5. Natural sources of drugs
Plant sources of drugs
Animal Sources of drugs
Marine sources of drugs
Mineral sources of drugs
Microorganisms sources of
drugs
Tissue culture sources
11. Mineral Sources of drugs
Kaolin (Feldspar deposits) used in gastric infection.
Asbestos (Hornblende) used to filter bacteria.
Talc (Sleatite) used as filtration aids.
Bentonite (Mineral deposits) use to prepare emulsion and cosmetics.
Fuller's earth (Siliceous earth) uses as dusting powder.
Prepared chalk (calcareous remains of algae) used as antacid.
Kieselguhr (Fossil diatoms) used as filtration aid.
Calamine (Hemimorphites) used as cosmetics.
Iron is used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
Mercurial salts are used in Syphilis.
Zinc is used as supplement, in wounds and in eczema.
Iodine uses as antiseptic and as a supplement.
Gold salts are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Ferrous sulfate used in the treatment of anemia.
Magnesium sulfate used as purgative.
Aluminum hydroxide is used as antacid
Sodium bicarbonate is used as antacid also.
13. Micro-organisms sources…continue…
Penicillium notatum uses to made Penicillin that inhibits the
formation of cell wall in the pathogenic bacteria.
Streptomyces venezuelae uses to produces Chloramphenicol
that inhibit the bacterial protein biosynthesis.
Streptomyces fradiae cultures are used to isolate Neomycin
(Aminoglycoside) that act by inhibition of protein synthesis by
binding with 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome..
Penicillium griseofulvum used to produce patulin, penifulvin A,
cyclopiazonic acid, roquefortine C, shikimic acid, griseofulvin,
and 6- methylsalicylic acid.
Streptomyces griseus used to produce Streptomycin, abroad
spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the translation.
15. Plant tissue culture technique used to grow and multiplication
of cells, tissues and organs on defined solid or liquid medium
under aseptic and controlled conditions. Mainly secondary
metabolites are produced by this method.
Steroid hormones, human insulin, human growth hormone and
somatostatin are manufactures.
Plant secondary metabolites produced by this technique
includes Taxol (anticancer), Captothecin (anticancer),
Artemisinin (antimalarial), Forsklin (anti-spasmodic),
Ginkgolides, Shikonin (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), caffeic
acid derivatives (Salvia bulleyana), rosmarinic acid, salvianolic
acid, salvianolic acid F isomer II (Salvia bulleyana),
podophyllotoxin (Linum flavum), genistein (Cullen corylifolium),
asiaticoside, madecassic acid and asiatic acid (Centella
asiatica), crocin, pircorcrocin (Crocus sativus).
Tissue culture sources…continue…
17. High performance liquid chromatography:
Used for isolation and purification
High performance thin layer
chromatography: Used for isolation and
purification
Gas chromatography: Used for
isolation and purification
Thin layer chromatography: Used for
isolation and purification
18. Identification of Chemical Constituents
Chemical Tests (identification of chemical constituents and their types)
Chromatographic techniques (Isolation, purification and characterization
of chemical compounds)
Spectroscopic techniques (Structure elucidation)
NMR spectroscopy:
calculating number of
C-atoms & H-atoms in
given structure
Infra-red spectroscopy:
identification of
functional groups
UV spectroscopy:
identification of
compounds,
functional groups
Mass spectroscopy:
identification of
molecular mass
19. Chemical constituents already isolated and
identified
Reserpine used in
high blood pressure
Vincristine used in cancer
treatment
Paclitaxel used in
cancer treatment
Curcumin used as
antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory
Artimisinin used in
malaria treatment
Eugenol used in local
pain
