ionpe));eJIeHHOH CHTyallHH, CJIO)f(HBIllHCC5I
"I" lilLI' 111'(IIIIICIII.CTlla KOTOpOH ));eTepMlUIHpyIOT ero OT60p H
'''', 11'1' I 111'110,11'IPClllllI cl1TyaTI1BHoro no));xo));a J1H));epCKHC KaLJe-
1M Ih iilllllilll<l III 11111'11IC,II/,II[,1. IJ1aBHbIM 06pa30M JIH));epOB OTJIHya-
11I~1'" 'I" 11111111111('11.,I'OIOBIlOCTL B351Th Ha ce65I OTBeTCTBeHI-IOCTb
-1,,111<1111'1"" 11111IIIIIii 'l:li:I'fH, a TaKlKe KOMneTeHTHOCTL. CHTyaUH-
1(111IIIIOTIl'1I1PYCT pOJIL HH,LI1BI1));YaJIbHLIX KaLJeCTB
'''I'',,!I'I "1"111ll1ll'l:I B 06b5lCHeHHI1 npHp0));hI nOJ1HTHyeCKO-
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций
политология. конспект лекций

More Related Content

What's hot

7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_рус
7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_рус7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_рус
7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_русAira_Roo
 
270 1 литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208с
270 1  литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208с270 1  литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208с
270 1 литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208сkov89
 
Смена эпох. Анатолий Ясинский
Смена эпох. Анатолий ЯсинскийСмена эпох. Анатолий Ясинский
Смена эпох. Анатолий ЯсинскийRed Keds
 
Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"
Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"
Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"Artem Kozlyuk
 
ухвала апеляційного суду м києва
ухвала апеляційного суду м києваухвала апеляційного суду м києва
ухвала апеляційного суду м києваRBC-Ukraine
 
Выписка из ЕГРЮЛ
Выписка из ЕГРЮЛВыписка из ЕГРЮЛ
Выписка из ЕГРЮЛaeroportunet
 
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...elena01051984
 

What's hot (17)

7 virt2 u
7 virt2 u7 virt2 u
7 virt2 u
 
7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_рус
7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_рус7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_рус
7 геогр бойко_михели_2007_рус
 
270 1 литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208с
270 1  литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208с270 1  литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208с
270 1 литературное чтение. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1-бунеев, бунеева_2008 -208с
 
Смена эпох. Анатолий Ясинский
Смена эпох. Анатолий ЯсинскийСмена эпох. Анатолий Ясинский
Смена эпох. Анатолий Ясинский
 
Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"
Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"
Позиции министерств и ведомств в отношении петиции против "пакета Яровой"
 
ухвала апеляційного суду м києва
ухвала апеляційного суду м києваухвала апеляційного суду м києва
ухвала апеляційного суду м києва
 
6 irrt d
6 irrt d6 irrt d
6 irrt d
 
8 irrt2 d-k
8 irrt2 d-k8 irrt2 d-k
8 irrt2 d-k
 
Выписка из ЕГРЮЛ
Выписка из ЕГРЮЛВыписка из ЕГРЮЛ
Выписка из ЕГРЮЛ
 
6 ort b i
6 ort b i6 ort b i
6 ort b i
 
8 irrt1 d-k
8 irrt1 d-k8 irrt1 d-k
8 irrt1 d-k
 
8 virt2 u
8 virt2 u8 virt2 u
8 virt2 u
 
8 ir d-sfery
8 ir d-sfery8 ir d-sfery
8 ir d-sfery
 
8 virt1 u
8 virt1 u8 virt1 u
8 virt1 u
 
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
 
Burda №3 2015
Burda №3 2015Burda №3 2015
Burda №3 2015
 
кошки
кошкикошки
кошки
 

Similar to политология. конспект лекций

федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...elena01051984
 
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2kov89
 
High-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarian
High-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarianHigh-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarian
High-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarianmohamed albanna
 
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1kov89
 
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬ
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬРусский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬ
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬRoman-13
 
1455 геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152с
1455  геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152с1455  геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152с
1455 геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152сpsvayy
 
5 ort b-i
5 ort b-i5 ort b-i
5 ort b-i59qwasd
 
Договор Минсоцполитики с GfK Ukraine
Договор Минсоцполитики с GfK UkraineДоговор Минсоцполитики с GfK Ukraine
Договор Минсоцполитики с GfK UkrainemResearcher
 
Tmp5 b0артем васильев
Tmp5 b0артем васильевTmp5 b0артем васильев
Tmp5 b0артем васильевvirtualtaganrog
 
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОК
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОКРусский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОК
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОКRoman-13
 
русский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.ю
русский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.юрусский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.ю
русский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.юkov89
 

Similar to политология. конспект лекций (19)

федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 № 273 фз об образовании в российской фед...
 
насекомые
насекомыенасекомые
насекомые
 
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 2
 
High-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarian
High-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarianHigh-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarian
High-Speed Heterojunction bipolar transistors with SiGe base. Part II bulgarian
 
птицы
птицыптицы
птицы
 
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1
ист юдовская (раб тет) часть 1
 
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬ
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬРусский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬ
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 СИБИРЬ
 
8 klass
8 klass8 klass
8 klass
 
собаки
собакисобаки
собаки
 
1455 геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152с
1455  геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152с1455  геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152с
1455 геометрические преобразования графиков функций танатар и.я-2012 -152с
 
5 ort b-i
5 ort b-i5 ort b-i
5 ort b-i
 
Pg 1
Pg 1Pg 1
Pg 1
 
5 l1 b
5 l1 b5 l1 b
5 l1 b
 
5 l1 b
5 l1 b5 l1 b
5 l1 b
 
Договор Минсоцполитики с GfK Ukraine
Договор Минсоцполитики с GfK UkraineДоговор Минсоцполитики с GfK Ukraine
Договор Минсоцполитики с GfK Ukraine
 
Tmp5 b0артем васильев
Tmp5 b0артем васильевTmp5 b0артем васильев
Tmp5 b0артем васильев
 
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОК
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОКРусский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОК
Русский язык ЕГЭ 2013 ВОСТОК
 
русский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.ю
русский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.юрусский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.ю
русский язык, 5 класс, книга 1 , бунеев р.н., бунеева е.в., комиссарова л.ю
 
Kara dirlar i dr.... 1..
Kara dirlar i dr.... 1..Kara dirlar i dr.... 1..
Kara dirlar i dr.... 1..
 

More from shulenina_nv

умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)
умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)
умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)shulenina_nv
 
содержание курса
содержание курсасодержание курса
содержание курсаshulenina_nv
 
политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)
политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)
политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)shulenina_nv
 
политкультура и идеология
политкультура и идеологияполиткультура и идеология
политкультура и идеологияshulenina_nv
 
политическая психология.теория личности
политическая психология.теория личностиполитическая психология.теория личности
политическая психология.теория личностиshulenina_nv
 
категории пол.науки
категории пол.наукикатегории пол.науки
категории пол.наукиshulenina_nv
 
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследованийпочепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследованийshulenina_nv
 
райх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм Royallib.ru
райх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм   Royallib.ruрайх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм   Royallib.ru
райх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм Royallib.rushulenina_nv
 
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследованийпочепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследованийshulenina_nv
 
ортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.ru
ортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.ruортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.ru
ортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.rushulenina_nv
 
мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...
мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...
мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...shulenina_nv
 
лебон гюстав. психология социализма Royallib.ru
лебон гюстав. психология социализма   Royallib.ruлебон гюстав. психология социализма   Royallib.ru
лебон гюстав. психология социализма Royallib.rushulenina_nv
 
лебон густав. психология народов и масс Royallib.ru
лебон густав. психология народов и масс   Royallib.ruлебон густав. психология народов и масс   Royallib.ru
лебон густав. психология народов и масс Royallib.rushulenina_nv
 
канетти элиас. масса и власть Royallib.ru
канетти элиас. масса и власть   Royallib.ruканетти элиас. масса и власть   Royallib.ru
канетти элиас. масса и власть Royallib.rushulenina_nv
 
бурдье пьер. социология политики Royallib.ru
бурдье пьер. социология политики   Royallib.ruбурдье пьер. социология политики   Royallib.ru
бурдье пьер. социология политики Royallib.rushulenina_nv
 
L demoz psikhoistoria
L demoz psikhoistoriaL demoz psikhoistoria
L demoz psikhoistoriashulenina_nv
 
Spiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_kr
Spiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_krSpiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_kr
Spiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_krshulenina_nv
 
Bono laterlnoe mishlenie
Bono laterlnoe mishlenieBono laterlnoe mishlenie
Bono laterlnoe mishlenieshulenina_nv
 

More from shulenina_nv (20)

умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)
умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)
умкрелигия и политика.церковь_в..._(1)
 
содержание курса
содержание курсасодержание курса
содержание курса
 
политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)
политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)
политическая психология социальные_группы_и_массы_(1)
 
политкультура и идеология
политкультура и идеологияполиткультура и идеология
политкультура и идеология
 
политическая психология.теория личности
политическая психология.теория личностиполитическая психология.теория личности
политическая психология.теория личности
 
категории пол.науки
категории пол.наукикатегории пол.науки
категории пол.науки
 
почепцов
почепцовпочепцов
почепцов
 
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследованийпочепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
 
райх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм Royallib.ru
райх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм   Royallib.ruрайх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм   Royallib.ru
райх вильгельм. психология масс и фашизм Royallib.ru
 
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследованийпочепцов  -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
почепцов -информационные_войны._основы_военно-коммуникативных_исследований
 
ортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.ru
ортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.ruортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.ru
ортега и-гассет хосе. восстание масс - Royallib.ru
 
мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...
мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...
мизес людвиг. бюрократия, запланированный хаос, антикапиталистическая менталь...
 
лебон гюстав. психология социализма Royallib.ru
лебон гюстав. психология социализма   Royallib.ruлебон гюстав. психология социализма   Royallib.ru
лебон гюстав. психология социализма Royallib.ru
 
лебон густав. психология народов и масс Royallib.ru
лебон густав. психология народов и масс   Royallib.ruлебон густав. психология народов и масс   Royallib.ru
лебон густав. психология народов и масс Royallib.ru
 
канетти элиас. масса и власть Royallib.ru
канетти элиас. масса и власть   Royallib.ruканетти элиас. масса и власть   Royallib.ru
канетти элиас. масса и власть Royallib.ru
 
бурдье пьер. социология политики Royallib.ru
бурдье пьер. социология политики   Royallib.ruбурдье пьер. социология политики   Royallib.ru
бурдье пьер. социология политики Royallib.ru
 
L demoz psikhoistoria
L demoz psikhoistoriaL demoz psikhoistoria
L demoz psikhoistoria
 
Spiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_kr
Spiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_krSpiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_kr
Spiridonova v i_byurokratiya_i_reforma_analiz_koncepcii_m_kr
 
028 moska
028 moska028 moska
028 moska
 
Bono laterlnoe mishlenie
Bono laterlnoe mishlenieBono laterlnoe mishlenie
Bono laterlnoe mishlenie
 

политология. конспект лекций

  • 1. YTBep)KLeHO PIfe Y'leH020 cosenza PoccuiicK020 yHusepcumema opy:JIC6bluapooos CmnOBClmn )l;.E., IIlyJIeHllHa H.B. IIOJII1'1OJ[0['1151:KOHCneKT ~'lCKUlIiL - M,: 113J~-BO py/U I, 2006. - 156 c. ,nJIH I1110CTpanHblx cTYJIeHTOB I Kypca, ooyqafOIIl11XC~ no nanpaB- nell11l0 «IOPllCIIPY)(ClIlU15I». KOlICIICKT JJCKnl1H nOJIrOTOBnefI fIa KacPCJIpe nomnonOrI1l1. © Cn1130BCKHH ,n.E., 11lYJlClIllllll (l.B., 2006 © I13JIaTem,CTBo POCcHHcKoro ymmepCI1TCTa !(PY)KObJ HapOJIOB, 2006 TEMA 1. nOJWlT14KA KAK 061.l.1.ECTBEHHOE flBJlEH14E. nPE,IJ,MET nOJl14TOnOr1414 TepMHfI "nomUHKa" (rpcq. p01itika - rOCYJIapCTBCHfIbIC H 00- IIleCTBeHHbIe .n:eJIa; polis - fOPO.n:-focy.n:apCTBO) rrOJIYQJ1JI pacnpocrpa- HClme nOJI Bn1151fIHCM OJIH011MCHfIOro TpaKTaTa ApHCTOTCAA 0 rocy- !(apCTBC, npaBnCHHH H npaBHTcnhCTBC. IIoJIHTHKa - MHOrOOOpa3HblH lvfI1p OTHOIIICH11H, JIe51TCnbfIO- CTH, nOBCJICHH51, opHCHTal]HH H KOMMyHHKal]HOHfIbIX CB513CH MC)KJIY KJJaCCaMH H COl]HaJJhHbIMH rpynnaMH no nOBOJIY BJJaCTH H ynpaBJJeHH~ 001l]CCTBOM. OCfIOBHbIM11 C!JaKTopaMH nOJJHTHKH BbICTynafOT OOJJhIIIHe COl(I1<UlhHble rpynnbI (maccbI, Hal]H11, fIapOJIbI, l]HBHJJH3al]HH), a TaK- )f(C Bhlpa)KafOIIlHC I1X HHTCpCChI nbnHTHqCCKHe opraHH3anHH, HHCTHTy- 1'1>1, )(BH)KeHH51 11nHJIeph1. [IOJlliTHKa TpaJIHn110HfIO 03fIaQaeT rOCYJIapCTBefIfIble H o6IIle- CTBeHfIblC JIena, ccPepy JIe~TeJJhHOCTH, CB5I3afIHYIO C BnaCTHblMH OTHO- nreHH5IMH Me)KJIY mOJIbMH, COl]l1aJJbHbIMH rpynnaMH, HapO,Il,aMH, I-la- l111~MH, rocy,Il,apCTBalvfI1. OHa BKJJfOqaCT B ceo51 cPyHKl]HOHHpOBaHHC 1I0mrrnqeCKHX HHCTHTyTOB H opraHH3aUHH, nOJJHTHQCCKYle HOPMhI H Tpa!~I1l]HH, BJJaCTHo-ynpaBJleHQCcKyfO 11 opraHH3aTopcKyfO JIC51TeJJb- llOCTb JIlO,Il,eH, HX COl]HaJJbHo-nOJl11T11QeCKl1e I1HTepeCbI H nOTpCOHOCT11, nOJlHTHqeCK11e 11JIeH H B3rJI51JIhI. B COBpeMefIHOH ryMafIHTapHOH HayKe npHfI51TO BbIJIeJI51Tb pa3- JIH'lHble nOJIXOJIhI K TeopeTflLreCKOH 11HTepnpeTanHH nOJJHTHQeCKOH CI!)CPbl, QTO rr03BOJI5IeT CJIenaTb BbIBOJI 0 ee MHorOMepHOM xapaKTepe. (JOJlI1T11Ka BblcTynaeT B CAHHCTBe Tpex B3aHMOCB513aI-lHhIX acneKTOB: KaK ccPepa OOIIleCTBeHHOH )KH3HH, HeOTheMJleMbIH 3JIeMeHT CTpyKTyphl 06n~eCTBa, HrpalOlIlHH B HeM onpCJIeJleHHylO POJIh; KaK O,Il,HH113 BHAOB llCJIOBecICCKOH JIe5lTeJIbHOCT11 H COIlHaJJbHoro nOBeAeHH5I, cnocoo CO- BOKynHoH H HHJIHBHAyanbHOft aKTHBI-lOCTH COWlaJJbHbIX CyObCKTOB; KaK THn COnHaJIhHhIX OTHOIIICHHH. 3aMeT11M, lITO y)Ke ApHCTOTeJlb on- pe;:J,eJI~CT nOJlHTlIKY KaK BhlCIIIHH BMA qeJlOBeQCCKOrO OOIIleHH5I. <DpaH- llY3CKHe HCTOpMKH nep110Aa PeCTaBpaIl11H 11 MapKCHCTbl TpaKTOBaJJH nOJllUHKY KaK OTHOIIIeHH~ macCOB no nOBOAY rOCYAapCTBeHHOft BJIa- CUi. B XX B. JIOMHHHpOBaJI B3rJI5IJI Ha nOJIHTHKy KaK nm KOHCpJIHKT- HbIX OTHoIIIemu'I.
  • 2. IIpHw£TO BbIJl,CmITb CJICJI,ylOIIIHC ypOBHH ocymcCTBJICHH5I no- JIHTHKH~ 1. H1130BOM ypOBcHb, Ha KOTOpOM nOJI11THqCCKa5I Jl,C51TCJIbHOCTb OCYliIccTBmIeTC51 B OCHOBHOM OTJl,CJIbHbIM11 IIHJI,HBIIJl,aMll, HIIll acco- ~lla~I151Mll, II CB5I3aHa C PCWCHI1C MCCTHbIX npOOJICM ()KllJIHIIIHbIC YC- JIOBI15l, WKOJIa, yHl1BCpCllTCT, OOII~CCTBCHHbIM TpaHcnopT II Ln.). 2. nOKaJIbHbIH ypOBcHb, Ha KOTOpOM aKTllBHa5I nOJIllTllKa rpynn 11 aCCO~I1a~IlM, 3aHtITepeC013aHHbIX B KOHCTPyKTHBHOM pa3pCWCHI1I1 pcrllo- HaJIbHblX npOOJICM, rpCOyCT rocyJl,apCTBCHI-IOrO BMCWaTCJIbCTBa. 3. Ha~I10HaJIbHbIH ypOBCHb, Ha KOTOpOM cOJI,Cp)l{aHI1C nOJIIlTI1- KI1 orrpcJI,CJICHO JI,C51TCJIbHOCTblO rocyJI,apCTBa KaK KJIlOqCBOrO nOJII1TI1qCCKOrO I1HCTI1TYTa. 4. MC)l{Jl,yHapO,TJ,HbIM ypOBcHb, Ha KOTOpOM OCHOBHbIMI1 CYO'b- CKTaMI1 nOJII1TlI'lCCKOH Jl,C51TCJIbHOCTI1 BblcTynaIOT CyBCpCHHbIC rocyJI,apcma. B CTpyKTypC nOJII1TI1KI1 BbIJl,CJI51lOTC51¢opMa, COJI,Cp)l{aHI1C 11 npo~ccc (OTHOrucllI15I). <D 0 P M a II 0 II If T If I( 11 - 3TO cc opraIU13aUlIOHHa5l cTpyKTypa (rocyJl,apCTBO, na!JIHvl vI '1./.), a TaK)KC HOpMbI, 3aKOHbI, rrpHJI,alOlllyIc CM yCToH'mBOCTb, CnlOVlJlbllOCTb H n03BOJI5IIOWI1C pcryJIHpOBaTb nOJIIlTIlqCCKOC nOBC/J,cn VlCJII0/CH. COIJ,epiKalUle IIOIHITH 101 BbJpmKaCTC5I B CC UCJ15lX 11 IICH- HOCT5IX, B MOTI1BaX 11 MCXaHI13MaX UptIJUITH51 nOJII1TH'ICCKHX pCWCHHH, B npOOJICMaX, KOTOpbIC OHa pcruaCT. B IIOJIHTHqeCKOM IIpou,ecce lIaXOJl,IlT OTpa)l{CHI1C CJIO)l{- HbIH,l'vIHOrOCYObCKTHbIH 11 KOHclmlIKTHbIH xapaKTCp nOJII1TU'lCCKOH ,nC51TCJlbHOCTI1, rrp05IBJICHUC H OCYIIICCTBJlCHl1C OUWruCHI1H pa3JIIIQHbIX COUI1aJlbHblX rpynn, OpraHI13a~UH 11IIH)J,IlBI1jJ,OB. TIOJIHTO.lJOrUn - no HayKa 0 nOJIHTlIKC KaK OCOOOH ccpcpc )l{U3HC"IC51TCJlbHOCTI1JlIOJl,CM, CB513aHH00 C 13JIaCTHbIMH OTHOWCHH5lMH, C rocyJl,apCTBCHHO-nOJIHTH'ICCKOH opraHll3aIIHCH OOWCCTBa, nOJII1Tl1QC- CKI1MH I1HCTHTyTaMH, npI1H~I1rraMH, BOp:rvIaMH, JI,CHCTBHCKOTOpbIX npH- 3BaHO 06CCrrC'iUTb cpyHKliI1OImpOBaHUC bOUJeCTBa, B3aHl'vIOOTHOlllCHlI5I MC)l{Jl,YJUO)j,bMI1, OOliICCTBOM U rocYlapCTBOM. KaK HayKa 0 nOJIUUIKC nODllTOJIOHI5r "OXBaTbIBaCT" BCCb cncKTp rrOJ111UFICCKOH )l{1l3HU, BKJIIOQa5I, B3allMO)j,CHCTBHC nOJIHTHKII C ,LIPYrI1MH ccpcpaMH OOllCCTBCHHOM )l{I13Hll. IIpc,nMeTOM II3YQCHII5l II HCCJIC1IOBaHll5I nOJIllTOJIOHIll BbICT)TfIalOT TaKHC OCHOBHbIC CJIaraCMbIC 110JIHTHKll, KaK nOJII1TlIQCCKllC OTHOIIICHI151, nOJIllTlltIcCKIIC I1HCTllTYTbI H IIPOIXCCCbI, nOJlllTlltICCKa51 II,LICOJIOrll5111KyJIbTypa. CJIQ)KHOCTb 11 lmOrorpaHHOCTb nOJIllT11KI1 KaK OOllCCTBCHHoro 5fBJICHll51 n03BOJI51eT llCCJIc,nOBaTb CC Ha MaKpo- H MHKpOypOB- II 51x. Ha MaKpoypOBHC HCCJICn,YIOTC51nOJIllTWICCKHc 5IBJICHH5111 npo- I~CCCbI, npOllCXO)j,51llllC B paMKax OCHOBHbIX llHCTllTYT013 BJIaCTI1 I1 yllpaBJleHI151, llMCIOllllX OTHOllICHH5I KO BCCM OOI~CCTBCHHOM CllCTCMC. Iia MHKpOypOBHC - on11CbIBaIOTC5l II aHaJIH3llpYlOTC5I ¢aKTbI, CB513aH- IIbLC C nOBC,LIeHllCM llHJl,HBlllIOB II MaJIbIX rpynn B nOJIllTI1QCCKOM cpc,nc. IlOJIllToJIorll51 yCJIOBHO no,npa3,nCJI5ICTC5l Ha TCOpCTWICCKyIO II IIpI1KJra!~IIYI0. TCOpeTHQeCKUii acrreKT rrOJ1I1TOJIOrHH BbIpa)KaCTC51 B CTpCMJICllHII K n03HaHllIO 1I JIyQWCMy nOHHl'v1aHIIlO npHpOlIbI nOJIllTll- '1CCKOH )Kll3Hll, B TO BpCM5I, KaK ce npllKJIalIHOH aCneKT CB513aH C pcwc- IInCM npanvranlqeCKllX 3a,naQ OKa3aHI151 BJIII51Hll51 H H3MCHCHlI51 TCKy- Ilc}i IlOJII1TllKI1. QCHTpaJlbHOH MCTo,nOJlOrlIqCCKOM npOOJlCMOM IIOJIH- TOJIOrllll, a TaK)l{e CC Ba)l{HCHlIICH COUHaJIbHOH 3alIaQCM 5I13Jl51CTC5lno- 'lIlallnC nOJIllTI1QCCKllx 3aKOHOMepHOCTcH. B 3aBUCI1!vIOCTll OT C¢CPbI ,nCMCTBll5I H np05IBJICHll5l npllH51TO BbI)~CJI5ITbTpll OCBOBHbIX rpynnbI nOJIllTllQCCKllX 3aKOHOMCpHOCTCH, IIepeylO 2pynny COCTaBJI5lIOT 3aKoHoMcpHOCTlI, Bblpa)l{aIolll1c rnaHMO,LICMCTBll5I nOJIHTllQCCKOH CCPCpbI C IJ,pyrllMI1 C¢CpaMI1 06liICCT- BCIIHOH )l{ll3Hll. K HllM OTHOC51TC5I:3aBHCHMOCTb CTpyKTypbI, CPYHK~11H Il0JIIITHQCCKOH CHCTCMbI OOlleCTBa OT cro 3KOHOMl1QCCKOM II CO~llaJIb- IIOi1 CTpyKTyp; aKTllBHOC B03,nCHCTBllC nOJIHTllK11 fla 3KOHOMlIQCCKYIO, COUHaJlbHYIO 11,nyXOBHYIO )l{ll3Hb OOllCCTBa H ,np. Bmopa5l zpynna - 3TO 3aKOHOMepHocTH, B1Ipa)l{aIOliIUC CYUlc- CTBeHHbIC H YCTOHQHBbIC CB513ll 11 OTHOIIICHH5I BO B3aHMolIcHCTBllll crpyKTypHblx 3JICMCHTOBCaJl.lOHnOJIllTHQCCKOM C¢CPbI. K HHM OTHOC5ITC51, HanpllMcp, TaKllC 3aKoHoMepHocTH, KaK BJIll5IHllC nOJIllTHQCCKOrO C03Ha- HH51, rrOJIHTH'iCCKOH KyJIbTypbI JII1'IHOCTll Ha ce nOBeJl,cHHc; B3aHMOCB5l3b CjWPMlIcMOK-paTHI1H Tllrra rrOJIlITH'iCCKOMCllCTeMbI 06IIIccTBa. 3aKOHOlVlepHOCTll, Bblpa)l{aIOlllle CYlleCTBCHHbIC H yCTOMQH- BblC CB5I3ll, TCH,LICHUHll pa3BHTII51 OT,nCJlbHbIX CTOpOH, 5IBJICHlltr nOJIH- Tl1QCCKOH )KH3HH OOIIICCTBa COCTa13JI51IOTmpemblO zpynny. K HllM OTIIO- C51TC51,HanpIIMCp, pa31ICJICHI1e BJIaCTll B ,ncMOK-pamQCCKOM OOIIICCTBC
  • 3. Ha 3aKOHOAaTem:'HyIO, HCrrOJIHI1TeJILHYIO 11 cYAe6HylO; YTBep)KAeHI1e rrpHHlHrra rrOJ1I1THqeCKOfO rrJIIOpaJII13Ma. I10JIfITWreCKYre 3aKOHOMep- HOCTH YKa3bIBaIOT Ha 06beKTHBHO 3aAaHHLIe rrpeAeJILI H yCJIOBH5I rro- JIHTHqeCKOM Ae5ITeJIbHOCTH, HO He rrpeAOrrpeAeJ15IIOT 0AH03HaQHO ee pe3yJ11TaTLI, AeMcTBy5I KaK TeHAeHUH11. IIpHKJIaJJ:HaH nOJHITOJIOfHH I1CCne,n:yeT OCHOBHble Cy6b- eKTbI rrOJIHTWIeCKHX C06blTHM, 11X HepapXIIIO, KJIaCCLI 11 BHyTpHKJIaC- COBbIe 06paJOBaHII5I, rrapT1111, TOJIrry 11 rrOJI11T11QeCKYIOaYA11TOp11IO, Co- UHaJIbHble, 3THHQeCKIIe II peJII1fH03HbIe rpyrrrrbI, POJIb ytJaCTHHKoB no- JIHTHtJeCKHX C06bITHH B npHH5ITIIII nOJIHTHQeCKIIX pemeI-IHH 11 HX pea- JIH3alHH. K rrpHKJIaAHbIM OTpaCJ15!M nOJIHTOJIOfHH MO)KHO OTHeCTJl KOHuenUHII fOCYAapCTBeHHOfO yrrpaBJIeHII5I, napTHMHOH CTpaTefHH 11 TaKTJIKH, CiiTyalII0HHOfO rrOJIHTHQeCKOfo aHaJIH3a. B QaCTHOCTH, BeCbMa aKTyaJIbHOM 5IBJ15!eTC5IB HaCT05IIIIee BpeM5I TeOpII5I nOJIHTI1tJe- CKI1X TeXHOJIOfHM (TCXHOJIOfH5I Bblpa60TKH H rrpI1H5ITH5I rrOJIHTHtJeCKO- fO pemeHH5I; TeXHOJIOfI15I rrpOBeAeHH5I pecpepeHAYMa, I136HpaTeJIbHOM Ka!vmaHHH H T.A.). I1pHKJIaAHa5I rrOJII1TOJIOfI15I rrpeACTaBJI5IeT cOBoKyrr- HOCTb TeopeTI1QeCKI1X MOAeJIeM, MeTOAOJIOfI1tJecKHX rrpI1HlI1rrOB, Me- TOAOB, rrOJII1TOJIOfHqeCKI1X TeXHOJIOfHM, KOHKpeTHbIx rrpOfpaMM, OpH- eHTHpoBaHHblx Ha AOCTH)KeHHe PCaJlbHOfO rrOJIHTHtJecKofO 3cPcPeKTa. CJIeAY~CTrrOAqepKHyTL, QTO rrpHKJIaAHa5I rrOJIHTOJIOfH5I - 3TO crrelI1cPI1- QeCKHII I1CCJIeAOBaTeJlbCKHH ypoBeHb rrOJII1TOJIOfHI1. HOBOH OTpaCJIbIO nOJIHT11QeCKOfo 3HaHH5I CTaJI nOJII1TWIeCKHH MeHeA)KMeHT, cocTaBHOH qaCTbIO KOTOpOfO 5IBJI5IeTC5IpaJpa60TKa cTpaTefHqeCKHX ueJIeH, Teope- THQeCKHX yCTaHoBoK, MexaHH3Ma B03AeMCTBH5I yrrpaBJIeHQeCKHX fOCY- AapcTBeHHbIx CTpyKTYP, 3aKOHOAaTeJIbHOH H HCnOJIHIUeJIbH0I1 BJIaCTH Ha pa3Bl1THe 06IIIeCTBa. B rrOJII1THqecKoil HayKe 3HatJHTeJIbHYfO POJIb HrpaeT cpaBHH- TeJIbHa5I nOJIHTOJIOfH5I, HCCJIeAYIDIIIa5I 06IIIHe qepTbI H CrrelHCpI1QeCKI1e paJmlQH5I pa3JII1QHbIX fpyrrrr rrOJIHTHQeCKI1X 06beKTOB. I10JIHTOJIOfH5I - HHTefpaJIbHa5I HayKa 0 rrOJIHTHKe, BKJIIOQmO- IIIa5I TaKHe Ba)KHeMIlII1e AHCUHrrJIHHbl, KaK nOJIHTI1tJecKa5I cPHJlOC0cPH5I, yqeHHC 0 rrOJlI1THQeCKHX HHcTHTyTax, nOJII1THQeCKa5I COUHOJIOfH5I, Teo- PH~ Me)KAyHapoAHOH rrOJIHTHKH, a TaK)Ke HCTOpH5I rrOJIfUHQCCKI1X YQe- HI1H, rrO}II1THqeCKa5I rrCHXOJIOfI15I, IIOJIHTI1QCCKa5IaHTpOrrOJIOfI15l, I1 T.,n:. I1cTOpI1QeCKI1 IICpBOH cPOpMOM cYIIIecTBOBaHI15I rrOJII1TI1QeCIWH HayKI1 6bma rrOJIHTHqeCKaH ljlIVIOCOljlHH. 3KCnJI11UHpy5I yHHBep- CIJ I" II bl.C npHl-Il11IIbI H 3aKOHbI B3aHMOOTHomeHHM tJeJIOBeKa, 06IIIeCTBa II IIIaCTH, OHa Cny)KHT o6rueli MeTOAoJIOfHqeCKOM 6a30H COBpCMCHHblX 110IIIITHLIeCKHX HccJIeAOBaI-II1M. IIpe,n:McT rrOJIHTHQeCKOH cPHJIOCOcPHH COCTaBJI5IIDT IIOJIHTHQeCKHe leHHOCTH, MOpaJIbllble KpHTepHH oueHKH pC,WhllOM IIOJIHTI1K11,crroco6bI H cpeAcTBa n03HaH115I rrOJIHTHKH. Y q e- IIIfe 0 nOJIHTH'leCKHX HHCTHTyTax rrpe,n:CTaBJleHO TeOpM5lMI1 1l0JIlfTWleCKOH opraHH3aUHH o6IIIecTBa, fOCYAapcTBa H rrpaBa, IIOJlH- Tlt'lCCKHX rrapTHli. TeopHH MeJKJJ,yHapoJJ,HoH IIOJIHTHKH H3ytJa- l~T MC)KAynapoAHLIC opfaHl13aUHH I1 o6beAHHeHH5I, BHClilHerro.'THTHQe- cKylO AC5ITeJIbHOCTbfocy,Il,apCTB, rrapTHli, 06IIIecTBeHHblx ABI1)l(eHI1H, Me- }1()yltapOAHbIe OTHOmeHH5I, np06JIeMbI BOHHbI I1 MHpa, rrpeAOTBpaIIICHI15I 1,1 yperyJII1pOBaHH5I Me)K)];yHapoAHbIX KOHc]mHKTOB. IIoJIHTHqeCKaH l,". () I~It ().II0 r It H ACJIaeT aKleHT Ha COUHaJIbHOM AeTepMHHHpOBaHHOCTI1 IIOJlllTl1qeCKHX 5IBJIeI-IHH.B ueHrpe BHHMaHI15I IIOJIHTnqeCKOH IICU- x IIJI 0 r H Ii - cy6'beKTHBHLIe MeXaHI13MbI nOJIl1THQeCKOfO rroBeAeHH5I. 1I0JIIITUqeCKaH aHTpOIIOJIOrHH HCCJIeAyeT B3aI1M03aBT1Cl1MOCT1 IIOJIHTHQeCKOrO crp05I H POAOB1IX KaqeCTB QeJIOBeKa. 11CT 0 P Ii H II 0- II HTiPleCKliX yqeHIIU paCCMarpHBaeT 3BOJIIOUHID nOJIHTHqeCKOfO C03HaHI15I KaK cMeHy TeOJIOfI1QeCKOH, HarypaJII1CTHQeCKOM, COUHaJILHoli, !)alIHOHaJIbHO-KpIHI1qeCKOM rrapaAI1rM, orrpeAeJIHBIIII1X cnoc061I BOCnpI1- mHH H HHTepnpeTalHH nOJIHTI1QeCKOH AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. KOHTpOJIbHhIe Bonpocbl: 1. KaKI1C nOAxOAbl K onpeAeJICHHID rrOJII1THKH npHH5ITO BbI,II,C- 2. lITo npeACTaBJI5leT C060H CTpyKTypa rrOJIHT11KH? 3. KaKHe ypOBHH oCYIIIeCTBJIeHH5I nOJIHTHK11 BbI 3HaeTe? 4. B qeM rrp05IBJI5IeTC5I yHHBepCaJIbHOCTh rrOJIHTIIKH? 5. B LleM pa3JII1y.I1e Me)KAY TeOpeTHQeCKOH I1 rrpHKJIa)lHOH IIO- JnITOJIOfI1eli? 6. KaKHe 3aKoHoMepHocTH H3ytJaeT rrOJIHTOJlOfH5I? JIuTepaTypa: 1. nOJIHTOJIOf!15l. YtJe6HI1K I IIOA pe)l. M.A. BaCHJIHKa. M., [apAapI1KI1, 2001. [JI, L ") 11· 10 B 3011"06 B TT 30111060 JI.B. I10JII1TOJIOfH5l:"--. pXUH .. , ' '1-1" Yy.e6HI1K. M., lOpI1cTb, 2001. [JI. 1.
  • 4. r 3. IIyzal.{ee B.Il., CO.7oebee A.H. BBeJJ,eHfle B nOJIHTOJIOnrro Y<leoHHK JJ,JI5I By30B. M., AcneKT npecc, 2000. rJI. I, II. . 4.Bacu.7beea JIll. nOJIlrTIlKa - ¢HJIOCOqJIl5I II COI.HaJlbHO- ryMaHHTapHhIe 3HaHWI. 2003. N<~3. C. 150-164. 5. EopuceHKoe A.A. nOJIHTWleCKHe OTHOIIlemUI: CylI(HOCTb H BllJJ,bI II COI.llaJIbHo-rYMaHHTaplme 3HaIIH5I. 2004. NQl. C. 161-171 6 HoeuKoe HfO n . .h . .' . " OJIHTHLJeCI<He I.eHHOCTll: CneI.H¢HKa H ~FI;KI.Hll II COIIHaJIbHo-rYMaHIiTapHI,Ie 3HaHH5I. 2003. NQ6. C. 116- 7. LJeHJleHP. 0 nOJIHTHLJeCKoH HayKe, ee COOTHOIlIeHHII C _ rHMH OTpaCJI5IMH 3HaHH5I H 06 H3yqeHHH nOJIHTHqeCKOro npocT aH~~:a (npeJJ,HCJIOBHe M.B. HJIbHHa). DomIc. 2005. NQ2. C. 115. P rH5I 8. HUKumuHa A.r OTOM, «KaK B03MO>KHa» RayKa nOJIHTOJIO- (CTaHOBJIeHHe H OCHOBHhle MeTOJJ,OJIOfIrqeCKHe np06JIeMbI) II Do JIHC. 1998. NQ3. C. 147. - 9. HHbUH jVf.B.. KOeaJlb E.H. qTO eCTh nOJIHTHKa H qTO - Ha' Ka ~O~~JIHTHKe (OnbIT HeTpaJJ,HIIHOHHoro 0630pa) II nOJIHC. 1991. NQ4~CC. ~ 10.JJ,ezm51J;ee A.A. fIpHKJIaJJ,Ha5I nOJIHTOJlOrH5I (npor aMMa yqeOHOro Kypca) Ii nOJIHC. 1997. NQ3. C. 169. P fIOJIHC. ;~91Jl~O~~ r DOJIHTHLJeCKa5I HayKa: HCTOpWl JJ,HCI.HnJIHHbl II TEMA 2. METO,Qbl (.1cJ>YHKll(.1(.1nOm~TOnOrH(.1 MeTOJI,bI rrpHH5ITO orrpeJI,eJI5ITh KaK cpeJI,CTBa aHaJIH3a cnoc06bI npoBepKH H OIIeHKH Teoprm. ' C JI,peBHocTH nOJIHnlqeCKaJl MhICJIb 6a3HpOBaJIaCh Ha H' _ THBHo-ueHHocTHOM '. opMa . . nO)l,xotJ.e, HCXOJI,5IIrreMfI3 3TMQeCKfIX JIMne- palMBOB npM OI.eHK~ nOJIHTIIQeCKIIX JlBJIeHJIH H pa3pa60TKe II1J,eaJIa no- JIIITIIQeCKoro yCTpOIICTBa. YKa3aHI-lbIH rroJI,XOJI" HeCMOTp5I Ha OTHOCII- TeJIbHOCTh ueHHOCTHbIX cy''WIT ~ mp,eHHIl, BHOCIIT B rrOJllITHKy HpaBCTBeHHoe HaqaJIO, II, oc06eHHo He06xoJI,IIM nOJIHTHqeCrorr Hay' r. . n C Ke Ha COBpeMeHBOM 3Tarre OOll(eCTBeHHoro pa3Bl1TfUL He Mel-ree JI,peBI-noIO HCTOPIIIO IIMeeT aHTpOnOJlOrH" "~ no)l,xo . ~'. -.eCKHU . JI" JI,aWlIlrm n,eJIOCTHoe npeJI,CTaBJleHHe 0 cpaKTopax, <P0PMlI- PYIOIlJHX MOTIIBaIIIUO IlOJIlITIIqeCKOro IlOBeITeHW' AH'rpon ,u, /1. OJIOnlqe- CI01l·[ IIOJI,XOJI,HCXOJI,IIT H3 npIIHUHnoB: lIHBapiiar-lTHocTH ¢yHJI,aMeH- THJlhllhiX pO,n;OBbIX KaLJeCTB qeJIOBeKa KaK 6HOCOl~HaJIbHOrO cyUrecTBa; ymlBcpcaJIbHOCTII LJeJIOBeKa, eJI,HHCTBa LJeJIOBeLJeCKOrOpoJI,a, paBI-IOnpa- 1l11aBcex JIlo,n;eH; HeOThelVWeMOCTlI OCHOBOnOJIaraIOlIllIX npaB LJeJIOBeXa II I1X npl10pIITeTa no OTHorrreHIIlO K IIOJIHTI1qeCKIIM rrpI1IIUI1naM. C KOP- pCKn1poBKoH Ha II3yqel-IHe cy6beKTIIBHbIX MexaHII3MOBIIOJII1TIILJeCKOrO IIOBC;~ClllI5I He LJeJIOBeKa Boo6ille, a KOHKpenIOro LJeJIOBeKa, aHTpoIIo- ,1I01'l-llICCKIIH1l0JI,XOJI,JI,OIIOJIHJleTC5I, TaK>Ke IIMeIOillIIM MHofoBeKoBYlO IICTOPl1l0 nCHXOJlOrll'IeCKliM MeToJI,OM. )];0 HaLJaJla XX BeKa B nOJIHTHqeCKOH HayKe fOCnOJI,CTBOBaJI, llap51)~y C HopMaTIIBHo-ueHHocTHbIM, llHCTHTYUIIOHaJlbHbIH nOJl:- x ()!~, OpHeHTI1pOBaHHbIH Ha I13YQeHHe CTpyKTypbI 06~ecTBeHHo yKO- Pl:IIClllIbiX nOJIIITHLJeCKI1X ¢OpM, TeCHO CBJl3aHHbIH co cpaBHllTeJlb- 111.1 M (KOMnapaTIIBHbIM) nOJI,XoJJ,oM, CneUII¢IIKa nOCJIeJI,HerO 3aKJIlO- '1aCTC51B COIIOCTaBJleHHH JI,ByX (WII1 60JIee) nOJIHTIIQeCKlIX o6beKToB C ICJlbl0 yCTaHOBJIeHHJI IIX nOJI,oGIIJI II pa3JII1QH5I. JI1060e cpaBHIITeJIbHOe I-ICCHeJI,OBaFme BKJIIOQaeT: OTGOp II onlIcaHIIe ¢aKToB; BbI5IBJleHIIe II OIlIIcaHIre TO>K,Ll,eCTBaI1 Pa3JIWIHH; ¢OpMI1pOBaHIIe B3aHMocBR3eH Me>K- !~y :meMeHTaMII nOJIHTIILJeCKOrO npouecca H JI,pyrIIMM COUIIaJIbHbIMII llll.llClllrJlMII B ¢OpMeJKCnepHMeHTaJIhHbIX fHnoTe3; 1l0CJIeJI,YfOIIIYro IIP(JBCpKy fI1nOTe3; "npII3HaHIIe" HeKoTopbIX oCHOBOnOJIaraIOIIII1x rH- 1l0TC3. CpaBHIITeJIbHbIH 1l0JIHTHLJeCKIIH aHaJIH3 n03BOJIJleT pa3pa60TaTh IqJOBep5IeMylO cHcTeMy 3HaI-IIIH 0 nOJIHTIIKe, oueHIITb nOJII1TllQeCKI1H OllbIT, lIHCTHTyTbI, 1l0BeJI,eHHe II npouecchI C TOLJKH3peHH5I npHQHHHO- C.lIC!~CTBeHHblX CB5I3eH; npOrH03I1pOBaTb C06bITHJI, TeHJI,eHUfIII II no- C.lIC!~CTBI151nOJ1HTIFreCKOro pa3BI1TIIJI. B uel-npe BHHMaHII5I cOBpeMeH- 110i-icpaBHIITeJIbHoI'1 nOJIIITOJIOrIIII TaKIIe 51BJIeHII5IKale rpynnoBble I1H- TCPCCbI, HeOKopnOpaTIIBI13M, nOJII1THLJeCKOe yLJaCTIIe, paUl10HaJIbHhiH 1I1.IGOp, JTHHqeCKHe, peJIIIfH03Hble, .rreMorpa<pwreCKIIe Cpal<TOphI II HX lI.11lllUmC Ha nOJIHTHKy, npoueCCbl MOJI,epHH3auIIH, CTa6HJIbHOCTb II He- CTa6HJIbHOCTb IIOJIHTHQeCKHX pe)KHMOB, yCJIOBI1J1 JI,Jl.51B03HI1KHOSeHlI5I )~CMOKpaTIII1, BJ11IJlHIIe nOj1HTl1KII Ha 06w:eCTBO II T.JI,. AKTI1BHOe pa3BHTJre nOJIyLJaeT counonOrUqeCKHH notJ.- x ()JI., npe,n;CTaBJI5IIOillI1H COGOH COBOKyIIHOCTb IIpHeMOBIl MeTO)lOB KOHKpeTHhlX COIIIIOJIOl'IIQeCKHX llCCJIeJJ,OBaHIIH, HanpaBJ1eHHbIX Ha cGop H aHaJIII3 ¢aKTOB peaJIbHOH nOJIHTIIQeCKOH >KH3HII. PacnpOCTpa- lIeHIIe B XX BeKe MeTOJI,OBCOUIIOJIOrIIQeCKIIX I1CCJleJI,OBaHIIH (onpOCOB,
  • 5. aHKeTnpOBaHIDI, 3KCnepHMeHTa, CTanICTHtleCKorO aHaJ1H3a, MaTeMaTH- qeCKOro MOJJ;eJIHpOBaHH5I) CCPOPMHPOBaJ10 rrpHKJIaJJ;HylO nOJ1IITOJIOrHlO. I1peHMym,eCTBO COU;HOJIOrHtIeCKHX MeTOJJ;OB 3aKJIlOQaeTC5I B TOM, tITO HCCJIeJJ;OBaTeJ1I, HMeeT JJ;eJIO C MaTepHaJIOM, KOTOpbIH rrOJJ;JJ;aeTC5IMaTe- MamqeCKOH CpOpMaJIH3aU;HH. COU;HOJIOrnqeCKHH MaTepHaJI 5IBMeTC5I OC- HOBOR nOJIl1TJIQeCKRX npOfH030B. C nOMOIUbIO COI.l1OJIOmQeCKOro Mero- JJ;a MO)KHO BbDIBHTb B3aHMOCB5I31 rrOJIHTHKH H JJ:PyrHX c4Jep )Kfi3HH, pac- KpbITb COU.HaJIbHylO rrpnpoJJ;y BJIaCTH, rOCYJJ;apCTBa, npaBa H T.JJ;., onpeJJ;e- IDiTb COU.HaJIbHyfO HarrpaBJIelmOCTb npHHHMaeMbIX roCYJJ;apCTBOM peme- HlIn, yCTaHoBIITb, B IIHTepeCaX KaKHX rpynn OHH OCym,eCTBJI5IfOTC5I. I1pHMeHeHHe aJIbTepHaTHBHOrO IIHCTHTYU;IIOHaJIbHOMY rroJJ;xo- JJ;y - 6HXeBHOpHCTCKOrO MeTOLJ;a, OKa3aJIO peBOJIfOU;HOHII3II- pyIOm::ee JJ;enCTBIIe Ha rrOJIHTH'IeCKYIO HayKy B 30-50-e n. XX BeKa. I1cnOJIb30BaHIIe 6HXeBIIopIICTCKOrO MeTOJJ;a B nOJIIITOJIOrIII1 OC- HOBbIBaeTC5I Ha nOHHMaHHI1 nOJIHTHKH KaK BIIJJ;a COU;l1aJIbHorO nOBeJJ;e- HH5I HHJJ;HBHJJ;OB(rpynrr), XapaKTepII3yIOIu;erOC5I YCTanOBKal1JI 11 MOTH- BaU;H5IMH, CB5I3aHHbIMH C yqaCTHeM BO BJIaCTII H BJIaCTBOBamnI. DnXe- BIIOPH3M CTpeMIITC5I K onpeJJ;eJIeHIIfO peaJIbHbIX npl1tII1H 11 napaMeTpOB nOJIHTHtIeCKOrO nOBeJJ;eHI15I Ha MaCCOBOM ypoBHe. "EJJ;HHHu.eH" HCCJIe- JJ;OBaHII5I, B paMKaX JJ;aHHOro no)].xoJJ;a, npH3HaeTC5I Ha6moJJ;aeMOe no- BeJJ;eHHe HHJJ;HBII)].OB H rpynn B pa3JIHtIHbIX rrOJIHTHtIeCKHX cHTyaU;II5IX. OCHOBHble npHHU;HnbI 6HXeBHOpHCTCKOrO rroJJ;xo)].a 4JOPMYJIIIPYfOTC5I CJIeJJ;yfOm,HM 06pa30M: 06Hapy)KeHIIe 3JIeMeHTOB eJJ;IIHOo6pa3H5I B rro- JIIiTHtIeCKOM nOBeJJ;eHHH, HX o6061u;eHHe H Bblpa)KeHIIe B TeOpH5IX H MO)].eJI5IX, 11MelOlII,HX 3BpHCTHtiecKyfO 11 npOrl-IOCTWJeCKyIO U.efiHOCTb; COOTHeCeRHe BbIBO)].OB C 3MnHp11QeCKI1MH C]mKTaMH H nOCTpOeRl1e BbIBOJJ;OB TOJIbKO Ha HX OCHOBe; 11CnOJIb30BaIlHe aJ~eKBaTHbIX MeTOJJ;OB JJ;JI5I nOJ1YQeHI151 JJ;aHHbIX; Jl;II4J4JepeHII11pOBamra51 HlITepnpeTaU;H5I 11 Ou;eHI(a nOJIYQeRHhIx )].aHHbIX; CHCTeMHbli1 xapaKTep HCCJIe)].OBaHI151, CTpeM5IllJ,erOC5I K 3KCnJIHKaU;IIH rrpIIQIIHHO-CJIe)].CTBeHRbIX CB5I3eH; aKTIIBlwe IICnOJIb30BaHIIe nOJIHTHQeCKOH HaYKon pe3YJIbTaTOB 11 JJ;aHHblx ryMaHIITapHbIX II eCTeCTBeHHbIX HayK. DIIxeBIIopII3M CblrpaJI 3aMeTHyfO POJIb B CTaHOBJJeHIIII II pa3- BIITIIH cpaBH11TeJIbfWH II npIIIwaJJ;HOH nOJIIITOJIOrIIII, pa3pa60TaB OC- HOBHble MeTOJJ;bI npIIKJIaJJ;HbIX nOJIIITIIqeCKIIX IICCJIe)].OBaH11n: CTaTII- cTIIqeCKHe 11CCJIe)].OBaHII5I nOJIIITHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCT11; aHKeTHble IIC- CJIe)].OBaHII5I 11 onpOCbI; JIa60paTOpHbIe 3KcnepIIMeHTbI; npIIMeHefme ~TIIqeCK11X pemeHHH. B TO )Ke TCOpHH IIrp B H3YQeHIIH rrpHR5ITII5I nOJI II nCIIXOJIOrII HeoJI;HOKpaTHO IIpCM5f, MHorHe. Be)].ylII,IIe nOJI11TOJIOrH j3IIOpHCTOB MeTo)].aMH MaTeMa- IIO)lIePKHBaJIII' rrTO yBJICrreHHOCTb 6Hxe p ym,ep6 KarreCTBeHHbIM MeTO- THlfeCKoro II CTaTIICTWleCKoro aHaJIII3a fIOCTb IICCJIe,lIOBaHIIH. N1M, CHII)KaeT rrOTeHU;IIaJI II pe3YJIbTaTIIB ~CKOrO IIepnO~a pa3BHBa- B paMKax IIOCTOIIxeBIIopIIC~II3 II cHcTeMHbIH rroJJ;xoJI;. IOTC51CTpyKTypHO-4JyHKU;HOH<L'lbHbIII aH pJIhHOM aHaJIIOe 3a eJJ;H- B CTpyKTypHO-4>yHKIIHOH TBrre" a 06mecTBo rrpeJJ;cTaB- " eHv ' LL. IIHIY IICCJle)].oBaHH5I rrpHHI1MaeTC5I JJ; c1UIIaJIbHblX CHCTeM JJ;enCTBII5I. ./IHCTC5f KaK cOBoKyrrHocTb CJIO)KHbIX C eM rrOBe)].eHIIH opIIeHTHpoBaH (nnaeTC5I, rrTO Ka)K)].bIH IIHJJ;HBIIJJ;B CBC1j1. HOPMbI o6"beJJ;HHeHbl B HH- Ila "06m,errpIIH5fTble" 06pa3U;bl nOBeJJ;eHI+ aIOlII,I1e epynKU;II5IMII, HarrpaB- cnnyTbI, IIMefOllJ,He CTpyKTypy H o6rra)1. 06llJ,eCTBa. IJ;eJIb CTpyKTypHO- ./Il~llllblMH Ha )].OCTII)KeHIIe cTa6HJIbHOCTII j<OJIHqeCTBeHHOH ou;eHKe Tex (I'YIlKqrroHaJIbHOrO aHamna COCTOHT B MO)KeT rrpncnOC06IITbC5l He B 11'lMeHeHIIH, K KOTOpblM JIaHHa5I GIICTeMa pblM 065I3aHHOCT5IM. )J;aHHbIH YI1~ep6 CBOIIM OCHOBHblM CpyHKU;HOHaJIb(/060B coxpaHeHII5I H peryJIH- MCTOJJ; qerreco06pa3eH )].JI5I aHaJIH3a C~O 14JcpeKT np05IBJI5IeTC5I B cpaB- pOBaHII5I CHCTeMbl, ero MaKCHMaJIbHbIIl J{IIX CHCTeM. CTpyKTypHO- lIIneJIbHOM IICCJIeJIOBaHIIII rrOJIIITIIrreC H3yrreHHe 4JYHKUHOHaJIbHbIX (I'YIIKUIIOHaJIbHblH aHaJIH3 HanpaBJleH H~ crrCTeMbl: e)].HHCTBa HHCTI1- 'IaBI1CHMOCTeH 3JIeMeHTOB nOJIHTHtIe~CKO r1H nOTpe6HOCT5IM norrIITIIrre- TyTOB BJIaCTII, COOTBeTCTBII5I IIX JJ;eIICTB peaJIII3yeTC5I nOTpe6HOCTb B CKIIX cy6beKToB; Bbl5IBJIeHIIe Toro, KaK eHC5I cpe)].e II T.JJ;. CHCTeM- Ilpl1Cnoc06JIeHHII CIICTeMbI K H3MeH5II01LJ;; KaK calVlOperYJIHpYf01LJ;YfOC5I II hIii nO,lIXOLJ; paCCMarpHBaeT rrOJIHTIIK''fBeHHOH cpe)].oH rryTeM BOC- CIICTeMY, B3aHMo)].eHCTBYf01LJ;YIO. C 06m,e~CTeMbD» II rrpIIH5ITH51 rrOJIH- IlpI15ITII5I Tpe60BaHun rpa)K)].aH (<<BXO)]..C)- )KH3He06ecnetIIIBaIOIU;IIMH THrreCKIIX perueHII{r. (<<BbI~O)]. CHCTeMbI» 1aIOTC5I: pacrrpeJI;eJ1eHHe u;eH- cl)YHKJ~II5IMHnOID1TWJ~CKOII CHCTeMbl CtIH p5I rpa)KJJ;aHaMH pacnpe)].eJIII- rrOCTCH II pecypcoB; ooeCrreqeHHe npIIH5IT ~ r. BPIX. TeJIbHbIX perueHIIH B KaqeCTBe 0~5I3aTeJ1.b n03BOJI5leT pa3pa6oTaTb KII- KOMMYHHKaTHBHhIll MeTOJ1Pouecca, paccMaTpHBa51 no- 6epHemqecKylO MOJIerrb nOJIIInI'lecKoro6t1~eHH5I. I10JIIITHrreCKl1e B3aH- JII1TWleCKIIe CTpyKT>'PbI KaK eJIIIHH~lbl ° pMaUHOHHble nOTOKH, rJIaB- MOJJ;eHCTBH5I paCCMaTpI1BaEOTC5l KaK HmpO
  • 6. HbIM11 113 KOTOpbIX 5IBJI5IIOTC5I nOJI11TH"ICCKOC pCmCH11C 11 pCaKII115I Ha HCrO arCHTOB nOJI11THKH. ,D,JI5I pCmCHH5I m11pOKOrO Kpyra HC<j.lOpMaJI113ycMhlX npOOJICM nOJI11THqCCKOH )I{H3HH (Hanp11MCp, Bblpa60TKH ynpaBJICHQCCKOro pC- mCHI15I, OIICHK11 nOJIl-ITI1QCCKOH CIITyaIIHI1, npOrH03a nOJII1THQCCKOrO pa3B11TH5I H T.p;.) HaHOOJICC 3<j.l<j.lCKTHBHbIM5IBJI5ICTC5InpHMCHCHHC Me- Top;a 3KCnepTHbIX ou,eHOK CnCIIHaJIHCTaMH B TOM 06JIaCTH nOJIH- TWICCKOM P;C5ITCJIbHOCTH, no nOBOP;Y KOTOpOM BCP;CTC5I3KcncpTH3a. JVleTo,IJ: rronHnPleCKOfO Mop;enHpOBaHHH COCTOI1T B HCCJICp;OBaHHH nOJIHTHQCCKHX npoIIccCOB H 5IBJICHHM nyTcM pa3paOOT- Kl1 H H3Y"ICHH5I HX NIOP;CJICM. MOP;CJIl1pOBamIC nOJIHTH"ICCKHX npOIICC- COB MO)l{CT OCYllI,CCTBJI5ITbC5IHC TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBaHHH y)f(C H3BCCTHhIX, 3Ml1HpnqCCKn npOBcpcHHhIX p;aHHbIX, HO H Ha OCHOBaHnH r:lmOTC3. MOP;CJIHpOBaHnc fnnOTC3 H npOBcp;CHnc BblqHCJIHTCJIbHhlX 3Kcncpn- MCHTOB C nOJIYQCHHhIMH MOP;CJI5IMH n03BOJI5ICT, C OP;HOM CTOpOHhl, npOBcpHTb r11nOTC3bI Ha HcnpOTHBOPCQHBOCTb, C .n;pyroM - BbI5IBHTb CCHCHTHBHbIC napaMCTpbI MOP;CJIH, TC npH3HaKH II CB5I3H, H3MCHCHII5I KOTOpbIX OKa3blBaIDT I-IaHOOJICC CyllI,CCTBCHHOC BJIIIJIHI1C Ha BbIXOP;HbIC napaMCTpbI MOp;CJIH. MOP;CJIl1pOBaHI1IO nOp;JIC)KaT: McxaHH3M nOJIHTH- QCCKOM CHCTCMbI (IranpHMCp, McxaHH3M pCaJIH3aIIHH nOJIHTHQCCKOM BJIaCTI1), npOIICCC (npOIICCC npl1WITHJI pCmCI-IHM), OTP;CJIbHbIM <j.lpar- MCHT <j.lyHKIIHOHl1pOBaIIHH CHCTCMbI (HIm ynpaBJICHHJI CI-O), HHCTHTyTbI, HX 3JICMCHTbI H 06bCl~I1HCI-lH}I (rOCY1apCrBO, nOJIHTI1QCCKHM pC)f(HM), McxaHH3Mbl B3aHMop;CMCTBlUI C l~pyrHMH lIQJIHTWICCKHMH CHCTCMaMH (MC)f(p;YI-IapOJJ,HbIC OTHomCHHH) HT.lI. / l103HaBaTenhHhle cpep;CTBa nOJiliTOJlOl'HI1 TaK)f(C BKJII-O- "IaI-OT B CCOJI rpynny 06ilICLlOrHQCCKHX McrOi~OB (1111)~YKl(H5IH .n;CP;yK- UI15I, aHaJIl13 11 CI1HTC3, MO.n;CJIHpOBal-lHC, MblCJICHHblM 3KCnCpI1MCHT, MaTCMaTHQCCKI1C, npOrHOCTI1QCCKI1C 11 )J,p. MeTO!~hI), MCTO)~hI 3Mnnpl1qC- CKnX I1CCJICp;OBaHI1M,n03BOJI5IIOllI,HC nOJIY(IaTb HH<j.lopMaumo 0 nOJII1THQC- CKnX CpaKTax. YKa3aHHhIC n03HaBaTCJlbHbIC Cpcp;CTBa HC 0TPa)f(aI-OT cnc- IIH<j.lHKy nOJIHTOJIOrHI1 H 3amvlCTBOBaHbI H3 p;pyrHx HayK. MCTOp;OJIOrH5I COBpCMCI-lIIOMnOJIHTHQCCKOM HayKH npCp;CTaBJICHa cOBoKynI-IOCTbI-O Ka"IC- CTBeHI-IbIX MeTOJ:OB KJIaCCHQeCKOH H HHCTHTYQHOHaJIbHOH 110JU1TOJIOrHH 11 6HXCBHOpI1CTCKHX, 3MnHpn"ICCKI1X 11KOJIHQCCTBCHI-lhIXMCTO.n;OB. WYHKU,IHI nonMTonorMM. CYIb ZHOCeOROZlf4eCKGtI, no- 3HaeameJIbHGtI PYHKIIllll COCTOI1T B HaH60JIcc QCJIOCTI-lOM, aJICKBaTI-lOM II paWCIlfIH nOJIHTWICCKOM pCaJIhHOCTH, paCKphlTHH npHcyllI,HX CM OCil,CICTHBllbIX CB5I3CM, OCHOBHhlX TCHP;CHUHM H nponmOpC"IHM. Pa3pa6aJ'hIBa5I onnrrvlaJlbHbIC MOP;CJIH ynpaBJICHH5I, nporH03H- py}1 pa:3BIHHC nOJIHTH"ICCKl1X npOLJCCCOB, nOJIHTOJIOrH5I CpOpMHpyCT ICOPCIWICCKYI-O OCI-lOBY rrOJIHTHqCCKOrO CTpOHTCJIbCTBa H pc<j.lOpMHpO- lI'IIIH}!. (13YQa51 06beKTHBHblC 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H npOTHBOPC"IH5I nOJIH- 111'IlXKOM CHCTCMhI, <j.lOPMYJIHpy5I np06JIeMbI, CB5I3aHHhIC C npCOopa30- 1I<II11lCMnOJIHTH"ICCKOH P;CMCTBHTCJIbHOCTH, aHaJIH3HpY5I nYTH H cpcp;- ('ilia nCJICHanpaBJICHHOrO B03P;CMC'IBH5I Ha nOJIHTH"ICCKHC npOIICCCbl: III).11HTOJIOrH5I BbIIIOJIH5ICT pyHKL{UlO paLfUOHaRU3aLfUU nOJlUmU4ecKoU ,Iwu'mu. lIOJlI1TOJIOrlI5I BbIDOJIWleT Ba)f(HCMllIYI-O pyHKL{UlO nOJ7l11nLI4e- ('/11 Ii! ('( J1./1WJ7l13aL{UU,<j.lOpMHpOBaHH5I rpmKp;aHCTBCHHOCTH, nOBbIlIICI-IH5I I10.11IlTH'ICCKOM KyJIbJ'ypbI HaCCJICHH5I. 3HaHHe HaY"IHhlX OCHOB IIOJIHTH- 1(11II03BOJl5ICT npaBHJIbHO OlICHHTb COOTHOllICHHC 06llI,C"ICJIOBC"IeCKHX, IOCY)IapCTBCHHbIX, rpynnoBhIX H JII1"II-lbJX HHTCpCCOB, BblpaOOTaTb OJ'- IIOlllCHHC K CyILJCCTByIOllI,IIM nOJIHTH"ICCKHM CTpyKTypaM, napTH51M, ()11PC)WJlCllIlYIO Jl11HHIO nOJIHTHqeCKOrO rrOBcp;CHH5I. PCaJIH3aIIH5I npOZflOCn1l14eCKOLI rjJYHKL/llU n03BOJI5ICT nOJIHTOJIO- 11111COCTaBJlJITh p;onrOBpCMCI-IHbIC H KpaTKocpO'IHbIC nporH03hI 0 .n;Ha- IW'OlIC B03MO)l{HOCTCM nOJIHTH"ICCKOrO pa3BHTH5I TOM HJIH HflOM crpa- Ilbl lIa KOHKpCTI-lOM HCTOPHQCCKOM 3Tanc; pa3pa6aIbIBaTb aJIbTepHa- TlHlHbIC cUeHapHH nOJIHTHQCCKI1X npoueccoB, onpe.n;eJI5I5I BCp05IJ'HOCT- IlblC nOTcpH II n060"IHbIC 3c])<j.leKIbI. KOHTpOJIbHbIe BorrpochI: 1. PacKpoMTC cop;Cp)l{aHHe OCHOBI-IbIX MCTOP;OB nOJIHTOJIOrHH. 2. BblP;CJIHTC CPYI-IKlIHHnOJII1TOJIOfHH. JlIITepaTypa: 1. 06Ula5I 11 npI1KJIaP;HM nOJIHJ'OJIOrHJI. Y"IC6HOC noco6Ilc / I10p; o6ll1,. pcp;. B.l1. )l{yKoBa, B.YL KpacHoBa. M., 1997. lJI. XLIII. 2. IIvza4ee B,ll., COJIOebe6 A.H. BBcLieHHc B rrOJI1UOJIOfHI-O. YQCOHHK P;JI~ By30B. 113.n;. 3-e, nepepa6. H p;on. M., AcrrCKT I1pccc, 2000. In. 2. N24. 3. AIal-lzeintf(;Jfc., FUtt F.R. I1onHJ'OJIOrH5I. MCTOP;bI Hccncp;OBa- HH5I. M., 1999.
  • 7. ~. ./v[UmpOXllHa TH CpaBHemre KaK Cpe,ll,CTBO Pa3BHTWI nOJIH- THqeCKOH TeopHH11 llOJIHe. 2004. N2 3. 5. llOJIHTHqeCKITll aH3.Jlli3: cOBpeMeHHoe COCT05fHHe H HanpaB- JIeHH5f pa3BHTH5f II llOJIHC. 2004. N2 3. 6. llaHlnuH B.B. B03MO)I(HOCTH n:HKJIWICCKH-BOJIHOBOro no,ll,Xo- .n:a K amUHf3Y nOJIHnrqeCKoro pa3BJ1TH51II ITOJIHC. 2002. N2 4. 7. Y0H6amx/-l lo.r. CpaBHHTCJlhHa5f nOJIHTOJIOrH5f _ Ba)I(HCI1mcc BanpaBJICHHC HayKH 0 nOJII1THKC II BecTHHK MOCKoBcKoro yHHBcpcHTe- Ta. Ccp. 12. llOJIIfTHqCCKHC HayKH. 2004. N2 4. C. 35-48. TEMA 3. nOnl-1Tl-14ECKA5I BnACTb llOH5fTHC BJIaCTH 5fBJI5fCTC5fO,ll,HHMI13 n:CHTPaJIhHhIX B nOJIHTO- JIOrHH. Onpe,ll,CJICHHC CYIIIHOCTH H xapaKTcpa BJIaCTH HMeeT Ba:>KHell- mce 3HaqeHHe ,ll,JI5fnOHHMaHWI npHpO,ll,hI nOJIHTHKH, n03BOJI5feT BhI,ll,e- J:HITh nO~HTJ1lIeCKHe OTHOlIIeHH5f H3 BceH CYMMhI 06IIIecTBeHHhIX OT- f-fomeHI1H. llOJII1TOJIOnUO npHH5fTO onpe,ll,eJI5fTh KaK HayKy 0 nOJIHTIIKe lMexaHH3Max pacnpe,ll,CJICHII5f H I1CnOJIh30BaHH5f BJIaCTI1.' B:?aCTI. 5fBJI5fCTC5I O,ll,HHMH3 Ba)I(HCHrnIIX BH,ll,OBCOn:HaJIhHoro IS3aHMO,ll,eHcTBH5I, cnen:HepHqeCKHM OTHomCHIIeM cy6beKToB npM KO- T'OpOM BJIaCTByIOIIIHu cyo~ . .' . . bCKT pCaJII13yeT CBOIO BOJ1IO II mncpechI nO,ll,qHH5I5I ce6c ,ll,pyroro cy6beKTa. B nOJIHTIIqeCKHX OTHOllICHH5I~ BJIaCTh 3aHHMaeT n:eHrpaJIhHoe MeCTO. BJIacTh H nOJIHTHKy HHOr,ll,a OTO)I(,ll,ecTBJI5fIOT,a6COJIIOTI13HPY5I Ir x B3am,1006ycJIOBJleHHocTh. BJIacTf, 5fBJI5feTC5f HeOneMJIeMhIM 3JIe- JVt:eHTOM MexaHH3Ma BocnpOH3BO,ll,CTBa nOJIIITHKH, H cpe,ll,CTBOM ee ocym:ccTBJIeHH5f. Eoph6a 3a BJlaCTh, 3a ec OBJIa,ll,CHHC H y,ll,ep)KaHHC _ np06JICMa nOJIHTHQeCKa5I, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, pCrnaeTC5I OHa nyTcM B~16opOB,. Ha3HaQCmIU, HJIH 3aXBaTa. KaK npaBHJIO, ,ll,JI5fCOImaJIhHhIX CHJI, CTpCM5fIIIHXC5I pea.nH30Ban, CBOH L(CJIH, BJIaCTh - HC caMOL(CJIb o)J,HaKO, 3aBOeBafIl.re H y,ll,cp)KaHHC BJIaCTH y)I(e CCTb nOJIHTIIKa co Bce~ M.1: ee aTpH6yraMH - nOCTaHOBKOU 3a,ll,aQ, BbI6opOM L(eJICU Cpe,ll,CTB MCTO,ll,OB 60Pb6bl II T.,ll,. 11, DpI1,ll,5fK BJIaCTH, 3TH CHJIbI HaQI1f:aIOT cPop~ MMpOBaTh KOHKpeTHhle BJIaCTHble CTpyKTyphI - OT npaBHTCJIhCTBa, npe- 3I1::::)J,eHTa, napJlaMeHTa ,ll,0 pernOHaJIbHbIX H MeCTHbIX cTpyK'ryp. OCyIu,e- CT .:BJI5IJI CBOH HHTepeCbI 11 QCJIH, OH11 Bhlpa6aThIBaIOT H npOBO,ll,5fT B )I(I.::'I3Hb c06cTBeHHyIO nOJIHTHKy, KOTOpa5I CTaHOBHTC5I CpC,ll,CTBOM HX 1111:1('111.lloJIHTHKa, TaKI1M 06pa30M, OKa3bIBaerC5I npWII1HOH BJIaCTH, a 1111aCli>--- npI1QI1HOH nOJII1THKI1. CJIC,ll,yer nO,ll,qepKHyTh, QTO 3TOT BO- IIlllC HMeCT HC TOJlbKO TeOpeTlI'-ICCKOe, HO 11 npah.""THqeCKOe 3HaQeHI1e. B 1((111KpCTllbIX nOJIHTIIQeCKHX CIITyaUI151X3a BceMH BonpOCaMI1 nOJIHTIIKII, I:II( 1!Jlll IIHaQe, CT05fT BOrrpOCbI BJIaCTI1, ee coxpaHeHII5I II y,ll,ep)I(aHII5I. .l"iIlC,IICPCil B116opaMI1 mo6a51 BJIaCT1 rrpOBOill1T norryJIJiCTcKyfO rrOJIHTHKy IIYCTi>IX 06eIIIaHIIH, 3aurpbIBaHII5I C HapO,ll,OM, ,ll,eMOHcrpHpy5I «OTeQC- ~;(YI()}):m6oTy 0 «6C,ll,HbIX, 60JIhHbIX, YHlI)I(eHHbIX II OCKop6JIeHllblX». . K CBOHCTBaM BJIaCTIf OTHOC5IT: Bceo6IIIHOCTb (BJIaCTb OX- 1;1I1,IBaCT Bce cellephI 06m:CCTBa); IIHKJII03IIBHOCTb (BJIaCTb npOHIIKaeT 1111Bec BII,ll,bl QeJIOBeLJCCKOM)IC5ITeJIbHOCTI1; COC,ll,HWICTII npOTIIBonoc- r;IIIJIHCT COIl,IIaJIhHhIe rpynrrbI H OT,ll,eJIbHbIX IIH,ll,IIBII,ll,OB). npIIH5ITO BbI,ll,CJI5ITb,ll,orocy,ll,apCTBeHHhIe (aHOHIIMHa5I BJIaCTb, ((laCllbIJICHHa5I» B rrpIIMIITIIBHblX 06IIICCTBax; H HH,ll,HBII,ll,YaJIbHa5I,B03- 1IIIIGlIOlIl,a5I C n05IBJICHIIeM pa3,n,eJIeHII5I TpY,ll,a, rocy,ll,apCTBeHHbIe (IIH- l'ITITY3.JlI13IIpOBaHHa5I ny6JIHQHa5I nOJIIITI1QeCKaJI BJIaCTh) II Ha,ll,rocy- )(apCTBeHHhle (¢OPMI1PYIOllI,IICC5I Ha COBpeMCHHOJYl 3Tane 06IIICCTBCH- 1I0!'O pa3BIITII5I) If CTO P If I{ eCKlfe <I> 0 p M hI BJI a CTIf. BJIacTh MO:>KeT 6bITh npc,n,CTaBJICHa KaK B3aHMOCB5I3h ,ll,IIpeK- IlIBIlOrO (o6CCnCQCHIIC BbmOJIHCHII5I npHKa30B); cPYHKL(IIOHaJIbHOrO (ClIoe06IIOCTb II yMeHIIc npaKTI1QCCKH peaJIH30BbIBaTb cPYHKII,IIIO 06- IIl,CCTBCHHoro ynpaBJICHIIJI); II KOMMyHIIKaTIIBHoro acneKTOB (BJIaCTb ((al( «5I3hIK» 06IIIccTBa). OCHOBHbIe no,n,xo,n,bI K onpe,ll,eJIeHHIO Cyrn.HOCTII 1l.II:lCTII: - peJl5l14UOHllcmcKue KOHl4em41111 (JJWcmll xapaKTepH3yIOT 11IIaCTbKaK OTHorneHIIC Me)K)J,y ,ll,BYM5InapTHcpaMII, npII KOTOpOM O,ll,I1H IIIcaThIBaeT onpe,ll,eJI5IIOlll,ee BJIH5IHIIe Ha ,ll,pyroro; npIIH5ITO BbI,ll,CJI5ITh C.lIC)I,ylOm:HCOCHOBHble BapIIaHThI YKa3aHHOH KOHucnIl,I1II: 1) meopufl «cOnpOmuBRewlfl» (,[()I(. cDpeHQ, ,[(. KaTpaHT, I;. Pci-lBCH II T.,ll,.) I1CCJIC,n,YCTBJIaCTHblC OTHOmCHII5I, B KOTOpbIX cy6b- CKT ImaCTH nO,ll,aBJI5ICTconpOTIIBJIeHIIe ec o6beKTa; 2) meopufl «06JlleHG pecypcaMu» (n. EJIay, ,[(. XIIKCOH, K. XaHHJiHrC II T.)],.) y,ll,CJI5ICTBHIIMaHIIC CIITyaUII5IM, Kor,n,a IIH,ll,IIBII,ll,hI, pacnOJIaraIOIIIIIe «,ll,e¢IIL(IITHbIMIl pecypcaMII», MoryT TpaHcepopMIlpO- BaTb IlX I13JIIlllIKH BO BnaCTb, yCTyna5I QaCTh pCCypCOB B 06MeH Ha )KC- JIaCMOC nOBC,ll,eHIIe TeM, KTO B HIlX Hy)K,ll,aCTC5I;
  • 8. 3) meopUR «pa30efla 30H 6IlURHU5l» OJ,. POHr 11 Jl,p.) nOJl,qepK11- BaeT 113MeHQHBOCTb pOJIeH YQaCTHHKOB B3aHMOJl,eHCTB115!; - 6uxe(JuopucmCKlie K01l1{enl(1l1l (JJlacIJUJ aKleHT11pyroT BH11- MaHHe Ha MOT11BaXnOBeJ-emUI JIlOJ-eH B 60pb6e 3a BJIaCTb, paCCMaTpH- Ba5! CTpe~1J1eHHe K BJIaCTH KaK J-OMHHHpyIOII(yro qepTy qeJIOBeqeCKOH nC11XHKH, a BJIaCTb l<aK HCXOJ-HbIHnyHKT H KOHeqHyID leJII, nOJIHT11qe- CKOro J-eHCTBIl5!. I10JIHT11qeCK11e OTlIOrneH115! paCCMaTpHBaIDTC5J: KaK PblHOK BJIaCTH, Ha KOTOpOM aKT11BHO J-eHcTByIDmHe nOJIHTHQeCKHe cy6beKTbI CTpeM5!TC5I BhlrOJl,HO HCnOJIb30BaTb HMeIOIlHeC5I y HHX pe- CypCbI, nOJIyqa1OmHe TaM )l{e npH3HaHHe B KaqeCTBe 06meCTBeIlH03Ha- qHMbIX pecypcOB. - CllCl1leJI11-lble U CI1lPYKI1lJP1l0-PYI1Kl{IWIUUlbllble KOlll{em{llU (Jj7aCI1lU (T. I1ap-COI:IC, JJ:. 11cTOH, r. ArrMOHJ-, M. Kp03be) paCCMarpH- Ba10T BJIaCTb KaK CBOHCTBOMaKpOCOUHanbHOH CHCTeMhI, JIH60 KaK pe- a.lIbHyIO cnoc06HOCTb eJl,HHHUbI CHCTeMbI aKKyMyJIHpOBaTb CBOH HHTe- peCbI H BJIWITb Ha npoueCCbI B CHCTeMe. BJIaCTb TaK)Ke onpeJ-eJI5IeTC5I KaK B3aHMOJ-eHCTBHe HHJ~HBHJ-OBB paMKax crreumjmqeCKOH COlHaJIb- HOH CHCTeMbI. - lleOCl1lpy!mlJprUlllCl11CKue KOH1{enl{UIi «apXeOJlOrWI Ii re- HeanorHH MaCTH» (M. <DyKO) H <<nOJI5IBJIaCTH» (D. EYPJ-he) paCCMaT- pHBa10T BJIaCTh KaK MO,llaJIbHOCTh 06meHH5I, HerrepCOHH<pH11HpOBaH- Hhle, HeOBemeCTBJIeHHble OTllOrneHH5I cy6beKToB, HaXOJ-5ImHXC5!B no- CT05J:HHO H3MeHqHBOM Hanp5I)l{eHHOM COOTlWrneHHH CHJI. I1epapXH5I BJIaCTHbIX OTlWrneHHH KOHCTHTyHpyeT «nOJIHTHqeCKOe nOJIe», n0311- I~I1H cy6beKToB, Ha KOTOpOM orrpeJ-eJI5IIOT pacnpeJl,eJIeHHe «CHMBOJII1- qeCKOH BJIaCTH» KaK cOBoKynHocTH 3KOHOMHqeCKHX H KyJIbTypHbIX «KanI1TaJIOB» . CTpyKTypa BJIaCTH BKJIIOqaeT B ce65I CJIeJl,YIOmHe KOMllO- HeHTbI: HCTOQHHK, cy6beKT H 06beKT, <PYHK1111H,OCHOBaHH5IH pecyp- CbI BJIaCTlr. B KaQeCTBe llCI1l0'lf-lUlW6 6/WCI1UI MoryT BblcTynaTh aBTopl1- TeT, CI1Jla, 3aKOH, 60raTCTBO, 3HaHHe, npeCTH)l{ 11T.,ll. B POJII1 cy6'beKl1la 6/WC11Ul MoryI' BblcTynaTb He TOJIbKO cjm3HQeCKIIe JI1111a, HO H caMa BJlaCTb (rocyjl,apCTBO, npaBHTeJlbCTBO, napJIaMeHT, napnl5I, COI03Hble ,llB11)l{eHH5J:H Jl,pyrne KopnopaTHBHble 06pa30BaHH5I). Cy6'beKll1 BOnJIO- maeT B ce6e aKTHBHoe HanpaBJI5IIOII(ee HaQanO BJIaCT11, onpeJl,eJI5IeT COJl,ep)l{aH11e BJIaCTHbIX OTHorneH11H nOCpeJl,CTBOM: npHKa3a; nO,llqJiHe- IIIIH (1IOJWC,lleH11e qaCTHOH BOJIH noJl, Bce06mHOCTb BOJIH BJIaCTH), Ha- l:n:1I11U1 (cpe,llCTBO B03J1,eHCTB115IHa HrHopHpOBaHHe HJIH OTpHUalIHe I (ICIIO)~CTBYIOII(eH BOJIII), HOpMHpOBaHl15I nOBeJl,eHHJl. Cy6beKT BJIaCTH Mmt<CT HMeTb ¢OPMaJlbHbIM xapaKTep II 611Tb peanbHbIM I-IOCJueJleM 11II:lCTI1. 06'beKI1l 6JlaCl1lU - 3TO naCCHBl-IOe HaqanO BO BJIaCTHl1X OTHO- IllelIlIHX; 3TO Te JIYIua HJIH CTpyKTypbI, Ha KOTopble HarrpaBJIeHO B03- Ill'iiclBUe BJIaCTHblX cy6beKToB.lfepapxuJl imacmu npeJl,rrOJIaraeT, qTO (l(i hl~t<T BJIaCTll 5IBJI5IeTC5ITaKOBbIM TOJIbKO no OTHorneHl1IO K Bblrne- (. 1()}lll~eMY BJIaCTHoMy opraHy, HO no OTHorneHH1O K Hl1)l{eCT05ImeMY, (lll BblCTynaeT KaK cy6beKT BJIaCTII. OTHOllleH1151 Me)l{JI,y cy6"beKTOM II (l(l),CKTOM BJIaCTII He paBHonpaBHbI. Cy6beKT BJIaCTII OTJI,aeT POICIIOp51)KeHII5III paCCqIITbIBaeT Ha IIX IICnOJIHeHIIe 06beKTOM BJIaCTII, I() CCTb Ha nOJl,QHHeHIIe 06beKTa. IIpl1H5ITO BblJl,eJI5ITb CJIeJl,Y1Oml1e lll'IIOBaHH51 nO)l,qIIHeHl15I: CTpax, Jl,OBepHe, IIHTepec. B.IJaCTHo-yrrpaBJIeHQeCKl1H aKT ~lO)KeT ObITb rrpe)J,CTaBJIeH cxe~lOH: Cy6beKT 06JIa,llaeT aKTl1B- IlOCTblO no nOBOJl,y ynpaB- JleHI15106beKTa 06beKT- naCCIIBHa5I CTopOHa <PYHKlI,IUiMII BJIaCTII 5IBJI5110TC~I: rocnO,llCTBO, pyKOBO- )CI'I30, perYJI5111H5I, KOHTpOJIb, ynpaBJlefIHe, KOOpJl,IIHaUH51, opraHH3a- 1l1~1, M06HJIH3aUl15I 11 T.JI,. K Ba)l{HeHlll 11M, 06II(eCTBeHHO 3Ha'IHMbIM II)YHKUl151MnOJIJITJ1QeCKOH BJIaCTH OTHOC5ITC5ICPyHKUJ1II no nOJl,JI,ep)l{a- 11111006II(eCTBeli:HOrO nOp5IJ-Ka H Cn6HJlbHOCTH; BbDlBJleH11IO, orpaHJ1- 'ICIlHlO II pa3perneHHIO KOH¢JlIIKTOB; Jl,OCTH)l{eHIIIO 06II(eCTBeHHoro C(ll'JIaCWI (KOHceHcyca); npIIHy)l{JI,eHHlO 06beKTOB (BO l1M51C011HaJIbHO lIIa'lHMbIX 11eJIeH II coxpaHeHII5I cTa611JIbHOCTH); ynpaBJIeHHlO ,lleJIaMl1 (l()lu,eCTBa. DOJ- OCHOBaHIUIMH BJlaCTfI nOHl1MaeTC5I ee 6a3a, Ha KOTO- pylO OHl1paeTC5I BJIaCTHa5I BOJI5I cy6beKTa. PaCrnl1pHTeJIbHa51 TpaKTOBKa pCCypCOB BJ'1aCTH BKJIJOqaeT Bce TO, qTO HHJI,HBH,ll IIJIH rpynrra MoryT IICnOJlb30BaTb JJ:JI5IBJIH5IHH5IHa Jl,pyrHx; B Y3KOM CMbICJIe - Bce Te cpeJ--
  • 9. CTBa, KOTOpbIe l1CnOJIb3YeT l1JIl1 MO)KeT l1CnOJIb30BaTb cy6'beKT ,I])UI LI:OC- Tl1)KeHl1~ CBOeM IJ,eJIl1. B COBpeMeHHOM rrOJIfITOJIOrl1l1 OCHOBaHH~ MaCTH COCTaBMIDT ee <pyHLI:aMeHT, B TO Bpe~ KaK peCypCbI BJIaCTH - :3T0 ee rro- TeHIJ,H<IJIH TeXHOJIOr~. IIpHH~TO BbILI:eMTb CJIeLI:YIDIIJ,He0 CHOB a H H 51 II pecypchI BJIaCTII: 3KOHOMHtrecKue, COIJ,HaJIbHbIe, IDpHLI:HtrecKMe, aLI:- M11H11CrpaTMBHO-CI1JIOBble 11KYJIbTYPHO-I1H<popMaQI10HHble. 3KOUO.MU'-leCKUe ocuoem-IWI ellacmu XapaI{Tep113YIDTC~ roc- nOLI:CTBYfOu~eM <pOpMOM c06CTBeHHOCTH, 06beMOM BaJIOBOro HaIJ,MO- HaJIbHOrO npOLI:yKTa Ha LI:ymy HaCeJIeHH5I, CTpaTerHqeCKl1 Ba)KHbIMl1 rrpl1pOLI:HbIMl1 pecypcaMM, CTeneHbID yCToihI1BOCTM HaIJ,HOHaJIbffOM BamOTI,I M T.LI:. 3KOHO.M1l1.feCKu.MUpecypca'vtu BJIaCTH 5IBJI5IIOTC5I aK- TMBHa5I MHBeCTMIJ,MOHHa5I, HayqHO-TeXHHtrecKa5I, HaJIOrOBa5I H TaMO- )KeHHa~ nOJIIfTHKa. COlfuallbUble OCHOeaml51ellacmu - 3TO COIJ,HaJIbHbIe rpynnhI If CJIOH, Ha KOTopbIe onHpaeTC5I BJIaCTh. B m060M rOCYLI:apCTBe cyIIJ,eCT- ByfOT C0JJ:IfaJIhHbIe rpynrrbI, 06peQeHHbIe Ha rrOLI:tr11HeI-fHe, a TaK)Ke rpynnbI, 3aHMMaIOIIJ,11e npOMe)KyTOtII-We nOJIO)KeH11e Me)KLI:Y YCTOMQ11- BbIMI-I cy6beKTaMH I-I 06beKTaMI-I BJIaCTIf. COlfuallbHble pecypcbl - 3TO cOBoKynHocTb B03MO)KHOCTeM I-I3MeHeHM5I cTaTyca C0JJ:11aJIbHbIX rpynrr 11 CJIOeB, LI:eMCTBI-I5I,HarrpaBJIeHHbIe Ha rrOH11)KeHI-Ie I-IJI11 rrOBbImeH11e 06IIJ,eCTBemfOM aKTI-IBHOCT11.CJIeLI:yeT rrOLI:QepKflyTb, tITO BJIaCTb LI:OJI)K- Ha 06eCrreQI-IBaTb 06IIJ,eHaUI-IOHaJIbHbIe 11HTepeCbI, CTpeM11TbC5I K COIJ,11- aJIbHOMY rrapTHepCTBy. JOpU()U1.feCKUe OCl/oeaUU5I e.'lacmu COCTaBJI5IeT COBoKynHocTb 3aKOfIOB, fIa OCfIOBafIH11 KOTOpbIX BJIaCTb C<pOpM11pOBafIa I-I, Ha KOTopbIe; OnI1paeTC5I B rrpaKT11QeCKOH LI:e5ITeJIbfIOCT11.JOpu()U1.feCKUepecypcbl - 3TO BC5IKOrO pOLI:a 11fICTpyKJJ:I111,MepOrrpI15ITI-I5I no YTOQHefI~ 11 pa3b5ICHeHI1IO. 3aKOHOLI:aTeJIbCfBa, YKa3bI 11rrOCTaHOBJIeHI15I rrpe311LI:eHTa. 1(vllbmJPUO-llHPOPMalfUOUHble OCHoem-lZl51BKJIIOQaIOT B ce65I CI1CTeMY OpraHI13aIJ,11H, aKKyMyJII-IpyIOIIJ,I-IX I-I COXpaH5IIOIIJ,I1X KyJIbTyp- HbIll nOTeHJJ:l1aJI CTpaHbI, CpeLI:CTBa MaCCOBOM I-IHclwpMaIJ,1111 11 T.Ll:. 1(V.'lbmJPHO-Ul-lPOPXWlfUOHl/ble pec,JPCbl - 3T0LI:YXOBHbIe IJ,eHfIOCTM,' 3HaHM5I, I1HClwp!mJJ:115I, B03feHCTBI15I C rrOMOIIJ,bIO CpeLI:CTB MaCCOBOfl I1HCpOpMaJJ:HJl 11 T.LI:. K nplll-ly()umeJlbHbIM peCJpCWd OTHOC5ITC5IMepbI aLI:M11HI1CTpa. T11BHOrO HaKa3aHM5I, a TaK)J(e MepbI, OCHOBaHHbIe fIa MeTOLI:ax y6e)KLI:O. H115I.CUJlOeble pec.JpCbl CB5I3aHbI 11CnOJIh30BaH11eM BoefIlwro arrrrapaTa, PaCKpbITI1e COLI:ep)KafI115InOH5IT115I«pecypc BJIaCnu> npeLI:nOJIa- I':tL~TpaCCIvlOTpemie Ba)KHeMmero eonpoca 0 coomHOUleHUU JIeZaHbHO- ('Ill/Ill HeZUmWltl-LOCmUeHacmzt. JleraJlhHOCTh - nOJI11THKO-rrpaBOBa5I xapaKTepHCTHKa BJIa- elll; CpOpMaJIbHO-IOpHLI:HQeCKa5I 3aKOHfIOCTb ee yCTaHOBJreH115I (rryTeM 11'I()paHI15I B pe3YJIbTaTe BbI6opOB), xapaKTepH3YfOIIJ,a~C5I COOTBeTCTBH- L'M )CHCTBHH BJIaCTHbIX CTpyKTyp IOp11!J:HtreCKI-IMfIopMaM. IIoH5IT11e «JIenUHMHOCTh» (<<3aKOHHOCTb»), BBeLI:eHHoe B llOllllTHtrecKyJO HayKy M. Be6epOM, OTpa)KaeT 11CTOp11trecKlI CJIO)KI1B- 1IIIIiic~l, COJJ:I1aJIbHO 3HatrI1MbrH nOp5ILI:OK npOHCXO)KLI:eHH5l BJIaCT11, CTe- 11l'111>)OBepl15I K HeM Hap0LI:a, cooTBeTCTB11e np11H11MaeMbIX 3aKOHOB IllITcpccaM 06IIJ,ecTBa, COrJIaCOBaHHOCTb BJIaCT11 C 06bIQa5IM11, TpaLI:11- 1I1111MI1,HopMaMH nOBeLI:eHH5l. Be6ep BbILI:eJII1JI Tp11 HLI:eaJIbHbIX T11na IIITIlTHMHOCTH: TpaLI:11JJ:HoHHyIO, Xap113MaUJ:qecKYIO H paIJ,I10HaJIbHO- t HUj1o-KpaT11QecKylO. B KOHKpeTHblx rrOJIHTIItreCKI-Ix C11CTeMax LI:aHHhIe 111111,1JIerHT11MHOCT11, rrpI1 LI:OMI1H11pOBaH1111KaKOH-JIH60 TeHLI:eHIJ}IH, IIIIII()JIlI~IOT !J:pyr Ll:pyra. TpaJl,IfUHOHHa51 BJIaCTh OCHOBafIa Ha Bcpe B CB5IIJJ:eHHbIH ;'I1:lICTep HOpM, 06bItraeB, TpaLI:11IJ,I1H,KOTopbIe paCCMaTpHBalOTC5l KaK 1II'PYIlIl1MbIe. 06brtrau BbIcTyrraIOT OCHOBOH yrrpaBJleH115I 11 nOCJIyma- IIIIII B 06IIJ,CCTBe, (I160 TaK rrpI1H5ITO, TaK 6WIO BCerLI:a). BJIacTb TpaLI:11- 111111 TaKOBa, trTO eCJm TpaLI:11JJ:11IOHapymaIOT JI11LI:epbI, BO)KLI:11,TO OH11 1"IlliiOT JIenITI1MHOCTb B rJIa3aX Macc 11 MoryT 6bITb OTCTpaHeHbI OT IIII;It' Ill. TpaLI:I1IJ,I-IOHHbIe 06IIJ,eCTBa CTaTI-IqHbI, MoryT cyIIJ,eCTBOBaTb 11l''';IMH 6e3 cyIIJ,eCTBeHHbIX I13MeHeH11H, BOCnp0113BOLI:5IBHOBb 1I BHOBb I 1111/l(IIBIIII1eC5lOTHOmeHH5r rocnOLI:CTBa 11 rrOLI:trI1HeHH5I,TpaLI:11JJ:110HHa5I 1111:1('II, 6bwa xapaKTepHa LI:JI5ILI:pCBHI1XBOCTOtrHbIX 11MnepHM (Er11neT, IliiIIIlJIOIl, fIepC115I, KUTaH), LI:,'15ICpeLI:HCBeKoBOMEBponbI. TpaLI:MIJ,I10H- Ilil1 IILTHTHMHOCTb npI-IcyTcTByeT 11 B COBpeMeHHbIX rrOJIHTHQeCK11X , 11['ll'IVIaX. ITa CBoeI1 MOT11BaJJ:1111OHa CXO)Ka C OTHOIHeH115IMl1 B naTpH- 1'I':1111>1I0H CCMbe, rLI:e MJIafID11e rrOB11HYIOTC5ICTapmI1M. M. Be6ep I '1111:111,lITO 11 B YCJIOBI15fXLI:eMOKpaTM11nOJIe3HO COXpaH5ITb HaCJIeLI:CT- 11i'11I1)'((1MOHapXnI-O, trTo6bI rrOLI:KperrJI5ITb TeM caMbIM aBTop11TeT rocy- '11'1I[' 1Il:l MHorOBeKOBbIMU TpaJl,HJJ:H5IMUnOlHiTaHU5I BnaCT11. Xa p If3lIa TlPI eCKa51 JIer11TI1MHOCTb (xapU3Ma - 60)KeCT- "'"II1,lii )Clp,3KCTpaOpLI:I-IHapHa5f He npI106pCTCHHa5f, He CB5I3aHHa5I C I III 11())~CTBYIOIIJ,I1MH06ilIeCTBCHHbIM11 HOPNlaM11 cnoc06HOCTb 11HLI:I1BH-
  • 10. ,1l,a), OCHOBbIBaeTC51 Ha Bepe B J1CKJIIOqHT HJJH HeCKOJJbKHX HHITHBfXIT,OBX " eJJbHhIC CDoc06HOCTJ1 O,1l,HOro 14 HA • apH3MaTIllIeCKa Ha C KyJJbTOM jJJNHOCTH TI 51JJCrHTJ1MHOCTb CB513a- HHqHO Bep>HIlerO B CBO~ M~~~~~ X~~~3ManrqCCKOrO JJH,1l,Cpa, 6c3rpa- ,1l,HTB nCpHO,1l, 06IIIecTBeHHoro Kp " ~IHCTa, H pa,1l,HKaJIa, npOHCXO- THqeCKOH JJCrHTHMHOCTH Ba"""H H3Hca. JI51 B03HHKHOBCHH51 xapH3Ma- ~ '" 0 He CTOJJhKO caMO 6 MOH, KaKUMU-TO OC06bI'MH K ' 0 JJa,1l,aHUC xapU3- n aqCCTBaMU BO)K,1l,51 co CTOpOHbI rrOCJJC,1l,OBaTCJJerr X ,,' CKOJJhKO npU3HaHue ee HOCUTeJJbHO HeCTa6uJJhHOu . apu3MaTUqCCKa51 BJJaCTb 5IBJI>ICTC>IOT- v ~ n no cpaBHCHUlO C TpaIT ' , v HOH, HoO JIH,1l,CPY qT06T I ' ,u,HIIJ10HHOU U JJeraJIh- , D ee y,1l,ep)KHBaTh H ,.. MOHCTpUpOBaTb CBOIO HC ' ' COOXO/J,HMOnOCTO>IHHO ,1l,C- B KJJlOqHTeJJhHOCTb pc ' JJaCTh xapII3MaTUKa ITJJH ' man HOBbIe 3a,1l,aQH. C ,u, nTC5I, rrOKa B cro «,1l,a pe,1l,aQU XapH3MaTWICCKorr BJJaC ", p» BCpUT HaCCJJCrmc. TIc- rrpceMHHKa (UHorrra Ha3HaQ' ae TU OCYIIICCTBJJ>IeTC51nyTeM Ha3HaQCHH5I ,u, TC51QeJJOBCK He B " y oKpy)KeHUC «BeJJHKOrO xap )' XO,1l,5IIIIUIIB 6JlH)Karrmcc H3MaTHKa» . JJH60 caMy ,1l,OJJ)KHOCTbHJJU opraHU3aIIulO B~I ' ,rrcpCHoca xapU3MbI Ha BC, eIIIc He OCBOUBmeM rr ' . O~PHH3IIPYlOIIICMC5I 06IIICCT- ,u,CMOKpaTUQCCKHII THrr ' paCrrpOCTpaHCH XapII3MaTIItICCKJ1IIv ,yrrpaBJJCHH>I, TaK)KC TIIrr BJJaCTBOBaHU5I I1CTOpII51 n03BOJl5Ier npUBeCTII MHO - . BOBaHII51 XapH3MaUrQeCKOrr BJJaCTII B )KeCTBO rrpHMCpOB CYIIIeCT- TeMaX. 3TO PUMCKa>I UMrrepu 10 pa3JJIIQHhIX rrOJJIIT,IItleCKIIX CIIC- 51npu ' JIHII U,C3a ' rUTJIepOBCKIIrr HaIIH3M cl-.a' M pe, pe)KIIM HarrOJJCOHa , I' mH3M yCCOJJUHU' ' CTaJIfIfla, Mao TT 3c>rrYI-Ia P , COIIUaJJII3M JIeHuHa , .u, J,u, • a3HOBJ1,1l,HOCT ' ' JlerUTUMHOCTII 51BJl5ICTCOB ' hID XapH3MaTIItleCKOrO THrra " 0)K,1l,H3M XapaKTCp' bV aBTopUTapHbIX U TOT<>rrHTap" ' 6 H In ,1l,JJ51He,1l,UHalv1HQHhIX <wn HhIX 0 IIICCTB 06 ' BO)K,1l,II3Ma5IBJJ5IeTC5IepaKT JlHQHOrr rr e ,,' ,IIIUM /J,JI5I Bcex BU/J,OB CT051III,UM ,U Bcex BMeCTC _ rJla' p ,1l,a 3 HHOCTb,HU)KeCT051IIIJ1X BhlIIIC- Be KJJaHa. TOMy TH ,1l,eMOKpaTIl5I nOCKOJJbKy,hOp' , rry He Bcer,1l,a qy)K,1l,a , 'j1 MaJIhHO npH3HalO ~ eCTb nO,1l,/J,cp)KKa HacenCHIIeM ' , TC5I npaBa oOJJhIIIUHCTBa IIy» HaIIHJ1 B03paCTaCT no J' npaB>IIIIcro pe)KIIMa. «JlIo6oB,1» K «OT~ 6 rcpc YMeH1IIICHH51 0 ' , ' o IIICCTB xapaKTepHa Toprr rrrr03HIIHU. L(n>I TaKUX ,h ~,1Ha>I II,1l,eonoru3aIIH ' v 'j10pMH3M, rrp0,1l,BU)KCHII'C no C ' ,>I, rpa)K,1l,aHCKUH KOH- v' ' oqHaJI1Horr Ucp CB5I3CU. apXHII Ha OCHOBC JJJ1QHhIX B ycnOBH>IX (POpNIHpOBaHH>I pbIH ~ pau,HOHaJIhHag, OQHOI1 3KOHOMI1KH B03HHKaeT JIerHTHMHOCTh UpJ1 ~ rpa)K,1l,aH K BJIaCTI1 orrpeITen>le'TC ' KO~?POJ1 OCHOBa ,1l,OBCpJ1>I v A >l 3aKOHaMJ1 CC (l-.Vg yCTpOJ1CTBOM rocy,1l,apCTBa JI " , , I'J uK IIHOHHpOBaHIl>l, . eraJIbHa5I BJJaCT1 OCHOBblBaCTC5I Ha rrpII- 111:111111110plI/~I1'IeCKHX HOpM, KOHCTIITYIIIIII, pcryJIHpylOIIIHX OTHOIIIC- 1IIIII Y IIP:lIlJICIU1}l II nO,1l,QHHCHmI. 3TH HOPMbI OTICPbITbl ,1l,JI5IH3MeHCHHrr, II,Jlli 'llTO IIMCIOTC5IYCTaHOBJJCHHble 3aKOHOM npOIIC,1l,YPbJ. L(m 060CHOBa- IIIDI CIHlCii BJIaCTH 3JHITa 06paIIIaCTC51 K ,1l,eHCTByroJ.n:eMy 3aKOHO,1l,aTCJIhCT- lIy, IWIOPOC npC,1l,ycMarpIlBaer CB060,1l,HOCBOJICH3b>IBJJeHHCrpa)K,1l,aH, BbI- lIOlliIOCII" paBIwnpaBHC BCCX nOnHTHqCCKHX CM, ,1l,CHCTBylOIIIHXB paM- 1:1 'ill(()lIa, orpaHHqeHHe CCpCpbI,1l,e5ITCJJbHOCTHrocy)l,apCTBa. l'aUHOH<UIbHO-npaBOBa>I JJerUTHMHOCTb xapaKTCpHa l~m /J,CMO- "IJ;IIII'ICCKHX rocy,1l,apCTB. aHa npclJ;nOJJaraCT cTporoe C06JIIO,1l,CHHe lillWIIOB BCCMI1 cTpyKTypaMH 06IIIeCTBa, B TOM qHCnC 11 rocy,1l,apCTBeH- III,IMII opraHaMH, )l,ocTyn K rrOJJHTI1QeCKHM HHCTI1TyTaM BCCX cnoeB IliH:CJIClIH5I. BonJJOIIIaTb npaBO B )KH3Hb ,1l,OJJ)KH1ICneIIHaJIbHO 06yqeHHbIe, IlIlMllCICHTHble QHHOBHI1KH - 6lOpOKpaTI1>I. OCHOBHble Tpe60BaHI15I K '1IIIIllllHHKaM, cepOprvIYJIHpOBaHHbIe Be6epOM, B HaillIl )l,HH Ka)KyTC>I "XilpaKTepHCTIlKOH» 60roB-oJJHMnHI1ueB: QI1HOBHHKH )l,OJJ)KHhI 6hITb 1111'1110CB060,1l,HbI H nO,1l,tJI1H5ITbC5ITOJIbKO ,1l,eJJOBoMy CJIy)Ke6HoMy ,1l,OJJ- 1y; I1MeTh yCTOHtJIlBylO CJJy)Ke6HylO IlepapXJ1lO H onpe/J,eJleHHYlO KOM- Ill'ICIllIHIO; paCCMaTpI1BaTh CBOIO CJJy)K6y KaK enHHcTBeHHym I1 rJJaB- Ilyll) npOCpeCCI1lO. aT CTenCHH JJerHTHMHOCTH I1 JICraJIbHOCTH 3aBI1CI1T 3epepeK- IIIBIIOCTb BnaCTI1. JIeraJIhHag IVIH pau,llOHaJIhHO-rrpaBOBag JIerH- I'''M II ()CTh. B nepI1o/J, pa,1l,IlKaJIhHhIX COUHaJIhHO-3KOHOMIlQeCKHX H3rvIeHe- 111111Ha6j1IO,1l,aeTC5I, KaK npaBIlno, KpJ13J1C 3aKOHHOCTH BJJaCTH. CTapbIH PC)KI1M y)Ke yTpaTHJJ nerI1THMHOCTb, a HOBbIH eIIIe He rrpII06peJJ. fIo- IIO)KeHHe HOBoro pe)KI1Ma BO MHorOM 3aBI1CJ1T OT Toro, KaKHM crroco- (lOM OH rrOnhITaeTC>I yTBep,1l,HTb CBOIO JIerI1THMHOCTb. Cpe,1l,II Tpex B1I- JCJleHHbIX M. Be6epOM "tJHCTbIX" cnoc060B JIerJ1TIIMHOCTH BJIaCTII - 1pa/J,IlUHOHHoro, xapH3MaTHtJeCKoro H JJeraJI1HOrO, rrpHXO.IJ1TC5I BbI6I1- paTb IIX ,1l,BYXrrOCJJe,1l,HIlX. fIpaKTJ1Ka no Ka3blBaeT, QTO K cTa6IIJlhHOH JJerHTIlMHOCTlI Be- JCl JII1UIb paIIIlOHaJIhHO-rrpaBOBOH crroc06, rrpH KOTOpOM ,1l,OBepIIe II YBa)KeHIle K BJJaCTH OCHOBbIBaeTC>I Ha npH3HaHIlH B KaQeCTBe e)l,IlHCT- BCHHO ,1l,OrrycTHMbIX 3aKOHHbiX rryTeH, Be,1l,YIIII1XK HeH. B PC3YJlhTaTe 'lcro B 06IIIeCTBe <pop~mpyeTC>I COrJIaCHe OTHOCHTeJJbHO "rrpaBI1JJ I1r-
  • 11. PbI" Ha rrOJIHTHqeCKOH apeHe. TaKoe COfJIaCHe 3aKJIa):(bIBaeT OCHOBy cTa6HJIbHOCTH rrOJIHTHqeCKOro peMHMa. ComaCHO pa3BHTOMy .A:. HCTOHOM 1(e1l1IOC11lllO-1iOpJ~taI1UI6HO.MY nooxooy K J7eZlllllllJllliOCmU, ee rJIaBHbIM yCJIOBHeM 5IBIDIeTC5IBbI5IBJIe- HHe B OCHOBe COI~HaJIbHbIX OTHOIIIeHIIH MHHI1MaJIbHOro QeHHOCTHoro KOHceHcyca. B KaqeCTBe 6a30B1IX KOMnOHeHTOB BJIaCm BbI.ll;emHOTCJI IIHTepeCbI II QeHHOCTI1, 06eCrretII1BaIOIQIIe rrpIIH5ITIIe II rrO):(tII1HeHIIe BJIaCTII, comaCHe C ee rpe60BaHH5IMH H rro):():(epMKy ee ):(eHCTBHH. JIerHTHMHOCTb - CTeneHb, C KOTOpOH JIIO):(H BOCnpmJ:I1MaIOT nOJIHTHqeCKYIO CHCTeMbI, BOCnpHHI1lvlaIOT BJIaCTI:. KaK ):(OCTOHHyIO CBO- eH no):():(epMKH. BbI):(eJI5IlOTC5I CJIe):(yIOIQHe THnbI no):():(epMKH: ):(HcPCPY3- rIa5f - ):(OJIrOBpeMeHHa5f no):():(epMKa, 3cPcpeKTHBHa5f He3aBHCI1MO OT pe- 3YJIbTaTOB ):(e5ITeJIbHOCTH; cneQHcPHtIeCKa5I - cHTyaTHBHa5I, KpaTKOBpe- MeHHO OpI1eHTHpOBaHHa Ha pe3yJIbTaTbI, OCHOBamIa5I Ha C03HaTeJIbHOH rrOL):(epMKe Toro, KaK ):(eHcTByeT BJIaCTb. cDpaHQY3CKHH nOJIHTOJIOr }ICJ1. Illa60 OTMetIaJI, tITO nOJIHTH- tIeCKaH BJIaCTb JIerHTHMHa OTHOCHTeJIbHO ):(ByX KJIIOtIeBbIX aKTopOB B CTpyKType BJIaCTI-fbIX OTHOIIIeHHH - yrrpa13JI5IeMbIX H yrrpaBJUeJIeH. ITo- JIHTHtIeCKa5I 13JIaCTb ):(OJIMHa COOTHOCHTb BOJIeH3b5I13JIemIe ynpaBJI5fe- MbIX ():(eMOKpaTI15I) II coo6pa30BblBaTbCH co cnOC06HOCT5IMH yrrpa13H- TeJIeH (TeXHOKpaTH5f). )l;eM OKpa TH'IeCKaH JIerHTH MHO CTb 03HatIaeT rrpOII3- BO):(HOCTb CBo60):(HOH KOJIJIeKTHBHOH BOJIII OT IIHLHBH):(YaJIbHOro npo-' 5fBJIeHH5f cB06o):(Horo cyM):(eHH5I. TeXHOKpaTH'IeCKaH JIerIfTHM- HOCTb 3aBHCHT OT yMeHH5I BJIaCTBOBaTb, 06yCJIOBJIemIOrO cnoco6aM ' ):(ocTyna K BJIaCTfI II co):(epMaHHeM npoQecca ee OCYIQeCTBJIeHII5I. ITo JIHTHtIeCKa5I BJIaCTb JIerHT11MII3IIpyeT ce65I OTHOCHTeJIbHO cy6beKTHB HbIX npe):(CTaBJIeHHH 0 MeJIaeMOM COl~Hao1bHOM nop5I):(Ke. COOTBeTCT 13IIe rrOJIIITHtIeCKOH 13JIaCTH YHHBepCaJIbHbIM npHHlHnaM COlHaJIbHOr ' 6bITH5I COCTaBIDIeT CYTb OHTOJIOflf'IeCKOH JIerIfTHMHOCTIf. B COBpeMeHHOH nOJII1TOJIOrHH rrpHH5ITO 13bI):(eJIJITb: IIepco HaJIhHYIO JIerHTHMHOCTb, HCTOtIHHKOM KOTOpOH 5IBJ15IeTCJIJIHtIHbI aBTopIITeT npaBIITeIDI; CTpyKTypUyIO - HCTOqHHKOM KOTOpOH Bf,I cTynalOT CJIOMHBDH1eC5f rrOJ1IITIIqeCKIIe CTpyKTypbI, H OCHOBaHHOH Hi y6e)K):(emm B 11X 3aKOHHOCTH 11 leHHOCTII ):(JI5I 06IQeCT13a; II):(eOJIOfIIqe, CKyIO - IICTOqHIIKOM KOTOpOH CJIy)KaT II):(eOJIOrIIqeCKIIe leHHOCTII BHyTpeHHH5I y6e)K):(emIOCTb IIJII1 Bepa B IIX npaBIIJIbHOCTb. BapIIaHTbI COOTHOllieHIIH JIefaJIbHOCTH II JIefHTIIMHOCTI1: - BJ1aCTb JIeraJIbHa II JIefHTIIMHa, (qTO xapaKTepHO ):(IDI nOJIH- TWleCKII cTa6IIJlbHOrO 06IQeCTBa); - BJIaCTb JIeraJIbHa, HO HeJIerIITIIMHa, (06bIqHO B YCJIOBH5IXrro- ,IIIITHqeCKOrO KpII3IIca, CJIOMIIBllIeHC5I npe):(peBOJIIOlIIOHHOH c11TyalIIII, I(()r)~anpaBOBaJI O¢OpMJIeHHOCTb BJIaCTlI Y)Ke He nOAAepMIIBaeTCJI Ha- CCJfCHIIeM); BJIaCYb HeJIeraJIbHa 11HeJIerIITIIMHa (HarrpHMep, 06pa30BaHIIe BJIaCTb JIerIITIIMHa, HO HeJIeraJIbHa, (qTO xapaKTepHO ):(JIH III1:1Cnr, yCTaHOBJIeI1Hoi1 B pe3YJIbTaTe peBOJIlOUIIOHHoro nepeBopOTa). CJIe):(yeT OTMeTIITb, qTO ajleKBaTHa5I npaBOBa5I OcPopMJIeHHOCTb IIl1:1CTHbIXOTHOllieHIIH BbICTpaIIBaeTC5I TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBe JIerIITHMHO- nil BJlaCTII, CTeneHb KOTOpOH CHII)KaeTC5I, no Mepe B03paCTaHIIJI ypOB- 111IIIpI1HyM):(eHH5f. [JOKa3a1nefl51MU cmenel-tU fleZUmUkll-tOCmU 5l6fl51lOm- ," IIpHHy)K):(eHHe, CTeneHb rpa)K):(aHCKoro HenOBHHOBeHH5f, nOnbITKa I I II' y)apCTBeHHoro nepeBopOTa (HaCHJIbCTBeHHoe CBepMeHHe BbICIlIHX IllHallOB rocy):(apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTII). 3tj}(jJeKl1ll16HOCmb 6JlaCmU - 3TO xapaKTepHCTHKa BJIaCTlI, 1I111;llI.IBaIDIIla5f CTeneHb BbIIIOJ1HeHH5I em 3a):(aq H CPYHKQHH, Pt'lllllnalIHH BJIaCTHbIX paCnOp5IMeflHH C HaHMeHbllIHMI1 3aTpaTaMI1 I1 II IJWp)J(KaMH B lY1aKCHMaJlbHOKOpOTKI1e CpOKH. KpHTepH5fMII )(pcPeKTIIBHOCTH BJ1aCTH 5IBJI5IIDTC5f: - )lOCTaTOLlHOCTh OCHOBaflHH BJIaCTII H ajleKBaTI-lOCTh HCnOJIb- II ",nil 11;1ee pecypCOB; - palHOflaJIbHOCTb «BepTHKaJlbHOH>J H «ropH30HTaJIbHOH>J I '1',k1ypbI BJIaCTH; - )CPcPeKTIIBHhIH H CBoeBpeMeHI-lbIH KOHTpOJIh 3a BbIIIOJIHeHH- , 11 P:II'IIOp5lMerlHH BJIaCTHbIX CTpyKTyp; OpraHI13aUHOHHO-TeXHHtIeCKOe H Ka):(pOBOe 06eCrreqeHHe '.'I' 1:1 II :llIanH3a BJIaCTHbIX paCnOp5IMeHHH; IIaJIHqHe ):(eHCTBeHHOH CHCTeMbl caHKUIIH, npHlvlell5IeMhIX K '''' '.I'.', 1Y B.lIaCTH B CJIycIae HeBhIIIOJIHeHH5I HM BJIaCTHOrO npHKa3a; 'H])(jJeKTI1Bfla5f CHCTeMa caMOKOHTpOJI5f BJIaCTH, O,lI,HIIMH3 no- I 'i Llll' Ill'ii KOTOpOH 5fBJI5feTC5Iee aBToprueT. (i1l1JlllIUll1lCllbHbU·tU 'tepma.MU nOlllllll11'leCKOii 6fWCmll 5l6-
  • 12. - JIeraJIbHOCTb B I1CrrOJIb30Bamm CHJIbI 11,ll,pyrHx Cpe,ll,CTB BJIa- CTBOBaHWI B rrpe,ll,eJIaX CTpar-IbI; - BepXOBeHCTBO (o65I3aHHOCTb ee pemeHHM ,ll,JI5IBcero o6liIecT- Ba 11, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, ,ll,JI5IBcex ,ll,pyrl1x BH,ll,OBBJIaCTI1); - rry6JII1qHOCTb, (Bceo6liIHoCTb 116e3JIl1qHOCTb); - MOHOlJ,eHTpHQHOCTb, (HaJIHQHe e,ll,HHOrO lJ,eHTpa rrpI1H5ITH5I pemeHIIM, B OTJII1QHe OT BJlaCTH3KOHOMHQeCKOM); - MHoroo6pa3He pecypcOB. Pa3,ll,eJIeHHe BnaCTH, CJIO)KHBmeeC5I Ha paHfII1X 3Tarrax CpOpMl1pOBaHI15I rocy,ll,apCTBa, 5IBJI5IeTC5IOCHOBHbIM MeXaH113MOM ¢yHK- lJ,HOHHpOBaH115I Bcex B11,ll,OBrrOJI11T11QeCKOH:11 HenOJI11THqeCKOH: BJlaCT11, H orrpC,ll,eJICHO caMOM rrpHpO,ll,OM BJIaCTHOro OTfIOmCHI15I KaK OTIwme- HH5I «rOCnO,ll,CTBa - rrO,ll,QI1HCHI15I».B rrOJI11T11QCCKOMC11CTeMe o6liIecT- Ba, r,ll,C cy6beKTaMH BJlaCT11 BblcTynaIOT yQpC)K,ll,CHH5I, opraHH3alJ,11H, pa3,ll,CJIeI-II1e BJIaCTI1 03HaQaeT np111I5ITHe pemer-IUM 11 fIX 11CrrOJIHeH11e, pacnpe,ll,CJICH11e Tpy,ll,a, pa3,ll,eJIeH11e ¢YHKlJ,HM. DepBoe KpyrrHoe pa3,ll,eJICHl1e BJIaCTM CB5I3aHO C OT,ll,CJIefmeM lJ,epKBM OT rocy,ll,apCTBa. COrrepHMQeCTBO Me){(,ll,y 3TIIMII BJlaCT5IMH npo- . ,n;OJI)KaJIOCb MHorHe CTOJIeUilI. B CBeTCKOM rocy,n;apCTBe pa3n;eJIeHMe. npocpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX ¢YHKlJ,11M BJIaCTM HaQaJIOCb n;OCTaTOqli:O paHO. DPOMCXO,n;IIJIO pa3n;eJIeHIIe BJIaCTII Me){(,n;y lJ,eHTpaJIbHbIM II MeCTHhIM yrrpaBJlemreM (caIvlOynpaBJIeHueM). Pa3n;eJleHIIe BJIaCTII Ha rocy,ll,apCT- BeHHOM ypOBI-fe mJIO HepaBHOMepHO H COrrpOBO)Kp,aJIOCh OCTphlMU KOHCpJIHKTaMII, p,a)Ke BOMHaMH Me)K,ll,y KOpOJIeBCKOM BJIaCTbIO II rrapJIa- MCHTaMII (rrpllMepOM MOlJT CJIY)KIITb "CJIamIa5I peBOJIlOIIH5I" 1688 r. B AHfJIIIII, rrepepocma5I B BOMHy KOpOJI5I II rrapJIaMeHTa, 11 cMeHy ,ll,IIHa- CTIIM; cDpaHlJ,Y3cKa5I peBOJIIDlJ,H5I). TaK)Ke MHorOBeKOBa5I 6opL6a BeJIaCh 3a rrpaBo YQaCT115IHapO,ll,a B npaBJIeH1111 - 3a II3611paTeJIbHhIC rrpaBa, TO, eCTb, 3a pa3,ll,eJICHlle BJIaCT11 Me)K,ll,y rocy,ll,apCTBOM II o6liICCTBOM. Pa3()eJWHUe (pacnpe()e.rteHue) 6.nacmu - 3TO nOJIIITHKO-npaBOBM p,OKTpI1I-Ia II KOHCT11TYlJ,llOHHblM rrpl1f-IU11rr JIC)KaliII1M B OCHOBC OpraHI1- 3aU11I1 BJIaCTH p,eMOKpaTI1qeCKOrO rocyp,apcTBa, rrpe,ll,nOJIaralOliII1ij pacnpe,ll,eJ1CHI1e BJIaCTHbIX nOJIHOMOQllH: Me)Kn;y BeTB5IMI1 BJ1aCTI1. H,ll,e$j Heo6xop'llMOCTIl pa3,n;eJICHIl5I BJIaCTfr B03HI1KJIa H3 nOHllMam15I TOM yr- p03hl, KOTOpylO HeceT 06liIecTBy 6e3pa3p,eJIbHa5I, Bceo6bCMJlIOliIa. BJ1aCTb. DpoeKTbl pa3p,eJleHII5I e,ll,IIHOH: rocy,ll,apCTBeHHOM BJIaCT11 H HeCKOJIhKO He3aB11C11MhlX, HO B3a11MOCB5I3aHHhlX COTpY,ll,H11QarDillI1X l' KOlITPOJ1I1PYIOll1IIX ,ll,pyr ,ll,pyra BJIaCTeH:, n05IBIIJ111Cb B XVII BeKe. )J,)I~ J IOKK pa3,ll,eJI5IJ1 BJIaCTb Ha 3aKoHOp,aTeJlhHylO, IICnOJ1HIITCJIbHYlO (K Heu ()Il!OCIIJIaCb II cy,ll,e6Ha5I BJIaCTb) 11 ¢C,ll,epaTIIBHYr-o· B ero nOHHMaHMH IlCpXOBHa5I - 3aKOHo,n;aTCJIbHa5I BJIaCTb I1MCeT rrpaBO yKa3blBaTb, K~ il()J[)KHa 6bITb ynOTpC6JICHa CHJ1a rocy,ll,apCTBa ,ll,JUl coxpaHCHH5I COoo- III,CGrEa Il cro QJICHOB, I1CnOJIHHTCJIbHa5I 3aKJlIOQaCTC5I B KOIUpOJ1C 3a (·(lOJ/lO,ll,eHHeM 3aKOHOB. B KOMneTeHUIlll cpep,epaJIbHOH: BJIaCTI1 Haxo- IIHTC5IBonpochi BOMHhI I1 MIIpa, YQaCTl1e B KOa.J1I1UWIX 11 COf03ax, TO ,.,. 1I, 06JIacTb BHCUIHeM rrOJIHTIIKIl. Ill. MOl-fTCCKhC B XVIII BeKe npen;- 1IIlIKIIJIpa3p,eJIeHI1C BJIaCTI1 Ha 3aKoHO,ll,aTeJIhHyIO, I1CnOJIHI1TeJIbHYr-o I1 'VIICOllYIO. BIlaCTnb npI1H5ITO nO,ll,pa3p,eJI5ITb Ha rocy,ll,apCTBcHHyIO I1 06Ille- IIWIIIIYW. rocyJ],apcTBeHHaH BJIaCTh o6eCneQIIBaeTC5I COOTBeTCT- IIVIOII~HMI1 rrOJII1THQeCKHMI1 I1HCTHTyTaMI1 (napJIaMeHTOM, rrpaBI1TCJ1h- , Illm'l H cY,ll,e6HhIMH opraHaMH I1 T.,ll,.), opraHaMH npanOnOp5Ip,Ka (no- i1llll1ld1, ap:rvII1CMI1 T.,ll,.), a TaK)Ke IOpH,ll,WleCKOM 6a30M. 06rn,ecTBeH- 1111 U Il.IIaCTh oCYll1eCTBJI5ICTC5InapTI1MHbIMI1 CTpyKTypaMI1, o6IllecTBeH: 111.1~111 OpraHfI3aUI15IMl1, He3aBI1CI1MhIMI1 cpep,CTBaMI1 MaCCOBOI1 111111)()p~1aul1I1,06ll1CCTBeHHbIM MHeHl1eM. B cOBpeMeHHOH: nOJIHTOJlOrMI1 nop, pa3,ll,eJIeHI1e BJIaCTl1 «rro ro- I'll 1IIlT<lJII1» rrOHI1MafOT BhI,ll,eJIeHHe 3aKOHO,ll,aTeJIhHOM, HCnOJIHI1TeJIb- IIIill II cy)~e6ImM «BeTBeM» BJIaCTI1. Pa3,ll,eJ1eHHe «no BepTI1KaJIH» 03Ha- 'lilt 'I lhli~CJICHI1e perI10HaJIbHOM I1 cpCp,epaTI1BHOM BJIaCTI1. 3aKoHO,ll,aTeJIhHa5I BJIaCTb npe,ll,CTaBJI5IeT C060M cOBoKynHocTb 1111 1I110IVI0'1I1M:no I13,ll,aHI1fO 3aKOHOB, a TaK)Ke CI1CTeMY rocy,ll,apCTBeH- 11101'oprallOB, oCYll1eCTBJI5IfOll1I1X 3TI1 nOJ1HOMOQI15I. B rrOp,aBJI5IIOll1eM I" I'1I.IIIIIIlCTBe cTpaH HOCHTeJIeM 3aKoHO,ll,aTeJIbHOM BJIaCTb BhlcTyrraer "I"!III:! BHTCJlbHbIH: opraH - napJIaMeHT. 1'!crronHI1TeJIhHa5I BJIaCTh npe,ll,CTaBJI5IeT C060M COBOKynHOCTb IIIIill III~10' lI·li1 no ynpaBJIeHI1IO rocY,ll,apCTBeHHhIMI1 p,eJ1aMIl 11 a,ll,MI1HHCT- 1""II1IIIIlMy KOHTpOJIIO, HOCI1TeJIeM KOTOpOM5IBJIlIeTC5InpaBI1TeJl~CTBO. ('Yilc6Ha5I BJIaCTb - 3TO cOBoKynHocTh nonHOMOQIlH no ocy- I!!' , 1.111t'111110npaBocyp,II5I, TO eCTb nOJIHOMOQI1M no paCCMOTPeHI1IO II 1 ' '111''1111"111110yrOJIOBHhIX, rpa)Kp,aHCKI1X I1 a,n;MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHhIX I1 KOH- , 1111"'lllltlllllhlX l(eJ1 B nOp5Ip,Ke, yCTaHonneHHOM 3aKOHOM. 1~IIBIIJIH3aIJ,I10HHbIe THUbI BJlaCTIL B onpe,ll,eJIeHI1I1 1IIIIiI 1111;1('111II nOJIIITI1QeCK11X pe)KI1MOB CHaQaJIa B 3ana,ll,HOH nOJllno-
  • 13. JIonnr, a, E nOCJIelt;Hee EpeM5I 11 B OTetIeCTBeHHOH HayKe, CTall I1CIIOJlb- 30BaTbC5I rrI1BI1nH3arrI10HHbIH nOlt;XOlt;, n03IIrrIIOHI1pyeMbIH ero alt;enTa- MI1 KaK arn'HTe3a MapKCI1CrCKOro <popMarrI10HHoro rrOlt;XOlt;a. CornaCHO rrI1BIInI13arrI10HHOMY nOlt;xolt;y, <pYHlt;aMeHTanbHbIe pa3nI1tIr!51 3analt;HOH 11 BOCTOtIBOH rrHBHnI13arrl1I'I 0npelt;emlIOTC5I OC06bIM xapaKTepOM B3an- MOCB51.3HBnaCTJr H C06CTBeHHOCTH. B eBponeHCKOH I(HBHJIII3aU;HH on-. pelt; en5IIO tIIeH CTpyI<TYPOH BbIcTynaeT c06CTBeHHOCTb, Ha 6a3e KOTOpOH <P°PMI1pyeTC5I CB060lt;Ha5I nI1tIHOCTb - rpmKlt;aHI1H npaBOBoro 06IIIecT- Ba, np05I13n5IlOIIII1H ce65I He3aBI1CHMO BO BJIaCTHbIX OTHOmeHI15IX. B paMKax It;aHflOro nOlt;XOlt;a IIpmH.(I1II tIeTKOro pa3lt;eJIeHI15I MeJKlt;y c06- CTBeHHO:l'bIO H BnaCTbIO rpaKTyeTC5I KaK onpelt;emnoIIIHn np I1H rr I1 II 3analt;H0I1 It;eMOKpaTI1I1. Ha BocmoKe, npelt;CTaBJIeHHOM Pa3JII1tIHbIMI1, HO 0lt;HOTI1nHbl- MU rr HBU JII13arrI15IMU (apa60-MCJIaMCKOH, I1Hlt;o-6Ylt;lt;HiicKOB 11 KMTaH- CKO-KOH<PYrruaHCKon), nOnO)/(eHI1e HHoe. 3lt;eCb, BJIaCTh It;OMJ1HMpyeT Halt;· co6CTBemIOCTbIO M pbIHKOM, CTaB5I MX B nOnH)'lO OT ce65! 3aBHCHMOCTh Ii KOHTponHpy5I. B EBpone EJIaCT!) H Co6CTBeHHOCTb tIeTKO pa3.n:eneHhI, a B. BOCTOtIHbIX rrHBIDIH3arrH5!X OHMBCI02.(YHepa3lt;elli:IMbI, CJIBTbI. B POCCMH YCTaHOBI1JIC5I OC06bIH, caMOCT05ITeJlbHbIB «eom4UH- HbUI» TMn BJIaCTM. TepMMH «BOTtIMHa» 0603HatIaeT, no CyTIl It;eJIa, 02.(- HOBpeMeHf-IO yHaCne2.(OBaHHbIe Co6CTBeHHOCTb H BnaCTHble nonHOMO- tIH5I, rrop0)Klt;a5f CJIMTHOCTb BJIaCTII M c06CTBeHHOCTH, Mx HeODIMtII1- MOCTb It;pyt' OT ):(pyra, H e):(I1Hble MeXaHI13MbI oCy1rreCTBJIeHl15I. B POC- CMU rOCY):(apCTBeHHa5I BJIaCTb It;OJIroe BpeM5I MbICJIJ1JIaCb H ocyw:eCTB~ JI5IJIaCb Kal< rrp02.(OJIJKeHI1e npaBa C06CTBemIOCTM. «C06CTBeHHHtIe- CKMH})rro2.()(02.( K rrOJIHTMtIeCKoMy peIKMMy, BhITeKalOIIIl1ii M3 OTOIK2.(eCT- BneHM~ rrpaBa co6CTBeHHOCTM H BJIaCTM, 5IBJI5IeTC5I orrpe.n:emnoIlJ,eif tIepTOH C013peMeHHOH pOCCMMCKon nOJIMTMtIeCKOH IKM3H11. . KOHTPOJIbHbIe BorrpochI: 1. PacKpoHTe co):(ep)I(aWIe rrOH5ITH5I«rrOJIHTHtIeCKa5I BnaCTb». 2. YKaIKJ1Te HCTopwlecKHe <pOP~bI BJIaCTM. 3. KaKI1e rrO,l.(XOlt;blK onpe):(eJIeRHfO CyUl,HOCTH BJIaCTli cyu.(ecT- 4. Y KaIKHTe OCHOBHbIe KOMnoHeHTbl rroJUITI1tIeCKOH BJIaCTJr. 5. KaK CB5I3aHhl OCHOBaHH5I H pecypcbl BnaCTH? 6. PacKponre co)];epJKamIe nOH5ITH5I «JIerHTl1tvlHOCTb BJIaCTH}). 7. KaKI1e OCHOBHbIe rrO,l.(XO,l.(bIK THIIonorHH JIerHTHMHOCTI1BJIa- em npHH5ITO BbI,l.(emlTb? 8. KaK COOTHOC5ITC5I IIOH5ITI15I «nerI1THMHOCTb» H «JIeraJIb- IIOCTI,» EnacTH? 9. YKa)KHTe KpHTepHH 3<pcpeKTHBHoCTH BJIaCTH. ~ ? 10. KaKOBbI OTnHQHTenbHble QepTbI nOnHTHQeCKOI1 BnaCTH. ~?11. B qeM COCTOHT rrenecoo6pa3HocTb pa3lt;eneHH5I BnaCTeH. K:lI( rrpe2.(cTaBJIeHO BepTHKallbI-IOe H ropH30HTallbHOe pa32.(eneHHe Bna- ndi? JhlTepaTypa: 1. HpxltH lOB., 30mo6 B.}J,., 30mo6a HB. flOnHTOJIOfI15I: V'ld11IHK. M., 2001. rJI. 5,6. 2. llVZa'le6 B.ll., COJl06be6 A.H. BBe,l.(eHHe B IIonHTonorHW: V'ldlllHK It;;5I By30B. M., 2000. rn. 5, 6. 3. }J,3J!lfe6X Hapo2.( 11BnaCTb 1/ BnacTb. 2003. N~6. C. 53-62. ~ 4.}J,eZ1n.Hpe6A.A. flOnI1TI1tIeCKa5I BnaCTb KaK peryJI5ITHBHbIH ~11'aI1H3M COrrHallbHOro 06IIIeHH5I II flOJIHC. 1996. N~3. C. 108. 5.}J,e.MU()08 A.H. l.1,elmocTHbIe H3MeHCHH5I BnaCTH II flonHc. I'>%. N~3. C. 121. 6. BOP06blX OB. K Bonpocy 0 IIOH5ITHH rocylt;apCTBelmoH BJIa- I III /1 BeCTHI1K MocKoBcKoro YHI1BepCIITeTa. CepH5I 11. C. 91-100. 7. Crw6flbul B.H. flp06neMa BnaCTH: HOBoe I13MepeHlIe II flo- i1111 1991. N~5. C. 33. 8.FaMaH-Fo,.'lym61LHa O.B. flapnm H BnaCTb II CB06olt;Ha5I ill.II"III•. 2004. N'! 9. C. 77-89. 9. H'lbUH !vlB., MeJlb61LTJbA.lO. BnacTb 1/ flOJIHC. 1997. N~3. COI~HaJlbHhIe cyobeKThl rrOnI1TIIKH - 3TO 06IIIecTBeHHbIe I I' 11111,1 II OT,l.(enbHbIe HH,l.(HBI1)lbI, B[,mOJIH5IIOIIIHe rrOJIHTHtIeCKI1e '1'111<111"1H peallH3YIOIIIHe BJIaCTHbIe nOnHOMOtIH5I. K HHM OTHOC51TC51: IIII 11111.1IHrrepecoB, npaB51W:I1e 3JIIITbl, KonneKTHBbl, 3THI1tIeCKHe rpyrr- 111.1. IWllll)CCCHOHallbHble 06W:HoCTH, KnaCCbl, HarrHH, nOJIHTHqeCKOe '111'11"1)(.:110.COrrHaJIbHble cy6beKTbI rrOJIHTHKH 5lBn5IIOTC51H~cHTe:5IIV1I1 II! II"II:lllpaBJICHI-lOH nOnI1TlItIeCKOH ):(e5ITenbHOCTII. Ka)K,l.(bIII cyobeKT
  • 14. nOJIHTHKH, OKa3bIBM B03L(eHCTBHe Ra COUfI caM B TO.IKe BpeM5! Mo"""eT B' 'I 6' aJIf,Hb1e rpynnf,1, o6ru;ecTBo , '"' n cTynaTf, 0 beKT' ~ , POHbI L(pynlx cy6beKTOB. OM B03L(eHCTBH5! CO CTO- OCltOeltblJHU COeOKVl1liblMU c;c , 60JIf,IIIIfe COUIfaJIf,HbJe OO~~ ) ObeJ<lJ1aHUnOIlUlJ1UKU 5IBJllUOTC5l IIIHOCTH - KJIaCCf,J If CJI ru;ecTBo, RapOL(f,I HaU'IiJ~ IInB OH, rpa.IKL(aHcKoe 06- , ", n IfJIH3aUHIf' c1Jllfec MaJIf,Je rpynnbI 06be ' , ~' :T' lJ1eelil-tbUI,fll- cpen;HIfe H ,L(fIH5IIOru;Ife JllOL(eH no A. qeCKoMy, nOJ10BoMy Tepp'" " L(eMOrpa't'Jit,I e,CKOMy, 3THH- , nTOpfIaJIf,ROMY 06pa B,OL(CTBe1-IHoMy nporheccn ' 30BaTeJIbHoMY, npoB3- , 'i' nOHaJIf,HOMY fIJIB KOp (61OpoKpaTH5!, MarhH5! 3JIJ~Ta) C nopanIBRoMy npH3RaKy 'i', " . oBoKynHbIM C 6 CTaROBI-ITC5! JIl06a5! 06rnR' y beKTOM nOJIHTHKH ~ OCTb, KorL(a caMoop CBOff ffHTepeCbl ORa He TOJIT' , ' raHfI3Y5lCf, H OC03HaBa5! , nKO OKa3blBaeTC5! B np , rfIl,111 COIIfIaJIbRf,JMI-I rpynn' OTfIBOCT05!RfIH C L(py- aMH HJIH .lKe B n03 BfIH C ReKOTOpbIMII H3 HFX H " fITHBHOM B3aI-IMOL(eHCT- , , 0 I-I BCTynaeT B KOHrh qeCTBo C cyru;ecTBYfOmeH no ,~ 'pJIHKT I-IJIH COTPYL(HH- ~ JIHTHqeCKoH BJIaCTf,IO. llepeU'fliblM cy6beKlJ10M nOJ1llmUKU ' , HOCTb, rpa.IKL(aF!fm. C pa3BI-ITI-IeM ' 5!BJI5!erC5I I-IHL(fIBfIL(, JII-Iq- ru;eCTBe np06JIeMa JIJitIHOCTH ' L(eMOKpaTWleCKfIX TeHL(eHIIfIH B 06- nepB, bI,H, nJIaR. BC5!KfIH HfITTlAB',~ rpa>KL(aIIHHa Bb1XOL(HT B nOJI,HTHKe Ra "'In n"'l 5lBJI5!eTC5l nOTeHIIH nOJIfITfIKH, HO He Ka.IKITf,IH C ' " aJIf,HbIM cy6beKToM "'I TaROBI-ITC5I TaKOBf,IlVi p CTaTf" qeJIOBeK L(OJI)J(eH npno"" ,eaJIf,HO. QT06bl HM ¥" opeCTH rrOJIHTHqeCK pa60TaTb CBOIO rr03'"L("1O" ' He 3HaHfI5! 11 onf,IT BbI- n n u OnpelJ,eJIHTf, , .. , M11Py nOJIHTHKI1. C rrpyron CEoe L(e5lTeJlf,Hoe OTRomeHfIe K "'I n CTOpOHf,I, np11HL(HnIlaJI CKfIe OCHOBbl H rapaHTI-IH CB060L( ~ ,~f,RO Ba)KHf,J IOpI1L(fIqe- QeJIOBeK CTaROBHTC" C R 6 0HnOJIHTI1qeCKoH L(e5!TeJJf,HOCTfI. n. y beKTOM nOJIHTHK pa3BHTH5I HMeHHO KaK qJIeHa C ' H B npouecce CBoero OOTBeTcmyIOru;ero 6 c,B,OfIX,JIHqHbIX KaqeCTB TIp , ",coo lIJeCTBa H B CHJIy . HH5!TO Bf,JL(emITf,' aK ytIaCTHe JIlOL(eH B nOJIHTI1Ke ' . TfI,BHoe, C031-rareJIf,HOe , yJBep.IKlJ,emiH HMH C HHTepecoB fI ueRHOCTeH' CTn ~ , BOHX OCMbICJIeI:lH,bIX , nXfIHHoe HJIH Reoco CHBRoe yqacnre «norrrram-rnqec 3HaI-IH,0,e yqaCTHe; nac- "'1"'1 n Koro» TI1IIa T e nOJIlUHqeCKI1X pOJIeH npn ,..._', ' ',' n,OHJIlV,IaI-IJIe CMf,ICJIa n oe3yCJIOBI-IOM IIOL(qJII-I H3HaqaJIf,I-I0 3alJ,aI-II-IOMy' I-I ' eHHH, HM KaK qeMy-To , eocnopr-rMoMy' npo B anaTHH, HeyqaCTHe B nOJIHTr-rKe. ' 51.JIeI-Ir-re nOJII-rTr-rqeCKoH K COUI-raJlf,HbIM cy6beKTaJvI nOJIHTHKH KTIaCCbl. B cOBpeMeHHo" n ' OTHO,,C5ITC51 COl(llaHl>1lble u OJIHTOJIOrr-rn cyru;ec non;xon;a K HX OnperreJIelinI'O' ','a ' ~ TByIOT TpH OCHOBHbIX "'I n. n'H PKCHCTCKJ1r-r Be6 ," CpHKaUr-rOHI-If,IH(¢YHKUHOI-IaJIf,HbIH). ' epOBCKI-rI-I H crpaTH- B paMKax JltapKcucmcKou mpaKm06KU, JII060e 06ru;ecTBo, oc- lJ(lBaHHoe Ha rOCnOL(CTBe eraCTI-IOH co6cTBeHHocTH, COCTOHT H3 KJIaCCOB - «OOJIbliIHX rpyrrn mOn;eH, pa3JII-IqaIoru;HXC5l no HX MecTy B l1CTOpI-rqe- l'KIf onpeL(eJIeHHOH CI-ICTeMe o6ru;ecTBeHHoro np0I-I3BOn;CTBa, no HX OT- IIOIileI-II-IIO K CpeL(CTBaM np0I-r3BOL(CTBa, no I-IX POJIl1 B 06ru;ecTBeI-II-IOH llpraHH3ar~HH TpYL(a, a, CJIen;OBaTeJlbI-IO, no cnoc06aM nOJIyqeHH}! H p:l'llvrepaM TOH ,n:OJII-r06ru;ecTBeHHoro 60raTcTBa, KOTOpOH OHH pacno- r IWl'aI-OT». Kal1lUaJIHCTHqeCIWe 06ru;ecTBo ,n:eJII-rTC}( Ha L(Ba OCHOBHblX 1lIacca: KJIacc c06CTBeHHI-IKOB - 6yp.IKya3I-rIO I-r KJ1aCC HaeMHblX pa60- 'IHX - npoJIeTapI-raT. COrJIaCHO MapKcH3My, KJIaCCf,I - maBHble cy6beK- 11,1 nOJIHTHKH, a KJIaCCOBa}! 60pf,6a - L(BwKYIIIa}! CI-IJIa HCTOpI-II-I. B wtmepnpe711alfUU jll. Be6epa, KJIaCCf,I - 3TO rpynnbl mOL(eH C Iq1l1MeplcIO paBHbIMI-r .lKH3HeHHbIMI-r liIaHcaMH, I-rHTepeCaMI-r I-I ueHHOCT- IlblMH opHeHraIIH5IMH. OTJIHQaeT HX lJ,pyr OT lJ,pyra H C03L(aeT B03MO)J(- IIOCTf, KJIaCCOBf,lX KOI-I¢JII-rKTOB- 06ru;HOCTf, 3KOHOMI-rQeCKOrO nOJIO.IKeHI-r}(. ('lleUI-r¢I-rLleCKHMl1 npH3HaKaJII-r KJIaCCa, no ero MHeHHID, Bf,1CTyrraIDT KOH- IPOJIb HaL( CpelJ,CTBaMH npOI-r3BOL(CTBa, HalJ, I-lMymecTBoM, lJ,ocryn K BJla- l:TIf I-I nOJII-rTHQecryIO opraHH30BaI-IHOCTf" npOcpeCCI-I5!, KBaJImpI-rKaIII-r5I I-l IICKOTopb1e L(pyrI-re COL(HaJIbHO-3KOHOMI-IQeCKHe npH3HaKfI. M. Be6ep BbIL(eJI5lJI TpH TI-Ina KJIaCCOB: I-rMyru;He, nOJIYQaIOru;He I(OXOL( aT c06cTBemroCTI-I; npH06peTaI-Oru;He, L(OXOn; KOTOpblX onpeL(e- IIHeTC}! OT npOL(a)J(H pa60QeH CI-IJIf,I H cr-rTyaIIHI-r Ha pf,IHKe TpYlJ,a, I-I CO- IllIaJIbHble KJJaCCf,I, oc06eHHOCTf,IO KOTOpbIX }!BJI}!eTC}( BbICOKa}( BHyT- pHrpynnOBa}! M06HJIf,HOCTb, JIenWCTf, H TI-Inr-rqHOCTb BHyTpHrpynno- BbIX rrepeMeru;eHI-IH OTL(eJIf,HbIX I-rHL(I-rBH)l,OBI-l L(eJIbIX nOKOJIeHHH. B paMKax qJYHKlfuOl-taRbHOZOno()xo()a UeHTpaJIbHOe MeCTO 3a- IIHMaeT ¢YHKUHOHaJIf,Ha}( (CTaTycHa}() KOHuemlI-r}( KJIaCCOB, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH KJIaCCf,I - 3TO rpyrrrrf,I mOL(eH rrpI-rMepHO OlJ,I1HaKOBOro COuI1- :UIf,HOrO cTaTyca, orrpelJ,eJ15!eMOrO BeJIWII-rI-IOH lJ,oxOlJ,a, rrpeCTfI.lKHOCTf,IO IIpO¢eCCHI-I, ypoBHeM 06pa30BaHI1}(, ,n:ocTynoM K BJIaCTI-r. 3TI-r cTaTyc- IILle rrapaMeTpf,I rrpO}(BJI}(IOTC5l B rrOJII-ITI1qeCKOM rrOBeL(eHI-rI-l, qyBcTBe KOJIJIeKTI-IBHOH HL(eHTI-IQHOCTH, C03HaHI-IfI H 06pa3e )KI-r3HI-I KJIacca. !)YHKUI-IOHaJIbHa5l KJIaCCOBa5! CTpyKTypa paCCMaTpI-lBaeTC}! KaK He06- XOlI-rMbIH 3JIeMeHT L(JI5!IWPMaJIf,HOrO pa3BI-ITH5l 06ru;eCTBa.
  • 15. rpynnM UHTepeCOB - 3TO 06LeJJ:I1HeHI151 IIHJJ:RBH2l,OB H OCHOBe 06m;nx 1HnepeCOB, crpeWIIIJ,IIeCJI OKa3aTb BJIIIJIHIIe Ha nomrnr lfeCKRC IIHCTJnyTbl B I}eJIJIX npRHJITlliI HaII60JIce 6JIarOnpIIJITHblX BbIT02l,Hb1X JJ:JIJICc6JI pemCHRH. OCH06Hbl.Mll rjJYHlOPl5lMll 2pynn UHlnepeC06 JIBJIJIlOTCJI: apTRKy JIJI[I}I5IIi arpenrpOBamie HHTepeCOB, HH!popMaTHBHa5I <!JYHKI.lH.lI,!POp MHpOBaHHC nOJIRTIIlfCCKOH 3JIRThl. DOJJ: apmuKyJUll!Ueii UlllJ1epeCoe no HHMaCTCJI npe06pa30BaHHC COUIIaTlf,Hb1X qyBCTB, 3MOI}HH, O>KH2l,aHHn paUHOHaJIf,HO CcP0PMYJIIlpOBaHHf,le nOJIHTI1lfeCKHe lpe60BaHHJI. Azpe- ZUp06aHue umJ1epecoe 03ffalfaeT cOrJIaCOBaWle pa3JIIllfHblX norpe6HO- cTei1II Tpe60BaHIIi1, IIX IIepapXH3aI}HIO Il Bf,Jpa6oTKY 06UJ,erpynnOBb1X ueJIei1. HHrjJopMamU6HCl5l rjJYHKlfll5l Bblpa>KaeTCJI B ZJ:OBe,n:eHHH JJ:O opra-. HOB BJIaCTll llFlcPopMaUllIl 0 np06JIeMax, LeJlJIX Il IIHTepecax COOTBeT- CTBYlOUJ,IlX rpyrm. DOCKOJIbKY rpynnM IIHTepeCOB npOJJ,BIlraIDT CBOIlX npeJJ:CTaBHTeJIei1 B opraHbl BJIaCTII, TO CJIeJJ:YIOm;aJI llX cPYfIKUIIJI _ tjJ°PMup06aHue nOJlUlJ1U'IeCKuX 3JlUlJ1. Teopll5l zpynn uHmepecoe 6f,wa CcPOpMyJIHpOBafIa aMepllKaH- CIOlM nOffi1TOJIOrOM A. beHTJIH, KOTOpbli1 paCCMaJpHBaJI CTOJIKHOBeHIle II B3aIIMOJJ,ei1cTBIle 3aIlHTcpeCOBaHHblX rpynn KaK OCHOBy nOJIIlTIlQeCKOro nporrecca. ,I{eJITCJIf,HOCTb 3TIIX rpynn, no MHCHIlIO bCHTmr, 3TO nOCTOJIH- HO II3MeHHIOUJ,Hi1CJI npOUCCC, B xOJJ,e KOTOpOro oCYUJ,ecTBJIJIeTCJI JJ:aBJ1eHIle Ha npaBllTeJ1f,CTBO C ueJIf,IO rrpIlHY2l,IITb ero n0JJ:lfIIHHTf,CJI HX BOJIe. B COBpeMeHHoi1 nOJIIlTOJIOrIIH cym;ecTBylOT Pa3JIIIlfHb1e THrrOJIO- r1I3aUHII rpynrr IIHTepCCOB. AMepHKaHCKIIe rrOJ1HTOJIOrH r .AJIMOH2l, II ,I{)K. Day::mJ1 Bb1JJ,eJ:UIlOTaHOMU'IeCKlle II IlHcmumYl/llOHGJlbHble rpyrrrrM IIHTC- peCOB. fpyrrnb1, OTHOCJIUJ,ReCJIK ncpBOlvJY TRrry, B03HHKaIOT, KaK npaBRJIO, cnOfITaHIIO, nJIOXO OpraBR30BaHb1 H HeJJ,OJIrOBpCMCfIHf,I. I1x JJ:CJITeJIf,HOCTb MO>KeT npIIHHMaTb fIaCHJIbCTBCHHble epOPMbl (MIlTHHrH, ZJ:CMOHCrpa1rHJI, MaCCOBf,Je arcu:mr npOTCCTa H HcnOBHHOBeHIDI). CTcnem, BJ11IJITCJ1f,HOCTH 3aHHTepCCOBaBfIb1X rpyrrn nOJJ,06Horo pOJJ:a Ha opraHLl BJIaCTH HeBf,}COKa. I1HCTHTYUROHaJIbHb1e rpymrbl, Ha060pOT, xopomo OpraHH30BaHf,1, JJ:OJIro- BpeMCHHbl, npeCJIeJJ:}10T paUIlOHaJILHO CcP0PMyJ1I1pOBaHHLJC HHTepeChl R JJ,Ci1CTBYJOTHa OCHOBC onpeJJ,eJ1eHHb1X npaBHJI. 3cpepeKTHBHOCTL )WJlTeJIL- HOCTlITanIX rpynn MO>KeT 6hITb2l,OCTaTO'lHO BblCOKOfr. Ha OCHOBe xapaKTepa BHyrpIIrpynnoBMx CBJI3en rpynnb1 HH- TepeCOB nOJJ,pa3,l1,eJ1JIJOT Ha aCCOlptamu6Hble H HeaCCOl!ZfamU6Hble. DepBLle xapaKTepII3YlOTCJI KaK 2l,06pOBOJILHLle 06Le,ll,HHeHHJI, npeCJIc- HTe . CChl (n pe)~npl1ffHMaTeJILCKllC opra- )~YIOml1e CneLHC pll. lfeCKllC H p. .,... n) HeaccorxnaTl1B- h TBOptIeCKl1e COIO ~bl H T. .. dIl3aUHll, npocFcOE03bI, 6 OT noc}('J' nc;06pOB0J1f,HbIH xapaK- fIhlC rpyrrnbI IUncpecoB, Hao op, o. . I1 KJ1aHbl) a HX Bble K0J1JICKTHBf,1 3THlltIeCKHC 0 l1HOCT , , rep (Tpy,n:O , He)KeJ1H lI,CMrCJ1LHOCTf, aCCOUlla- )e5ITeJ1bHOCTb MeHee nOCTOJIHHa, TI1BH1IX. . ~ . "Ie bJ10HTTeJI1 BhI2l,CWleT CJIC2l,YlOUJ,I1CcDpaHUY3CKllll rrOJIHT0J10r ./1 • ,L Ooc"-l"alO B03HHKaIOUJ,HC Ha OCHOBe. . H epeCOE" Zpy11l1bl no u-' , nrrrb.l.r py rrrr 1l T. 6n'HOCTen' zpnmnbl 3aufumbl, CTPC- . OBbIX KJ1aHOBbIX 0 .LU, '.J Il()UIllHHb1X, KaCT .'. CTOpOHHHKOB' UHcmumYlfuo- HffTepeCLl CBOHX , ~I}IIUIlCCJI . OTCTaHBaTI, . .1-..0PMaJ1bHbIX opramnaIl,ll5IX HOBLIBaEOUJ,HeC5I Ha '±' IItUlbHble rpynnf,I, OC . .. aTa' z '11l1bl nOOOepJICKU, OpHCHTH- 1111YTpll rocy,n:apeTBeHHoro anrraP eJ1H , (~:0J10rHtIeCKlle, aHTHBoeHHble pOJlaHHbIe Ha onpeAeJ1CHHbIe Il, . B» Llero-HHoy,n:L). IlIHDKeHIlJI, aCCOIl,Har.(1l~ «3a» HJIH «n p OTI1yr n eCTByeT HeCKOJ1f,KO KOHLer{.. B BpeMeHHOH rr0J1HT0J10rHH C ~ CO .. .. e eeOB COrJIaCHO meopuu COlfuaTfbH020 Hllii npOllCXO)K2l,eHIDI rpynrr HHT p ..' eCOB 06LJlCffJleTCJI KaK pe- l/o/iHOKa U KOHrjJJl.UKma, reHe.~HC rpyrrrr HHTHeHP1-CpeCaMIJH y.OC)KZJ:eHHJIMIJ. H J1JO,IJ,eHCO CXO)KHMH IVI'braT COJ1H,n:apHOCT H'IC rpynrrLr B1IHY)K,n:eHf,J ne- ~. ,n:pyrOM YKa3aH 0 111:lIfMOZJ:eHcTBy5I ,n:..pyr c , H ITJ1JIpemCHllJI B03HHKaJ{}- 6 f, 51K HHCTI1TYTaM BJIaCT ,L l'IIO)INeCKI1 0 paw: aT C .f HenneOeuoeHHblX nOClleocm- .1-. C OLIKH 3pemIJI meopuz r III.II~ KOH'FJIHKIOB. T .. eeOBaHHblX rpynn COCTaBJ1JI- ',lIil ,pvnn06blX wanepeC06, OCHOBy 3aHHTep n" COI}HaJI1HO- ' .. B3aHMOCB5I3b ,n:OCTJl)KCHxvt " II IIHlI,HBll.2l,bI, OC03HaBmHe 0 OpraHI13aUHen KOJlJIeKIIlBHblX nOJ1MTlltIeCKfIX J1ar e 1I111110M11QeCKfIXH . BHOCTb B03HHKaeT B lI,aHI-fOM ~. y ~ I10J1HTfIlfeCKM aKTH 1/1111111 11 2l,eI1.cTBHH... . TT Te"'HOCTH rpynn llHTepe- Hoe nOCJ1eJJ,CTBl1e f-e51 J"D ~ I 11"I:le KaK Henp..e,n:BHJJ,en . . aTepIlaJILHblX norpeOHOCTCH. ~ Ha yll,OBJ1eTBOpeHHe M I 1111,lIan p aBJleHHOH. . rpyrrrr HHTepeCOB C ,n:e5ITCJIf,- c' eT B03HHKHOBeHHe I" 'f'"fl OOMeHa. C.B.JI3bIB.a . . . nomrtIHTL ZJ:OJ1>KHOCTL aTOpOB crpeMJImHXC5I "J III I, 11.10 OTlI,CJ1bHhlX OpraH113 , . .~ OpraBIl3aIl,HH KaK KOMneH- . . anrrapaTe C03,n:aBaeMOH I' "'I.~1I1HHC.l:paTHBHOM ... C ... 1l.""1 me0'Puu aHza:JfcupoeaH- H aKTHBHOCTH TOpOHH lU" 'ilIIIIIO CBOnX 3aTP.aT . . . ..".",.pe3y. JIbTaT LeJlTeJ1f,HOCTH rpynnLr HRTCpCCOB KuL'c .~ I;. ',{/(II paCCMarpllBaroT . CTH)KeHHC CBOHX Il,eJ1eI1 e IIII II" 1I1QeCKHX HH,n:HBll,n:OB, CBJl3f,IBaIOUJ,llX fO II" 1II/KeHHCM nOJ1I1THQeCKllX Il,CJ1cn rpynnbJ. BbIe I1HTe eCLl If BJI3CTHo-ynpaBJ1eWreCKI11f 'l/""l/peHKO BJI. rpynno ;Fe C 1996.N~11.C.121-125. 111I1Idl',1 r: K MeTOLOJIOrIU1I1CCJIeLOBaHIUlOI1H .
  • 16. Cyill,CCTBOBaBIIC J1066II3Ma KaK nOJ1IITlIqCCKoro 5IBJ1CHII5ITCCHO CB5I3aHO C epYHKUIIOHIIpOBaBIICM rpynn HHTCpCCOB II B03MO)KHOCT5IMII IIX BJ1MHlI51 Ha OpraHlI BJ1aCTII, JIo 66 Ii 3 M npC):CTaBJ15ICT UCJ1CHa- npaBJ1CflHOC B03L(CHCTBIIC rpynn HHTCpCCOB Ha OpraHbI BJIaCTII C UCJIbIO pCanJI3aIIIIII cnCUIIepHqCCKIIX IIHTCpCCOB, K KJlloqCBblM epaKTOpaM pa3BII- TH5I J1066II3Ma OTHOC5IT:ypOBCHb Pa3BIITJI5I nmOpanJI3Ma, CTCnCHb I1IICTII- TY~IIOHanII3aIIIIII nOJ1IITIIqeCKoro y'laCTII5I, Xapar<TCp nOJ1IITIIQCCKIIX nap- TIm. C c mTaCTC5I,cITO 3rPepCKTIIBHOCTb )J,C5ITCJ1bHOCTII nOJ1IITHQCCKIIX napTHH OrpaHIIQJiBaCT B03MO)KHOCTH rpynn HHTCpCCOB OKa3bIBaTb BJ1M5IHHCHa Bblpa60n<y nOJ1IITIIQCCKHX pcmCHIIH, H, Ha060pOT. AMOPcPHOCTb onpcn:CJICHHH )J,aHfIOro 5IBJ1CHII5IB nOJII1.T0J10rH- 'lCCKOH J1I1.TCparypc H nOJ1HTlltICCKOH npaKTHKC, n03BOJ15IlOT CepOK'Y C I1.- pOEan CJ1C)J,ylOill,HCTC3IICbI: ~066HpOBaHHC CB5I3aHO J1Hmb C npIIl-J:5ITHCM rOCY)J,apCTBCHHbIX pcmCHflH. PCmCHH5I, npHHIIMaCMblC 'laCTHbIMH JIHuaMH, opraHH3aUH5I- MH HJIH KopnOpaUH5IMH, MoryT TaK)KC 6blTb nO)J,BCp)KCHbl BJ1WIHHlO Hl-I'I'CPCCOB onpC)J,CJ1CHHbIX 3aHHTcpCCOBaHHbiX rpynn, O)J,HaKO nO)J,06- HOC BJ1H5IHIICHC npHH5ITO Ha3bIBaTb J1066II3MOM, Bcc BII)J,bl J1066II3Ma MOTIIBIIpOBaHbl CTpCMJIClmCM OKa3an BJ1II5IHHC. MHorIIC )J,CHCTBII5I HJ1H C06blTH5I MoryT B03)J,CHCTBOBan Ha npoUCCC npUH5ITH5I npaBHTCJ1bCTBCHHbIX pcmCHHH, HO, eCJ1U OHH HC Bb13Ba~bl )KCJ1aHI1.CM OKa3an BJ1lI5lHIIC, TO 3TO HC KBaJIHepHUHpyerC5I KaK JIOo6H3M. JI066HpoBaHHC nO)J,pa3yMcBacT HaJ1HqHe nOCpC,lJ,HHKa HJIH npC)J,CTaBHTCJl51 KaK CB5I3ylOill,cro 3BcHa MC)K,lJ,y rpyrmoH rpa)K,lJ,aH. CTpaHbl II oepHUUaJIbHblMU rocy)J,apCTBCHHbIMH JIHuaMH. BC5IKOC J1066IIpOBaHHC HCII3MCHHO CB5I3aHO C YCTaHOBJ1CHHCM KOHTaKTOB JJ;J15I ncpC)J,aqH C006ill,CI-J:I1H, nOCKOJ1bKY 3TO C)J,IIHCTBCHHbIH nyn" no KOTOpOMy MO)KHO OCYill,CCTBJ15ITbBJIH5IHHC, JI066II3M 13 TCOpCTH'lCCKOM nJ1aHe onpC,lJ,eJ15ICTC5IKaK OJJ;HHII3 McxaHII3MOB peanII3aUIIH nOJ1IITHQeCKl1X OTHomCHIIH MC)KJJ;y 06IlCCT- 130M II rocy)J,apcTBOM. Ka)K)J,a5I 3aIIHTcpCCOBaHHa5I rpynna MO)KCT)J,oBe- CTII )J,o cBeJJ;CHH5IrocY,lJ,apcTBcHHbIX opraHoB CBOC MHCHIIC no paccMaT- pMBaeMblM BonpocaM M oTCTaMBan CBOMn03MUHH, B npaKTfIKe J1066IICTCKOHJJ;C5ITeJ1bHOCTH npIIH5ITO Bbl)J,eJI5ITb pa3Ho06pa3HbiC cnoc06bI BJ1H5IHI15IHa opraHbl BJ1aCTH: BblcTynJICHHJI. Ha CJIYIllaHH5IX 13KOMJITerax I1.KOMHCCH5IXnapJ1aMCHTa; J1HQHbIC Berpc- 'Ill, KOHTaKTbI, nepcrOBopbl; pa3pa60TKa 3aKOIlOnpoeKTOB II IIpIIBJICQe- IIIlC K Bblpa60TKC HopMaTHBHblX ):OKyMCHTOB 3KcncpTOB; opraHl13aUH5I li,lMnaHHJI «)J,aBJICHH5I C MCCT» (MHOrOQJICJ1CHHbIC nJICbMa JI nporpaM- MI>l OT JI36JIpaTCJ1CH, nocTynalOlIIJIC B a)J,pcc )J,cnyTaTOB); JICnOJIb30Ba- IIHC MCTO,lJ,OB«public relations» ,lJ,J15IrPOpMHpoBaHwI o6lIICCTBcHHoro WICHJI5I: nOL(rOTOBKa l1lllHpOKOC pacnpocTpaHCHJIC PC3YJIbTaTOB Hay'l- III,IX (IIpe)KL(C Bccro COUHoJ10rJIQCCKHx) JICCJIcJJ;OBaHHH; opraHH3aUlI5I 11~J1CHanpaBJICHHbIX JJ;CHCTBJIH «CBOlIX JIlO).l,CH» BHYTpl1 opraHoB BJIa- 1111; epl1HaHCHpOBaHl1C 1I36HpaTCJIbHbIX KaMnaHHH; np5HvwH nOL(Kyn 1(( l.f1)KHOCTHblXJIIIU· DOJIHOUCHHbIH 3JICKTOpanbHblH npouccc HCB03MO)KCH 6C3 rrap- Illii H 6e3 YQaCTJI5I B HCM rpyrrn HlITCpCCOB, )J,JI5I peanH3aUHH CBOHX 11.l"lIdi JJ;aHI~hlC THIIbl 06beL(HHeHHH Hy)K).l,alOTC5I JJ;pyr B JJ;pyrc II yCTa- 1I;lIlJ1HBalOT TC HJ1H HHbie CPOPMbl B3aJIMO).l,CHCTBJI5IH cOTpyJJ;HHQCCTBa. IlpH 3TOM cYIIIecTBycT QeTKOe pa3L(eJICHHe TpYL(a, B COOTBCTCTBJIH C h () IOpblM, JIlIL(HpylOT rrapTHH, nO>KlIHalOIllHC OCHOBHblC nJIOJJ;bl COBMC- ('lllblX yCHJIHH - MCCTa B napJIaMCHTax H opraHax MCCTHoro carvlO- ,llpaBJICHH5I, rpynnbJ mncpecoB HrpalOT «POJIb BToporo nJIaHa», Xo- IH, 1 CJIyqac ycncxa HX C0103HHKOB Ha Bbl60pax, OHH MoryI' OKa3blBaTb 1lIIII1llIHC Ha npouccc npHH5ITH5I rocy)J,apcTBCHHblX pemCHHH. OCHOBOH IlIlPMi1.JJbIlblX, HC HapymaIOIII,HX )J,CMOKpaTWICCKHX npHHUHnOB, CB5I3CH Ml'jl<)Y napTH5IMH H rpynnaMH HHTCpCCOB 5IBJ15ICTC5I.nOJlHa51. caMOCT05I- 1l'IIbilOCTb rrOCJleJJ;HHX, 0601OJJ;Ha5I ).l,06pOBOJIbHOCTb OTHOmCHl1H H OTCyT- ,lillie KaKHX 6bI TO HJI 6bIJIO npJIHy)J,HTCJIbHbJX )J,CHCI'BJIHC 06CHX CTOpOH, Bbl,lJ,CmHOT n,CraJ1bHblH H HCJICra.nbHbJH JI066H3M, JIeza.TfbHblU ·1<lU(ILUkl IlC HapylllacT CYIIICCTBylOlIIHX B 06lIIcCTBC 3aKOHoB, CYTb He- 1/·,'Iiii bllOZO COCTOHT B np5IMOM B03Harpa)K).l,CHHJI ).l,OJI)KHOCTHblXJIJIU 3a Iqlllll}fmC HY)KHbIX pCllleHHH. B COOTBCTCTBHJI C UCJI5IMH, npecJ1e)J,yc- ~II,IMH rpynIIarvm HHTCpCCOB, JI066H3M MO)KCT nOJJ;pa3).l,cJI5ITbC5I Ha 3KO- lI<1l1ll'!eCKlfU, COlfltaTfbHblll, COlfuOKY'lhmJpH bill , Do cepcpaM L(e5ITeJIbHO- " III pa3JJHQalOT ompac.Tle8o£i U pezuoHG.TlbHblll JI066H3M. B 3aBJICHMO- , III or 06bCKTOB JIo66JIpOBaHH5I, (Ha KOTOpbIC HarrpaBJICHO JI066JICT- , Id ll~ B03)J,cHcTBHe) Bbl).l,CJI5IlOTnapJ?aMeHmcKUlI, npe3u()eHmcKUlI, npa- ,.1I/1I1'.'!hCmBeHHblu J1066H3M. Do OTHOlllCHJIlO K nOJ1IITHQeCKOH CHCTCMC 1 11;I(,:CH(mIIHPYlOTJI066H3M Ha 8HeuLHlni (oKa3aHHc ,lJ,aBJICHH5IBa opra- 111.1IlJlaCTI1 co CTOpOHbI) JI BHympellHuu, (KorL(a npe).l,CTaBHTCJ1H 3aHH- I('pl:coBaHHblx rpynn «yKopCHCHbI» B nOJIHTJIQCCKJ1X HHcTHTyTax).
  • 17. CneIJ,HcPWleCKOR (POPMOR npeJJ;CTaBIUem:'CTBa rpynnOBl:'IX HH TepeCOB, Hap5fJJ;y C J1066Ii3MOM, 5fBJI5feTC5f KOpIIOpaTHBlf3M. ITo KOpnOpaIJ,IieH nOHl1MaeTC5f UNCmUmYl/UONaJIU3lip06aNNCl5l 3aMKNyma zpynna, AlONOnOflbNO paCnOp5l,JlCaIOU/aflCfl OnpeOeIleNNblJl.'IU peCJpCail1U, 6blJ10flNflIOU/afl OnpeOefleNNble X03flllCm6ellllble, aOAfUliUCmpamU611ble, 60ellHble UJ7U nOJlltmwleCKUe rjJYHKlfllU U, OOHOepekleHHO, omCmaUeGIO u/a5l U 3aU/UU/aIOU/Gfl Cl1el/uqJUlfeCKUe KOIlIIeKmU6lfbie uWnepeCbl. K 0 P II 0 P a UIf 51 - :no CTporo IiepapX11311pOBaHHa5f Cl1CTeMa, peaJTbHa5f BJIaCTb B KOTOpOR npHHaLJIe)Kl1T He60JIbmHM 3JIHTHblM rpynnHpoBKaM, a 611ympuKopnopamU6Nble OmNOtueHll5l OCHOBblBaIOTC5f Ha npHHIJ,Iine JI05fJIbHOCTIi Ii JIHqI:IOR npeJJ;aHHOCTH P5fJJ;OBbIX qJIeHOB pyKOBOJJ;CTBy. OCHOBaHHa5f Ha KopnopaTHBHblX npIiHUl1naX, CHCTeMa npeJJ;- CTaBIiTeJIbCTBa IiIuepeCOB nOJIyql1JIa Ha3BaHI1e KoprropaTHBH3M. KopnOpaTHB113M - CIiCTeMa. nOJIIiTIiqeCKIix OTHomeHIiH, npIi KOTOpOH HaH60JIee BJIl15fTeJIbHble rpynnbI HHTepeCOB He TOJIbKO (POPMIipyIOT, HO H peaJIH3YlOT rocYJJ;apCTBeHHylO nOJIl1TIiKY. K CneIJ,HcPHqeCKHM qepTaM KopnopaTHBH3Ma OTHOC5ITC5f: yqa- CTHe B nOJIIiTHqeCKOH )KH3HIi OpraH113aUIiR, a He OTJJ;eJIbHbIX HHLHBH-. JJ;OB; POCT BJIH5IHH5f np0cPeCCHOHaJIbHbIX npeJJ;CTaBHTeJIeH CneUHCpI1qe- CKHx HHTepeCOB B YIIIep6 rpa)KJJ;aHaM; npHBHJIempOBaHHoe nOJImKe- HHe HeKOTopbIX aCCOIJ,I1aUHH H I1X 60JIee mHpOKHe B03MO)KHOCTH BJIIi5IHH5I Ha npHH5ITHe pemeHHH; 3aMeHa KOHKypeHIJ,I1H mnepeCOB I1X MOHOnOJIHeH B onpeLeJIeHHbIX cepepax. I He 0 K 0 P II 0 paT H B H 3 M onpeLeJUIeTC5f KaK JJ;eMOKpaTI1QeCKa5I CHCTeMa npeJJ;CTaBI1TeJIbCTBa Ii COrJIaCOBaHI15f IiHTepeCOB pa3JIiIQHbIMIi epHpMaMI1, aCCOUHaUH5IMH H opraHH3aUH5fMH; CHCTeMa COrJIaCOBaHIi5f HHTepeCOB Tpex cy6'beKTOB - rOCYLapCTBa, npeJJ;npHHI1MaTeJIeH H Ha- eMHbIX pa60THHKOB; HaB.5I3blBalme rOCYJJ;apCTBOM OCTaJIbHbIM yQaCT- HHKaM «neperoBopHoro» npouecca npIiopHTeTOB H IJ,eHHOCTeH, BblBO- JJ;HMbIX H3 06IIIeHaUI10HaJIbHbIX HHTepeCOB; CI1CTeMa Me)KKOpnOpaTHB- HOro B3aHMOJJ;eHCTBH5I, QJIeHbI KOTOpOH HecyT B3aI1MHbIe 065f3aTeJIbCT- Ba no BbIIIOJIHeHHIO B3aIiMHbIX COrJIameHHH. rrpaBHII~aH 3JIHTa H ee POJIb B rrOJIHTHKe. TepMHH «3JII1Ta» npOI1CXO)J;l1T OT JIaTHHCKoro eligere I1JIH OT (ppaHUY3CKOro elite, 03Ha t IaIOIIIHX JIyqmee, oT60pHoe, I136paIIHoe. HaQHHa5I C XIX BeKa, ero 1 lIlMHTTep <D.HeOKOpnOpaTHBH3M II TIOJII1e. 1997. N2 2. C. 17. lraqaJIH ynoTpe6JI5ITb npHMeHHTeJILHO K «I136paHHbIM JIIOJJ;5fM», npe)KJJ;e Bcero BblcmeH 3HaTH. ITo Jv1HeHI1IO HTaJII.JHHCKoro COI~I10JIOra B. IIape- TO, 3JIIna JJ;eJII1TC5f Ha npa6flUfYIO, np5lMO HJ1H KOCBeHHO OCYIIIeCTB- JUIIOIIIyIO BJIaCTI" H Henpa6JlUfYIO (KOHTp3JIIny), He IiMeIOIIIYlO JJ;ocTyna (( ynpaBJIeH11lO 11 pyKOBOJJ;CTBy. I1apeTo yTBep)KJJ;aeT, qTO 3JI11Ta cym:e- CTByeT B mo60M 06Il1,eCTBe H l1pH mo60M 110nHTHQeCKOM CTpOe. I1ape- TO p(3)J;eJI5fJI3JIHTbI no MeTO)J;aM npaBJIeHI1.5I Ha «JIbBOB» I1 «JIIIC». l1ep- Bble - OIIIlpaIOTC.5I Ha MaTepHaJIbHylO 11JI11peJII1r1103HYlO C11JIY, )J;JI.5IH11X xapaKTepHO npeIiMym:eCTBeHHOe 11CnOJIb30BaH11e HaCI1JII1.5Inp11 ocym:e- CTBJIeH11I1 rocnOJJ;CTBa. IIpaBJler-1He 3JII1TbI «JIbBOB» npI1BOJJ;I1T 06m:eCT- BO, B KOHeql-lOM l1TOre, K 3aCTOIO. «JI11CbI» JJ;JI5IyKpenJIeH115I BJIaCTI1 I1C- IIOJIb3YlOT, rJIaBHblM 06pa30M, XHTpOCTb, 06MaH, 11CKyCCTBO y6e)K)J;e- 11I151Macc H nOJI11THQeCK11e KOM611HalII1I1. 3JIHTbI 3Toro TI1na 60Jlee L11- JlaM11QHbI, OH11 COCT051T 113 3Hepr11QHbIX, nparMaT11QeCKH MbICJI5fm:I1X )(C5ITeJIeH 11HOBaTopOB. Me)K)J;y 3JI11TOH 11 MaCCOH nOCT05IHHO np011CXO)J;I1T 06MeH: 'laCTb 3JIIi1'bi nepeMem:aeTC5I B HIi3lIIIie CJIOl1, a HaI160JIee cnoco6HbIC JlpC)J;CTaBI1TeJI11 HH30B nOJJ;HHlvlaI-OTC5I no «COUI1aJIbHOH JIeCTHIIue» 11 IIOnaLalOT B COCTaB 3JII1TbI. )J;aHHbIH npoIJ,ecc nOJIYQ11JI Ha3BaH11e l/lIPKJ"J75111UU 3JlUm. OH cnoc06cTByeT COXpaHeHl1lO COIJ,11aJIbHOH I1 IIOJII1TJ1LleCKOH cTa6IiJIbHOCTI1 B 06m:eCTBe. B 11CTOp1111 nOCT051HHO Ila6JIIOJJ;aIOTC51 II11KJIbI nOXJ.beMa11 ynaJJ;Ka 3JII1T. CMeHy 3JII1T I1apeTo paCCMaTp11BaJI KaK OJJ;HH H3 rJIaBHbIX cPeHOMeHOB I1CTOpHQeCKOrO I!lwuecca. )J;pyroH HTaJIb51HCKI1H COlJ,IiOJIOr r. MOCKa CQ11TaJI, 'ITO HaJIH- 'II-Ie npaB51IIIerO KJIaCca I1 KJIaCCa, KOTOpblM npaB51T, MO)KHO 06Hapy- IKIITb B JIl060M 06m:eCTBe, Ha JI1060H CTa)J;1111l1CTOpH'IeCKOrO pa3B11T115f. IlpaB51IIIIiH KJIaCC - BcerJJ;a B MeHblIII1HCTBe, HO 6epeT Ha ce651 Bce no- 1IIITHQeCK11e (pyHKlJ,I1H, MOHOnOJII13I1pY51 BJIaCTb 11 nOJIb3Y51Cb npeHIvlY- 111,CCTBalvlI1,KOTopble H3 Hee BbITeKalOT, BomOHTap11CTCKIi H HaCl1JIbCT- HellHO ynpaBJI515I 3HaQ11TeJIbHO npeBOCXOJJ;51IIII1M ero KJIaCCOM. BOeHHa51 )J;06JIeCTb, 60raTCTBO, np0I1CXO)KJJ;eH11e, JI11QHbIC Ka- 'll~CTBa (ylvl, TaJIaHT, 06pa30Balme), cnoc06HOCTb K ynpaBJIer-IHIO - Ka- 'ICCTBa, OTKpblBalOIII11e, no MHeHI1IO MOCKa, JJ;ocTyn B 3JII1TY. OCYIIIe- ('JllJIeHl1C BJIaCTH B 06IIIeCTBe onpe)J;eJI5IeTC5I cnoco60M BOCnp0113BOL- ('ma npaB51m:ero KJIaCca nyTeM HaCJIe)J;OBaH1151 (ap11CTOKpaT11QeCKa5I Il~II)J,eHUH5I), BbI60pOB (JJ;eMOKpaTI1'IeCKa5I TeHXJ,eHIIH51)11KOOnTaUH11.
  • 18. B COBpCMCHHOM II0J1HT0J10nm JJ;OMHHHpyIOT MCpHTOKpaTHqC- CKHM (J1aT. meritus - JIyqmHM H rpCq. cratos - BJIaCTb) H BJIaCTHblM IIOJJ;- XOJJ;bI K HCCJIC.LOBaHHIO 3JIHT. TIepBbIM no.LXO.L 6epeT CBoe HaqaJIO B 3JIHTI1CTCKOM TeopHH B. TIapeTo. MepHTOKpaTI1qeCKHM IIO.LXO.Lnpe.L- CTaBJICH TcxHOI<paUlqCCKHM (A. bomaHoB, T. Be6JlcH) H opraHH3aIJ,I10H- Ho-yrrpaBJ1CHqCCKHM HanpaBJICHIDIMl1. B paMKax Mep.HTOKpanlqCCKHX TeOpI1M 3JIHTa OnpcJJ;eIDICrC5I KaK HaH60JIec IJ,eHHlIM cerMCHT 0611IecTBa, 06JIa.LaIOllIHM BbIJJ;afOllI.HM.HC5IKaqCCTBaMI1, BbICOKHMH cnoc06HOCDIM.H H rrOKa3aTCIDIMH B 0611ICCTBcHH03HaqHMbIX c¢cpax .LC5ITeJlbHOCTH. .JJIHTa CpOpMHpyCTC5I BCJICJJ;CTBHe eCTCCTBCHHOro oT60pa 06- llICCTBOM HaH60JIcc IJ,CHHbIX npCLJ,CTaBI1TCJICM, a HC TOJIbKO B 60Pb6c 3a BJIaCTb. COBcpmcHcTBoBaTb MexaHH3M nOLJ,06HOM CCJICKIJ,HH0611ICCTBO .LOJI)I(HOB HHTcpccax C06CTBclfHoro npOIJ,BeTaHH5I. 3JIHTapHOcTb o6yCJIOBJICHa HcpaBcHcTBOM cnoc06HoCTCM HH- JJ;HBH.LOB,a, CJIC.LOBaTeJ1bHO, HcpaBcHcTBOM PC3YJIbTaTOB H COIJ,HaJIb- HhIX cTaTycoB, nPH CYllIccTBoBaHHH paBcHcTBa B03MO)KHOCTCM. 3JlIHa rocnOJJ;CTByCT B 06I1~CCTBC, nOCKOJ1bKY 5IBJI5ICTC5IHaH60JIcc np0.LYK- THBHOM H HHHl1HaTHBHoM qaCThfO HaCCJICHH5!. MaCCbI - «KOJICCO llCTO- PRH», npoBoJJ;HllK B )KI13Hb pcmcHllM, npI1HHMaCMbIX3J111TaMll. OCHOBOrrOJIO)I(HHKaMH TcxHOKpaTHqCCKHX TCOpHM Cql1TalOT, qTO, B CB5I311 C HTP B 06Il1CCTBC B03paCTacT pOJlb I1H)KCHCpOB- opraHH3aTopOB, TCXHOKpaTOB, KOTOPbIC, O¢OPMJI5I5ICb B caMOCT05ITCJIb- HyIO 0611ICCTBCHHyIO CI1JIY, nocTcrrcHHO BhITCCH5IIOT Tpa,'l)1I1I10HHhIX C06CTBCHHHKOB C Be.LYllIHX COIJ,HaJ1bHbIX rr03I1IJ,l1M. 3aJIO)KHJ1 )J,)K. EcpHxeMM - OCHOBaTCJIb opraH113aIJ,HOHHo-yrrpaBJ1eHqCCKl1X TCO- pHM, BbI.LBl1HYJ1Te3HC 0 rrcpCXO.LC BJ1aCTH H3 pyK C06CTBCHHHKOB B py- KH npocpCCC110HaJIOB-MeHC.L)I(CpOB (<<PCBOJ1IOIJ,H5IlVlCHCLJ,)I(CpOB»). HaH60J1bmCC pacnpOCTpaHCHHC B COBpCMCHHOM nOJ1HT0J10rI1H nOJ1yqHJI BJ1aCTHbIM nOJl,xoJJ; K onpCJJ;CJ1CHHlO 3J1HTbl. Ero npCJJ;CTaBlUC- J1H (r. MOCKa, P. Ml1XCJ1hC, P. MHJ1J1C, P. ,I],apCHJI,Op¢) onpCJJ;CJ15IIOT 3J1HTy KaK rpyrmy, OCYUl,CCTBJ15IIOIl1YIOBJlaCTHblC CPYHKl1HH 11 BJ1I15IIO-I llIYIO Ha 0611ICCTBO. B CBOIO OQCpCJJ;b, BJ1aCTHbIM nO)J,xoJJ; nOJJ;pa3JJ;cIDI- CTC5I Ha CTpyKTypHbIM H ¢YHKl1I10HaJIbHhIM. CTOpOHHHKI1 CTpyKTypHO- fO nOLl,XoJJ,a OTHOCHT K 3JII1Te Bcex JII1U, 3aHI11vIaIOliII1X CpOpMaJ1bHOC no- J10)I(CHHe B opraHax (CTpyKTypax) BJIaCTH (HanpIIMep: npe3HJJ;eHT, MI1- HIICTpbI, PYKOBO.LCTBO apMIIII). TIpl1Bep)I(eHIlbI ¢YHKIJ,IIOHaJII1CTCKIIX TpaKTOBOK OTHOC5IT K 3J1HTC Te rpynnbI II Tex HHJJ;l1Bl1LJ,OB,KOTopble ()IG:l3bIBaIOT pCaJIbHOC BJ1II5lHl1e Ha 06UICCTBClIlIYlO )I(113Hb H Ha rrpHI-l5I- IIIC COIJ,l1aJIbHO 3HaQHMbIX pcmCHIIM. J1CXO).)! H3 1I0JJ;06Horo KpHTCpII5l IbI)ICJ1CHII5l 3JlI1Tbl, HCMCIJ,KIIM YQeHbIM P. HapCHlJ,OpCP BKJ1fOQaCT B ee ('oCTaB: 3KOHOMIIqeCKIIX JIIILJ,epOB, nOJIIITHqCCKHX JU1~(CPOB, npocpecco- pllB II yQlnCJICM, .LYXOBeHCTBO, BbI.LaIOllIIIXC5l )KypH<:UII1CTOB, BOCHHbIX, ('Y~(CM11a.LBOKaTOB. TaKIIM 06pa30M, npaB5IIl1a5I 3J1IITa MO)I(CT 6blTb orrpCJJ;CJ1CHa I<:IKCOIJ,I1aJIbHbIC rpynrrbl, 3aHIIMafOllIHC HaI160JICC BbICOKIIC n03HIJ,I111 B (lfllIICCTBC, 06J1a.LaIOllII1C B MaKCHMaJIhHOM CTcnCHI1 BJIaCTbIO H B03- ~1())KHOCT5IMI1BJII15lHH5lHa 0611IeCTBO. I13YQCHHC 3JIl1T npOHCXOJl,I1T nyTcM cpaBHIITCJ1bHOrO aHaJIH3a P:lWH'-lHbIX 3J7UlJ1HblX zpynn. 3mnbI nO.Lpa3.LCIDIIOTC5l no CpyHKIJ,HO- 11:lJlbHOMY npII3HaKy Ha: nORl1l111P.JeCKylo,3KOHo.MU1.JeCKY'o U KY%l11JP- 1/1 J-wujJoP.MaLfUOHHylO. ITo HHTCHCHBHOCTH UHpKyJl5lIJ,HH II cnoc06alVl pCKpyTHpoBaHH5I II,I)CIDIIOT Ol11KpbUnble II 3aKpbllJ1ble 3JIIITbI. 0lJ1KpbllJ1a51 3JIHTa xapaK- Iqm3ycTC5I .LOCTaTOQHO .LHH3MH'-lHOM IJ,HpKyJ15Il1IICi1, ci1 npHcym a OT- h!l,ITOCTh, np05lBJI5II-OllIa5lC5I B cpOpMaJlbHO paBHblX B03MO)KHOCT5IX JJ;OC- IYlla B HCC QJICROB RC3J1HTHbIX rpynn. )J,JI5I 3aKpb11110£i3JIHTbI xapaK- Iqma 3aMC.LJleHHa5I IJ,HpKyIDIIJ,H5I, orrpC.LeneHHa5I HcpaBHbIMH B03MO)I(- II()CT51MH.LOcTyrra B HCC npC.LCTaBHTCJIeM He3JIIITHbIX rpynrr. ITo xapaKTcpy BHYTPII3J1HTHhIX OTHOmCH11M BbI.LCIDIJOT 3JIHTbI ' 1l"COKOM CTcnCHblO IIHTerpaIJ,HH (o6be01lHeHHble) 11 C HH3KOM cTcnc- 111.10I1JUcrpaU1111 VJa3beOUHeHHble). I1flTCrpHpOBaHHhIC 3J1IITbI B .LOC- 1:1nlqHoi1 cTcncHH CnJ10QCHhI. MC)KAY BHYTPII3J1HTHbIM11 rpynrraMH 'y"eCTBYWT YCTOHQHBhIC CB5I3II. CTcnCHb MC)KrpynnoBoM KOHKypCH- IIIIII MO)I(CT 6bITb AOCTaTO'-lHO HI13KOM, H KOH¢J111KTbI BHYTPH 3J1HTbI HC II()C5IT HCnpHMl1pHMOrO xapaKTcpa. CpCAH HHTerp11pOBaHHblx 3J1IIT 111,JJeJI5IIOTuOeOIlOZU1.JeCK1I 11 KOHceHcycHo o6beozlHeHHble 3Jl1llJ1bl. )J,J15! III liT C HH3Koi1 CTcneRbIO I1HTCrpaIJ,HH CBOMCTBeHHa OCTpa51 60ph6a W:)f(lW pa3JIHqHbIMI1 rpymmpoBKaMH 3a OBJ1a.LeHHC CTpaTCrnqCCKHMH 1I()I1l~H5IM11, 3a ccpepbI KOHTp0J151 11 pacnpCJJ;CJ1CHHe pCCypCOB. B npo- 1l,l'ece 60Pb6hI MoryT HCrr0J1b30BaTbC5I caMhIC pa3J1II'-lHbIC MCTOAhI, I'oIIJlOTb)l,O KOIYlIIpOMeTaIJ,IIH cOnepHHKOB. CTeneHb rrJIOTHOCTJ1 BI-IyrpJ1- 1illITHbIX CB5I3CMHII3Ka. TIo MCCTy B n0J111THqCCKOH CHCTCMC 3J1HTa nO.Lpa3ACJ15IeTC5I Ha 1I/)(/(I5lUIY'O H onn03UlflLOHHYlO (KOHI11P3JlUlJ1J} B cOCTaB npaB5IllI CM 3JIH-
  • 19. Tbl BX~n;HT Te rpyrrm:'J H HHn;HBHn;hI, KOTOphIe peaJIhHO rrpHHHMaID Ba)KHeHIJIHe perneHH5I HJJH )Ke OKa3bJBaIDT BJJH5IHHe Ha I1X npHH5ITl1e B COCTa~ KOHTp3JJl1TbJ BXOn;5IT Te, KTO CTpeMHTCH 3aH5ITh rr03l1TTl1H np' a B5IIuel1 3JJHThJ. '-' - KOHTPOJIbHbIe BonpocbI: 1. LJ;aHTe onpen;eJJeHl1e COUl1aJIhHbJX cy6'heKTOB BJIaCTH ;. CpaBHI1Te onpen;eJJeHl1e KJJaCCOB K. MapKca 11M. B~6epa. ~ . KaKHe Tl1rrOJJOrHI1 rpyrrrr HHTepecoB Cyru:eCTByIOT B cOBpe- MeHHOI1 rrOJJI1TOJJOrI1H? 4. LITo TaKoe JJo66113M? ~. KaKHe BI1n;M JJo66l1CTCKOll n;e5ITeJIbfIOCTI1 BaM 113BecTHhI? paTI1BI131;a~ t!eM CYI1l,HOCTb KOHQeml,HI1 0 Q:>OPMl1pOBaHI1I1 HeoKo~rro- 7. KaKoe COn;ep)KaHl1e BKJIan;bIBaJI B I1apero B nOUOTl1e ? 8 B q .. . w. «3JJHTa» . . . eM cneumpl1Ka I1CCJJen;OBaTeJIhCKOro non;Xon;a r M .? 9. KaKI1e 3JIl1THhIe rpyrr. . .. . OCKl1. nM rrpl1HHTO BbIn;eJJ5ITb KaKOBbI Kpl1Te- pmr BbIn;eJJeHI15I? ' Jhneparypa: 1.HPX1LH Jo.B., 3 B IT I1 2001. rJJ. 8. N2 3. om06 'rl' OJIl1TOJIOrFIH: Yqe6HI1K. M., ~2. CmapoCnUtH A. COBpeMeHHhle POCCI1HCKl1e 3JIl1TM' Ha T K HOBOI1 KOHqmrypaUI1I1 II BJIacTb. 2003. N2 7. C. 48-56 . rry 11 3. IlepezYd06 ell. KpyrrHbJe POCCI1llCKl1e Kop~OpaUl1l1 B TeMe BJIaCTI1 II I1omrc. 2001. N2 3. C. 16. CJIC- 4 TOUfeHKO )J( T C . .. . .OUJIOJIorl15I BJIaCTI1: reHe3JIC JIn;ell II Co- UJIoJIOrJ1tIeCKI1e JICCJIen;OBaHJI5I. 2004. N2 7. C. 12-23. 5. raMGft-r0J1ym6U11a G.B. I10JIJITJ1tIeCI<a5I 3JIJITa- OCHOBHbIX rroHHTHll II I10JIJIc. 2000. N2 3. C. 97 onpen;eJJeHI1e ~. Cepzee6 B.M, Cepzee6 K.B. MexaH~3MhI 3BOJ"IIDUI1I1rrOJIJI- TI1QeCKOI1 CTpyKTypbI o6ru:ecTBa: COQl1aJIhHhle . ceTH II IIoJIJIc. 2003. N2 3. C. 6. nepapXI111 I1 COUJIanhHhle ~. rad;JfCUe6 K.e IIoJJI1nrQeCKa5I HayKa. M., 1994. rJJ. 3. . ll1Hummep CP. HeoKopnopanIBl13M/1 IIoJIJIc. 1997. N2 2. 9. IIepezyo06 e, CekwHeHKo H. J1066113M B nomUI1QeCKoi1 CHCTeMe POCCIiI1 II MI1pOBaH 3KOHOMIiKa 11 Me)Kn;yHapon;Hhle OTHorne- 111151. 1996. N2 9. 10. Auam r.K. 3JJI1TI13M Ii n;eMOKpaT1151 II 06ru:eCTBeHHbIe Hay- 101 Ii cOBpeMeHHocTh. 1996. N2 5. J1Iin;epcTBO YHI1BepCaJIhHO KaK COUI1am:'Hoe Ii nOJIIiTI1QeCKOe >IBJIeHI1e. I1oH5J:Tl1e <<TIOJIl1TI1QeCKOe JJIin;epcTBo» OTpa)KaeT Ben;yru:ee IOJW)KeHl1e OTn;eJIhHOll JJl1qHOCTIi, rpynrrbI, KJIaCCa, orrpen;eJIeI-IHOe 3cjJ- 1ICKTI1BHhIMI1Ii o6Ul,e3HaQI1MbIMI1 pe3yJIhTaTaMI1 n;eHTeJIhHOCTIi, a TaK- ,KC npOQecchI BHyrpeHHei1 caMoopraHIi3aUI1I1 I1 caMoynpaBJJeHl1H IpyrrIIbJ, 06yCJJOBJJeHHbJe QaCnlOll HHIiUl1aTI1BOll ee QJIeHOB. B rnIipoKoM CMhICJIe, JIIin;epCTBo - 31'0 cOBoKynHOCTb pa3HO- ilCipa3HbIX B3aIiMOCB5I3ei1, KOTopbIe YCTaHaBJIIiBalOTCH Me)Kn;y JII1n;epOM II Ben;OMhIMIi. TaKI1M 06pa30M, JIIin;epCTBO 5IBJJ5IeTC5IOn;HIiM I13 Mexa- IIH3MOBI1HTerpaQIiI1 rpynrroBoll n;e5ITeJJhHOCTI1, B Xon;e KOTOpOH I1Hn;I1- Ill)~ I1JIH QaCTh rpynnbJ peaJII13YIOT cjJyHKQIiIO JIIin;epa, T.e. 06ben;I1H5I- IllT, HanpaBJIHlOT n;ei1cTBI1H Bcell rpynnbI, npl1HIiMaI-OUl,ei1 I1 nOn;n;ep)KJ1- lalOru:ellIiX n;ellCTBIi5I. CJIen;yeT nOn;qepKHyTh, '11'0 JIIin;epCTBO - 31'0 OTlWIJIeHIi5I n;o- MIIIII1pOBaHI15I H IlOn;QI1HeHH5I, BJIII5IHII5I I1 CJIen;OBaHII5I B CIICTeMe Me)K- Ill1llHOCTI-lbIX OTHornel-mH. OHO B03I-lliKaer JI cjJYI-lKUI10I-lIipyeT B CIICTe- MC I-leC]:lOpMaJIbHhIX OnfOrneHIIi1 11 Bhlpa)KaeTC51 BO BJIII5lI-lI1II JIIIn;epa ilCTaJIbHhlX QJIeHOB rpynnhI. <DOPMbI BbJpa)KeHI151 non;06Horo BJIII5lHH51 pa:m006pa3HhJ. OHO MO)KeT 3aTparIIBaTh CTIIJIh nOBen;eHII5l, a TaK)Ke pa)l,IIKaJIbHO TpaHccjJoplv1I1pOBaTh yCTaHoBKH, MOTHBaumo Be):!,OMbIX. ITOJIHTIitIeCKOe JJH):!,epCTBO - 3TO cnoc06 B3aIIMo):!,ellCTBH51 JIH- )cpa H Macc, B rrpOIl,eCCe KOToporo JIH):!,ep OKa3bIBaeT 3HatIHTeJIhHOe B.III151III1eHa 06Ul,eCTBO. I10JIIITIItIeCKIiMIi JIIin;epaMH 5IBJI51I-OTC5IHan60- lice BJII15ITeJIbI-lhle JII1ua, cIloc06Hble M06IIJIH30Ban 06Ul,eCTBO (IIJIII ero ;IIatII1TeJIbHYI-O qaCTb) ):!,JI5l):!,ocTIi)KeHII5I 3HatIHMbIX ueJIell . J1IIn;epCTBO B nOJIIITHKe IIMeeT pH):!,cneUHcjJHtIeCKIIX oc06emw- crei1. OHO HOCHT MHOrOpOJIeBoi1 xapaKTep. KaK npaBI1JIO, JIHn;ep OpH- CllTHpoBaH Ha cornaCOBaHIIe pa3JIHtIHbIX COUHaJIhHhIX MHTepecoB II BblHy)Kn;eH CTpeMHTbC51 K onpaBn;aHHlO MaCCOBbJX O)KIIn;aHHH 01' ero
  • 20. ));e5ITeJIbHOCTJI. B3al1MO));eMCTBlle MelK));y 06ll.(eHaUl10HaJIbHbIM JIl1));e- pOM .11 06ll.(eCTBOM orrOCpe));OBaHO rrapTH5IMl1, rpyrrrraMl1 l1HTepeCOB, Cpe));CTBaMl1 MaCCOBOM l1H!popMaIIl1l1. DOJIl1Tl1yeCKOe JIH));epCTBO KoprrOpaTl1BHO. 3a pemeHl15IMl1, KO Topble rrpl1Hl1MaWTC5I BbICml1Mll pyKoBO));llTeJI5IMl1, BCer));a CKpbIBaeTC HeBH));l1Ma5I ));JI5I 06ll.(eCTBa pa60Ta MHOrOYl1CJIeHHbIX 3KcnepTOB «6JIl1lKHerO Kpyra» JIll));epa. DOJIllTllyeCKOe JIll));epCTBO B onpe));en:eH HOM CTerreHl1 BCer));a l1HCTllTYIIHaJI1l311pOBaHO. ~e5ITeJIbHOCTb JIl1));ep OrpmmYllBaeTC5I cyll.(eCTByWll.(l1Ml1 COIIl1aJIbHbIMll OTlWmeHll5IM HopMaMll, npOIIe));ypaMl1 rrpHH5ITl15I pemeHHM. B COBpeMeHHOM nOJIl1Tl1yeCKOM HayKe JIl1));epCTBO xapaKTepV 3yeTC5I HeO));H03HaYHO. DPl1H5ITO BbI)J;eJI5ITb CJIe));yWll.(lle OCHOBH nO));XO));bI K HHTepnpeTaIIMJI ero Cyll.(HOCTH. Do)); nOJInTHyeCKflM JIfl));epCTBOM nOHIIMaWT nOCT05IHHOe rrp' opflTeTHoe BJIfl5IHl1e co CTOpOHbI onpe));eJIeHHOrO JIflIIa Ha Bce 06ll.(ec BO, nOJIflTflyecKYW OpraHI13aIIIIfO flJIl1 60J1bmyw COIIHaJIbHyw rpyrr DOJ1l1TI1Y:~Koe JII1));epCTBO MOlKeT 6bITb TaKlKe onpe));eJ1eHO KaK ynp J1eHyeCKMH cTaryc, COUHaJIbHa5I n03HUfl5I, CB5I3aHHa5I C npHH5ITfleM BlIa HbIX peilleI-IHM, pyKoBO));5Ill.(a5I ));OJIlKHOCTb. DOmITHyeCKOe J1fl));epCmO 3TO CHMBOJI 06ll.(HOCTH II o6pa3eII rrOJ1l1THyeCKOro nOBe));eHI15I rpyr (rpyrrrr), crroco6HbIM peaJIH30BaTb ee (IIX) I1InepeCbI C rrOMOIIIbfO BJlaC'l llTaK, rrOJ1IITHyeCKOe J1II));epCTBO npe));CTaBJI5IeT c060!i nor:: RHHoe npuoplllnemJ-loe U lleZZfmllA11l0e BllllRHue OOHOZO lUlU lleCKO/lb IfIll!, 3aHllMaJOu/UX BllacmHbze n03111!UU, Ha Bce 06U(ecmBO, opPClm' I!UlO UJiU zpynny. B cTpyKType J1II));epCTBa BbI));eJI5IfOT BJIII5IfOll.(IIe Ha 3C])(jlC/C HOCTb JIH)J,epCTBa OCI-IOBHble KOlV1I10I:IeHTbI:IIH));IIBII)J;YaJIbHbIe LICIHlll ));epa; pecypcbl H));HHI-ICTPYMeHTbI, KOTOpbIMH OH pacnOJJaraeT; CI.ITYIl B KOTOpOMOH ));eMcTByeT II KOTopa5I OKa3bIBaeT I-Ia Hero BJ1H5IHIIe. 110nbITKII 06b5ICHl1Tb CYTb epeHOMeHa JIl1));epCTBa O'J!'. MHOlKeCTBO CYll.(eCTByfOll.(HX TeOpIIM. CBoeM aKTyCL'IbHOCTl1 lIe Y'I' Jla CTapeMma5I 113 I-Il1X - Te 0 p II H q e p T, KOTOpa5I C(3));aBaJIaCb 11 3KCrrJ1IIKallHl1 KayeCTB, npHCYIIIl1X Jl));eCL1bHbIM JIn));epaM - n~po paMKax ));aIIJIOM TeopHII epeHOMeH JIl1AepCTBa 06bJICWIJIC5I Bbl/Ill Ml1C5I KaYCCTBaMII LleJIOBeKa. Cpe));H YCpT, npl1cyll.(HX rrOJ1HTII". ml));epy, 06bIYHO BbI));eJI5IJ1II KOMrreTeHTHOCTb II rOTOBHOCTL (ir" ce65I OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, OCTPbIM YM, TBep));yIO Bomo H lJeJ1cyc'l'/' 11)Clb, KIInyLJyIO 3Heprl1IO, He3ayp5I));HbIe OpraI-IH3aTOpCKIIe crroc06HO- (III. K 065I3aTeJ1bHbIM KaLJeCTBalvl COBpeMeHHbIX nOJ1IITHLJeCKHX J1H));e- I,(III io6aBJI5IWTC5I !POTO- H TeJIereHl1LJHOCTb, BHemH5I5I npHBJIeKaTCJ1b- 111'11" Clloc06HOCTb BHymaTb mOMM ));OBepHC H T.n. 06ml1pHbIe IICCJ1e));OBaHI15I, npOBe));eHHble ,n:JI5InpOBepKH Teo- 111111'lepT, B 3HaLJHTeJ1bI-IOM Mepe nOCTaBHJIH no)); COMHeHIle 3Ty KOH- 11111111110,TaK KaK OKa3aJIOCb, LITO npH ));eTaJ1bHOM aHaJ1H3C HH));HBII));y- i1111,fIl,fC/Gl'leCTBa JIH));epa nOLITH B TOLJHOCTH COBna));aIOT C nOJIHbIM Ha- 1111111)~I IICHXOJIOrHLJeCKHX H COIIHaJIbHbIX npl13HaKOM J1HLIHOCTH Bo06- Iiii' 111.lc()I(He HHTeJIJ1eKTYaJIbHble II MOpaJ1bHbIe KayeCTBa 5IBJ15IIOTC5I I lot 'Ili'(' "PCIl5lTCTBHeM ));J15I3aH5ITH5I J1H));HPYIOll.(HX n03HlJHH, LJeM YCJ10- l!IiI~( ,('IICXa, B HeKOTopLIX c!pepax ));e5ITeJ1bHOCTH, (oc06eHHO B 06JIac- III IIJII'11,11J11IflHMaTeo1bCTBaH nOJIHTHKH). BbI));aIOll.(HeC5I cnoc06HOCTH 1I11!11II 11:1IlpOT5IlKeHHH MHorHX J1eT, a nopoM H BceM lKH3HH, OKa3LIBa- till! 'I 1Il'IIlH!lpc60BaHHLIMH. ) (111I'1aII5ITH5IJ1H));HPYIOll~HXn03HIIHM B YCJ10BH5IXKOHKypeHIIHI1 Hill 111111'1110110IlYlKHbI onpC));eJIeHHbIe nCHX0J10rHLJeCKHe H COllHCL'lL- !l1I1I "'1'1('111:1. Oi~IIaKO HX Ha60p l1CTOpHYCCKH H3MeHLJHB. l'i1l1IIT1ICM TeOpl1H LJepT 51BJ15IeTC5I epan:TopHo- MIIII illllll'Il'l.'H:aSl KOHlJ,errlJ,HH, KOTOpa51 BBOLI1T B Teopmo JIH));ep- tel 11;1 Iii II1'1IIi' I(CJlcf1 11 3a));aLJ, CB5I3aHHLIX C onpc,n:CJleHHOH CIITyalJl1eM. " 11Il', ill.l i1II' lI'I:lHIVIO));eMCTBH5IHH));HBH));YaJIbHbIX KaqeCTB JIH));epa 11 ~tt"'"II', "1H'11,IIIIM JCJleM 11YCJIOBHMHX oCYll.(eCTBJ1eHH5I Bblpa6a:fbIBa- I'll" I 111'11.no 1I0IlCjCHH5I. CTHJJb nOBe));eHI15I H ueJ1eBa51 opHeHTaUH5I iIIH' I'" 11(( 1 11:1ccoc OTlIeyaTOK onpe));eJ1eHHLIX COUHaJ1LHLIX yCJIO- 1It111 III' III II 1:111MO'IaIHICHMOCTH LJepT JIH,Lepa H onpe));eJ1eHHLIX COIIH- L'~llld" ';11111111111OC)OCIIOBhmaeT H pa3BHBacT cHTyaTHBHaH KOH- 1t''''"111 II' ('IOI/IILlIJI, T. XHJITOH, A. 10));Hep H ));p.), nocTymlpylO- It 1111""111, IlIillIll'lI. II MHOlKeCTBCHHOCTh J1Il));epCTBa. JIH));ep pac- 'I1II1"1i II" 1',lh Ij'.YIIICIl15Ionpe));eJIeHHOH CHTyallHH, CJIO)f(HBIllHCC5I "I" lilLI' 111'(IIIIICIII.CTlla KOTOpOH ));eTepMlUIHpyIOT ero OT60p H '''', 11'1' I 111'110,11'IPClllllI cl1TyaTI1BHoro no));xo));a J1H));epCKHC KaLJe- 1M Ih iilllllilll<l III 11111'11IC,II/,II[,1. IJ1aBHbIM 06pa30M JIH));epOB OTJIHya- 11I~1'" 'I" 11111111111('11.,I'OIOBIlOCTL B351Th Ha ce65I OTBeTCTBeHI-IOCTb -1,,111<1111'1"" 11111IIIIIii 'l:li:I'fH, a TaKlKe KOMneTeHTHOCTL. CHTyaUH- 1(111IIIIOTIl'1I1PYCT pOJIL HH,LI1BI1));YaJIbHLIX KaLJeCTB '''I'',,!I'I "1"111ll1ll'l:I B 06b5lCHeHHI1 npHp0));hI nOJ1HTHyeCKO-