shikimic acid pathway, amino acid pathway, acetate mevalonate pathway, biosynthesis of ephedrine, biosynthesis of quinine, biosynthesis of brucine, biosynthesis of strychnine, biosynthesis of piperine, biosynthesis of berberine, biosynthesis of taxol, biosynthesis of vincristine, biosynthesis of vinblastine, biosynthesis of digitoxin, biosynthesis of glycyrrhizine, biosynthesis of sennosides, biosynthesis of bacoside, biosynthesis of quercitine, biosynthesis of hecogenin, biosynthesis of guggulosterone, biosynthesis of withanolides, biosynthesis of cucurbitacine, biosynthesis of umbelliferone, biosynthesis of atropine

1. Biosynthetic pathways for
secondary metabolites

2. 01 S h i k i m i c a c i d p a t h w ay
02 A m i n o a c i d p a t h w ay
03 A c e t a t e m e v a l o n a t e p a t h way
04 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f E p h e d r i n e
05 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f Q u i n i n e
06 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f S t r y c hy n i n e & b r u c i n e
07 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f P i p e r i n e
08 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f B e r b e r i n e
09 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f Ta xo l
10 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f V i n c r i s t i n e a n d V i n b l a s t i n e

3. CONTENTS
13 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f S e n n o s i d e s
14 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f B a c o s i d e s
15 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f Q u e r c i t i n
16 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f H e c o g e n i n
17 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f G u g g u l o s t e r o n e
18 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f W i t h a n o l i d e s
19 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f U m b e l l i fe r o n e
20 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f C u c u r b i t a c i n s
11 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f D i g i t ox i n
12 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f G l y c y r r h i z i n
21 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f At r o p i n e

4. 01 S h i k i m i c a c i d p a t h w ay

5. S h i k i m i c a c i d p a t h w ay c o n t i n u e . . .

6. 02 A m i n o a c i d p a t h w ay

7. A m i n o a c i d p a t h w ay c o n t i n u e . . .
Tryptophan

8. A m i n o a c i d p a t h w a y c o n t i n u e . . .
Phe= phenylalanine
Glu=glutarate
Tyr= tyrosine
Asp=aspartate

9. 03 A c e t a t e m e v a l o n a t e p a t h way

10. A c e t a t e
m e v a l o n a t e
p a t h w ay
c o n t i n u e . . .

11. 04 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f E p h e d r i n e

12. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f
E p h e d r i n e
c o n t i n u e . . .

13. strictosidine
glucosidase
Aldehyde
esterase
Tabersonine 16-hydroxylas,
6-hydroxytabersonineO-
methyltransferase
05 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f Q u i n i n e

14. 06 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f S t r y c hy n i n e & b r u c i n e
Geissoschizine Dehydropreakuammicine Norfluorocurarine 18-OH norfluorocurarine Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde
SnvGO
SpGO
SnvNS1/
SnvNS2 SnvNO SnvWS
SpAT
SnvWS
Tryptophan
Akuammicine Desoxy Wieland-Gumlich
aldehyde
Diaboline Prestrychnine
Isostrychnine
Strychnine
10-OH Strychnine
β-colubrine
11-deMe brucine
Brucine

15. 07 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f P i p e r i n e
pyridoxal phosphate

16. piperidine
piperoyltransferase

17. 08 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f B e r b e r i n e

18. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f B e r b e r i n e c o n t i n u e . . .

19. 09 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f Ta xo l
geranylgeranyl
diphosphate
synthase
ts= taxadiene
synthase
cytochrome P450
taxadiene 5-
hydroxylase
taxa-
4(20),11(12)-
dien-5a-ol-O-
acetyltransferase
cytochrome
P450 taxane
10β-
hydroxylase
taxane 2a-O-
benzoyltransferase
10-deacetyl
baccatin III-10-O-
acetyltransferase

20. Step 1
10
B
i
o
s
y
h
t
h
e
s
i
s
o
f
V
i
n
c
r
i
s
t
i
n
e
a
n
d
V
i
n
b
l
a
s
t
i
n
e
next step from stemmadenine

21. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f V i n c r i s t i n e
a n d V i n b l a st i n e
c o n t i n u e . . .
Step 2
continued from epicathinamine

22. 11 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f D i g i t ox i n

23. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f D i g i t ox i n c o n t i n u e . . .

24. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f D i g i t ox i n c o n t i n u e . . .

25. 12 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f G l y c y r r h i z i n

26. 13 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f S e n n o s i d e s
Isochorismate synthase
o-succinylbenzoate synthase
IPP isomerase
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-
phosphate synthase]

29. 15 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f Q u e r c i t i n
phenylalanine ammonia lyase Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
4-coumarate CoA ligase
naringenin
chalcone
synthase
chalcone
isomerase

30. chalcone
isomerase
naringenin 3-
dioxygenase
dihydrokaempferol
synthase
quercetin synthase

31. 16 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f H e c o g e n i n

32. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f H e c o g e n i n c o n t i n u e . . .

33. 17 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f G u g g u l o s t e r o n e
Guggulsterone is a phytosteroid found in the resin of the guggul plant, Commiphora mukul. Guggulsterone can exist as
either of two stereoisomers, E-guggulsterone and Z-guggulsterone. In humans, it acts as an antagonist of the farnesoid X
receptor, which was once believed to result in decreased cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Several studies have been
published that indicate no overall reduction in total cholesterol occurs using various dosages of guggulsterone, and levels
of low-density lipoprotein ("bad cholesterol") increased in many people. The biosynthetic pathway are still missing.

34. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f G u g g u l o s t e r o n e c o n t i n u e . . .

35. 18 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f
W i t h a n o l i d e s

36. 19 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f U m b e l l i fe r o n e

37. 20 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f C u c u r b i t a c i n s

38. B i o s y h t h e s i s o f C u c u r b i t a c i n s

39. 21 B i o s y h t h e s i s o f At r o p i n e

40. THANK YOU