2. '"ITO TAKOE COEiAKA
-rax oe cotiaxa? - Kam.n;bIH OTBeTI1T rrO-CBoeMY.
Aam e CKa3aJI: Coriaxa - :3TO "LfeTblpe nanst, ro­
XBOCT. - 'ITO xc, MomHO 11 TaK. Ho nopaxcaer
aooti p aau e rOJIOB, .nan H XBOCTOB. A eCJIH K 3TOMy
06aBIITb ew;e 11 6oraTcTBo OKpaCOB 11 ocofienaoc'reit
OBe eHHR... HH y rcarcoro ztpyrcro .n;OMaillHer o mH­
aor o HeT TaKoro paanooripaaaa epOPM, paaxrepon,
CIJ,BeTOK , CKJIOHHOCTeH xaparcrepon. OTKYAa 3TO?
HecKoJIbKO .n;eCRTKOB TbICR"Lf JIeT naaan npezrox co6a­
• - BOJIK - rrpHilleJI K KOCTPY nepnoosrmoro "LfeJIOBe­
xa , A MomeT 6bITb, BOBce H He rrpaxoznr,n, a rrpOCTO
OXOTHHKI1 rrpHTaW;HJII1 BbIBO.n;OK rcponresnrsrx BOJI"LfaT,
II KOMY-TO H3 HI1X rrOBe3JIO - He C'beJII1 cpaay. I1 6ecrro­
• OW;HbIH MaJIblill OCTaJICR mHTb - CHa"Lffuia B Ka"LfeCTBe
Hr p YIllKI1 H B He3aBH.n;HoH pOJIH xcaaoro sanaca rrHW;H.

3. xro TAKOE C06AKA 3
Ho y BOJIKa 11 y qeJIOBeKa ecri, O,LHa 06r:o;aJI ocotiea­
HOCTb: 11 TOT, II zrpyroi! mIlBOTHble crarimae, COIJ;HaJIb­
nsre, ecrs Kam,n;bIll H3 HHX mHBeT B crae, cpeznr ce6e
TO
IIo,n;06HbIX. OH11 coooma ,n;06bIBaIOT rranry, oxpaHHIOT
Tepp11TOpHIO H, qT06bI KOOp,n;HHHpOBaTb COBMeCTHble
,n;ellCTB11JI, 06r:o;aIOTCH C IIOMOr:o;bIO pa3B11TOll CHCTeMbI
3HaKOB: 3ByKOB, meCTOB H II03 .
Moacer 6bITb H MaJIeHbKHll BOJIqOHOK craor BJIHTbCH
B HOByIO - qeJIOBeqbIO - CTaIO. Hasepaoe, TaK 6bIBa­
JIO He paa, H BOJIqaTa OKa3bIBaJIHCb IIOJIe3HbIMH: OHH
,

4. 4 C06AKH
CJIhlIIIaJIlI II tIy.HJIII JIytIIIIe tIeJIOBeKa, BOptIaHHeM Mor­
JIll rrpezryrrpeznrrt, 0 rrpH6JIlImeHHlI spar-a, rrOMOraJIII
aar-na'rt, .n;06hItIy. II, B03MomHO, Tex, KTO OTHOCIIJIC.H K
tIeJIOBeKy .n;pymeJII06HO, He .n;lItIllJIC.H, He CTpeMllJIC.H
y6emaTh, He rrpO.HBJI.HJI arpeccarr , - raicax C'he.n;aJIll
He cpaay. Moacer 6hITh, OHH mllJIll ztorrr-o H napsr ra­
KllX «.n;06PhIX » BOJIKOB zraace .n;aBaJIH rrOTOMCTBO ­
poxczranacr, npyacemotiasre BOJItIaTa.
TaK, BepO.HTHO, COBepIIIeHHO HeOC03HaHHO HatIaJIC.H
OT6op, CeJIeK:O;II.H, na «xopomee . OTHOIIIeHlle K tIeJIO­

5. ~TO TAKOE C06AKA 5
sexy, TO ecrr- navanocs O,n;OMaIIIHIfBaHIfe C06aKIf,
IfJIIf, nOJIb3YJlCb 60JIee oqmU;IfaJIbHbIM TepMIfHOM, zto­
MeCTIfKaU;IfJl .
TaK JIIf 6bIJIO? - KTO 3HaeT.
A MomeT 6bITb, sce-raxa BOJIK care o,n;OMaIlIHIfJI ce­
6J1? Moace r 6bITb, care sre CMeJIble, npyxcemofiasre
If YMHble ztepxcanncs B6JIIf3If l.leJIOBeKa If nIfTaJIIfCb OC­
TaTKaMIf ,n;06bITOM na OXOTe xpynnon ,n;Ifl.lIf . 3aTeM CTa­
JIIf rrpncoezraaarsca K OXOTHIfKaM: nOMOraJIIf aar-aarr.,
EOJl,/( ( c.neea )
U a J/,RCKUfiCKUU J
1WJW M y m

6. 6 COEiAKH
OCTaHOBllTb 3BepH, KaK aTO liM CBOHCTBeHHO II B BOJFlb­
eH crae. 11 casn.re zrpyxcemofiasre BOJItIaTa, nsrpocnme
B6JI1l311 JIIOp,eH, na-ranarnr CtIHTaTb nx tIJIeHaMli CBOeH
CTaH.
Mer-no 6bITb II TaK. 5!CHO O.n;HO, BOJIK H tIeJIOBeK MOr­
JIll HaHTli «06I.I.J;HH H3bIK». Henapora, llMeHHO BOJI"tIbli
cran npmraxtarra II aocrra'rsmana OKa3aBIlIHXCH B .necy
"tIeJIOBe"tIeCKliX nerem.nneii.
Ho BOJIK JIll 6bIJI aTO? BbIJI JIll llMeHHO BOJIK rrpezr­
KOM cofiarcn? CeMeHCTBO .n;llKliX pop,CTBeHHHKOB na­
IlIeH cofiaxn, rrCOBbIX, aecsraa MHOrOtIllCJIeHHO - TyT
II BOJIK, II IlIaKaJI, II KOHOT, II znrar-o, H rpanac-n.rii

7. "ITO TAKOE C06AKA 7
BOJIK, Iir-nenonsie cooatca, Ii JIIiCbI ••• - TaK Ii XOTIeT­
CJI noztofipar s ,ll;JIJI Kam,ll;On nopozrsr cotiax cnoero
coficraeunor-o npemca.
Ho IiCCJIe,ll;OBaHIiJI YTIeHbIX-reHeTIiKoB CKa3aJIIi co
Bcen orrpene.nennocrr.io - npezncora C06aKIi 6bIJI TOJIbKO
BOJIK. "llTO m, ,ll;OCTaTOTIHO Ii aroro. BOJIK Ii cenTIac mIiBeT
B caxrsrx paansrx MeCTax. KaK CKa3aJI 6bI 6IiOJIOr, apean
ero, TO ecrs 06JIaCTb pacnpocrpaaeana, OTIeHh IlIIipOK.
A pam-me, 10-15 TbICJITI JIeT TOMy aaaazt BOJIKIi mIiJIIi
nosciony. Onem, paansre - or-poxmsre Ii He6oJIhIlIIie, ce­
psre, xepnsre, psrxcae Ii no-rm 6eJIhle, reransre, CBeT­
rrsre, C pa3HbIM pIiCyHKOM oicpaca. Tome He TaK ym rrJIO­
XO. Ha coaztaane 60JIbIlIIiHCTBa rropozt paaaootipaaaoro
MaTepIiaJIa see paBHO XBaTaeT.
Ho BOT neaaziaxa. I'enernxn otinapyaca.na IiHTe­
pecnsre BeIlJ,Ii. ,1J;eJIO B TOM, qTO, OKa3bIBaeTCJI, rem,r,

8. 8 C06AKH
e,n;HHHU;bI HaCJIe,n;cTBeHHocTH, Haxo,n;.HTC.H He TOJIbKO B
rrOJIOBbIX XpOMOCOMax X H Y, O,n;HY H3 KOTOpbIX mH­
BOTHble rrOJIY1IaIOT OT MaTepH, a zrpyr-yro - OT orna.
ECTb eme rerrsr, xoropsre Haxo,n;.HTC.H BHe aztpa ­
BHyTpH KJIeTKH, H HX MomHO rrOJIY1IHTb TOJIbKO OT Ma­
repa. If HHKaKHMH CKpe~HBaHH.HMHHX He H3MeHHTb.
TaK BOT, y ncex HCCJIe,n;OBaHHbIX nopozr cofiarc 6bIJIH
otiaapyzcensr 06~He «MaTepHHCKHe,) rear,r. Ho cpe­
,n;H BOJIKOB OHH 6bIJIH HaH,n;eHbI TOJIbKO y ozmoro H3
BH,n;OB aaaarcxorc BOJIKa. IIoJIy1IaeTC.H, qTO HMeHHO
OH 6bIJI OCHOBHbIM npezncora ,n;OMarnHeH cotiaxn. ICo­
HeqHO, «IIepBo6bITHbIe » rrOJIy,n;HKHe cofiarcn, nepece­
JI.H.HCb BMeCTe C JIIO,n;bMH rro aceray MHpy, CKpe~HBa­
JIHCb H C a60pHreHHbIMH BOJIKaMH. Ho nee me xpyr
npezncon cyacaerca. ICaK Bce-TaKH H3 BOJIKa no.ny-ra­
JIHCb BMCJIoyxMe II.HTHHCTble 6acceTbI, xcecrxomep­
CTHbIe apzterrs-repsepta, rcpoure-msre, HO OTBamHbIe
HOpKM? MyTaU;MM, cnom-annsre H3MeHeHM.H reHOB?
OHH pezncn, zta M casr ,n;HKMH IIpe,n;OK - BOJIK - aa Te
me ,n;eC.HTb -rr.HTHa,n;u;aTb TbIC.H1I JIeT rrpaKTM1IeCKH He M3­
MeHMJIC.H - B npapozte nponecc SBOJIIOU;MM M,n;eT 01IeHb

9. sro TAKOE C06AKA 9
11 zrpyrae o.n;OMaIIIHeHHhle mHBOTHhle Tome
Me,lJ;JIeHHO.
sezn, zranexo yutnn OT CBOHX .n;HKHX npezncos.
TaK qTO ace TaKH rrpOH30IIIJIO c naureii co6aKOM?
OTBeT Ha STOT Borrpoc .n;aJIH cH6HpcKHe yqeHMe
H .n;aJIhHHe C06aqhH po.n;CTBeHHHKH - JIHCHIJ;hI.

10. 10 C06AK~
AKMeMHK ,Il;MHTpHll KOHCTaHTHHOBWI BeJUleB npo­
BeJI axcnepaxrea'r C .n;HKHMH Cepe6pHCTO-qepHbIMH JIH­
CaMH. B renenae HeCKOJIbKHX rrOKOJIeHHll .n;JI5I paasezre­
HH5I OCTaBJI5IJIH TeX H3 HHX, KTO HaH60JIee «JI05IJIbHO »
OTHOCHJIC5I K qeJIOBeKy, TeX, KTO BbIKa3bIBaJI HaHMeHb­
II1yID arpeCCHBHOCTb. YqeHble 3a.n;aJIHCb ue.nsro rro.ny­
qHTb JIHCHll,y, KOTOpa5I rro OTHOII1eHHID K qeJIOBeKy Be­
JIa 6bI ce65I, KaK cofiaxa. To ecrt, peII1HJIH B YCJIOBH5IX
sxcnepasrea-ra 3aHOBO npoirra rryrr, C03.n;aHH5I nonoro
.n;OMaII1HerO mHBOTHoro - He rrpHpyqeHHOrO, a HMeHHO
.n;OMaII1HerO - C Bpom.n;eHHbIM .n;06pOJKeJIaTeJIbHbIM OT­
HOII1eHHeM K qeJIOBeKy.
SepepeKT orfiopa yCHJIHBaJIC5I C KaJK.n;bIM rrOKOJIeHH­
eM. Caxrsre «rrpo.n;BHHyTble » JIHCHqKH CTaJIH HCKaTh
KOHTaKTa C JIID.n;hMH, ztaxce H C He3HaKOMhIMH, a 3Ha­
KOMbIM - PMOBaTbC5I, JIH3aTb JIHll,O, pyKH.
II3MeHHJIaCb cnocofinoc-n, K pa3MHomeHHID - .n;H­
Ka5I JIHCHll,a ztaer rrOTOMCTBO O.n;HH paa B rozt, BeCHOll,
a «HaII1H') - zma , H He TOJIhKO necnoii.
I I crpamroe zreno. MeH5IThC5I CTaJIH HaII1H JIHCHqKH.
B HeKOTophIX npocny.nca HHCTHHKT CTOpOJKa, KTO-TO
CTaJI rrOJIaHBaTb, CKyJIHTh no-rm KaK cotiarca, JIHChI
CTaJIH JIaCTHThC5I K JIID.n;5IM H BHJI5ITh XBOCTOM. ,Il;a
H caxm XBOCThI Tome H3MeHHJIHCb - rr05IBHJIHCh
XBOCTHKH, aar-ayrsre, KaK y JIaeK. IlO5IBHJIHCh H BH­
C5IqHe YII1H. IlO5IBHJIHCh H nonsre OKpaCbI - 6eJIble
« 3Be3.n;OqKH » na rOJIOBe, 6eJIhle H fiypsre rr5ITHa aa 60­
rcaxv Ortcyna?
IIccJIe.n;oBaHH5I rrOKa3aJIH, qTO B KpOBH H3MeHHJIOCh
conepacaane ropMOHOB, a B M03ry rrOBhICHJIOCb coztep­
JKaHHe cepOTOHHHa, semecraa, TOpM035Iru;ero rrp05IBJIe­
HHe arpeCCHBHOCTH. STOT H3MeHHBII1HllC5I rOpMOHaJIb­
HhIll rpoa H npofiyzra,n, BKJIIDqHJI B .n;ellcTBHe rensr,
scerna rrpHcyTcTBOBaBII1He B renosre JIHCHll,bI, HO «crras­
II1He» no CHX rrop.
A eCJIH TaK, TO BbIXO.n;HT, qTO ace rropozrsr HaII1HX
c06aK no CHX rrop «crra-r» B Kam.n;oM BOJIKe?

11. TAK LiTO)f(E TAKOE C06AKA?
8TO KaK nocraorperu. C Hayl.J:HOM, 61I0JIOrlll.J:eCKOM,
apeuaa - rrOTOMOK BOJIKa. C TOl.J:Kll 3peHIIH
TOl.J:Kll
rrparcra-recxori - ztpyr II noraonrnax l.J:eJIOBeKa. C06a­
rca, careoe nepsoe onosraumennoe mllBoTHoe, CKB03b
sexa corrposoacnana l.J:eJIOBeKa na ,n;OJIrOM rryrn OT ne­
nrepnoro xocrpa K cero,n:HHIIIHeMy ,n:HIO, MeHHHCb
BMeCTe C HllM II OCTaBaHCb rrOJIe3HOM eMy scerna.
qeJIOBeK pa3BllBaJICH. BOT yme BMeCTO rraJIlIII;bI OH
IICnOJIb3yeT aa OXOTe JIyK II CTpeJIbI, 11 c06aKI1 no c.nezry
noraoraror HaMTI1 nozrpaneanyro ,n:11l.J:b. BOT yxce nOHBII­
JII1Cb 11 zrpvrne npapyxeansre mI1BOTHbIe, II cofiaxa rro­
MoraeT naCTI1 I1X 11 aammnarr, OT XI1:ru;HI1KOB. Terreps na
cofiarcyyxce He CMOTpHT KaK na ml1BOM peaepsnsm aarrac
nnunr, reneps OHa rrOMo:ru;HIIK npn ,n:06bIBaHI1I1 rnmra.
JIlO,n:1I paCCeJIHIOTCH no 3eMJIe, 11 c06aKII aanramaror
,n:OM 11 X03HeB OT JII06bIX nenpomensrx rOCTeM. OHI1
Ilouumep 6 cmoiuce
."

12. 12 C06AK~
TaI.I.J;aT aaprsr, TeJIe.iKKII II npocro BOJIOKyIlIII. IIoRBJIR­
IOTCR nonsre Opy.n;IIR OXOThI II, ynsr, BOH:HhI, II ona-rs-ra­
KII c06aKII .n;eJIaIOT IIMeHHO TO, ~TO Hy.iKHO ~eJIOBeKY.
Ho B Ka.m.n;OH: II3 HIIX TeKyT KarrJIII KpOBII ee rrpeztxa ­
BOJIKa, KOTOPhIH: KOr.n;a-TO rrOMOraJI HaIlIIIM npanrypasr
B OXOTe. II CerO.n;HR B pafiore C06aK MbI BII.n;IIM xepro-r­
KII OXOTHIIqherO rrOBe.n;eHIIR BOJIKa, TOJIbKO paaarrrsre
II aaxpeunennsre OT60pOM.
BOJIKII MoryT rna-rs .n;lIqb MOJI~a, a MoryT C JIaeM,
II y BOJIKOB pa3HbIX rrorrYJIRIJ;IIH: 3TII qepThI asrpaacensr
rro- pa3HOMY. II BOT roa-me npecnezryror, rOHRT .n;lIqb rro
cnezry, OT.n;aBaR rOJIOC, npaxer« rro xapaxrepy JIaR OXOT­

13. TAK ~TO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 13
HH:K MOIKeT onpene.nn-rs, KaKyIO H:MeHHO ,n;H:'!h npecrre­
zryer cotiarca. A 60p3hIe rOHHT 3BepH «no-apaveray: co­
BepIIIeHHO MOJI'!a. 3HaMeHIITaH CTOH:Ka JIeraBhIX, rcorzra
c06aKa 3aCT@BaeT KaK H:3BaHHH:e rrepe,n; HaH:,n;eHHOH:
,n;H:'!hIO, - 8TO TO IKe oxens yCIIJIeHHaH II HaCJIe,n;CTBeHHO
aaxpennenaaa -repro-nca OXOTHII'!hero rrOBe,n;eHIIH BOJI­
rca. TOJIbKO BOJIK ,n;epIKH:T CTOH:Ky JIH:IIIb rrapy cexynzr
II aaTeM fipocaerca JIOBH:Tb ,n;06bI'!y, a nerasaa 6y,n;eT CTO­
HTh no rronxozra OXOTHH:Ka, rro ero CIIrHaJIy rrpo,n;BIIHeTCH
arrepezr, acrryrner rrTIIU;y, HO npec.nezrona'rs ee He CTaHeT.
A MaCTepCTBO B JIOBJIe MblIIIeH: II KpbIC, KOTOpbIM OTJIII­
'!aIOTCH MeJIKIIe nnraynepsr II repsepsrl Ero KOpHII B Ma­
nepe OXOTbI BOJIKa aa MeJIKH:X IKIIBOTHbIX - npsrrayrr,
na ,n;06bNy, CXBaTIITb II ynepxcarr, nepemmraa JIarraMII
II 3y6aMH:, - TaR «MhIIIIKYIOT» BOJIKII. IIpH: 3a,n;epJKaHIIII
«3JIOyMbIIIIJIeHHIIKa», ozreroro B 3a:r.u;IITHbIH: KOCTIOM,

14. 14 C06AK~
HJIH rrpa nrpe cooaxa TpeIIJIeT PYKaB. TaKHe rpenmonme
.n;BHmeHHa npn XBaTKe, xaparcrepnoe BCTpaXHBaHHe .n;o­
6blqH y BOJIKa CJIymaT TOMy, qT06bI CJIOMaTb rr03BOHOq­
HHK CXBaQeHHon: nexpyrrnoii .n;06bIQe. A cnocoti yKpOI.IJ;e­
HHa pas-sapenasrx 6bIKOB y MHorHX nopozt, pa60TaBIIIHX
na neperoae cran, - CXBaTHTb 6bIKa sa sepxmoro ry6y
H yztepacaaarr, TaK, noxa OH He YTHXOMHpHTca, - Tome
.n;OCTaJICa HM rro HaCJIe.n;CTBy OT .n;HKHX rrpamypos - BOJI­
KH XBaTKaMH aa HOC H nepxmoro ry6y OCTaHaBJIHBaroT
rcpyrmyro .n;HQb, noxa He noztocrreer sea CTaH.
Tlozrron OTCTaBIlIHX mHBOTHbIX K crazry - OBQapKH
npn 3TOM noxycsraaror «npoannaanreroca » aa aaznrae

15. TAK 'iTO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 15
nor-a, - OrrJITh-TaKH KopeHHTCJI B OXOTHHQbeM rronezie­
HHH BOJIKa. 11 ztaxce paoora P03hICKHhIX cofiax CTpOHT­
CJI na apoxcztennoa crroco6HOCTH scex npezrcraaareneii
cexrencraa rrCOBhIX npecnezroaa'n, ,n;06bF-ry H OThICKH­
BaTh 'IJIeHOB caoeii CTaH rro aanaxosoxry cnezry.
Bee STO cofiaxn rrOJIyQHJIH OT csoero rrpeznca, HO Te­
neps BMeCTO ozraoro BOJIKa C QeJIOBeKOM paooraer ne­
JIaJI KOMaH,n;a crre:O;HaJIHCTOB.
3TH co6aKH-crre:O;HaJIHCTbI 06pa3YIOT rropozrsr. IIo­
pozra - STO rpyrrrra mHBOTHhIX, HMeIOru;Hx o6ru;ee
Cnapmuame - ?pe'leCK(LJl
nacmuuusi cooaxa

16. 16 COEiAK~
npoacxoxcneaae 1I ofiurae lIepThI, rrepenaroruaeca no
HaCJIe,n;cTBy. II erne - OHa, STa rpynrra mliBOTHbIX,
,n;OJImHa 6bITb C03,n;aHa JIlO,n;bMlI.
8TO celllIac MbI ronopaxr rropozta», a JIlO,n;lI
«,n;peBHRR
na nporaxceaaa MHorliX CTOJIeTlill ne.na OT60p , He aany­
MbIBaRCb Ha,D; TeM, liTO onn BbIBO,n;RT KaKyIO -To nopozry
c06aK lIJIlI ,n;pyrlIx m lIBOTH bIX . OT60p 6bIJI meCTKlIll,
a LIaCTO »cecrororri. Henyxcm.rx y61IBaJIli. A eCJIlI 6bIJI
nyxcea xerucponor-nii pa60THlIK, OCTaBJIRJIlI
HOBbIll
w;eHKa OT XOpOIIIO pafioraronmx po,n;lITeJIell - LIT06bI 1I
w;eHOK BbIPOC TaKOll me rpyacenmc. KaK onpenemrn,
ero B MaJIeHbKOM, lIaCTO B HOBopom,n;eHHOM, memce?
Ilponie scero BbI6paTh noxoacero na po,n;lITeJIell-Tpyme­
HlIKOB. KaK onpenenart, CXO,n;CTBO? JIerLIe scero no TlI­
ny, no orcpacy. II eCJIlI MeCTHOCTb, rne lICnOJIh3YlOTCH
IIemeptiupectcast opxuiien

17. TAK ~TO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 17
8TH c06aKH, He60JIbllIaH, TO rpopraapyerca nopozta, ozt­
aopozmaa He TOJIbKO no pa60qHM CBOllCTBaM, HO H no
rnny, oxpacy H ,n;pyrHM BHellI11M rrpI13HaKaM.
TaK c]:>opMHpOBaJI11Cb TaK naasmaerasre atiopnrennsre
nopozrsr. ECTb eII.I,e 11 3aBo,n;CK11e nopozrsr - rrpozryrcr 60­
nee rroarmero BpeMeHH, OpraH1130BaHHoro cooaxonon­
CTBa. 8TO HJI11 aboparenm.re nopozrsr, OepHI.J;11aJIbHO
npnaaaamae K11HOJIOr11QeCKHM11, c06aKoBo,n;QeCK11MH
opraHH3a:IJ;11HMI1, I1JIH BHOBb coanamrsre.
JIIO,n;HM caoacraeano CI1CTeMaTH3HpOBaTb cnoe OK­
pyxcemre, H norosry nopozrsr c06aK ,n;eJIHT na rpyrmsr.
MOJKHO rro HCrrOJIb30BaH111O - OXOTHH'lb11, CJIyJKe6Hble
11 ztexopar-aarrsre. Ho ceii-rac MHOr11e nopozrsr npnofipe­
TalOT HOBwe crre~11aJIbHOCT11, HarrpHMep OXOTH11K11
rraopanopsr 11 6HrJIH pa60TalOT eII.I,e H KaK CJIyJKe6Hble
c06aKH, H KpOMe roro c06aK rrpaKTHQeCKH ncex nopozt
JIIO,n;H zrepacar B xasecrse KOMnaHbOHOB. IT08TOMY cell­
rpynnsr cxopee no 06II.I,HOCT11
'lac c06aK 06'he,n;I1HHIOT B
,n;peBH11X xopneii: zioroofipaamsre C06aKI1, rracryun.n
C06aK11, TaKCbI, TepbepbI, fiopasrc H zrpyr-ae.
Ilopon c06aK MHoro - 60JIee 400, HO nponecc ofipa­
30BaH11H HOBbIX rropozt npo,n;OJIJKaeTCH 11 ceiraac. BOT,
pyccxaa crerraaa 60p3aH CepOpM11pOBaJIaCb BO BTOPOll
nOJIOB11He XX sexa KaK a60p11reHHaH rropozra, np11QeM
OCHOBHbIM Kp11Tep11eM orfiopa 6bIJIa ,n;06bI'lJI11BOCTb npn
OXOTe. ITo CJIyJKe6HoMy 3a,ZJ;aH111O B IJ;eHTpaJIbHOM nn­
TOMH11Ke Conercxoii APMHH BbIBO,n;HJIHCb 'lepHbIll
Tepbep, MOCKOBCKaH CTOpOJKeBaH, MOCKOBCK11e ,n;or
H Bo,n;OJIa3. ITo JI11QHOll 11HH~HaT11Be c06aKOBo,n;OB noa­
BHJI11Cb COBceM HOBbIe zrexopa'ranasre rropozrsr - rre'rep­
fiyprcrcaa opxnzrea H MOCKOBCK11ll ztpaxoa. 8TO TOJIbKO
B POCC11H. A eII.I,e B MTaJI11H, CIIIA, Aprenrtrae...
ITOPO,n;bI JKI1BYT csoeii JK113HblO - B03H11KaIOT, zre­
JIHTCH H 11C'le3aIOT H3-3a npenparnocren cy,n;b6bI H rro­
TepH 11HTepeCa K H11M. A ceaxac IOHECKO 06'hHBHJIa
CYII.I,eCTByIOII.I,He nopozrsr ,n;OMallIHHX JKHBOTHbIX ,n;OC­
TOHHHeM QeJIOBe'leCTBa.

18. ~

19. JlA~K~
ECJIIT B3rmIHeM na CrrITCOK Cyrn;eCTBYIOrn;ITX nopozt
C06aK, TO yBIT,n;ITM, KaK MHOrO cpezra HITX OXOTHITqbITX.
A y.IK IT3 CTapbIX nopozt C ,n;peBHeM: ITCTOpITeM: «OXOTHIT­
KOB» - nozraunaroniee 60JIbIIlITHCTBO. 11 caxn.re npes­
HITe cpezrn HITX - cesepasre OCTpoyXITe C06aKIT JIaM:KIT.
JIaM:KIT - C06aKIT yHITBepCaJIbHbIe, IT K CaMOM: pa3HOM:
OXOTe OHIT, KaK IT ITX ,n;aJIeKITe npeztrcn, cnocofiasr no-r­
TIT 6e30 BCRKOM: ,n;peCCITpOBKIT. 11, KaK B CTapO,n;aBHITe
aperaeaa, OHI1 COrrpOBO.IK,n;aIOT OXOTHI1KOB IT rrOMOraIOT
11M B OXOTHl1qbeM rrpOMbICJIe.
Tlopozr JIaeK HeMaJIO - 3'1'0 11 pyccxo-eaponericxaa,
IT 3arra,n;HOCn6ITpCKaR, IT xape.no-rpaucxaa, 11 BOCTOq ­
HOCI1611pCKaR JIaM:Kli. A erne eCTb IIlBe,n:CKITe, HOPBe­
.lKCKITe IT epI1HCKITe nopozrsr OXOTHI1qbI1X JIaeK. IIOqTI1
BCe cenepnsre napozrsr I1MeIOT CBOI1X JIaeK. 11 BCe JIaM:­
KIT BHeIIlHe rrOXO.IKIT. fOJIOBbI KJII1HOM, MOp,n;bI OCTpbIe,
CTORqI1e TpeyrOJIbHbIe YIIlIT rrOCa.IKeHbI BbICOKO, .narrsr
C06paHbI B KOMOK, XBOCTbI 3arHYTbI na CrrI1HY KOJIb­
II;OM I1JII1 cepnora, Ill epcre y JIaM:KI1 - KaK y BOJIKa:
MRrKI1M: rvcron rrO,n;IIlepC'1'OK csepxy npnxpsrr npa­
MOM: .lKeCTKOBaTOM: 11 He,n:JIITHHOM: OC'1'bIO. IIO,n;IIlepCTOK
rpeer-, a OCTeBOM: BOJIOC 0'1' BJIarIT IT serpa 3 aut 11maer •
OKpaCbI Mory'1' 6bI'1'b casrsre paarrsre - xepasre, 6e­
rn.re, psrxcae, rrR'1'HI1CTble, cepsre. POCTOM OHIT Mory'r
6bITb 11 MeJIKI1MI1, 11 cpe,n;HITMI1, HO TOJIbKO He xpvrrasr­
MI1. BOJIbIIlITe C06aKI1 B .necy He HY.IKHbI - TepRIOT BbI­
HOCJII1BOCTb, IT xopxra 11M Hy.IKHO MHoro. A JIaM:KI1
,n;OJI.lKHbI 6bITb HerrpI1XOTJIITBbIMI1.
OHIT oxem, 3HeprITQHbI, rro,n;BI1.IKHbI 11 BbIHOCJIITBbI.
3'1'0 CMeJIble 11 OTBa.IKHbIe c06aKI1, OQeHb JIOBKITe 11 sepr­
KI1e. 11 QYTbe y HITX OTMeHHoe, a «QYTbeM» OXOTHITKIT­
JIaeQHI1KI1 BCe pa30M Ha3bIBaIOT: IT 060HRHITe, IT CJIyx,
11 3peHI1e. Kopove rosopa, 3'1'0 - pa60THI1II;bI, C06aKIT He
TOJIbKO OXOTHI1KOB-JII06I1TeJIeM:, HO, B nepsyro oxepezn.,
OXOTHI1KOB-rrpOMbICJIOBI1KOB.
4 Sanaiinocutiupctcasc naiuca

20. 20 C06AK~
OXOTHTCH C JIaHKaMH na rrTHIJ;y, na 6eJIKy, na c060­
JIH. JIaHKa mner ,n;06hIqy He TOJIhKO 060HHHHeM, oxeas
Ba./KHhI CJIyx H apemre. 3a ,n;eCHTKH, a TO H COTHH MeT­
pOB CJIhIIIIHT JIaHKa IllOpOX asepsxa B rcponax nepeasen.
R: nonoaparerrsnosry MecTy 6emHT, ,n;06hIqy BhICMaTpH­
saer H BhIHlOXHBaeT. A BOT rcorna yBH,n;HT ee, aa-maae-r
06JIaHBaTh, - OTClO,n;a H Ha3BaHHe «JIaHKa », - OXOT­
HHKa npnasraaer H BHHMaHHe asepsxa aa ceria OTBJIe­
rcaer. OTCTpeJIeHHylO ,n;06hlqy X03HHHY rronaer, He nos­
pezma nncypxn. Be3 JIaHKH B raiire OXOTHHKy ,n;eJIaTh
neuero. BOJIhIlle 90 % 6eJIKH H C060JIH ,n;06hIBaeTcH
C rrOMO:W;hlO JIaeK, nezn, ycrrex OXOTHHKa 3aBHCHT OT pa­
60ThI ero nepnoii rrOMO:W;HHIJ;hI JIaHKH. Oxorosezrsr ro­
BOpHT, QTO OXOTHHK ztaxce CJIaHKoH-«TpOeQHHIJ;eH » zro­
6hIBaeT rrYIIIHHHhI B 10-15 paa 60JIhIlle, QeM 6e3
c06aKH. A C rrepBOKJIaCCHOH JIaHKOH - B 50!
pYCClw-e6poneUCILYIO
U sanaintoctuiupciono naeic
ucnos unpom OJl.fl oxomu na Me08eOJt

21. llAHK~ 21
,IJ;oMa JIaHKa - CTopom, B JIecy - Ha,n;emHa.H rro­
Moru;HllIJ;a II BepHbIH ztpvr. CKOJIbKO paa, xceprnya
m1l3HblO, cnacana JIaHKa cnoero X03.HllHa OT aanazre­
Hll.H paa-sapeaaoro Me,n;Be,n;.H.
C JIaHKOH OXOT.HTC.H II na xpyrraor-o 3Bep.H - JIOC.H,
xatiaaa II zraace Me,n;Be,n;.H. OHa B COCTO.HHllll OCTaHO­
BllTb 3Bep.H II aanepaca n, ero na MeCTe zto nonxozra
OXOTHliKa . Tarcnx JIaeK Ha3bIBalOT 3BepOBbIMll, II IJ;e­
H.HTC.H onn OqeHb BbICOKO.

22. H eMeu,KUU eonup-uinuu
(iceecxonii ) U nOMepaHCKUU
(cnpaea ) iunuu
OXOTHHQhH JIaHKH - 3TO .necrrsre, raeacasre co6a­
KIf. A BOT B rynnpe, TaM, r.n;e pa3BHTO OJIeHeBo.n;CTBO,
CJIOmHJIHCh nacryun,a JIaHKH. ,IJ,o CHX nop HeHelI,KHH
H en eu tcue OJleHeZOHHble tunuu»t

23. J1AHK~ 23
OJIeHerOHHbln: IIIII11:U: 1I0MoraeT lIaCT11 crana CeBepHbIX
OJIeHen:, KOt.IyR 110 TyHp;pe BMeCTe C nacryxaran.
Y OJIeHeBO,IJ;OB CaMOe nazreacaoe 11 P;OCTYIIHOe TpaHC­
1I0pTHOe Cpep;CTBO - OJIeHbR yrrpaacxa. A BOT ,IJ;JIR ce­
BepHbIX HapOp;OB, )I{11Byrn;11X na notiepeacse CeBepHOrO
JIep;OB11TOrO oxeaaa, B JIeCaX Cesepnoii AMep11K11 11 He
pa3BOp;11BIII11X OJIeHen:, ynpaacxa e3p;OBbIX JIaeK 6bIJIa
He TOJIbKO ep;11HCTBeHHbIM rpancnop-msrra cpep;CTBOM,
HO 11 soofirne rrepBbIM rpanonoprosr qeJIOBeqeCTBa. 311­
MOn: C06aqb11 yrrp.H)I{K11, aarrpaacernrsre B CaHK11-Hap­
TbI, rrepeB0311JI11 JIIOp;eH 11 rpyasr, JIeTOM xce 3ap;OJIrO zro
11306peTeHll.H KOJIeCa C06aK11 lIepeHOC11JI11 rrOKJIa)I{y
B rrp11TOpOQeHHbIX K Crr11He BbIOKax, T.HHyJIll Cp;eJIaH­
mae 113 )I{epp;en: BOJIOKyiliM.
C06aKa 6bIJIa e,IJ;MHCTBeHHbIM p;OMaIIIHMM )I{11BOT­
HbIM MHorMX cesepasrx napoztos. Ha Cenepe 11 cen:qac

24. 24 C06AK~
M anasujm U CU6 UpC K UU XaC KU
( na nepeonen nnane)
I
npono.nacaror paoora-n, .nae-n,a yrrpRJKKH. A BO MHorHX
crpanax MHpa see norry.napaee CT a H OB R T CR copenaoaa­
HHR e3,n;OBhIX cofiarc H B T OM qHCJIe MHOrO,n;HeBHhle crrop­
THBHhle rOHKH na cotia-rs-
HX ynpaxcrcax .
BOJIhIIIHHCTBO e3,n;OBhIX
nopon rrpOHCXO,n;HT C rep­
pHTOpHH aamea CTpaHhI.
3TO qyKoTcKHe H KaM"tJaTC­
KHe eanonsre JIaifKH, 6e­
JIOCHeJKHhle caxroezrsr (ca­

25. H K~ 25
.w e,n;aMH paasure Ha3bIBaJIH HeHI.I;eB), cH6HpCKHe xac­
KH C rOJIy6bIMH rJIa3aMH, sezryurae CBOIO HCTOpHIO OT
rrp a xoc n , BbIBe3eHHOM H3 CH6HpH. A ecrs erne Mac­
CHBHbl e aJIHCKHHCKHe MaJIaMyTbI, rpeHJIaH,n;CKHe ea­
onsre JIaMKH.
A BOT B TeX CTpaHaX Bananaoii Enpom,r, rne yxee
B cpezraae sexa asipyfiannc» JIeCa rrozr nauraa H nacr­
6Hru;a , He06xo,n;HMOCTb B yHHBepCaJIbHOM OXOTHWlbeM
n p OCTOHap O,n;HOM C06aKe nporrana. Ho ocrpoyxne OXOT­
HIP-IbH c06aKH He HC"lle3JIH, OHH rrpOCTO CMeHHJIH crre­
D;HaJIbHOCTb . TaK rrOHB11JI11Cb secerrsre ummrsr, npo­
m en m n e ny'rr, OT ,n;OMaIllHHX cropoacea ,n;o HapH,n;HbIX
OaJIOBHeM, 11 ocrpoyxne eaponeactcne OB"llapK11.
woein« U 'lyKomcKue esiioeue
( l -si, 3-Jl, 4-Jl cneea ) naiucu
•

27. 60P3b1E, rOHLil1E, llErABblE
B CeBepHhIX .necax 6e3 .lIaihnr - rrOMO~HIUIhI He 060H­
TIICh, erne ,n;peBHIIM OXOTHIIKaM OHII rrOMOraJIII ,n;06hI­
BaTh rrII~Y. A B IO.lKHhIX crenax? B rrYC'fhIHHX? TaM
)];pyrIIe 3BepII - 6hICTpOHorIIe, - OHII BII)];RT OXOTHIIKa
II3)];aJIeKa II MoryT 6ercTBoM cnacracs. KaK IIX ztor­
nart.? JIoWa,ZJ;eH sezn. o.n;OMaWHII.lIII «ncero. 5 ThICRq
.ner Ha3a,ZJ;, a cofiaica II3)];aBHa PR)];OM C qe.lIOBeKOM. BOT
6hI TaKylO cofiaxy - rrOMO~HIIIJ;y, qT06hI aHTII.lIOrry, ra­
3e.lIh II.lIII 3aHIIa MOr.lIa norna'n-, rroHMaTh II X03HIIHY
rrpIIHecTII. 0'1' TaKoH .lIOBqeH c06aKII rpefiyrorca 60.lIh­
maa pe3BOCTh II BhIHOC.lIIIBOCTh B norone. :vI na tore,
B 30He crerren II rrYCThIHh, C.lIO.IKII.lICH TIIrr c06aKII, aecs
0 6 .lI IIK KOTOpOH rOBopIIT 0 6hICTpOTe. "Y3KaH rO.lIOBa,
.lIerKOe Y3Koe TY.lIOBII~e
na )];.lIIIHHhIX norax, neo­
6hIKHOBeHHO CII.lIhHhIe 3a,ZJ;­
HIIe HorII, ynpyraa cnnna,
XopOWO pa3BIITaH r-pyzn,
II CII.lIhHO rrO)];06paHH@H
.lKIIBOT - TaK C.lIO.IKeHhI
.lKIIBOTHhIe, cnocotiasre K
6hICTpOH cxasnce.
Bce 8'1'0 eCTh y c06aK,
KOTOphIX Ha3hIBalOT 60p­
3hIMII. «BOP3hIH» 3HaqIIT
6hICTphIM. Bee B 8TIIX coria­
xax rrO)];qIIHeHO IJ;e.lIII: crpe­
MIITe.lIhHOCTh 6era He nos­
BO.lIReT TpaTIITh CII.lIhI na
.lIaR, rr08TOMY 60p3hIe .lIOBHT
MO.lIqa. "Y HIIX 0'1'.lIII"l{HOe
CaJllOlCU

28. 28 C06AKH
3peHJIe, norosry qTO OHJI ,lI;OJDKHhI rrpec.nenoaa-n, ,lI;06hI­
qy, KOTOpylO BJI,lI;.HT.A qYTheM OHJI rrOqTJI He rrOJIh3Y­
IOTC.H. ECJIJI 60p3a.H 6Y,ll;eT JICKaTh 3Bep.H rro cnezry, TO
HaBepH.HKa nporrycr-ar MOMeHT, xorzra TOT 06paTJITC.H
B 6erCTBO, JI nponrpaer rroromo, llJIJI soofinte ,lI;ame He
YBJI,lI;JIT 3Bep.H. Jlmm, aerco'ropsre nopoztsr BOCTOqHhIX
60p3hIX rrOJIh3YIOTC.H qyTheM, HO B aTOM cnvxae JIX aa­
zraxa He ,lI;06hITh 3Bep.H, a ncrryr-ny'rs ero ,lI;JI.H JIOBqerO
fieprcyra.
Tlpapona-re.nera rrOqTJI ncex COBpeMeHHhIX nopozt
60p3hIX c06aR CqJITalOT CJIlOrrJI, 60p3ylO apafion. Ha
nepasrx rropax fiopasre CJI ymJIJIJI qeJIOBeKy ,lI;JI.H ,lI;06hI­
BaHJI.H mmm. IIOPOH finarono.nyvae u.eJIhIX ceMeHCTB
JI zraace nneraen 3aBllCeJIO OT ,lI;06hlqJIllBOCTJI 60p3hIX.
TaKJIe C06aKJI BO ace apexiena :o;eHllJIJICh oxens BhICO­
KO. Korna-ro B Ka3aXCTaHe, 6hIBaJIO, OTKa3hIBaJIJICh OT
rpeuxayl-lo u yunnem
(na nepeiiuest nnane )

29. 60P3b1E, rOH"IVlE, l1ErABblE 29
Aipeancxasi tiopsas.
KaJIbIMa, BbIKyrra aa ztenymxy-nenec'ry, B nonycormo
.nomazteri, HO 6paJIH xoponryro fiopayro cofiarcy - Ta3Y.
Ho B 60p3bIX cotiaxax :o;eHHJIaCb He TOJIbKO ,n;06bI'I­
JIHBOCTb. CTpeMHTeJIbHOCTb H KpaCOTa CKa'IKH 60p30rr
aa anepevr, ee CTpOMHOCTb H H3H~eCTBO rrpHBJIeKaJIH
cepzma MHOI'HX OXOTHHKOB. II OXOTa C 60P3bIMH CTa­
HOBHTCH pa3BJIe'IeHHeM 3HaTH.
Tlocrenenno 60p3bIe pacnpocrpaaanacs K cesepy.
MHOI'O cotiax rrpHB03HJIH psrnapn H3 KpeCTOBbIX rroxo­
,n;OB. Ho 60p3bIe - cooarcn OTKpbITbIX rrpOCTpaHCTB ­
crerreii H rrOJIeM. B Banannoit Espone ,n;JIH OXOT C 6op­
3bIMH nonxozm.na JIHllIb 60JIbllIHe rrOMeCTbH aHI'JIHM­
CKHX JIOp,n;OB. Ho H B AHI'JIHH yxce ,n;aBHO HeT OXOTbI
C 60p3bIMH. AHI'JIHMCKHe 60p3bIe - rpeaxavnzrsr H
ynrme'rsr - CeM'IaC rpaaopm-sr C06a'IbHX 6eI'OB.

30. 30 C06AK~
A BOT CTeIIH H JIeCOCTeIIH POCCHH IIO,D;OIIIJIH ,D;JIJI
IICOBOH OXOTbI C 60P3bIMH KaK HeJIb3JI JIy"tJIIIe.
,IJ;o HaIIIHX speraen ,D;OIIIJIO HeCKOJIbKO IIOpO,D; 60P3bIX
cofiarc, H ,D;JIJI Ka)K,D;OH IIOpO,D;bI ecrs CBOH HaM60JIee IIO,D;­
XO,D;JIIIJ;He OXOTHH"tJbH yrO,D;bJI. B Ka3aXCTaHe H 'I'yprcrae­
HHH He3aMeHHMbI 6bICTpOHorHe Ta3bI, B IIpe,D;rOpbJIX
KHprH3CKoro TJIHb-lliaHJI - TaHraH, B Adn-aaacrane v­
a60pHreHHaJI adiranorcaa 60p3aJI. Ta3bI H TaHraHbI OT­
JIH"tJHO YMelOT paoora'n, H BMeCTe C 6epKyTOM.
B CTeIIJIX IIpHKaCIIHJI H Cesepaoro KaBKa3a - xop­
TaJI H roxcnopyccrcaa CTeIIHaJIfiopasre, a BOT JIeCOCTeIIH
POCCHH H3,D;aBHa 6bIJIH «U;apCTBOM » pyCCKOH IICOBOH
60p30H.
Pyccrcaa IICOBaJI 60p3aJI CTaJIa nanreii HaU;HOHaJIbHOH
IIOpO,D;OH H nanreii rOp,D;OCTblO. 8TO O,D;Ha H3 KpaCHBeH­
IIIHX cotiarc B MHpe H 6e3yCJIOBHO CaMaJI 3JIeraHTHaJI H3

31. 60P3blE, rOHLfYlE, llErABblE 31
scex 60p3bIX. ITo CYlJIY:3TY PYCCKYlX rrCOBbIX He cnyra­
eun, HI1 C KeM. OHYl rcpynnsre, rrO'ITYl xsanparrrsre.
Illepcn, y 60p3bIX Ha3bIBaeTCJI CTapbIM PYCCKI1M CJIOBOM
« rrCOBYlHa » - OTCIO,n;a I1 Ha3BaHYle rropo,n;bI « rrCOBaJI » ,
r .e. ozreraa lIIepCTbIO, He rJIa.n;KOlIIepCTHaJI. II urepcrt,
y HI1X JIerKaJI, BOJIHI1CTaJI I1JII1 B xpvrnrox 3aBI1TKe. OK­
pacsr rrO'ITI1 JII06ble, HO scerna O'IeHb napazrasie.
rOJIOBa y 60P30M ,n;JIYlHHaJI I1 Y3KaJI. MaJIeHbKI1e BbI ­
COKO nocaxcennsre YUII13aJIOmeHbI aaaazr, I'pvzn, rrryoo­
KaJI.A BOT JII1HI1JI sepxa COBeplIIeHHO Heo6bI'IHaJI ­
nsrrnyra zryroii.
06bI'IHO :3TO O'IeHb cnoxoiinaa cofiarca I1 ,n;BI1raeTCJI
JIerKOM rpaO;I103HOrr psrcuoa. Ho CTOYlT err yBYl,n;eTb 3Be­
pJI, KaK OHa npeotipaxcaercn, peaxo B036ym,n;aeTCJI Yl or ­
POMHbIMYl CKa'IKaMYl «JIeTYlT» B norone I1CKJIIO'IIiTeJIbHO
6bICTPbIM rcapsepoxr.
Aipzanctcue 60p3bte 6 nOZOHe sa oo6bl'teu

32. 32 C05AKH
Mnor-ne CqHTaIOT, qTO pyCCKa.H IICOBa.H 60p3a.H ­
CaMa.H 6bICTpa.H cofi axa B Mllpe. Ho 3TO He TaK. CJIaBy
pyCCKOll IICOBOll AOCTaBHJIll ee KpaCOTa, KpaCOT a ee
cxa-ncn, JIOBKOCTb H MaCTepCTBO IIpH OXOTe.
B crapnny B POCCHH na 60JIbIIIHX OXOTax A JI.H roro,
qTo6bI nsrrnarr, anepeit H3 .neca na OTKpbIToe MeCTO,
B IIOM0I.I.J;b 60P3bIM llCIIOJIb30BaJIH rOHqHX cotiax . Ho
OXOTa C rOHqllMll ncerna c v m e c r n o s ana II caraa IIO ce6e.
I'on-me cofiaxn CqHTaIOTC.H OAHHMH H3 ApeBHellIIIHX.
Er.u;e HaIIIHM npanrypaxr OHH IIOMOraJIH Ao6bIBaTb IIH­
nry. Ho IIOA06HO OXOTe C 60P3bIMH B CTeIIH, IICOBa.H
Pu ccicue ncoeue tiopsue
npecneinpom. Jl Uc u4Y

33. 60P3blE, rOHli~E, nErABblE 33
OXOTa C rOH'IllMll B .necax Enponsr CTaJIa paaanexeanew
JIIo,n;eH 6JIaropo,n;Horo npoacxoxcneaaa.
Ton-rae cotiarcn no cpaaaeamo C 60P3bIMll Me,n;JIll­
TeJIbHbI, OHll 3BepH He JIOBRT, a rOHRT, npecnezryror no
aanaxonosry cnezry C nosrra aenpepsmasne JIaeM. I1x
yrozn.a - JIeca, ronxne peznco Bll,n;RT npecnezryereoro
3BepH, II08TOMY epenne y HllX xyxce, 'IeM y 60p3bIX,
3aTO 060HRHlle 3aMe'IaTeJIbHO ocrpoe.
CKJIOHHOCTb rnars 3BepH ecrs no-rm y scex Co6aK ­
KaK ,n;llKllX, TaK II ,n;OMaIIIHllX. Ilopoii cooaxa a noramca ­
BaIOT npn 8TOM. Ho paaaana Mem,n;y HllMllll HaCTOHIII;llMll

34. 34 C06AK~
rOH~llMll B TOM, ~TO 06bI~HbIe, He roavne cofiarc« rrpec­
.nezryror 3BepH TOJIbKO no CBeJKllM CJIe,n;aM II JIalOT OT
B036yJK,n;eHllH JIllIIIb npa anne ,n;06bI~ll. ECJIll llM He
yzraerca nOHMaTb ee B nepasre MllHYTbI, TO norOHIO 6po­
caror. ReT y HllX cavroro rJIaBHOrO Ka~eCTBa rOH~eH CO­
6aKll - HaCTOH~llBOCTllll yrropcrna B npecneztoaannn.
rOH~aH cofiaxa Ha~llHaeT JIaHTb, KaK TOJIbKO B03b­
MeT CJIe,n;. OHa rorrar 3BepH ,n;o Tex nop, noxa llJIll He
B03bMeT ero ll3MOpOM, llJIll He BbIrOHllT nozt 60p3bIX

35. 60P3blE, rOHLil-1E, nErABblE 35
l1JIl1 na OXOTHl1Ka, l1JIl1 He c06beTCH co crrezta, l1JIl1 no­
xa caraa He norepaer Cl1JIbI or YCTaJIOCTl1.
Ha OXOTe B rOHlleH u;eHl1TCH xyrse, HaCTOH'Il1BOCTb,
YMeHl1e pacnyrsraa-n, CJIe,n;bI aaeperi, 11, KOHellHO, 1'0­
JIOC. rOJIOC rOH'IeH OXOTHI1KY rOBOpl1T MHoroe. I1MeHHo
no TeM6py rOJIOca, no TOMy, KaK ona JIaeT, OXOTHI1K orr­
peztenaer, xaxoro 3BepH nO,ll;HHJIa 11 npecnezryer cofiaxa.
ITo ro.nocy OH 3HaeT, 'ITO npoacxozrar - C611JIaCb JIl1 CO­
fiaxa co c.nena 11 pacnvrsraaer asepnasre yJIOBKl1, rOHl1T
JIl1 rro c.nezry l1JIl1 yxce yBl1,n;eJIa 3BepH. Oc06eHHO HPKl1H
rOH 6bIBaeT rro BOJIKy. rOJIOC 11 sraaepa noztaxa rOJIOca
PYCC1CM neeasteotocan

36. 36 C06AKlt1
y KaJK,n;oii rOH"lleii CBOR, II My3hIKa rona ,n;JIR c-rpacrnoro
OXOTHIIKa, noacanyii, BaJKHee, "lleM ,n;o6hI"lla.
B XVIII- XIX nercax B POCCIIII CYII.J;eCTBOBaJIO He Me­
nee ,n;eCRTKa nopozt rOH"llIIX, HO eII.J;e C KOHIJ;a XIX nerca
MHorIIe 3aBo,n;"llIIKll BeJIII pafio-ry no BhIBe,n;eHIIIO e,n;IIHO­
ro TIIIIa pyccrcoii rOH"lleii. Ceirsac B POCCIIII zrse npeaoc­
xoznrsre nopozrsr rOH"llIIX cotiax - pyccrcaa II pyccrcaa
rrer-aa roa-nre.
OXOTHII"llhII yrozn.a COKpaII.J;aIOTCR, COKpaII.J;aeTCR
II IIOrOJIOBhe rOH"llIIX, HO JII06IITeJIII coxpanaror MHorIIe
IIOpO,n;bI KaK IIaMRTh 0 IIpoIIIJIOM, aezn, co6aKII - ::lTO
xac'rs aanreii IICTOpIIII. Korzta-ro, cnyuras JIaM rOH"lleii
Co6aKII, Ham IIpe,n;OK, noopyxcearrsrii IIaJIIIIJ;eii, KOIIbeM ,
3aTeM II JIyKOM co CTpeJIaMII IIJIII C cersro, nepecexan zto­
pory npecnezryeraosry 3BepIO. Korna-ro IIO Bceii Espone
BCJIe,n; aa CTaRMII rOH"llIIX CKaKaJIII KOpOJIII II eIIIICKonhI,
rcasanepsr II ,n;aMbI, aezn, IICOBaR OXOTa6hIJIa IIpIIBIIJIerII­
eii JIIO,n;eii 6JIarOpo,n;Horo COCJIOBIIR. KaK IIfuV1RTh 0 IIpOIII­
JIOM, OCTaJIOCh 60JIee 70 nopozt rOH"llIIX cooax, II B cnIICKe
CTpaH-po,n;OHa"llaJIbHIIIJ; IIOpO,n; - BCR Espona.
BJWOzayHO

37. BUZJt b u 6accem (cnpaea )
Hexoropsre rOH1.IfIe cofiarcn aaxonrrr ce6e HOBbIe
nporpeccna. KOPOTKOHorfIe 6 acceTbI norr y.napasr KaK
co6aKfI-KOMrraHbOHbI. KapJIfIKOBbl e rOH1.IfIe 6fIrJIfI fI C­
rrOJIb3 YIOTC.H rrO JIfI:O;fIeH fI TaMomeHHbIMfI CJIym6aMfI
MHorfIX CTpaH MfIpa .n;JI.H oonapyaeeaas 3arrpeIJJ;eHHbIX
K nponoay npozryrcron. A JIY1.IIIIfIM «HOCOM') MfIpa C1.IfI­
TaeTC.H a H r JI fI M CK fI H 6JIa.n;raYH.n; •
Bnanraynn - He HaCTO.HIJJ;a.H rOH1.Ia.H, a rOH1.Ia.H
rro KpOB.HHOMy c.nezry, TO ecrr, .n;JI.H noncxa rronpamcoa.
OH paooraer MOJI1.Ia, crcopee KaK fIIJJ;eMKa, HO HaCTOM­
1.IfIB, KaK nozina aaaa rOH1.Ia.H cofiarca. EIJJ;e HeCKOJIbKO
PYCCIWJl ZOH l£a R

38. illOmJlanOCKUU
U UpJlanOCKUU
(na nepeiinem nna u
cemmepu
CTOJIenrH naaan OH HCITOJIh30BaJIC.H ,n;JI.H P03hICKa npec­
TyrrHHKoB H yrcpazreanor-o CKOTa, aezn, OH MOJIWT H,n;TH
ITO cnezry ,n;aBHOCThlO B HeCKOJIhKO ,n;HeH. COBpeMeHHhIH
pexopzi 6JIa,n;rayH,n;a - B CIIIA npopafiorxa c.nena nan­
HOCThlO 105 TIaCOB, yBeHTIaBIIIa.HC.H rrOHMKOH sopa, ­
KOHeTIHO, 3TO He B ropozte, a B CeJlhCKOH MeCTHOCTH .
AHZJlUUCKUU cemmep

39. TaKca
OT rOH'IHX npOH30IIIJIH erne HeCKOJIbKO rpynn OXOT­
HH'IbHX c06aK - 8TO KOpOTKOHOrHe TaKCbI, npncrro­
C06JIeHHbIe ,n:JIJI JIOBJIH asepeii B HOpaX, H .neraasre.
Bopasre, rOH'IHe H TaKCbI CJIymHJIH H CJIymaT ,n:JIJI OXO­
TbI naanepeii, a .neraasre cotiarcn - ,n:JIJI OXOTbI aa rrTHII;Y.
Korzta-ro nTHII; 6bIJIO MHoro H HX JIOBHJIH CeTJIMH.
C06aKH Haxo,n:HJIH 3aTaHBIIIHXCJI rrepene.noa H rcyporra­
TOK, H TyT-TO HX scex H HaKpbIBaJIH 60JIbiliOH ce-n.io.
Pozuma TaKHX «rrTH'IbHX» c06aK - I1cnaHHJI, n08TOMY
HX H Ha3bIBaJIH 8rraHbOJIaMH HJIH CrraHHeJIJIMH, a B POC­
CHH - «IIIrraHKaMH » •
Ho .ny-nne scero ,n:JIJI TaKOH OXOTbI nozrxozrana coria­
KH, xoropsre He TOJIbKO He rryrana 3aTaHBIIIYIOCJI nTH­
II;y, HO ew;e H JIOJRHJIHCb nepezr HaH,n:eHHbIMH rrTHII;aMH
H He IIIeBeJIHJIHCb, naace eCJIH HX HaKpbIBaJIH BMeCTe C
rrTHII;eH - '1To6bI ceTb He aanyrsmar's. OTCIO,n:a H Ha3­
BaHHe «JIeraBaJI », OT CJIOBa «JIer », «JIe'lb » • AHaJIOrH'I­
Hoe aHrJIHHCKOe Ha3BaHHe - «setter». TaK B03HHKJIa
HOBaJI rpynna c06aK. C pa3BHTHeM pyJReHHOH OXOTbI
BMeCTO yKJIMKH ,n:06HJIHCb Toro, '1T06bI cotiaxa CTOJIJIa
nepezt HaH,n:eHHOH nTHII;eH. 8TH BbICOKOHorHe ce'rrepsr
HCKaJIH ,n:H'Ib rro aanaxy, KOTOpbIH ,n:OHOCHTCJI no B03­
zryxy OT caMOH rrTHII;bI, TO ec'rs BepXHHM '1yTbeM, H 06­
CJIe,n:OBaJIH OXOTHH'IbH yrozn.a aa 6bICTpOM ranorre.
TaK B03HHKJIH 3HaMeHHTble anrJIHHCKHe neraasre ­
nrJIHHCKHH, HpJIaH,n:cKHH H IIIOTJIaH,n:cKHH cer-repsr,
r JIa,n:KOIIIepCTHble noinrrepsr.

40. 40 C05AK~
A B KOHTIIHeHTaJIhHOll Banazmoa Espone - CBOIf
nopozrsr rrer-anr,rx cotiarc, TaK naasmaesrsre KOHTIfH eH­
ram.asre .neraasre, If3 K OT Op b I X ocotiermo xoponm He­
MeIJ;KIfe .neransre: mecTKoIIIepcTHbIll zrparxaap, rJIa.,LJ; ­
KOIIIepcTHbIll KYPIJ;Xaap. E CTb erne If )l;JIIfHHOIIIepCTHRH
pa3HOBIf)l;HOCTb - JIaHrxaap.
HeMIJ;bI - aapon, If3BecTHbIll c n o e ii nparc-mv­
HOCTblO, rrOTOMY If .neraasre If X MOrJIIf pafio'rart, B ca­
MhIX pa3HhIX yrozn.ax, CaMIf )l;IfTJh IfCKaJIIf, CRMIf If nozt­
6IfTylO OXOTHIfKY IIO)l;aBaJIIf.
A aHrJIIfllCKIfe OXOTHIfKIf nee YBeJIIfTJIfBaJIIf CKO­
POCTh noncxa CBOIfX JIeraBbIX, a 3HaTJIfT If If X asapr­
HOCTh. Ii QTo6bI TeMrr epaMeHTHhle cofiaxn He npnnsr­
[JOUHm ep

41. 60P3b1E, rOH~HE, J1ErABbIE 41
Jleeaeue
Kypu,xaap u iJpamxaap
KaJIM cpsmar sca co CTOMKM M aa paHeHOM ,n;MqbIO ro­
HHTbCH, aHrJIMqaHe CTaJIM fipa n, na OXOTy C JIeraBOM
ern;e ozray cofiarcy, qTo6bI IIo,n;cTpeJIeHHyIO IITMU;y HaM.­
TM M IIpMHeCTM. TaKMX cofiax Ha3bIBaJIM perpnsepa­
MM, qTO 3HaqMT «BHOBb naxozra-n, M noztanarr. ,n;Mqb».

42. 42 COEiAK~
LJepuuii natipaoop
pempueep
PeTpIIBep p;OJIjKeH 6hIJI:
• HaXOp;IIThC.H y nor OXOTHIIKa,
• 6hITh rrOCJIyIIIeH, IIOH.HTJIIIB,
• IIMeTh xopornee qyThe,
• IICKaTh panenyro IIJIII yfirrryro P;IIqh, HO na zrpyr-ax
IITIIU; He OTBJIeKaThC.H,
• IIMeTh xopornee apenne, qTo6hI BIIp;eTh, xyzta yrra­
JIa IITIIu;a,
• OXOTHO IIP;TII aa HeH B XOJIOp;Hyro BOP;y II B r-ycrsre
3apOCJIII,
• IIMeTh XOpOIIIIIH POCT II p;OCTaTOqHYro CIIJIy,
• He M.HTh P;IIqII, qTo6hI IIpIIHeCTII P;06hIl.J:Y 6e3 IIOB­
pejKp;eHIIH.
Kopone rOBOp.H, Tpe6oBaRII.H rrOqTII KaK K 30JIyIIIKe ­
yMeTh p;eJIaTh ace, TYT «Tpe6oBaJIIiCh l.J:YThe cer-repa IIJIII
CIIaHIIeJI.H, yM II 30pKOCTh KOJIJIII, JIro60Bh K nozre BOP;O­
JIa3a, IIOH.HTJIIiBOCTh II JIro60Bh K IIOHOCKe IIyp;eJI.H ».
Ho perpnaepsr 6hIJIli see jKe MaJIOqIICJIeHHhI.
«3Be3p;HhIH xac » IIX HacTyIIIIJI co BTOPOH rrOJIOBIIHhI

43. 60P3b1E, rOH"IHE, llErABblE 43
XX nexa. Tlororay qTO cpezm rneCT11 nopozt peTp11BepOB
ecrr. 11 .nafipanop-pe-rpmsep, rcoroporo IIlI1pOKaH rry6JI11­
xa xame Ha3bIBaeT rrpOCTO «.naopanop». YH11KaJIbHble
xepr-sr xaparcrepa ST11X cotiax OKa3aJI11Cb BOCTpe6oBaHbI
COBceM aa zrpyror« rronpmne, 11 nama «30JIyIIIKa» CTaJIa
npanneccoii. JIa6pa.n;op - JIyqlIIaH B M11pe cofiaxa-rto­
aoznaps, OTJI11qHbIM: rrOMOIIJ,H11K 11HBaJI11.n;OB, cotiaxa-re­
panear. Oxem, xoponro 3apeKOMeH.n;OBaJI OH ceoa 11 KaK
cnacarern., na rr011CKe M11H I1 HapKOT11KOB.
JIatipaiiop - .ny'lWa.R.
6 uupe cotiatca-noeooup«
;0

44. 44 C06AK~
Ho H3 OXOTHWlhHX rrTH"LIhHX cotiarc He TOJIhKO per­
pasepsr rrOJIy"LIHJIH ztpyr-ae crreD;HaJIhHOCTH. ,IJ;JIH rrOHC­
tea MHH H HapKOTHKOB HCrrOJIh3YlOT H CrraHHeJIeH. Crra­
HHeJIH, rrpeznca JIeraBhIX, TOJKe He CTOHJIH na MeCTe.
8TH KOpOTKoHorHe, He60JIhIIIHe C06a"LIKH C ,n;JIHHHhIMH
BHCH"LIHMH yIIIaMH O"LIeHh nony.napasa H KaK OXOTHH­
KH. IICrrOJIh3YlOTCH OHH TaM, r,n;e Tpy,n;HO patiorart, BhI­
COKOHorHM JIeraBhIM - B BhICOKOH TpaBe, B ryc'rsrx
KOJIIO"LIHX xycrapnnxax, na OXOTe rro nononnanarourea
,n;H"LIH. CrraHHeJIH OTJIH"LIHO pa36HpalOTCH B CJIe,n;ax
rrTHD;, pa60TalOT 6e3 CTOHKH H rro,n;HHMaIOT nTHD;yna
KphIJIO pe3KHM nphIJKKOM co B3JIaHBaHHeM. Flopozt
CrraHHeJIeH HeMaJIO. O"LIeHh xopour pyCCKHH cnaa aem.,
rrpercpacnaa pa60"LIaH cofiarca, rrOTOMOK 3aBe3eHHhIX
B PoeCHIO CrraHHeJIeH pa3HhIX nopozt.
A BOT MHorHe ztpvrne, crapsre nopozrsr CrraHHeJIeH
CTaJIH norrvnapasmn cotiaaaxra-rcorerraasorraxra - 3TO
PyCCKUU cna u uen s

45. 60P3b1E, rOHliHE, J1ErABbIE 45
l1: l1:HTeJIJIl1:reH THellllIl1:ll
anrJIl1:ll CKl1:ll rcoxep-cn a­
Hl1: eJIb l1: aMepl1:KaHCKl1:ll
xoxep-cnanaens, KOTOpO­
ro Tpy,n;HO rrpe,n;CTaBl1:Tb
ce6e rne-ro KpOMe KaK
n a naprcere BbICTaBO'IHOrO
panra, l1: ztpyr-ae yace ,n;aB ­
HO 'Il1:CTO nercoparnnasre
rrOpO,n;bI CrraHl1:eJIell •
Bce 3 T l1: C06aKl1:
.nainca, rOH'Il1:e, fiopaste ,
JIeraBble, CrraHl1:eJIl1: - l1:
CerO,n;H.H COnpOBOJR,n;aIOT
OXOTHl1:KOB -JII06l1:TeJIell . A inepUKan CKUU «otcep-cnanuen»
K CrrOpTl1:BHOll OXOTe MOJR­
HO OTHOCl1:TbC.H rro- pa3HOMY. Ho HeJIb3.H 3a6bIBaTb, 'ITO
'IeJIOBe'IeCTBO 06R3aHO 3Tl1:M C06aKaM O'IeHb MHOrl1:M.
Bezu., noraoraa ,n;06bIBaTb mmry, 3Tl1: C06aKl1: rrOMOraJIl1:
BbIJRl1:Tb aauraxr npezncara, a 3Ha'Il1:T MbI C BaMl1: B rca­
KOll -TO crenemr 06R3aHbI llM JRl1:3HblO. 8TO npercpac­
m.re C06aKl1: , resmepanearmae, aaaprnsre , xpacnasre,
rrpezranusre l1: 'IeJIOBeKY-X03.Hl1:HY , II cnoeii OXOTHl1:'Ibell
crpacra. OHl1:, KaK II ,n;l1:Kl1:e Bll,n;bI JRl1:BOTHbIX, ,n;OCTO.H­
nne 'IeJIOBe'IeCTBa.
AnZJlUUCKUe tcotcep-cnauu eiui

47. Aor~
OXOTa II 3eMJIe,n;eJIlle - BOT npenaemune 3aHHTllH
qeJIOBeKa, OXOTHllK II CTOpO)K - BOT casrsre rrepnsre
rrpO~eCCllll C06aKll. 3aTeM y qeJIOBeKa rrOHBllJIaCb
HOBaH nporpeccna - nac'ryx , II noracurs nacrvxa a
CTaJIa HOBOll: CJIy)K60ll: C06aKll. Pa60Ta npn crane
cna-rana 6bIJIa npononxcenaera pa60TbI CTOpO)Ka. CO­
6aKa npezrynpeaczrana 0 rrpll6JIll)KeHllll xnnraoro 3Be­
pa He TOJIbKO K neniepe llJIll CTOH61l~y, HO II K crany,
a TO II nsrranacs oror-aarr, 3BepH. Ilepnsnan ,n;OMaIII­
HllMll )KllBOTHbIMll 6bIJIll OBIJ;bI II K03bI. 8'1'0 )KllBOT­
nsre crazrasre. Ho II nacryx c.nezra-r aa TeM, qT06bI OHll
zrepxcanacs BMeCTe, a OT61lBIIIllXCH 0'1' crazra B03Bpa­
rnaer aaaazt.
11 BOT yxce xarcne-ro C06aKll, rrOH.RB, qTO rpetiyer 0'1'
)KllBOTHbIX qeJIOBeK-BO)KaK, caran 3arOHHIOT OT61lBIIIy­
lOCH OBIJ;y B orapy. ,IJ;JIH a'rnx c06aK OBIJ;bI yxce He ,n;06bI­
qa, onn BXO,n;HT B CTaIO «JIIO,n;1l-c06aKll-0BIJ;bI», TOJIbKO
panr y anx caMbIH H1l3Kllll:, II C06aKll He TOJIbKO aarrm­
~aIOT ax, HO 1l1lMeIOT npaso KOMaH,n;OBaTb llMll. HeKO­
ropsre C06aKll OTHOC.RTC.R K «CBOllM» )KllBOTHbIM rro­
M.Rrqe: He nanaztator, He rryraro'r, a JIllilib CJIerKa norcy­
CbIBaIOT aa aannne aorn - rrOCJIyIIIaHllH ,n;06llBaIOTCH,
HO He xanexar. BOT TaKllX-TO c06aK II nepacann ,n;JI.R pa­
60TbI CO cranora, 0'1' unx II OCTaBJI.RJIll ~eHHT.
,IJ;JIH aanrar sr 0'1' Xll~HllKOB HY)KHbI 6bIJIll orpoxr­
HbIe, Moryqlle, 6eCCTpaIIIHbIe II 3JI06HbIe C06aKll. Onn
crreztana aa IJ;eJIOCTbIO II 6e30rracHocTbIO CBOllX nozro­
nes asrx. 8'1'0 6bIJIll nacryursn oxpaansre C06aKll. Csrn­
TaeTC.R, qTO poztona qaJIbHllKaMll aToll: rpyrrm.r CTaJIll
rracrynn,n C06aKll T1l6eTa - Moryqlle T1l6eTCKlle no­
I'll. Iloaroray nx MHOrOqllCJIeHHbIX IIOTOMKOB, pacce­
JIllBIIIllXCH rro nceray MllPY, Ha3bIBaIOT ztoroofipaama­
Mll cofiaxars a, llJIll ,n;oraMll.
11 zro cnx rrop ouem, noxoxcae naztpennnx c06aK II
CXO)Klle Me)K,n;y C060H cyponsre II aenpnxor rmasre ncsr
T u6em CKUU iioz

48. Cpedneasuamctcois oesap«
no cunau odonems BOJlIW

49. or~ 49
corrpoaoacnaror OBelIbH orapsr B Hpane, na cese­
pe HH,n;HH H IIaKHcTaHa, B A<t>raHHCTaHe H B
CTpaHaX Cpezraeji A3HH. Eaxcnaa crpana CBOIO
nopony TaKHX C06aK Ha3bIBaeT rrO-CBOeMY. CO­
6aK pO,n;OM H3 6bIBllIHX Cpe,n;Hea3HaTCKHX pee­
rry6JIHK CCCP rrpHHJITO Ha3bIBaTb cpezmeaanar­
CK11M11 OBlIapKaMH. XOTJI BCe xame 11 -raure HX
Terrepb HMeHyIOT TypKMeHcKHMH aJIa6aJIMH, no ­
TOMy lITO JIylIllIHe ariopnrennsre OBlIapKH COX­
paHHJIHCb HMeHHO B TypKMeHHH. 8TH Heo6bIK­
HOBeHHO BbIHOCJIHBbIe C06aKH BMeCTe C orapoii
JIerKO COBepllIaIOT rrepexozrsr B ,n;eCJITKH KHJIO­
MeTpOB, JIerKO rrepeHOCJIT H xcapy, 11 XOJIO,n;. OHH
KpyrJIOcyTolIHO mHByT npn orapax , oxem. npn­
BJI3bIBaIOTCJI K CBOHM nonorrexm.ne H OXpaHJIIOT
HX OT BOJIKOB.
Heo6xo,n;11MOCTb rrpOTHBOCTOJITb BOJIKaM orrpe­
,n;eJI11JIa BHellIHOCTb scex ,n;or006pa3HbIX C06aK,
H Cpe,n;Hea311aTCKOrr OBlIapKH Tome. 8TO rcpyrrasre
c06aKH. Crannapr aaziaer TOJIbKO HllmHIOIO rpa­
H11US pOCTa. Bepxnero rrpezte.na HeT. "Iacro 3TO
70-75 CM B XOJIKe. XOTJI, rOBOpJIT, lITO B orapax
BCTpelIaIOTCJI H c06aKH pOCTOM B XOJIKe OKOJIO
1 xrerpa. 8TO HaCTOJIru;He rHraHTbI. Illepcrr. y 3THX
c06aK He,n;JIHHHaJI, HO rpyfiaa, K TeJIy rrpaneraer
OlIeHb rrJIOTHO, npaxpsraaer rycTorr noznnep­
CTOK. TaKaJI nrepcrr, - OTJIHlIHaJI aamnra OT rra­
.narnero COJIHu;a H OT cryzrenoro aerpa. rOJIOBa
MaCCHBHaJI C Tyrrorr Mop,n;orr. Y IlIH
11 XBOCT KOpOTKO otipeaaasr. TIa6a­
HbI ClIHTaIOT, lITO B 60IO BOJIKH
XBaTaIOT c06aK aa caxrsre lIyBCTBll­
TeJIbHbIe MeCTa - YIlIH H XBOCT ­
H norosry 06pe3aIOT 11X ru;eHJITaM
eru;e npn poxcnenaa.
C06aKH 3TH KamyTCJI aeropon­
JIHBbIMH, ztaxce Me,n;JIHTeJIbHbIMll

50. 50 C06AK~
II o-rens CrrOKOHHhIMll. Ho OHll 06JIa.n;a1OT B3phIBHhIM
xapaxrepoxr, oxeas l.J:yTKll II CrrOC06HhI K MOJIHlleHOC­
HOMy 6pOCKy. Heztaposr nx llCrrOJIh3YlOT enie II .n;JIR
OXOThI na Ka6aHOB, a B He CTOJIh .n;aJIeKOM rrpOIllJIOM ­
.n;JIR OXOThI na 6apCOB II zraace TllrpOB. A eczm rrpllHRTh
BO BHllMaHlle nx orpovrayro qnI3lll.J:ecKylO CllJIY, TO
CTaHeT rrOHRTHO, no-reray cpezm .ny-mmx oxpaansrx
c06aK BO acex pecrrytinnrcax 6hIBillero COBeTCKoro Co­
103a BaM 06R3aTeJIhHO Ha30ByT cpenneaaaarcrcyro OB­
xaprcy, llJIll TypKMeHcKoro aJIa6aR.
Ilepnoe naanaane 60JIee npnasrrnoe, nropoe - 60­
nee npanam.aoe. Bem, C TOl.J:Kll apenna npoacxoxcne­
HllR nopozr ecperraeaaaa'r r - COBceM He «OBl.J:apKa».
,IJ;eJIO B TOM,l.J:TO B Poccna ncex c06aK, pafiorannrax
npn «oauax », Ha3hIBaJIll onvaprcasnr . BOT npn COCTaB­
JIeHllll cTaH,n;apTa Ha rropo,n;y II Ha3BaJIll ee «oBl.J:ap­
KOH». Ho CeHl.J:aC nacrvun,n nopozrsr paarpamoraaaror
na nac'rynrsnx oxpamrsrx coriax - STO Moryl.J:lle II CBO­
enpaaasre rrOTOMKll Tll6eTCKllx ztoron, II co6CTBeHHO
OBl.J:apOK - 6hICTpOHorllx, JIerKO ynpaanaerasrx rro­
TOMKOB OCTpOyXllX cesepasrx c06aK.
Ho KaBKa3CKllX OBl.J:apOK on-rapxaxra Ha3bIBalOT rro ­
rrpe.iKHeMy, XOTR STll cotiarcn - pO,n;HR cpezmeaaaar ­
CKllM OBl.J:apKaM, II zraace OTJIlll.J:llTh xoporrcornepcrno­
ro «rcaaxaana . OT «aaaara . non CllJIY TOJIhKO cnenna­
JIllCTy . Ho ,n;JIllHHOIllepcTHylO KaBKa3cKYlO omraprcy He
crryraenrs Hll CKeM. OrpOMHhIe, Moryl.J:lle, ae.mr-raasre ,
STll cofiaxn BhI3hIBalOT yaaacenne C nepnoro B3rJIR.n;a.
MaCCllBHaR rOJIOBa C He60JIhIllllMll 06pe3aHHhIMll
ymaxra rranosraaaer Me.n;Be.iKhlO. A no-rm l.J:TO JIhBll ­
HaR rpasa npnnaer erne 60JIhille MOII.J;ll STOH cotiarce.
XBOCThI y KaBKa3CKllX OBl.J:apOK He 06pe3a1OT. CaMll
cofiaxn 60JIee rrozmaacasre, 60JIee arerannsre II B3PhIB­
asre, qeM cpemreaanarcxae. OrpOMHaR epll3llqeCKaR
ca.na, 3JIo6HOCTh, qyTKOCTh, ornat-a, - aa STll xanecr­
na KaBKa3CKYlO oaxaprcy Ha3hIBalOT nopoii JIyl.J:IlleH
KapayJIhHOH c06aKOH Mllpa. 0 fiecc'rpanntn KaBKa3C­

51. AOrl1 51
KI1X OBQapOK B 60ph6e C XI1m;HI1KaMI1 CJIara1OT, - HeT,
He JIereH,[J;hI, - npaazransre paCCKa3hI, rcoropsre tea­
iKyTCR JIereH,[J;aMI1. CaMhIM 3HaMeHMThIM M3 scex
«KaBKa3u;eB » 6hIJI cepsrfi Torryur. Kpaca aen-rrec,
6JII1CTaBlllMM: na rpY311HCKI1X BhICTaBKax B npezmoea­
nsre rO,[J;hI, 6hIJI K TOMy xce TpYiKeHI1KOM M pe,[J;KOCT­
HhIM 60llIIOM, rr06e,[J;I1BIllI1M, oxparraa pO,[J;HY1O orapy,
60JIee CTa BOJIKOB.
IIoTOMKI1 TM6eTCKI1X ztoroa iKMByT 11 pa60Ta1OT
He TOJIhKO B A31111. BMeCTe C rrJIeMeHaMI1 KOQeBHI1­
KOB, C opnax a aaaoeaareneii OHM rrpO,[J;BI1HyJIMCh na
Cp eOliea3uam/ -88-llaP Ka

52. 52 C06AKH
aanazr, CTaB nacrynrs asra C06aKaMlI rOpHbIX paHOHOB
BOCTO"LlHOH II Bananaoii Enponsr II OTJIII"LlHbIMII CTO­
pOmaMII.
nopoztaxra, OHII 06pa30­
CKpeII.:J;IIBaHCb C MeCTHbIMII
BaJIII r-narncomepcr max MOJIOCCOB, TO ec'rs C06aK 1I3
rpe-recrcon MOJIOCCIIII, xoropsre, conposoacnaa PIIMC­
KlIe JIerIIOHbI, rrpOHIIKJIII BO BCe CTpaHbI Eaporrsr II OC­
TaJIlICb TaM nancerna. Ho II MOJIOCCOB rrOBCIO,n;y crepe­
II.:J;IIBaJIlI C MeCTHbIMII cofiarcavnr pa3JIII"LlHbIX rropozr,
'-­-- - - ­-­
KaBKa3CIWfl oeuapna

53. Aor~ 53
11 1I0TOMKI1 I1X yxce CI1JIbHO pa3JII1'IaJIl1Cb 11 110 BHeW­
HOCTI1, 11 110 xapaxrepara. Ho 06r.u;I1M OCTaJII1Cb onpe­
p;eJIeHHaJI He3aBHCHMOCTb xapatcrepon, CIiOKOMHbIM,
«Cpep;HHM » TeMlIepaMeHT, 6p;HTeJIbHOCTb, IIJIOTHOe
CJIOmeHHe, MaCCHBHble rOJIOBbI C 'I'YIIOM MOpP;OM H He­
60JIbWHMH BHCJIqHMH vtnaxra.
B Enpone cnaxana HX 11CIIOJIb30BaJIH na OXOTaX na
Ka6aHOB, na Mep;Bep;eH, aa P;11KHX 6bIKOB B xa-recr-se
TpaBHJIbHbIX c06aK, 3aTeM KaK CTOpOmeBbIX.

54. /
54 C05AK~
TaKOBbI H aHrJIHllCKHe M a CTHepbI. C ell"LIaC ST O rcpyrr­
nsre, M0:W;HbIe, O"LIeHb ypaBHOBeJlIeHHbIe C06aKH ­
H,D;eaJIbHbIe H THIIH"LIHellJlIHe IIpe,D;CTaBHTeJIH r-pyrrrrsr
MOJIOCCOB. Ho XOTR 110 BOJIe KOHaH ,D;ollJIa 3HaMeHH­
TaR cofiarca, na cepa I'enpn Bacxep­
1I0KYJlIaBJlIaRCR
BHJIR, 6bIJIa KaK paa 1I0MeCblO MaCTHepa, casra MaCTH­
<pbI MaJIO H3BeCTHbI JlIHpOKOll lIy6JIHKe. A BOT 06 HX
3eMJIRKe, aHrJIHllCKOM 6yJIb,D;Ore , Hero «MepTBOll
XBaTKe ,) CJIbIJlIaJI KaJK,D;bIll.
XBaTKa y aHrJIHllCKOro 6 YJIb,D;Ora ,D;ellCTBHTeJIbHO
«MepTBaR '). ,D;eJIO B TOM, t.ITO STHX c06aK HCIIOJIb30BaJIH
,D;JIR JKeCTOKOll 3a6aBbI - ,D;JIR TpaBJIH 6bIKOB. OHa He
TOJIbKO ,D;aJIa Ha3BaHHe 1I0pO,D;e: «6yJIb ') - «,D;or », TO ecrr,
(,6bIt.IbR cofiaxa », HO H Ollpe,D;eJIHJIa He06bIKHoBeHHylO
BHeJlIHOCTb 1I0pO,D;bI. 3TO c06aKH oxem, CHJIbHbIe, JlIH-
Anz.nUUCKUU nacmiup

55. AorH 55
poaorpyzrsre M rrpM3eMMCThIe, netiom.nrae - TaKMM
6hIJIO nerve rrpOCK01.£MTh Mem,n;y porasra rrpMrOTOBMB­
IIIerOCJI K araxe 6hIKa. rOJIOBa MaCCMBHaJl B CKJIa,n;Kax.
HMmHJIJI 1.£eJIIOCTh BhI,n;aeTCJI anepezr, - TaK 6hIJIO
yztotiace ynepacaaa'rs 6hIKa aa HOC M caMoMy ,n;bIIIIaTh
rrpa 8TOM. Ho 6hI1.£hM TpaBJIM ,n;aBHhIM-,n;aBHO aanperne­
HbI, M npas y COBpeMeHHOrO 6YJIh,n;Ora 01.£eHh cnotcoii­
HhIll M ,n;pymeJII06HhIll. Ho 8TO XOTh M MMpOJII06MBaJl,
HO 01.£eHh peIIIMTeJIhHaJl, OTBamHaJl M ynopnaa C06aKa,
C1.£MTalOI..IJ;aJlCJI OJIM:u;eTBOpeHMe MCTMHHO 6pMTaHCKOrO
xaparcrepa M Ha:U;MOHaJIhHOll C06aKOll AHrJIMM.
HeMe:U;KMe porneanepsr TOme MMeJIM ,n;eJIO C 6hIKa­
MM, HO, B OTJIM1.£Ue OT aHrJIUllCKOro 6yJIh,n;ora, y HMX
1.£eCTHOe Tpy,n;OBoe rrpOIIIJIOe.
AnZJLUllCKue 6yJl-bOOZU

56. 56 C05AK~
HeMeIJ;KMll ropozt POTBallJIb, JIemaW;Mll B npezrrops­
RX Ansn, 6bIJI 3HaMeHMT CBOMMM RpMapKaMM xpyrmo­
ro poraror-o CKOTa. II cronaer-rsre Ty,n;a ryp'rsr CKOTa
rrOCTORHHO corrponoacziann nnornsre xopenacr sre xep­
HO-KOplI1.IHeBble cotiarcn, KOTOpbIX CTaJIli Ha3bIBaTb
po-raefi.neparaa. IIx Tpy,n; 6bIJI HeJIerKHM - ,n;HeM aa
neperone oan CJIe,n;MJIM aa nopazncore B crane, nonro­
HRJIM orcraaurax mMBOTHbIX, CJIY1.IaJIOCb M YCMMPRTb
pa36yIIIeBaBIIIlIXCR 6bIKOB. A rro H01.IaM OXpaHRJIM
crane OT ztnynor-ax M xerueponor-ax pa36ollHlIKOB.
IIocJIe RpMapKM - npyraa aafiora. Tlponan CKOT, ryp-
Pomeeanepu

57. Aor~ 57
T OB I1J; II K II - CK OT OB O,n; b I «rrpa3,n;HOBaJIII » OKOH'laHIIe
C,n;eJIKI1. Ho BblpyqKY Kam,n;bIM CKJIa,n;bIBaJI B CrreIJ,II­
aJIbHbIM KOIIIeJIb na OllIeMHIIKe CBOerO pOTBeMJIepa.
11 rrO,n;rYJIRBllIIIM X03RIIH 3HaJI - TyT ,n;eHbrii 6y,n;yT B
6e30rraCHOCTI1. MRCHI1KII POTBaMJIR pa3B0311JIII He­
60JIbllIIIe rpyasr aa aanpaxcenrrsrx B He60JIbIIIIIe no­
B03KII pOTBeMJIepaX, - IIX ztaxce CTaJIII Ha3bIBaTb
«MRCHI1IJ,KI1MI1 C06aKaMII» .
POTBeMJIep 6bIJI Ha,n;emHbIM OXpaHHI1KOM, HO rrepezr
nporpeccora OKa3aJICR 6e33aI1J;I1TeH. Espona pa3BI1Ba ­

58. 58 C06AK~
naCb -- CKOPO OHa BCR
6blna orryrana cer sro
JKene3HbIX nopor'. OKa ­
aanocs, 'LITO CKOT ropaa­
no asrrozmee nepeB0311Tb
no JKene3HOll zropore .
II Tor,n;a por-aeii.nepsr no ­
TepRnl1 patiory. K KOHIJ;y
XIX nerca l1X ocrananacs
nO'LITl1 e,n;l1Hl1IJ;bI.
Ho BOT B O,n;l1H npex ­
pacn sra (,n;nR HbIHeIlI­
H eu euicuii tioxcep
Hl1X nro611Tenell pOTBell­
.nepon) aexep 1901 rona
B nopTOBOM TpaKTl1pe raM6ypra cny'LIl1naCb ,n;paKa
MeJK,n;y no,n;BbIIIl1BIlIl1Ml1 MaTpOCaMl1. IIPOXO,n;l1BIlIl1ll
Ml1MO nOnl1IJ;ellCKl1ll C co6aKoll BMeIlIaflCR, 11, xorna
rrsanaa KOMnaHl1R, 06'be,n;l1Hl1BIlIl1Cb, fipocunact, na He­
ro, B zterro ncryrrana cooaxa. C 6yRHaMl1 por-seanep - ­
a 'LIl1TaTenb yxce KOHe'LIHO JKe zrorananca, 'LITO C rrorm­
IJ;ellCKl1M 6bIfl l1MeHHO pornennep, -- pacrrpana.nca aa
C'LIl1TaHble Ml1HYTbI. I1CTOpl1R ::ITa no.nv-rana urapoxyro
or.nacxy. Por aeit.ncp BOCCTaHaBnl1BaeT CBOro rrorryrrap ­
HOCTb, HO reneps yxce KaK cnyJKe6HaR cotiarca. A BCKO­
pe 11 nOnl1IJ;l1R npl1CBal1BaeT rropo,n;e cTaTyc ~nonl1­
IJ;ellCKOll C06aKl1 ». C Tex rrop y pornerinepon scerzra
6bIfll1 11 paoora, 11 CBOl1 nro611Tenl1, -- nro6HTenl1 na­
,n;eJKHbIX paoounx cooax. Poraenzrepsr -- MaCCl1BHble,
mapoxcrensre, neroporcmasre C06aKl1 C MaCCHBHbIMl1
ro.nouaraa.Oxpac y Hl1X 'LIepHo-no,n;rraJIbIll, TO ecrs xep­
HbIH C pJKaBO-KpaCHbIMl1 OTMeTl1HaMl1 na ro.none, aa
rpyna H na .nanax, CaM l1X BHeIlIH:H:H Bl1,n; rOBOpl1T 0 na ­
,n;eJKHOCTl1 11 OCHOBaTeJIbHOCTl1.
A BOT HeMeIJ;Kl1ll tioxcep, XOTR ero npeznca TOJKe
6bIfll1 CKOTOrOHaMl1 11 TpaBl1nbHbIMl1 C06aKaMl1, OTnl1 ­
'LIaeTCR cnOpTl1BHbIM CnOJKeHl1eM 11 cpe,n;Hl1M pOCTOM.
Cell'LIaC ::ITO 'LIl1CTO rnofiarenscrcaa rropozra, HO xorzta-

59. AorH 59
TO 6bIJIa npnanannoii CJIYJKe6HOrr 11 zraxce rrOJIHI.I:err­
CKorr cofiaxoii. Ho H3-3a caoen c s o e o tip a a n o n rOJIOBbI,
KOTOp ylO MHOI'He C'fI1TaJIH YPO~JIHBOrr, fiorccep BbI3bI­
BaJI MHOI'O crropos. A eJIo B TOM, 'f'ro OT ozmoro H3 CBO­
HX npezixon, aHI'JIHrrCKOI'O 6 y JIb,n;OI'a, 60Kcep norry­
'fI1JI asnepa vryro MOP~y 11 asrztarorrrytoca arrepezr
HHJKHlOlO 'feJIIOCTb. Ho B I.I:eJIOM KOpOTKOIIIepCTHble
pbIJKHe 11 TI1I'pOBble (pbIJKHe B TeMHylO rrOJIOCO'fKy)
Xapatcm epnue npu31WKU HeMeu,KOZO
tknccepa - 630 epHymM Mopoa
U 6bloa lOUJ, aJU:R HllJ/(HRR «eiuocm»

60. 60 C06AKH
fiorcccpr.r OLJeHh rapMOHHLJHhl H KpaCHBhI. 3Ta ypaaao­
semeaaaa , cpezmero pOCTa cotiaxa. T'pyzmo npezrc'ra­
BHTh cotiarcy, 60JIee y,n;06HyIO ,n;JI.H cczrepacaaaa B ro­
pO,n:CKHX yCJIOBH.HX.

61. AorH 61
A BOT HeMe:O;KHe ,ll;OrH scerna OTJUI1.J:aJIHCb 8JIeraHT­
HOM rrpe,ll;CTaBHTeJIbHOM BHelliHOCTblO. «ArrOJIJIOH cpe­
,ll;H C06aK » - 8TO 0 HHX. Ha3BaHHe HX OT anrJIHMCKOrO
CJIOBa «dog» - cotiarca. Flpczncn ,n;orOB - 8TO rrOMeCH
anrJIHMCKHX MacTHCpoB H orpOMHbIX HpJIaH,ll;CKHX 60p­
3bIX-BOJIKo,n;aBOB. Ern;e BO nperserra Cpe,ll;HeBeKOBbJI aa
rcpynnr.rii pOCT, CIIJIy II ornary IIX BbICOKO IIeHIIJIH en­
poneiicrcne rpeoztam.t. Casrsre rcpynrrsre H JIy1.J:IIIHe H3
HIIX 6bIJIII «KOMHaTHbIMII') c06aKaMII. "YKpaIIIeHHbIe
30JIOTbIMH oIIIeMHHKaMH, OHH mHJIH BO zrsopnax B rro­
KOJIX napcrnyronrax ocof II CJIymIIJIH HM aerrozncyn­
HbIMH TeJIOXpaHHTeJIJIMH.
COBpeMeHHbIe ztorn no-rrpeacaeray O,ll;HH H3 casn,rx
tcpyrrasrx c06aK B MHpe, POCT HX ,ll;OXO,ll;HT no 90 CM
B XOJIKe. MYCKYJIHCTbIe, CTpoMHbIe, aTJIeTH1.J:HbIe.
I I OKpaCbI y HHX 01.J:eHb KpaCHBbIe - r JIJIH:o;eBO -rep­
nsre, MpaMopHbIe, TO ecrt, 6eJIbIe C 1.J:epHbIMII rrJITHa­
MH, rOJIy6bIe, rraneasre H TIIrpOBbIe.
IIpaKTH1.J:ecKH ace xpyrrasre ,ll;or006pa3HbIe c06aKH
OTJIH1.J:HbIe oxpaHHHKH. Ho eCTb cpenn HHX H HCKJIIO­
1.J:eHIIJI - cofiarcn , C03,ll;aHHbIe ,ll;JIJI noraonm JIIO,ll;JIM.
Caxrsre 113BeCTHble 113 HllX cenfiepnapsr. C06aKll 113
MOHaCTbIpJI na nepenarre BOJIbIIIOM Cen-Bep aap
B Illucauapcrcax Am.nax, rcorna-ro e,ll;IlHCTBeHHoH
nopore Mem,ll;y IITaJIIIeM II Illnerinapaeii. B Te1.J:eHlle
CTOJIeTllH orposrasre cofiaxn corrpoaoacnann MOHaXOB
B ofixonax ropa srx Tporr ,ll;JIJI noncrca aaraepaaromnx
nyraaxon. CHa1.J:aJIa cotiarcn JIllIIIb noreorana rrp0611­
BaTb TporrllHKll B rJIy60KoM cnery, HO 3aTeM MOHaXll
rrOHJIJIll, 1.J:TO cofiarcn C nx He06bI1.J:aMHbIM 1.J:YTbeM MO­
rYT 6bITb JIY1.J:IIIllMll crraCaTeJIJIMH, 1.J:eM JIIO,ll;II. B MO­
nacrsrpe 6bIJI C03,n;aH rrarorannrc, II Kam,ll;bIl1: ,ll;eHb
MOHaXll rrOCbIJIaJIll HeCKOJIbKO c06aK na caMOCTOJITeJIb­
HbIH ofixozt. ECJIll aaxozrana aasrepaaromero rryrnn­
rca, TO ozma 113 c06aK TyT me aoaspanranacs B MOHac­
TbIPb aa noraomsro, OCTaJIbHbIe rrsrranncr. oror-pers
naitztennoro. Cenoepnapsr cnac.nn HeCKOJIbKO TbICJI1.J:

62. 62 C06AK~
~eJIOBe~eCKHx mH3Heil. CaMbIM 3HaMeHHTbIM H3 BCeX
6bIJIBappn (1800 -1814), cnacumii 60JIee 40 qeJIO­
BeK. B 2000 rozry B Il.lnemtapn.a, CqHTaIOII.J;ell cenriep­
napa caoeit Ha:O;HoHaJIbHOll cofiarcoii, IIIHpOKO OTMe­
~aJIOCb 200-JIeTHe co .n;H.H poacnerraa Bappn.
Bappn H zrpyr-ae cenfiepnapr,r, pafiorannrne B ro­
pax, 6bIJIH KOpOTKOIllepCTHbIMH coriaxasra. Ho ecr-s
Cenrie uap
p

63. ,lJ,OrH 63
H ,ll;JIHHHOIIIepCTHhle centiepnapsi. I10JIYl:J:eHhI OHH 6hI ­
JIH OT CKpern;HBaHHeM C HhlOepayH,ll;JIeH,ll;aMH.
MCTOPl:IH m.rorpayaztnennoa HHTepeCHa. Cl:J:l:ITaeTCH,
l:J:TO na OCTpOB Hsrotpaynztneazt, JIemarn;HH y fieper-on
Kaaazn,r, OHH rrorramr euie ThICHl:J:Y JIeT Ha3a,LJ; BMeCTe C
BHKHHraMH . I10TOMKH 3THX cotiarc HCrrOJIh30BaJIHCh
3HMOH KaK eazroasre C06aKl:I, rro 3HaKOMhIM MapIIIpy­

64. 64 C06AK~
TaM napr sr C rpyaore OHll B03llJIlI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO.
JIeToM nestor-ana psrtiaxar« BbITHrllBaTb ceTII. OHII OT­
JIIIl..IHble rrJIOBIJ;bI. Ha .nanax y nux zraace nepenomcn
Mem.n;y narn.navra - na BCIO .n;JIIIHY rtanstta. I1x ztaace
rrOHal..IaJIY II Ha3bIBaJIlI Bo.n;OJIa3aMII. I13BecTHbI MHO­
meCTBO CJIyl..IaeB, xorna 8Tll cotiaxn npaxoztnrra na rro­
MOrn;b yronarounrre JIIO.n;HM. Onn npnoopemr ll3BeCT­
HOCTb II CTaJIlI IIorryJIHpHbI B Anr.aa a, a 3aTeM II B
Espone. Co6aK -repaoro II KOplll..IHeBOrO OKpaCOB CTa­
JIll Ha3bIBaTb HblO¢aYH.n;JIeH.n;aMII, a l..IepHo-6eJIbIX ­
JIeH.n;ClIpaMII, rro ¢aMIIJIlllI aHrJIllHCKOro xyztoacmnca,
.mofinaurer-o pncosari, nx. Ozma aa KapTIIH naofipaxca­
er MOKpylO 1I3Myl..IeHHylO l..IepHo-6eJIylO cofiaxy, JIema­
uryro na 6epery, aa .nanax - pe6eHOK. Kap'rnua Ha3bI­
BaeTCH «,I:(OCTOHHbIH l..IJIeH l..IeJIOBel..IeCKOrO 06rn;eCTBa».
,I:(YMalO, C 8TlIM COrJIaCIITCH Kam.n;bIH.

65. OBlfAPK"
IIepBoHaqaJIbHO nacryun,a C06aKM 3a~MI.lJ;aJIM zro­
MaIIIHMH: CKOT OT XM~HMKOB. A .n;JI.H arcro, B nepsyro
oxepens, HymHbI <pM3MqeCKa.H CMJIa, 3JI06HOCTb, 6ec­
crpanrae. 3a~MTa OT XM~HMKOB 6bIJIa HaCTOJIbKO
naxcaa, qTO JIIO.n;M MMpMJIMCb M C 060POTHOH: CTOpOHOH:
TaKMX xapaKTepOB - He3aBMCMMOCTblO, yrrp.HMCTBOM,
nopoii C rrOBbIIIIeHHOH: ar-peccnanoc-n.ro. KOHeqHO,
nacrynrsn oxpaaasre c06aKil nOMOraJIM nacryxy il
B vnpaanenna CTa.n;OM, HO He STO 6bIJIO nx rJIaBHOH: aa­
.n;aqeH:.
Co apexrenera, TaM, rne XM~HMKOB MCTpe6JI.HJIil,
M npeacne scero B rycToHaCeJIeHHbIX paH:OHaX EBPO­
rrst, npenno-rrenae CTaJIil OT,n;aBaTb ,n;pyrOH: cotiaxe.
Terrepr, naacaee 6bIJIO He zrorrycra'n, norpansr rroce­
BOB, 6bICTpO nepernarr, crano C onnoro nacrfimna na
ztpyroe, aarna-n, ero B YKpbITMe, nonor-aa'rs nyxcaoe

66. 66 C06AK~
jIUIBOTHoe K nacryxy . ,IJ;JIH STOrO CTaJIH He HymHhI
3JI06a H He3aBHCHMhlM xaparcrep - TyT naacnee yMe­
HHe COTpY~HH~aTh C ~eJIOBeKOM. TaKaH coriarca, C ozr­
HOM CTOpOHhl, ~OJImHa CJIyIIIaThcH ~eJIOBeKa-rracTyxa,
H, C ~pyroll CTOpOHhI, yMeTh yrrpanna'rs crazror«, ~06H­
BaHCh rrOBHHOBeHHH OT mHBoTHhlX, ~a H cropoxorn,
crane Bce-TaKH HymHO.
TYT yme He nyxcna MOr.u;h H CHJIa, BhIHOCJIHBOCTh
naxcaee. ,IJ;a H e~hl He60JIhIIIOM H 60JIee
.ner-xoii cofiarce
MeHhIIIe rpcriycrca - 3Ha~HT MeHhIIIe pacxozi. TaK
rrOHBHJIHCh HaCTOHr.u;He nacrvnn.a c06aKH - c06aKH­
nacrvxa. Haute ncero OHH rraCJIH oneu, noaror-ry 60JIh­
IIIHHCTBO TaKHX c06aK Ha3hIBaIOT «OB~apKaMH» - CO­
K OJlJlU XOp OUlO
noddaem csi
apeccupo8Ke

67. OB'iAPK~ 67
r x ainco uiepc m u u ii
U 60pooambiU KO.n.nU
6aKaMl1 npa onuax. 11 poznma 60JIbllIl1HCTBa OB~a­
PO~bl1X rropo.n; - Espona.
BeJIl1K06pl1TaHl1H - crpaaa netio.asuraa, a rro cpan­
HeHl1IO C POCCl1eH COBceM MaJIeHbKaH, HO OHa CTaJIa
PO.n;l1HOH BOCbMl1 rropoz OB~apOK.
Carasre 113BeCTHble 113 Hl1X - KOJIJIl1: KOJIJIl1 .n;JIl1H­
nomepc'msre 11 KOJIJIl1 KOpOTKOllIepCTHble, fiopoztam.re
KOJIJIl1 11 fiopziep- KOJIJIl1.
Ho xorna rOBopHT «KOJIJIl1», aecs Ml1p nonasraer ­
3TO .n;JIl1HHOllIepCTHble KOJIJIl1, TaKl1e KaK JI3CCl1. 113Y­
Ml1TeJIbHOH xpacorsr C06aKl1. Ho TaKl1Ml1 OHl1 6blJIl1 He
scerna. Ilpoacxoacneane KOJIJIl1 He113BeCTHO, Herro-
HHTHO zraxce, ~TO 03Ha~aeT carao CJIOBO «KOJIJIl1» • Ho
npeznca KOJIJIl1 .n;aBHbIM .n;aBHO .ml1JIl1 11 naczrn osen
B ropax IIIoTJIaH.n;l1l1. 3TO 6blJIl1 npexczte scero pafio-ra­
r'n. Hac ro Kpl1BOHOrl1e 11 KOpOTKOHOrl1e. C 1lI11POKl1M
JI60M 11 Y3KOH MOp.n;OH. Il.lepcr-s xepno-fierroro oxpaca
6blJIa ropaano xopoxe, ~eM ceH~ac, rpytiaa, .meCTKaH
C oxem, rYCTblM rroznnepc'ncox. B CypOBOM KJIl1MaTe

68. 68 COEiAKH
IIIOTJIaH,lI;IIH rpy6bIll: norcpoansrit BOJIOC ztanan 3aW;HTY
OT ,n;O.iK,n;.H, cnera H serpa, a rro,n;IIIepCTOK 3aW;HIIJ;aJI OT
XOJIo,n;a. Ho CaMa.H r JIaBHa.H HX :o;eHHOCTh 6hIJIa B HX
xaparcrepax - HaCTO.HW;He nacrymsn cotiaxn, 3a6oT­
JIHBhle rro OTHOIIIeHHIO K OB:o;aM, IIOCJIyIIIHhle H npe­
ztanm.re X03.HHHy-rraCTYXY.
IIorryJI.HpHoCTh K rropone rrpHIIIJIa rrOCJIe roro, KaK
aHrJIHll:CKa.H KOpOJIeBa BHKTOpH.H (1837-1901) noana­
KOMHJIaCh C KOJIJIH B CBoeM IIIOTJIaH,n;CKOM nosrecrr,e
BaJIMOpaJI, rroJII06HJIa HX H CTaJIa ,n;ep.iKaTh KaK CBOHX
,n;OMaIIIHHX cotiax.
KOJIJIH BOIIIJIH B MO,n;y, HMeTh HX
CTaJIO rrpH3HaKOM apHCTOKpaTH3­
Ma, H caMH OHH CTaJIH Cl.J:HTaThC.H
apHCTOKpaTaMH B C06al.J:heM MHpe.
A nec-apncrorcpar ,n;OJI.iKeH ace xce
BhlrJI.H,n;eTh nnaue, l.J:eM pafiorar'a­
rraCTYX. II KOJIJIH CTaJIH ofinaropa­
.iKHBaTh - rrpHJIHBaTh KpOBh ,n;py­
rHX rropo,n; - r JIa,n;KoIIIepcTHoro
6 anzmora , cer-repa, 60P30ll:. CTaJIH
poacnar sca H KOpOTKOIIIepCTHhle
w;eHKH, KOTOphIX BhI,n;eJIHJIH B OT­
zterrsrrvro nopozry KOpOTKOIlIepCTHhIX
KOJIJIH.
KOJIJIH rrpeapa'rnrracs B ,n;ell:CTBH­
TeJIhHO 3JIeraHTHhlX cofiax, rOJIOBa
yTOHl.J:eHHa.H, 6JIaropo,n;HhIX JIHHHll:,
yIIIH BhICOKO rrOCTaBJIeHHhle, rro­
JIycTO.Hl.J:He C l.J:yTh 3arHYThIMH KOH­
l.J:HKaMH - H OTKphIThIll:, BHHMa­
TeJIhHhIll: B3rJI.H,n; pa6ol.J:ell: OBl.J:apKH.
Y JIyl.J:IIIHJIC.H rrOCTaB nor. IIIepcTh
CTaJIa oxem, 60raTOll: - na IIIee OHa
ofipaayer xpacnayro rpHBY H BOpOT­
HHK, na aorax - «Ol.J:eChI » H «IIITa­
HhI », a aa Mop,n;e, rOJIOBe H rranax

69. OBfAPK~ 69
mepcrs KopOTKaH, rJIa,z:I;KaH. Oxpac O'IeHb HapH)l;HbIll: ­
PbDKI1ll: 11:JII1 'IepHbIll:, a na rpyztn 11: wee - 6eJIbIll: BO­
pOTHI1K, na rranax - fierrsre «HOCKM », 11: KOH'II1K XBOC­
Ta Tome 6eJIbIM:, rOJIOBy yxpanraer 6eJIaH rrpOTO'I11:Ha.
A erne MomeT 6bITb oicpac 6mO-MepJIb - MpaMOpHbIll::
ua cepe6p11:CTO-roJIy6oM qlOHe He60JIbWMe xepn sre
na-rna 11: rcpan.
KOJIJI11: Terrepb O'IeHb KpaCI1BbI. Ho COXpaH11:JIOCb
JIM TO, 'ITO :u;eH11:JIOCb B H11:X 11:3.n;peBJIe - MHTeJIJIeKT M
nacrynrecrcaii 11:HCT11:HKT? KOHe'IHO, MaJIO KOMy 11:3
KOJlJlU 6bl8alOm pasnuoai no otcpacu

70. 70 C06AK~
COBpeMeHHbIX KOJIJIH ynanocs XOT.H 6bI paa B iKH3HH
YBH.n;eTb OBIJ;Y. Ho nee iKe ec-n, H TaKHe, xoropsre pa6o­
TalOT KaK nacrvnrsn cooarcn. B AMepHKe OHH ztaxce aa­
nnrmaro'r OBeIJ; OT xonoron.
COBeprneHHO yHHKaJIbHylO CrreIJ;HaJIbHOCTb OHH rro­
JIyqHJIH B COBeTCKoil POCCHH - B Y ccvpa iicrcoxr xpae
OHH nacrrn rraHTOBbIX o.neaeri. H XOT.H rr.HTHHCTbIe OJIe­
HH TaK H OCTaBaJIHCb .n;HKHMH iKHBOTHbIMH, nac-ry­

71. OB~APKH 71
IIIeCKIIM: IIHCTIIHKT, IIHTeJIJIeKT II M.HI'KOCTh xapaxrepa
KOJIJIII, YM H OJK e H H h Ie ua MaCTepCTBO II re p nenae zrpec­
ClipOBIlJ,IIKOB, cnenann CBOe ,n;eJIO - KOJIJIIi MHOI'O JIeT
CJIYJKIIJIIi na OJI e H e BO,IJ;'I e CK Ii X rp e p ja a x.
Y 8TlIX co fiarc rrO JI Y'I aJI OCh MHOI'Oe . ,1J;eC.HT h C rrOJIO­
BIiHOM: ThIC.H'I MIiH aarne,n K OJIJIIi ,1J;IIK aa I'O ,n;hI B e JI II ­
KOM: O T e 'l e CT BeH H OM: BOM:HhI. ,1J;IIK 6hIJI cpezra TeX, KTO
crrac OT B3phIBa 3HaMeHIIThIM: IIaBJI OBCKIIM: ,n; BOpeIJ, nozt
JIeHIIHI'pa,n;OM - B rr onnane ,n;BOpIJ,a OH 0 6 H a p YJK lIJI
60M6y C '1aCOBbIM MeXaHII3M OM . IIocJIe BOM:HbI ,1J;IIK
6hIJI rrOXOpOHeH C BOIlHCKIiMIi rrO'leCT.HMII .
KOJI JIIi pa60TaJIH II KaK I'eOJIOI'Ii - rro aanaxy HaXO ­
,n;IIJIH rrO JIe3HbIe IICKOnaeMbIe .
KOJIJIU - npe60CXOaHblU
nacmyx

72. 72 C06AK~
Ceti-rac onn BeCeJIbIe II pe3YJIbTaTllBHbIe CrrOpTCMe­
HbI - ycnexn B parte COBpeMeHHbIX Bll,D;OB cotia-rsero
cnopra rrO,D;TBepm,D;aIOT STO.
A BOT CJIaBa O,D;HOH aa JIY~llIllX nacryun.ax C06aK
Mllpa renepr, npananneacar 3eMJIRKy KOJIJIll - rro-rra
Te3Ke II nepoarnoery npezncy - 60p,D;ep-KOJIJIII. «Bop­
ztep : rro-aarJIIIHCKll «r-paaana», nonyxaerca «rrorpa­
Hll~HbIH» KOJIJIll. PO,D;llHa STOH cotiarcn aa rpaaane
AHrJillII II IIIoT.nanzraa, OTCIO,D;a II naasaaae. A «KOJI­
Jill »? qTO m, CJIOBOM «KOJIJIll » pansme Ha3bIBaJIll no-r­
Tll scex rrac'ryrrrsnx c06aK . KOpOJIeBCKlle OC06ll 060llI­
Jill CBOllM BHllMaHlleM 60p,D;ep-KOJIJIll. OH 6bIJI, ecrs
II 6Y,D;eT c06aKoH epepMepoB II nacryxoa . H cnoeii HbI­
neumeit rpoMKoH CJIaBOH OH 06R3aH He 3HaMeHllTbIM
BJIa,D;eJIbIJ;aM, He SJIeraHTHOCTll nnemaer-o nazra ­
a careosry ce6e, caoeray llHTeJIJIeKTy, caoeii crpacrn

73. OBliAPKH 73
K pafiore - I1, KOHeqHO me, erne TeM ThICR:qaM epepMe­
POB, xoropsre C03,ZJ;aJII1 3TY nopozry. Bop,ZJ;ep-KOJIJII1
ovens paaasre, nexoropsre II3 HI1X noxoacn TOJIbKO ca­
MI1 na cefia. OHI1 MoryT 6hITb ,ZJ;JII1HHOllIepCTHhIMI1 I1 KO­
pOTKOllIepCTHhIMI1, nO'tlTI1 nrofioro OKpaca, ynnr ­
CTOR:'tlI1e I1JII1 nOJIycTOR:'tlI1e, POCT - He60JIhIlIOH, OKO­
JIO 50 CM. ,IJ;BI1meHI1R: - 6hICTphle, HO nrranasre, CTe­
JIlOrn;I1eCR:, rrOqTI1 6e3 OTpbIBa .narr OT 3eMJIH. Ho 06­
tnee y scex 3TH X c06aK - O,ZJ;HO: yM, TeMnepaMeHT
H COBepllIeHHhIH nacryurecroni HHCTIIHKT. YTBepm,ZJ;a­
lOT, qTO 60p,ZJ;ep-KOJIJII1 nacer nee, qTO ,ZJ;BHmeTCR:: onen
II KOIlIeK, ,ZJ;eTeH H aBTOM06IIJII1. 3TO C06a'tlHH «Tpy,ZJ;O­
rOJIHK », I1 OH He MomeT mHTh 6e3 pa60ThI.
A OCTaJIhHhle aHrJIHHCKHe OBqapKH? OHH nparcrn­
'tleCKI1 OCTaJIHCh 6e3 ,ZJ;eJIa, npeBpaTHJII1Cb B c06aK­
Bopoep-icon nu

74. 74 C06AKH
KOMrraHbOHOB H oxem, JIl06HMbI BO BCeM MHpe - 3TO
60pO,n;aTbIll KOJIJIH, CTapOaHrJIHllCKaR oaxapxa 606­
TallJIb, lIleTJIaH,n;CKaR onnaprca lIleJITH. IIIeJITH anent­
He - xporne-maa rcorraa KOJIJIH, HO onxapxa JIH OHa?
I1pHBepmeHII;bI nopozrsr no CHX nop cnopar, rrac.na JIH
OHa XOTb KorO-TO aa pO,n;HbIX ell IIIeTJIaH,n;cKHx OCTpO­
sax. Ho BOT caxrsre MaJIeHbKHe OBqapKH B MHpe ­
BeJIblIl-KOprH - Kap,n;HraH H rreM6pOK - HaCTORIII;He
nacrvnn,n c06aKH, H CrreII;HaJIbHOCTb Y HHX B nponr­
JIOM 6bIJIa caxsaa cepseaaaa - OHH neperOHRJIH rvp'rsr
ztaxce xpyrmoro pora'ror-o CKOTa. 06a BeJIblIl-KOprH
COBceM MaJIeHbKOro pOCTa - 25-30 CM, BeCOM OKOJIO
Boomeiin
Illenmu.

75. OBliAPKH 75
10 KllJIOI'paMMOB. CJIOBO «rcopr-n : rrO-KeJIbTC KI1 TaK II
3HR4:llT (,MaJI eHbKaR cofiaxa». Hoxocn xopo-rem.xne,
ynrn CTORT. B3I'JIR,n; aece.nsra . 8Tll ovens rrozraaacnsre,
BhIHOCJIllBhle cofiaxxrr finar-oztaprr csoeii JIOBKOCTll II
BHllM aTeJIbHOCTll amcorna He nonanann nozt xonsrra
rreperonaesror-o CKOTa. Ceiivac 3TO casraa JIl06I1MaR
nopozra aHI'JIllllCKOll KOpOJIeBCKOll cesrsu.
AHa KOHTI1HeHTe, B Banaznrofi Enpone, nacryursn CO­
6aKll 60JIee rcpynasre II MO~Hble, qeM aHI'JIllllCKlle.
Tarcae, qTo6bI MOI'JIll aaurarn'n, ,n;OM II CKOT OT xnuran­
KOB II nenponrensrx I'OCTe rr. 8TO 6bIJIll ocrposropzrsre
cofiaicn C BbICOKOrrOCa.iKeHHhIMll yuraxra, xaazrparmae
II ,n;JIllHHble, Oq eHh paaasre rro oxpacax II urepcrn ­
B eJlbUl -KOpZU n e.M6pOK
B eJlbUl-KOpZU «apiiuean.

76. Bpuap
M npareonrepcr-asre, M ,ll;JIMHHOllIepCTHble, M C rnepcrsro
.lKeCTKOH M rpy6oH, rroxoxceii na rrpOBOJIOKy.
B Ka.IK,ll;Oll crpaae, B Ka.IK,ll;Oll MeCTHOCTM epOPMMPO­
BaJIMCb CBOM nopozn,i, M nexoropsre ,ll;OllIJIM zro HaC.
H3 eppaHIJ;Y3CKMX OBLIapOK MbI 3HaeM fiooepona - KO­
pOTKOllIepcTHyIO os-raprcy M3 rrpOBMHIJ;MM Boc, M fipaa­
pa, ,ll;JIMHHOllIepCTHoro nacryxa M3 rrpOBMHIJ;MM BpM.
Y 06eMx nopozt ecrt, ozma MHTepeCHaR xepra - C,ll;BO­
eansre rrpnfisr.nsre nam.usr na 3a,ll;HMX .nanax. «IIpn­
6bIJIble » narn.nsr - 8TOJIMllIHMe IIaJIbIJ;bI. IIpM ,ll;BM.lKe­
HMM B rJIy6oKoM cner-y, rro CHe.IKHOMY aacry cofiarcn
paHRT MX, M Y 60JIbllIMHCTBa nopozt OHM He.IKeJIaTeJIb­
HbI. 06bILIHO npntistm.re rransrn,r, eCJIM OHM ecrr., yna­
JIRIOT cpaay npn pO.IK,ll;eHMM II.J;eHKOB. Ho fipnapara
M fioceponara CHe.IKHbIll HaCT He crpamen - na MX PO,ll;M­
He cner-a rrOLITM HeT. H ,ll;JIR HMX rrpatisr.nsre nansnsr ­
06R3aTeJIbHbIll rropoznnaa npnaaax. Boceponsr M cell ­
LIac pa60TaIOT nacryxasrn. KpOMe roro, 8TO OTJIMLIHaR
IIOJIMIJ;ellCKaR M CIIopTMBHaR cofiatca. Bocepoa HarrOMM­
traer OLIeHb rcpymroro, rpy6oro, XBOCTaToro ,ll;06epMa­
aa, aenapom ero CLIMTaIOT O,ll;HMM M3 rrpezncon 8TMX
3HaMeHMTbIX CbIII.J;MKOB.

77. OB'iAPK~ 77
y q>paH~llll eCTb erne ozraa 3HaMeHllTaH cofiarca,
HO « nanononara : C BeJIbrlleH - 3TO <pJIaH,n;pCKaH OB­
xapxa, liJIll ¢JIaH,n;pCKllH 6YBbe. BYBbe - rcpyrmaa
(zto 68 CM), Cli JIbHaH II MO~HaH cotiaxa caMbIX paaasrx
Bocepon.

78. OKpaCOB - psrxcero , xepnoro, TJiIrpOBOrO , «rrepen
C COJIbIO ». YIIlJiI BHC.H'-lJiIe, paasnre KyrrJiIpOBaJIJiICb.
BYBbe ncerna 6bIJI BepHbIM rrOMOIIJ;HHKOM qirranzrp­
CKHX diepmepoa JiI 6IOprepOB. fP03HbIH CTOpOm XO­
3.HMCKOrO zrotipa JiI CKOTa. OHJiI JiICrrOJIb30BaJIJiICb KaK
CKOTOrOHHble C06aKJiI, aanparanacs B TeJIemKJiI ,n;JI.H
rrepeaoaxn He60JIbIIlJiIX rpyaoa, aanpnvrep 6JiI,n;OHOB
C MOJIOKOM. B CrreU;JiIaJIbHbIX KOJIeCaX BepTeJIJiI xcepno­
aa na MaJIeHbKHX MeJIbHJiIu;aX JiI rrpJiIBO,n;JiIJIJiI B ,n;eHCTBJiIe
MacJI060HKJiI. CeH'-laC TeXHJiIKa BbIIIOJIH.HeT STY pafio­
Ty, HO ,n;JI.H OXpaHbI <pePM KaK C06aKa-TeJIOXpaHJiITeJIb
JiI ,n;JI.H CJIym6bI B rrOJIJiIU;JiIJiI 6YBbe BOCTpe60BaH rro­
npeacaevry.
B BeJIbrJiIJiI rrOMJiIMO STOH ec'rs JiI CBOJiI C06CTBeHHble
6eJIbrJiIHCKJiIe OB'-lapKJiI. Hx xer srpe nopozrsr: MaJIHHya,
TIOpBepeH, rpronenztans H naxeaya.

79. OBliAPKH 79
q TO 06II~erO Me.IK.n;y 6eJIbrIiHCKOrr OB'lapKOH Ii KO­
JIOKOJIbHbIM 3BOHOM? 06'be.n;IiHHeT l1X 6eJIbrIiHCKIiH
ropo.n; MeXeJIeH, nO-<ppaHIJ;Y3CKIi - MaJIIiH. Bnarozta­
pa He06bIKHOBeHHOH KpaCOTe 3BY'laHIiH KOJIOKOJIOB
Ii3 MaJIl1Ha B POCCIiIi CTaJIIi Ha3bIBaTb «MaJIIiHOBbI­
MIi » carasre xpacnasre KOJIOKOJIbHbIe 3BOHbI. A caraaa
3HaMeHl1TaH Ii3 6eJIbrIiHCKIix OB'lapOK, pbI.lKIirr Ma­
JIIiHya, rrponcxozrar TO.IKe Ii3 MaJIIiHa. MaJIIiHya ceri­
'lac B rpasope, - 6bICTpbIH, JIerKIiH, rrpbIryqIirr (c rrer­
KOCTbIO npeononesae-r TpeXMeTpOBbIe 3a60pbI), - OH
ycneunro npnraenaerca BO rppannycxon aprana, 6JIec­
r anre asrc'ryrraer aa CnOp'l'IiBHbIX copeBHOBaHIiHX.
IIoKJIOHHIiKIi MaJIIiHya BO scere Ml1pe see 'la~e Ii xame
Ma JLUHya
/

80. 80 C06AK~
Ha"tumaIOT CpaBHHBaTb ero C 3TaJIOHOM CJIyJKe6HOH
c06aKH - C HeMeI.:I;KOH onsapxon.
ECJIH BO <t>paHI.:I;HH H BeJIbrHH rro HeCKOJIbKY OB­
"tlapO"tlbHX rropozi - H ,n;JIHHHOIIIepCTHbIX, H JKeCTKO­
IIIeCTHbIX, H KOTOpOTKOIIIepCTHbIX, - TO HeMI.:I;bI H3
HeMeHbIIIero pa3Ho06pa3HR KpeCTbRHCKHX rraCTYIIIb­
HX c06aK C03,n;aJIH ncer'o oznry nopozry - HO 3aTO rca­
KYIO!
EIIJ;e B KOHI.:I;e XIX serca HeMeI.:I;KaR cnxaprca C"tlHTa­
JIaCb rrJIe6eHCKoH c06aKoH . BOJIbIIIe roro , MHorHe
JII06HTeJIH HMrropTHbIX anrJIHHCKHX nopozt C"tlHTaJIH,
"tlTO paaaozrm-s «c06aK BOJI"tlberO THrra npermo » . Ho
HaIIIeJICR "tleJIOBeK, rroJII06HBIIIHH 3THX c06aK H C03­
,n;aBIIIHH na HX OCHOBe JIy"tlIIIyIO CJIyJKe6HyIO cofiarcy
MHpa. 3BaJIH ero Marco epOH IIITecpaHHI.:I; . CBOIO JKH3Hb
OH rrOCBRTHJI C03,n;aHHIO H COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHHIO He­
MeI.:I;KHX OB"tlapOK . Pa3 H HaBcer,n;a OH yCTaHOBHJI:
HeMeI.:I;KaR oaxaprca - 3TO npexcne ncero pafiouaa co­
6aKa. IT HHTeJIJIeKT, H KpaCOTa, H rrpaBHJIbHOCTb
CJIOJKeHHR oaxapxa - ace ,n;OJIJKHO ooecrre-maa-n, ee
pario-rocnocotiaocr-s. KpOMe nacrvnn.en CJIyJK6bI
IIITeepaHHI.:I; CTpeMHJICR HaHTH ,n;JIR HeMeI.:I;KHx oaxapox
H zrpvr-yro paeory, TaKyIO, KOTopaR pacxpsr.na 6bI see
B03MOJKHOCTH 3THX c06aK H cne.nana HX rrOJIe3HbIMH
,n;JIR scex . HeMeI.:I;KHX oanapox B3RJIH aa scopyace­
HHe rrOJIHI.:I;HR H apMHR, HCKaBIIIaR aJIbTepHaTHBy zro­
porHM aHrJIHHCKHM nopozraxr . IT oavaprcn He nozrsena.
OHH OKa3aJIHCb rrepBOKJIaCCHbIMH rrOJIHI.:I;eHCKHMH
H BoeHHbIMH c06aKaMH. Bo BpeMR nepnoii MHpOBOH
BOHHbI OHH rrpOKJIa,n;bIBaJIH TeJIeepOHHbIe Ka6eJIH, non­
,n;epJKHBaJIH CBR3b, HCKaJIH panensrx , HCrrOJIb30Ba­
JIHCb B rraTpyJIHpOBaHHH H B xapay.nax.
IIocJIe nepnoii MHpOBOH BOHHbI Ha"tlaJICR HaCTOR­
IIJ;HH OB"tlapO"tlHH 6yM . APMHH H rrOJIHI.:I;HH no-rm scex
CTpaH B3RJIH na CJIyJK6y HeMeI.:I;KHX onxapcrc.
OHH 06JIa,n;aIOT XOpOIIIHM "tlyTbeM H MYJKeC'I'BeHHbIM
xaparcrepoxr, OHH BbIHOCJIHBbI H HerrpHXOTJIHBbI, OHH

81. H eMe 4 /Ca.R.0811a p 1
W

82. 82 C06AK~
pano HaqHHaIOT H JII06HT pafiorarr., OHH YMHbI H crpe­
MHTCH COTpy,n;HHqaTb C qeJIOBeKOM. A qTO erne nazro OT
CJIy.iKe6HOH: cofiarcn?
HeMeU;KaH oaxaprca 3 a M e q a T e JI b H O KpaCHBa. Moxc­
HO rrOHHTb Tex, xoro OHa BOCXHrn;aeT rapMOHHeH: CJIO­
.iKeHHH H Heo6bIqaH:HOH: KpaCOTOH: ,n;BH.iKeHHH:. 3TO
H CTpOH:HaH H ztoc'raromro MOrn;HaH cofiaxa. 3aOCT­
peunaa Mop,n;a C qepHOH: MaCKOH:. Crpor-ne CTOHqHe
yIIIH. fapMOHHqHble, n.nanasre JIHHHH xoprryca. Yrr­
pyraa cmraa, CHJIbHble ynpyr-ae KOHeqHOCTH. Oxpac
,n;OJI.iKeH 6bITb HpKHM - qepHO-pbI.iKHM C qepHOH: Mac­
KOH: aa Mop,n;e H qepHOH: CrrHHOH:, aonapno-cepsrra,
qepHbIM.
H eueu icasi oeuaptca sa patiomoii

83. OBiAPKH 83
Osrem, KpaCHBaH cotiaxa. If MHOrHX JIl06HTeJIerr OHa
npHBJIeKaeT He TOJIbKO KaK pafioxaa cofiarca, HO H KaK
c06aKa-KOMnaHboH.
Ho OCTaJIaCb JIH onxaprcon HeMeIJ,KaH onnapxa? ­
OTBeT MomHO ,n;aTb BnOJIHe orrpenerremrsrri: OCTaJIaCb.
B I'epraanna exceronao npOBo,n;HTCH qeMnHOHaT He­
MeIJ,KHX OBqapOK no nacr-sfie. ,Il;JIH rrparcr-a-recrcn patio­
TaIOIIJ,Hx no nacrynn.ek cJIym6e HeMeIJ,KHX OBqapOK
ecrr- naace ornensnsre pHHrH na caMOM rJIaBHOM KOH­
rcypce «on-rapovseri rcpaco'rsn - aa rJIaBHOrr BbICTaBKe
HeMeIJ,KHX OBqapOK I'epraauan. Maorne Be,n;yIIJ,He rrn­
TOMHHKI1 I'epraaaaa BbICTaBJIHIOT CBOHX c06aK B 3TOM
KJIaCce.
Ho Bce-TaKH OCHOBHaH paoora COBpeMeHHbIx HeMeIJ,­
KHX OBqapOK He nacrsoa, OHH - P03bICKHbIe c06aKH

84. 84 C06AK~
H nor-paaanmae, canepsr If TaMOJKeHHHKH, rrOH CKOBH­
KH-crraCaTeJIH, noaozrsrpa cnerrsrx H oxpaHHHKH.
BpeMR OT BpeMeHH npoxomrr CJIyx , "lITO KaKaR-TO
nopozta patioraer JIy"lIIIIe, "lITO HeMeIJ;KylO oa-rapxy BOT ­
BOT caepr-ayr C rrsenecrana CJIyme6Holl cofiarcn « HO­
Mep O.n;HH ». TaK 6hIBaJIO yme He pas. O.n;HaKO 3TH BHe­
aamro BOIIIe.n;IIIHe B MO.n;y nopoztsr rrpaxozrar H YX O.n;R T .
A HeMeIJ;KaR onnapxa OCTaeTCR.
Ho ecrr, y Hee H MJIa.n;IIIHe po.n;CTBeHHHKH. Bcerzta
CYI.I.J;eCTBOBaJIH HeMeIJ;KHe OB"lIapKH C "lIyTh 60JIee .n;JIHH­
HOll IIIepCThlO, .n;JIHHHOIIIepCTHhle. 3a yIIIaMH H na
ThlJIhHOll CTopOHe KOHe"lIHOCTell - « ouecsre , rro KOp­
rrycy IIIepCTh TOJKe "lIyTh .n;JIHHHee. TaKHe I.I.J;eHKH pOJK­
.n;aIOTCR H y CT a H .n;a p T H h I X HeMeIJ;KHX OB"lIapOK. Cell"lIaC
rropozry. B Eapone OHH
HX Bhl.n;eJIHJIH B OT.n;eJIhHYIO
oxeas JII06HMhl KaK cotiarca-rcoranansoma sa yM H xpa­
COTY·
HeMeIJ;KaR onxapxa - cofiarca, "lITO HaShIBaeTCR,
«BhlIIIe cpezmero pOCTa », ee POCT 58-65 CM. Ilpaaaa,
scerna Haxo.n;HJIHCh JII06HTeJIH, KOTOphlM KaSaJIOCh,
qTO « xopoureii cotiaxa .n;OJIJKHO 6hlTh MHOI'O». OHH rrsr­
TaJIHCh paasozra'n, o-rens xpynnsrx OBqapOK - nycrs
XOTh sa 75 CM. TaKHe rcpynasre OBqapKH Tep.HJIH rrozt­
BHJKHOCTh H BhIHOCJIHBOCTh, H HeMeIJ;KylO onxaprcy sa
B CIO ee IfCTOpHIO He pas «BOSBpaI.I.J;aJIH » B paMKH CTaH ­
zrapra. Ho B COBeTcKoM Coroae 6hlJI paapatioran HOBhlll
craaztapr (pOCT zto 70 CM), H TaKHX 60JIhIIIHX OB"lIapOK
CTaJIH HaShIBaTh BOCTO"lIHOeBpOrrellCKHMH. Ceiiuac B
crpaaax 6hIBlIIeI'O COBeTCKOI'O Coroaa paaaozia-r B OC­
HOBHOM HaCTORI.I.J;HX HeMeIJ;KHX OB"lIapOK, HO CBOH JIIO­
6HTeJIH COXpaHHJIHCh H y BOCTOqHOeBpOrrell CKHX. Oc­
HOBHOll oxpac y 3TOll nopozrsr - q errpa"lIHhlll (x epaaa
cnaua) C cepetipncro-cepsna nonrranom. ,I.I;JIR HeMeIJ;­
KHX OB"lIapOK 3TOT orcpac He paapeuren.
KpOMe BOCTO"lIHOeBpOrrellCKOll OBqapKH e c 'rs y H a c
H CBOR CTapHHHaR nacryun,a nopona - roacaop yccxaa
oaxaprca.

85. OB~APK~ 85
o rrpOHCXOJK,n;eHIHI IOJKHOpyCCKOH: OBL£apKH MHoro
cnopar. OTHOCHTCH JIH OHa K rpynne (, HaCTOHI.JJ;HX'>
OBL£apOK, HJIH B L£HCJIe ee npemcon 6bIJIH ztoroofipaa­
asre c06aKH? 8TO He TaK yJK BaJKHO. Ho B eI.JJ;e B rro­
3arrpOIlIJIOM aerce 3TH c06aKH, «OBL£apbI», 6bIJIH XOpO­
IlIO H3BeCTHbI rro scesry tor-y POCCHH - OT KpbIMa zto
CTaBpOrrOJIbH. Macr-ae tcpvrmsre onneaozrsr ,n;epJKaJIH
B CTerrHX crrerraarn.asre nHTOMHHKH ,n;JIH « pyCCKHX
OBL£apOK», rzte c06aK pa3Bo,n;HJIH H OTnpaBJIHJIH aa­
TeM B orapsr. Hexoropsre 60raL£H, XBaCTaHCb CBOHMH
OBo;aMH, rOBOpHJIH, CKOJIbKO y HHX TbICHL£ c06aK.
A orapy H3 TbICHL£H-rrOJIyTopa TbICHL£ oaeu OXpaHHJIH
3-4 OBl.IapKH.
IOJKHOpyccKHe OBL£apKH pa60TaJIH COBceM B npyrnx
yCJIOBHHX, L£eM HX 3ana,n;HoeBporreHcKHe c06paTbH.
BeCKpaH:HHe crenn, 60JIbIlIHe orapsr H MHOJKeCTBO
XHI.JJ;HHKOB, - BOT C L£eM npaxozranocr, HM CTaJIKH­
BaTbCH KaJK,n;bIH ,n;eHb. 8TO H Cq)OPMHpOBaJIO rropo,n;y­
,n;JIH 3aI.JJ;HTbI OT BOJIKOB H rpa6HTeJIeH: Tpe60BaJIHCb
icpyrmsre, OL£eHb CHJIbHble H 3JI06Hble c06aKH. IIlepcTb
y HHX ,n;JIHHHaH, rpyfiaa, KOCMaTaH H JIerKO c6HBaeTCH
B BOHJIOK. 8TOT BOH:JIOK ztaer cofiarce nazrexcrryro 3aI.JJ;HTY
OT CTerrHbIX fiypanon, nenorozn,i, OT BOJIL£bHX 3y60B H OT
yztapon HaraH:KoH. ,II;JIHHHaH «L£eJIKa ,>, «YCbI» H «fiopo­
zta» , COBepIlIeHHO 3aKpblBalOI.JJ;He rOJIOBy, 3aI.IJ;HI.IJ;aIOT
r-naaa OT rrbIJIH H HaceKOMbIX. Oxpac 6eJIbIH:, cepr.ni
MJIH CBeTJIO- naneasrrr.
Tlocrerrenno crerm OCBaHBaJIHCb, YMeHbIlIHJIOCb
L£HCJIO BOJIKOB, CTaJIO COKpaI.IJ;aTbCH H rrOrOJIOBbe OBL£a­
pOK. Carasre JIyL£IlIHe c06aKH COXpaHHJIHCb B HMeHHH
<t>aJIbo;-<t>eHHOB. B 3HaMeHMTOH ACKaHHH-HoBa ,n;JIH
oxpansr CBOHX cran OH nepxca,n no ,n;BYX TbICHL£ OT60p­
HbIX «pyCCKHX OBL£apOB».
Ho HCTOpHH 3TOH nopozrsr TparHL£eCKaH. T'paxcnaa­
CKaH BOH:Ha, Tpy,n;HOCTH COBeTCKoro zroaoemroro nepn­
ozra: MaCCOBaH 3arOTOBKa c06aK na rmcypsr, 3aTeM
peKBH3HIJ,HH c06aK ,n;JIH apMHM, a nOTOM H BeJIHKaH

86. 86 C06AK~
OTe'IeCTBeHHaJI aoirna IIOCTaBIIJHI IOmHOpYCCKIIX OB­
'I apOK na Kpaii llC'Ie3HOBeHllJI.
Tlopozta ceii'Iac BOCCTaHOBJIeHa , HO MHOrO'IIICJIeH­
Hoii OHa yxce, BepOJITHO, He 6y,n;eT. TeM He MeHee, 3TO
OT JIll'IHaJI cofiaxa ,n;JIJI aaropoznrsrx KOTTe,n;meii, ,ll;JIJI
rpepxrepos.
O'IeHh IIOXOmaJI na roxcnopyccrcyro OB'IapKY cofiarca
ec-n, B Benrpnn. 8TO KOMOH,n;Op. Crpcro rOBopJI, KO-
JOJlCHOpyCCKaR oesapiea

87. OBl.iAPKH 87
MOH~OP cxopee OTHOCI1TCR K ~or006pa3HhIM C06aKaM,
"lleM K ouxaprcare. 8TO cotiaxa C ThICR"lleJIeTHei1: I1CTOpl1­
err, MO./KeT 6hITh, OHa 6hIJIa B "llI1CJIe ITpe~KOB HaIIII1X
IO./KHOPYCCKl1X onxapox. KaK 11 OHI1, KOMOH~OPhI OX­
paHRJIl1 onen, HO B BeHrepCKl1X CTeITRX - B rrYIIITe.
KOMOH,n;OphI - OqeHh xpyrnrsre C06aKl1, MO./KHO CKa­
aart., orpoerasre. Cpeznrait pOCT y Hl1X 70 -80 CM. IJ;BeT
IIIepCTI1 - "llI1CTO 6eJIhIll:. Illepcrr, y HI1X o6R3aTeJIhHO
,n;OJI./KHa CBaJIl1BaThCR B BOll:JIOK, I1JII1 B Bl1,n;e BOll:JIO"ll­
HhIX IIIHypOB, I1JII1 ofipaayer ITO ncevry TeJIy o,n;I1HaKO­
nsre KOJITyHhI, TaK aaasmaesrsre «CBaJIhI'). KOMOH~OPOB

88. K O HO p He nodnucmum
MO O
80JlIW K omape

89. OB~APKH 89
HeJIb3H pacaecsrsarr., qTo6bI He napynrart- crpyrcrvpy
wepCTI:I. Korna KOMOH,n;Op JIllHHeT, TO BbIJIllHllBaIO­
nraa nrepcrs OCTaeTCH B KOJITyHe. II C B03paCTOM KO­
MaH,n;op nee 60JIbWe II 60JIbWe onenaerca B «6POHIO »
ll3 KOJITyHOB, rrpe,n;CTaBJIHH C060H neaatisraaeraoe 3pe­
rrmne. Hnorna, CJIyqaeTCH, KOMOH,n;Op repaer mepcr's ,
HO CKOPO «onea aer ca. CHOBa.
KOMOH,n;op - :3TO cotiaxa ,n;JIH oxpaasr crazra , II CTO­
poxc OH BeJIllKOJIerrHbIH, y Hero naace B cranzrapre npo­
nacano - «HOqbIO zmar-aerca HeCJIbIWHO» . Ho B Bear­
pan ec'rs II nacroaume osuapxa - BeJIllKOJIerrHaH
«TpOHKa»: rrymr, rrYMll II My,n;ll. 8TO MaJIeHbKlle CO­
6aqKll pOCTOM 35-45 CM. Bee OHll OTJIllqHbIe cropoxca
II KPbICOJIOBbI, n, KOHeqHO rrepBOKJIaCCHbIe nacryxn,
Kam,n;bIH co CBoeH cneuaanaaauaeii. 8TO KaK Tpll 6pa­
Ta - crapnraa , cpezraaii II MJIa,n;wllH. Crapmaa - :3TO
rry.n a, llCTOPllH ero TaKaH me ,n;peBHHH, KaK II y KOMOH­
,n;opa, OH II BbIrJIH,n;IlT KaK «MllHll»-KOMOH,n;Op. TOJIbKO
rrynn MomeT 6bITb He TOJIbKO 6eJIoro, HO II qepHOrO
llJIll ceporo oxpaca. CneU;llaJIIl3aU;IlH ero - OBU;bI.
Cpezmait fipar , nyxrrr, o6pa30BaJICH B XVII-XVIII Be­
xax OT cxpenraaanaii nYJI11 C OCTpOyXllM11 aarrazmoea­
ponericrcnraa oauapxaraa. Aaaprnoro 11 JIOBKOrO nYM11
JII0611JI11 llCnOJIb30BaTb ,n;JIH pa60TbI co CBllHbHMll 11
KpynHbIM poraTbIM CKOTOM. A rpernfi fipar , My,n;ll, no
cpaBHeH11IO C ,n;pyrllM11 6paTbHM11
COBceM MaJIbIW - OH C<pOPMllPO­
BaJICH « cax C060IO» na pyfiexce XIX
II XX BeKOB OT CMeWeH11H pa3HbIX
rropo,n;. My,n;11 - BeJIllKOJIerrHbIH
CKOTorOH II ero CneU;llaJIIl3aU;IlH ­
KpyrrHbIH poraTbIH CKOT. IIYMll II
My,n;11 BHeWHe noxoacn na BeCeJIbIX
3a,LJ;OpHbIX zraopnaxcex. A BOT no
xaparcrepy nx C ,n;BopHHmKOH He
cnyTaewb - cepbe3Hble patio-me
nacryrm.n cotiarca.

90. >KH3HEPAAOCTHOE nllEMSI ­
TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, nHHLiEPbl
BpI1TaHI.J;hI - BeJII1KaR C06aKOBO,n;qeCKaR HaI.J;I1R.
HaI.J;I1R CrrOpTCMeHOB, MeXaHI1KOB 11 CTOpOHHI1KOB paa­
,n;eJIeHI1R Tpy,n;a. 11 3Ta I1X qepTa HaIIIJIa orpaacenne He
TOJIhKO B rrpOMhIIIIJIeHHOCTI1, HO 11 B mI1BOTHOBo,n;CTBe,
11 B co6aKOBo,n;CTBe B qaCTHOCTI1. Cy,n;I1Te CaMI1 - 6op­
asre xpynasre, MeJIKI1e, rOHQI1e na 3aHI.J;a, rOHQI1e na
JII1CY, na asrzrpy, na OJIeHR, CKOpOCTHhle rJIa,n;KOIIIep­
CTHhIe rrOHHTephI, ,n;JII1HHOIIIepCTHhle cer-repsr ,n;JIR
pa3HhIX yro,n;I1H, CrraHI1eJII1 ,n;JIR yro,n;I1H, nerronxozra­
II.J;I1X ,n;JIR JIeraBhIX, aonansre CrraHI1eJII1, perpn sepsr,
QTo6hI rronaaarr, ,n;06hIQy, OBQapKI1 ,n;JIR nac'r sfisr, ztor-n
,n;JIR OXpaHhI. B .necax , B rrOJIRX, B nozte 11 rrOQTI1 QTO
B soazryxe - BCIO,n;y C06aKI1 rrOMOraJII1 QeJIOBeKy. Ka­
meTCR, He OCTaJIOCh CTI1XI1l'I, rzie 6hI cooaxa He cJIymI1­
JIa QeJIOBeKy. A nozt 3eMJIeH? 11 nozr 3eMJIeH Tome.
11 Ha3BaHI1e TaKl'IX cotiarc - TepbephI - rrpol'ICxo,n;I1T
OT JIaTI1HCKOrO CJIOBa e reppa : - 3eMJIR .

92. 92 C06AK~
Boo6ru;e-TO , CHa"tIaJIa STO 6hIJIli 06hI"tIHhIe He60JIhIlllIe
aarJIlIrrCKlie ,n;BOpH.HmKlI. B Kam,n;Orr MeCTHOCTli CBOli.
Ho npax-norasre epepMephI crapanacs OCTaBJI.HTh ce6e
ru;eHKOB OT rrOJIe3HhIX ,n;JI.H cetia cofiarc. Kaxne npofine­
MhI 6hIJIli Y rpepraepon? liM ClIJIhHO ,n;OKy-qaJIli KphIChI 1I
npo-me MeJIKlIe If cpezra a e XlIru;HIfKlI, OC06eHHO paa ­
MHOmliBIlllIeC.H rrOCJIe IfCTpe6JIeHlI.HB XVI nexe BOJIKOB.
KPhIChI yHlI"tITOmaJIli aanacsr. JIIfChI 1I XOphKlI rae­
Bapcyrcn, CTpO.H CBOli pa3BeTBJIeHHhIe HO­
KaJIIf rrTlI:U;Y.
psr, nozrpsmana nocrponxn If zropor-a.
BOT 60ph6y C HIfMlI 1I B03JIOmliJIli na ,n;BOpOBhIX co6a­
"tIOHOK. "tlTO liM napor« xJIe6 ecrr.? QTo6hI BhIIIOJIHIfTh
STY aanasy, KaKOrr ,n;OJImHa 6hITh C06aKa? B nepsyro
oxepezn, OTBamHOrr, JIOBKOrr, ClIJIhHOrr 1I nerionsnron.
OTBamHOrr, norosry qTO ,n;OJImHa 6hIJIa npec.nezto­
sar-s 1I acrynarr, B cXBaTKy rrycrr, C He6oJIhlliliMlI, HO
ace me C XIfru;HlIKaMIf. LTIoBKorr If ClIJIhHOrr, qTo6hI rro­
6e,n;lITh, a He nor-afiny-n. . ,I.(JI.H aroro me HymHhI 6hIJIli
xperncne qeJIIOCTIf 1I 3y6hI. A He6oJIhillOrr - rrororay,
m ecmK OUlepcm HblU tpox cm epiep
( na nepeiineu n.nane) u een uu mepsep

93. TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, m1HLfEPbl 93
qTO AOCTaTOqHO JIOBKOA AJIH 60Pb6~ C MeJIK11M11
3BepbKaM11 MOmeT 6bITb TOJIbKO nefio.nr-rrraa cotiaxa,
a KpOMe roro, TOJIbKO He60JIblliOA nee craoacer 3aJIe3Tb
B JI11CbIO 11JI11 fiapcyasro nopy.
Maoro repsepos nor-nfiano B 8TOA 60pb6e. Bsrxoraa­
JI11carasre yMHble, caxtsre JIOBK11e, casrsre OTBamHble,
care sre C11JIbHble.
Ha BHelliHOCTb 8TMX c06aK npaKTI1QeCKM He ofipa­
~aJIM BHMMaHMH. Ho 06~I1e 3aAaQM CepOpMMpOBaJIM
c06aK, BO MHorOM noxoxcnx zrpyr C APyrOM. 8TOMy
nocnoc06CTBOBaJIO M npMJIMTMe KpOBeA carasrx YAaq­
HbIX M3 HMX - 6eJIoro I1 qepHO-nOAnaJIOrO repsepoa.
A CKpe~MBaHMH C OXOTHMqbI1MM c06aKaMI1 AaJIM HO­
asre pa3HOBI1AHOCTM, xoropsre nOJIyqaJI11 Ha3BaHI1,H,
KaK npaBMJIO, no MeCTHOCTI1, rne MX pa3BOAI1JIM. Bce
rnaiiicoiuepcmneie tpoiccmepiepu.