Sustainable development by integrating blue green infrastructure

NICMAR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY
INTEGRATING BLUE-GREEN
INFRASTRUCTURE
By
ARPAN WASAN (PP18023)
MANSI THAKKER (PP18075)
SHIVAM SOOD (PP18085)
RAJAT KATEKAR (PP18205)
Guided By
Prof. Pavan Totla
PGP PEM 14th Batch
(2018- 2020)
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Academic
Requirements for the Post Graduate Programme in Project
Engineering and Management
(PGP-PEM)

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH
PUNE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, we would like to thank Prof. Pavan Totla, for his expertise, assistance,
guidance and patience throughout the process of writing this thesis. Without your help
this project would not have been possible. We would like to thank Dr. Sudarsan J.S.
and Dr. Mayur Shirish Jain, for their support and many helpful and generous
suggestions.
We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the exceptional faculty in the Tolani
Maritime Institute (TMI), Talegaon, Pune. We would like to give our special thanks to
Capt. Krishnamurthy Iyer (Principal, TMI), Capt. Raj Razdan (Provost, TMI) and
Prof. Abdul Raheem (Lecturer, TMI) they have each made our time at TMI equally
informative and enjoyable and helped us providing data for our project.
Last of all we would like to thank our friends and everyone else who helped
contribute to this project.
Arpan Wasan (PP18023)
Mansi Thakker (PP18075)
Shivam Sood (PP18085)
Rajat Katekar (PP18205)
Date:

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DECLARATION
We declare that the Project Work titled “Sustainable Development by Integrating Blue-
Green Infrastructure” is bonafide work carried out by us, under the guidance of Prof.
Pavan Totla. Further we declare that this has not previously formed the basis of award
of any degree, diploma, associate-ship or other similar degrees or diplomas, and has not
been submitted anywhere else.
Date: Arpan Wasan, PP18023
PGP PEM- 14th
Batch (2018-2020)
NICMAR Pune
Mansi Thakker, PP18075
PGP PEM- 14th
Batch (2018-2020)
NICMAR Pune
Shivam Sood, PP18085
PGP PEM- 14th
Batch (2018-2020)
NICMAR Pune
Rajat Katekar, PP18205
PGP PEM- 14th
Batch (2018-2020)
NICMAR Pune

iii NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Work entitled “Sustainable Development by
Integrating Blue-Green Infrastructure” is bonafide work of Mr. Arpan Wasan in
partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for the award of Post Graduate
Programme in Project Engineering and Management (PGP PEM). This work is carried
out by him/them, under my guidance and supervision.
Signature of Guide
Prof. Pavan Totla
Signature of Head
Head of PGP PEM
NICMAR, Pune
Date:

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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CERTIFICATE
Integrating Blue-Green Infrastructure” is bonafide work of Ms. Mansi Thakker in
Signature of Guide
Prof. Pavan Totla
Signature of Head
Head of PGP PEM
NICMAR, Pune
Date:

v NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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CERTIFICATE
Integrating Blue-Green Infrastructure” is bonafide work of Mr. Shivam Sood in
(Signature of Guide)
Prof. Pavan Totla
Signature of Head
Head of PGP PEM
NICMAR, Pune
Date:

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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CERTIFICATE
Integrating Blue-Green Infrastructure” is bonafide work of Mr. Rajat Katekar in
Signature of Guide
Prof. Pavan Totla
Signature of Head
Head of PGP PEM
NICMAR, Pune
Date:

vii NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is an urgent need for development of construction projects especially retrofitting
of existing buildings, which will minimize the impact on environment such as urban
heat island effect (UHIE), global warming, floods, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions
due to exploitation of non-renewable resources.
This development should not only be equipped with green approaches but a hybrid of
green and blue infrastructure collectively known as Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI).
While the green approaches are dealing with the forest covers, parks, green roofing,
vertical green gardens etc. the blue infrastructure is meant for wetlands, blue roofs,
artificial lakes, aesthetical over the ground drains.
This BGI together forms a more effective sustainable retrofitting model than adopting
the either one, it could be explained as an interconnected network of natural designed
landscape components, including water bodies and green and open spaces providing
multiple functions such as water storage, water purification, wildlife habitat, flood
control and many more.
This project aims at finding out the benefits one experiences while residing in a
sustainable Blue-Green environment as compared to conventional building. In this
project methodology of literature survey, questionnaires and interviews are followed
Thus this project aims at analysing the situations with both the scenarios as stated
above, along with that this project aims to determine the sustainable infrastructure
component that is cost effective and energy efficient via cost comparisons between
conventional and BGI components such as Phytorid, Green or Live Roof.
For meeting the research objectives and scope of pilot study, we chose two residential
academic campuses that are National Institute of Construction Management and
Research (NICMAR), Pune, Maharashtra and other one is Tolani Maritime
Institute(TMI), Talegaon, Pune, Maharashtra. The later one is the perfect blend of BGI
as compared to NICMAR which offers more or less a typical concrete building for the
hostellers.
Because both of them are residential and we could get the feedback from the
hostellers/staff/lecturers staying in the campus regarding the feasibility and benefits of
BGI in both with or without cases.

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER-1.................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND.........................................................................................1
1.2 SCOPE.........................................................................................................1
1.3 OBJECTIVE................................................................................................2
1.4 DEFINATION OF TERMS.........................................................................2
CHAPTER-2.................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3...............................................................................................................15
RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY..........................................................................15
3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN ...................................................................15
3.2 INTERVIEWS...........................................................................................16
3.3 SITE VISITS .............................................................................................16
CHAPTER 4...............................................................................................................17
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS...................................................................17
4.1 ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE ON BGI .........................................17
4.1.1 PART-1 INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .....17
4.1.2 PART-1 ANALYSIS.................................................................................19
4.1.3 PART-2 GREEN INFRASTRUCTRE (GI)..............................................20
4.1.4 PART-2 ANALYSIS.................................................................................22
4.1.5 PART-3 BLUE INFRASTRUCTRE (BI) .................................................24
4.1.6 PART-3 ANALYSIS.................................................................................27
4.1.7 PART-4 BLUE-GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (BGI).............................28
4.1.8 PART-4 ANALYSIS.................................................................................31
4.1.9 OVERALL ANALYSIS BASED ON QUESTIONNARE.......................32
4.2 ANALYSIS ON PHYTO-REMEDIATION .............................................33
4.2.1 COMPARISON BASED ON PROCESS EMPLOYED...........................35
4.2.2 COMPARISON BASED ON COST OF CONSTRUCTION...................36
4.2.3 COMPARISON BASED ON OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
COST37
4.2.4 COST PARAMETERS GOVERNING COST IN CONVENTIONAL STP
39
4.2.5 OVERALL ANALYSIS............................................................................39
4.3 ANALYSIS ON GREEN ROOFING SYSTEM.......................................40

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4.3.1 COST COMPARISON OF GREEN ROOF AND CONVENTIONAL
ROOF FOR 10 m2 AREA OVER ONE HOSTEL ROOM IN NICMAR...........41
CHAPTER 5...............................................................................................................43
CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................43
CHAPTER 6...............................................................................................................46
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 7...............................................................................................................49
APPENDIX Ⅰ...........................................................................................................49
7.1 BGI ENVIRONMENT IN TMI ................................................................49
APPENDIX Ⅱ .........................................................................................................51
7.2 QUESTIONNAIRE USED FOR SURVEY..............................................51
7.3 LINK FOR QUESTIONNAIRE ON GOOGLE FORMS.........................59
APPENDIX Ⅲ........................................................................................................60
7.4 CALCULATION FOR INTERPOLATION OF COST FOR 400 m3
STP
AT NICMAR........................................................................................................60
7.5 CALCULATION FOR CONCRETE SLAB OF 125 mm THICKNESS
FOR 10 m2
AREA................................................................................................60
7.6 DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND CHECKS FOR SLAB WITH GREEN
ROOF CALCULATED IN SPREADSHEET....................................................61

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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 4.1: AWARENESS OF PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMT...........................17
Fig 4.2: NICMAR VS TMI IN TERMS OF AWARENESS OF UHIE ...........................................18
Fig 4.3: STEPS TAKEN BY INSTITUTION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
................................................................................................................................................................18
Fig 4.4: BENEFITS FELT FROM SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE...................................19
Fig 4.5: MEANS OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY IN CAMPUSES......................................19
Fig 4.6: LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING OF GI..............................................................................20
Fig 4.7: LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF BENEFITS FROM GI......................................................20
Fig 4.8: INCLUSION OF GI IN THE CAMPUS...............................................................................21
Fig 4.9: FACTORS FACILITATING TO IMPLEMENTATION OF GI.......................................21
Fig 4.10: FACTORS HINDERING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GI ........................................22
Fig 4.11: BENEFITS FELT DUE TO PRESENCE OF GI IN CAMPUS .......................................22
Fig 4.12: NOTION OF BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................................24
Fig 4.13: COMPONENTS OF BI PRESENT IN THE CAMPUS....................................................24
Fig 4.14: WATER STAGNATION PROBLEM INSIDE THE CAMPUS ......................................25
Fig 4.15: ARTIFICIAL LAKE APPEARANCE REVIEW (TMI ONLY)......................................25
Fig 4.16: BENEFITS DUE TO PRESENCE OF BI ..........................................................................26
Fig 4.17: REVIEW OF INTEGRATING BI AND GI.......................................................................26
Fig 4.18: AWARENESS OF BGI........................................................................................................28
Fig 4.19: PROBLEMS FACED DUE TO CLIMATIC RISKS ........................................................28
Fig 4.20: CREDIT TO BGI FOR MITIGATIN CLIMATIC PROBLEMS....................................29
Fig 4.21: IS THE CAMPUS HAVING BGI .......................................................................................29
Fig 4.22: RATING FOR STANDARD OF LIVING IN CAMPUS ..................................................30
Fig 4.23: RATING FOR SPACE FOR RECREATION IN CAMPUS............................................30
Fig 4.24: RATING FOR AESTHETICS OF CAMPUS....................................................................31
Fig 4.25: CAPEX SPENT BY CAMPUS ON BGI.............................................................................31
Fig 4.26: TYPICAL STP LAYOUT IN NICMAR CAMPUS (Watercarebd, n.d.) .......................33
Fig 4.27: TYPICAL PHYTOREMEDIATION LAYOUT (ESTPL) ..............................................34
Fig 4.28: LAYERS OF A TYPICAL CONVENTIONAL ROOF(LEFT) AND GREEN ROOF
(RIGHT), (Brachet Aline, 2019)..........................................................................................................40

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: COMPARISON BETWEEN PHYTORID STP AND
CONVENTIONAL STP BASED ON STAGES......................................................35
Table 4.2: COST OF CONSTRUCTION COMPARISON OF
CONVENTIONAL STP AND PHYTORID STP FOR DIFFERENT
CAPACITIES, (SANJAY MURLIDHAR KARODPATI, 2013) ..........................36
Table 4.3: COMPARISON BASED ON DAILY COST OF OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE FOR 400 m3 STP ........................................................................37
Table 4.4: TOTAL CONNECTED AND CONSUMED LOAD OF
ELECTRICITY (kW) FOR CONVENTIONAL STP FOR 22 HOURS,
(SANJAY MURLIDHAR KARODPATI, 2013).....................................................38
Table 4.5: COST COMPARISON OF GREEN ROOF AND CONVENTIONAL
ROOF (Team ProductLine, 2019), (Dhundasi, 2018).............................................41

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED
BGI – BLUE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
BI – BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
GI – GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
GHG – GREEN HOUSE GASES
GRIHA – GREEN RATING FOR INTEGRATED HABITAT ASSESSMENT
IGBC – INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUCIL
LEED – LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
NICMAR – NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
AND RESEARCH
TMI – TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE
UHIE – URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
STP- SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
SPSS – STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Today, cities and all the urban areas are high emitters of greenhouse gases,
causing the degrading effect to ecosystem and high risk to urban areas from
hydrometeorlogical and climatological hazards which are further accelerated by
climatic changes. Our conventional engineering approaches or grey
infrastructure are not sufficient and can’t tackle the root cause of the risk and
increase the vulnerability.
Climate change is resulting in intense and long lasting natural calamities such
as droughts, uncontrolled flooding in human settlements as well as in jungles
and forests due to increase in frequency of heavy rainfalls and due to rise in
average annual temperature forest fires are spreading without a ceiling, also due
to rapid construction and increased population increases the UHIE, carbon
footprints and release of GHG makes it worse.
Society is trying to mitigate such problems by adopting green engineering
approaches and by decreasing use of non-renewable resources, but alone these
approaches are insufficient to counter such problems.
With the rapid development of towns and cities there is an urgent need that
society makes sure the buildings, public spaces and houses are designed to
promote sustainable development to handle the growing consequences of global
warming not just by green infrastructure but also incorporating blue
infrastructure to it.
So this project aims to promote sustainable development but by integrating with
BGI with means of retrofitting, that is evolving green infrastructure such that it
will complement blue infrastructure as well where blue infrastructure pertains
to systems and technologies that are retrofitted into existing urban drainage
infrastructure to improve water efficiency to manage storm water and flooding
effectively.
1.2 SCOPE
1.2.1 To determine the feasibility and benefits of applying BGI for residential
academic campus.
1.2.2 To determine a sustainable infrastructure component related to BGI that
is cost effective and energy efficient and compare it with its
conventional alternatives.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1 To do a pilot study of an Academic Residential Campus having BGI
components and compare it with a regular Residential Campus.
1.3.2 To perform a cost comparison between Phytorid Sewage Treatment
System and Conventional STP present inside Academic Residential
Campus.
1.3.3 To perform a cost comparison between Green Roofing System and
Conventional Roofing for a hostel building.
1.4 DEFINATION OF TERMS
1.4.1 GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the long term rise in the average temperature of the
earth’s climate.
1.4.2 URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
An urban heat island is an urban area or metropolitan area that is
significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human
activities.
1.4.3 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Planned networks of natural and semi-natural areas with other
environmental features designed and managed to deliver different
ecosystem services for example parks, gardens, hedgerows, lawns,
forest cover, vertical gardens, live or green roofs etc.
1.4.4 BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
Blue infrastructure refers to water elements, like rivers, canals, ponds,
wetlands, floodplains, water treatment facilities, etc.
1.4.5 GREY INFRASTRUCTURE
Traditional human engineered measures that perform infrastructure
functions such as water and waste water treatment, cooling, heating or
protective infrastructure such as dykes and seawalls.

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1.4.6 BLUE-GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (BGI)
Planned interconnected networks of natural and semi-natural areas,
including water bodies and green and open spaces, that provide different
ecosystem services.
1.4.7 PHYTOREMEDIATION
Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of
plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants in the
soil and groundwater.
1.4.8 GREEN HOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS
A greenhouse gas emission is any gas emission in the atmosphere which
absorbs and re-emits heat, and thereby keeps the planet's atmosphere
warmer than it otherwise would be. The main GHGs in the Earth's
atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone.
1.4.9 CARBON FOOTPRINT
The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly
support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons
of carbon dioxide (CO2)

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 By Mansoor Ali Dhundasi
Living Roofs – Future is Alive, International Conference on
Construction, Real Estate, Project Management Infrastructure
(ICCRIP)
2018
This paper aims to provide the solution in order to reduce the effects of global
warming and greenhouse gases effects by construction of green roofs or living
roofs or eco roofs. The construction of green roofs would provide a sustainable
solution for the buildings. The present paper includes the installation of green
roof over an educational building and the present technology incorporates
planting of permanent landscape onto building rooftops.
2.2 By Ar. Arshia Khajooria Hazarika, Ar. Anoop Kumar Sharma
International Journal of research in Chemical, Metallurgical
and Civil Engineering (IJRCMCE) Vol4. Issue 1
Green Infrastructure Retrofit- A Sustainable Strategy for
Indian City.
2017
In this paper, they have talked about the problems related to urbanization and
green infrastructure and urban retrofit as a solution to the problems. They have
proposed to study issues in current urban scenarios with unplanned concrete
jungles and environmental consequences and propose green infrastructure for
the city of Jammu and Kashmir. Their proposal continues with retrofitting the
city with green infrastructure and mitigate the loss of biodiversity, climate
change, water resource over exploitation with proper water management.
They have concentrated on following urban issues for deliberation for green
infrastructure retrofits.
 Urbanization and sprawl
 Environmental pollution
 Climate change and water shortage and pollution.
 Green Cover shortage
 Urban heat island effect

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And they have suggested the following solutions in line with above said
issues.
 Eco-roof
 Green roof, Green Walls
 White roof urban heat management
 Blue roof water management
 Green streets and pavements
 Urban forestry and green belts
 Wetlands
2.3 By Rohan Rate (IESVE Singapore Pte Ltd), World Engineers
Summit-Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon
Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference, WES-CUE 2017, 19-
21 July, Singapore.
The Role of ICT (Innovative Information and Communication
Technologies) in Creating Intelligent, Energy Efficient
Buildings.
July 2017
This paper talks about the use of ICT for better control and operation of
buildings. ICT is the key enabler to achieve and maintain the effectiveness of
all existing and novel approaches to energy efficient building throughout its life
cycle. ICT related technology is called smart technology. ICT is key to smart
buildings which can be aggregated into neighbourhood, campuses to provide a
sustainable build environment.
2.4 By Yaella Depietri, Timon McPhearson (Nature-based Solutions
for Climate Change Adaption in Urban Areas, Theory and
Practice of Urban Sustainability Transitions)
Integrating the Grey, Green and Blue in Cities: Nature-Based
Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Reduction.
2nd September 2017.
The author explores the role of grey, green and blue infrastructure and in
particular, the hybrid approaches for disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaption to shed light on available sustainable adaption opportunities in cities
and urban areas. The author highlights the limitation and drawbacks in the
adoption of merely grey or merely green infrastructures and suggests that
intermediate ‘hybrid’ approach, which combines all blue, green and grey
approaches and it could be the most effective strategy for risk reduction in the
urban context. In the paper, the author conceptualizes urban systems as social-
ecological-technical systems (SETs) with emphasis on interactions between
social, ecological and technical infrastructural domains of urban areas.

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2.5 By Čedo Maksimovic (Imperial College London), Ana Mijic
(Imperial College London), K.M. Smith (London South Bank
University), Ivo Suter (Imperial College London).
Blue Green Solutions- A systems approach to sustainable,
resilient and cost-effective urban development.
March 2017
In this guide, they have talked about the combined risks of urbanization and
climate such as loss of biodiversity, the risk of ill health, water pollution, noise
pollution, air pollution, droughts, UHI effect, increased crime rates, resource
inefficiency and flood risk. They have focused on using nature-based solutions
(NBS) and to exploit the potential benefits to achieve urban sustainability and
climate change resilience.
2.6 By Author: Editor of http://gosmartbricks.com
Stormwater Management: Why India Desperately Needs One
December 11, 2017
This article gives the only possible solution to solve the problem of uncontrolled
changing of the natural landscape, flash floods, poor drainage system and
contamination of rivers which is a complete revamp of existing stormwater
management.
Stormwater management aims to restore the natural water cycle as closely as
possible and smart stormwater management replicates the natural underground
aquifers and allows for reuse in water-intensive activities like farming.
According to the author, the simplest stormwater management structure is a
water tank which can take the form of:
 Detention Ponds
 On-Site Detention Tanks
 Rainwater Harvesting
 Green Roofing

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2.7 By E.C. O’Donnell, J.E. Lamond & C.R. Thorne
Recognizing Barriers to Implementation of Blue-Green
Infrastructure: A Newcastle Case Study, Urban Water Journal.
2017
This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on barriers to Green
Building adoption published in academic journals. It has been found that lack
of information, cost, lack of incentives, lack of interest and demand, and lack of
Green Building codes and regulations are the most reported barriers in the
literature.
 Resistance to change
 Lack of financing mechanism
 Attitudes, culture, lifestyle and behaviour
 Non-Compliance with existing building regulations and inadequate checks
 Bureaucracy
The findings are important because they provide information on major barriers
in green building implementation, leading to a better understanding of what is
stopping the rapid adoption of green buildings from a global perspective.
Industry practitioners and policymakers would be able to identify gaps in green
buildings implementation and thus discover key areas where policy or strategy
initiatives can help accelerate green buildings adoption.
2.8 By Department of Land Water and Planning.
Planning a Green-Blue City
February, 2017
This paper consists of three parts: Introduction, how to develop an Action plan,
Practice
Introduction: The paper says about planning the Green-Blue city and what is
Green-Blue city. It is an urban area that is associated with urban greening where
the city consists of the Green assets and Blue assets separately but sometimes
same assets often provide the services that benefits both the infrastructure by
achieving multiple objectives. They have described various elements of the BGI
like Green roofs, Green walls, Swales, Parks, Sports grounds, Wetlands, Lakes
etc.
How to develop an Action Plan: It describes the methodology on how to plan
the BGI structure.
Identification of local drives, setup the vision, mapping of data, explore the
options, Identification of options and test the selected options, set actions and
monitor success.
The last part is the practices which talks about the case studies or pilot studies
of the various testimonials.

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2.9 By Zahra Ghofrani, Victor Sposito, and Robert Faggian,
Environment Journal of Environment and Sustainability
A Comprehensive Review of Blue-Green Infrastructure
Concepts
2017
This paper talks about the severe climate changes that can be a problem for the
infrastructure as well the agriculture sector. It provides a review of information
on the impact of Blue-Green Infrastructure on water resources and vegetation.
It talks about the practical examples of Netherlands where they have adopted
such techniques for surface and subsurface land. They have also given
classification of the Blue-Green components categorized as function, position,
and scale.
2.10 By Anshul P Gujarathi
Cost Parameters of Green Residential Buildings in Pune, India
2016
While building the green buildings the main focus is on cost and while
construction of Green buildings the focus areas are building planning and
design, construction material, water efficiency, landscaping, site selection,
preservation of natural resources at site etc. In the above paper the survey for
15 sites have been carried out to find out the cost parameters in Indian site
conditions. A sufficient economic return on energy-efficiency investments is
crucial for the sustainable development of the green building industry. The
concern of environment and sustainable development has been increased
recently. These problems force the countries to adopt a number of policies that
enhance energy efficiency and apply baseline parameters in accordance with
international standards. Both the GRIHA and IGBC criteria are taken while
analysing the cost impact.
2.11 By Neeti Garg, Ashwani Kumar
International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and
Construction
A Conceptual Framework for Sustainability Indicators in
Retrofitting Existing Housing
September 2016.
This study aims to establish the methodology and the framework for developing
a sustainable indicator for retrofitting housing complexes to an existing mid-
rise multi storeyed building. This study proposes the simulation of the existing
building survey and the collection of data in order to generate the baseline for
the proposed retrofitting structure. The main focus is on strengthening the case

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for the performance gap modeling by studying the distance between the actual
proposed performance and the desired performance. The study results will be
able to identify critical areas needing more attention and to scale up the gaps for
the retrofitting.
2.12 By Soumya Gorai (IIT, Kharagpur)
Advanced Retrofitting Techniques for Reinforced Concrete
Structures: A State of an Art Review
August 2016
This paper aims to strengthen a structure to satisfy the requirements of the
current codes for seismic design as the seismic behaviour of the existing
building are affected due to design deficiency, construction deficiency,
additional loads, additional performance demand, etc. This paper gives us an
overview on different and cost effective techniques of retrofitting for
strengthening the damaged structures.
2.13 By Ramboll Foundation
Making Cities Liveable
March, 2016
This paper talks about Enhancing the Blue-Green Infrastructure and social
performance in high density urban environments.
It talks about how Blue-Green infrastructure will be a feasible solution to the
urban areas which are facing the challenges of climate change. It provides
socioeconomic benefits which are greater than the sum of its individual
components (i.e. Green Infrastructure and Blue Infrastructure).
It talks about the societal benefits, potential constraints and supportive
conditions for its implementation.
2.14 By Bibhuti Barik
Green way to treat wastewater, Bhubaneshwar India
21st Novemeber. 2015
In Bhubaneshwar the development authority treated the waste water of the
drainage by the use of Phytroid technology, it involves a constructed wetland
exclusively designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural and
industrial wastewater. The system is based on treating the wastewater through
various layers of plants such as elephant grass, cattails, reeds, cannas and yellow
flag iris, which are normally seen in the natural wetlands and have filtration and
treatment capabilities. The greatest benefit from adopting such technology is
that there is no requirement of power and low capital cost compared to sewerage
treatment process that is currently used across the city. The installation and
maintenance cost is low and can be used for colonies, apartment blocks, hotels,
corporation projects, educational institutes, railway station and public toilets.
By this shows the successful use of the Phytroid Technology in Indian

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conditions and it is the cleaner technology as compared with STP (sewage
treatment plant).
2.15 By http://www.neeri.res.in/
Phytorid Wastewater Treatment Technology
February, 2014
This article includes the methodology and the benefits of this system. It depends
upon the land availability and the amount of waste to be treated. This system is
based on specific plants such as Elephant Grass, Yellow flag iris and bamboo
etc. In this system their waste water is collected in a settling tank and after that
it is passed through a phytorid bed where most of the water gets filtered and the
suspended solids are removed. The treated effluent can be further used for
municipal gardens and for irrigation. There are other benefits compared to
conventional STP.
2.16 By ATKINS, Madurai Corp
Future Proofing Indian Cities (Madurai Action Plan for Blue-
Green Infrastructure
December 2014
In this paper it describes about the issues and challenges faced by Madurai.
Population of Madurai has increased immensely, which has increased the
population living in urban areas to 30%. It describes about the problems or the
gaps the city will be facing in the future like the requirement of full range of
urban services like water supply, drainage, power as well urban mobility.
The city may also face the problem of climate variability. It may experience
greater frequency of storms in the future which could impact the infrastructure
of the city. To mitigate these problems of the city, it has partnered with the
cooperation. They gave an action plan which defines the strategy to position the
city, to improve the quality of life for all residents. To develop/build a more
resilient city which is able to respond to future challenges.
2.17 By Richard Ashley, Dirk Sijmons, Chris Zevenbergen, Arjan
Timmeren
Green blue multifunctional infrastructure: An urban landscape
system design new approach
September 2014
This paper says about managing surface water in urban areas and the
upgradation required to the traditional approach of the storm water management
and structures designed for hydraulic and ecological performance. Integration
of the green, blue and grey water infrastructure can reduce runoff, cultural and
health benefits can be increased through access to natural resources. It says that
considering storm water management in isolation is no longer sufficient in order
to get ‘more from less’ in any investment. Urban landscape is increasingly being

BATCH 2018-20
used as a paradigm shift in order to redefine structures in context of future
growth of cities.
Integration of the storm water infrastructure design with green cover requires
reconsideration of the traditional approach of managing storm water
management through nested scales. Firstly, relevant data is identified at
different scales like macroscale (city level), mesoscale (district level) and
microscale (neighbourhood level).
2.18 By Anna Zaręba (University of Wroclaw)
Multifunctional and Multiscale Aspects of Green Infrastructure
in Contemporary Research
June 11, 2014
This paper provides information on the benefits of green infrastructure. It
outlines the influence of green infrastructure solutions and techniques on
multifunctionality of current approach. An example of these practices includes
green, blue, and white roofs; hard and soft permeable surfaces; green alleys and
streets; urban forestry; green open spaces such as parks and wetlands. It also
evaluates benefits of selection of particular green infrastructure solutions on the
background of broader ecological context.
2.19 By Prof. Bob Andoh
Bridging the Gap: Blue Infrastructure Help Mitigate Rift
between Green, Grey Development
February 3, 2014.
This article particularly targets on storm water problems such as poor quality of
water, flash floods etc. and yet again the solution is sustainable practices for
surface water drainage. But the space constraints and premium rates of spaces
are possessing a threat for the same. However, the green infrastructure
methodology, which encourages the use of natural land and plant-based systems
such as ponds, wetlands and rain gardens is getting increased support in U.S,
U.K and Australia. But yet again they are favoured for their aesthetics and
contribution to landscape design but criticized for their use in tight urban areas.
Thus there is a need to retrofit existing urban drainage systems that can work
with a combination of both conventional and emerging green concepts such
systems are called blue infra technologies. These are more compact and efficient
than their conventional technologies, they can be easily deployed in grey
infrastructure as well as can be utilized with green infrastructure. They have
talked about a blue infrastructure technology called ‘The Vortex Flow Control’
which is used to attenuate storm water and control the flow rate of storm water
runoff.

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2.20 By Annarita Ferrante (Assistant Professor at the Department of
Architecture, University of Bologna), Elena Cattani (Junior
researcher for the Master Thesis in Architecture and
Construction Engineering, University of Bologna).
Adaptability, Sustainability, Energy Retrofitting: Socio-
Oriented Design Strategies for Zero-energy Re-design of
Existing Urban Districts.
January, 2014
This paper tells us about the renewed role of architects and planners which is
needed for a real shift in the building practice. It also tells us that instead of
trying to structure the design through the architectural production based on
authorship, architects should consider the user’s perspective and their need as
self–organized processes of negotiation. The urban and technological strategies
presented in this paper suggest a multi fold approach that could stimulate the
process of renewal according to a socio-oriented use of architectural tools in
urban environments
2.21 By Mahua Mukherjee (Dept. of Architecture & Planning, IIT
Roorkee, India)
Urban India: Challenges for Green Infrastructure.
2013
In this paper, the author has talked about the problems and challenges in
adoption of GI in Indian cities. According to the author, there are certain
implementation issues such as multiple approving authorities, disparity in
resource sharing within the same city and among different cities, affordability
of users, short term solutions triggering problems in longer time frame,
objective performance appraisal, maintaining standard of facilities and quality
are some such problems with reference to Indian cities. Buildings constructed
intrudes the environment where it is constructed as it occupies the ground and
intrudes new horizontal and vertical surfaces, intercepts solar radiations, wind
movement, rain etc. all these factors contribute to urban heat island
phenomenon. Another barrier in its implementation is India’s diverse climate
and lack of quantitative data on greenery condition in order to maintain or
improve the condition which in turn possess a wall in the identification of
certain parameters which are required by planners.

BATCH 2018-20
2.22 By H.F Castleton(E-Futures DTC, Department of Engineering
Materials, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street,
Sheffield S1 3JD, UK), V. Stovin(Department of Civil &
Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building,
Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK), S.B.M Beck (Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building,
Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK), J.B Davison(Department
of Civil & Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin
Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK)
Green Roofs Building Energy Savings and the Potential for
Retrofit
12 May 2010.
This paper reviews the current literature and highlights the situations in which
the greatest building energy savings can be made. Older buildings with poor
existing insulation are deemed to benefit most from a green roof as current
building regulations require such high levels of insulation that green roofs are
seen to hardly affect annual building energy consumption.
As over half of the existing UK building stock was built before any roof
insulation was required, it is older buildings that will benefit most from green
roofs. The case for retrofitting existing buildings is therefore reviewed and it is
found there is a strong potential for green roof retrofitting the UK.
2.23 By Charles Lockwood
Urban Landscape Infrastructure (ULI) Building Retrofits.
November, 2009
This paper mainly says about green retrofitting in the commercial building.
Definition of green retrofit can be given as upgradation of the existing building
partially or the complete structure in order to improve the energy and
environmental performance of the building. It says about the costs and return
on investment for green retrofitting, types of users and financial benefits, do’s
and don’ts of green retrofits, challenges to carry out green retrofits and have
taken a case study of Empire State Building of USA. Costs for green retrofitting
depends upon the age and the design of the existing building. The payback
period ranges from 2 to 15 years. Type of users can be given as the first 500
multinational corporations with corporate responsibility, then the new
companies or the upcoming companies who recruit young talent and finally the
government tenants. Financial benefits can be given as increased productivity;
potential savings are reduced.

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2.24 By Mehmet Emre Bayraktar, A.M.ASCE and Clayton R.
Owens.
LEED Implementation Guide for Construction Practitioners.
October 29th
2009.
This paper talks about a LEED implementation guide for construction
practitioners to assist them in certification process. This guide was formulated
primarily through input, suggestion, and recommendation received from LEED
accredited professionals including architect, engineers, commissioning
authorities, general contractors, construction managers and facility managers.
This guide can also assist owners interested in building a LEED certified
facility.

BATCH 2018-20
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY
The purpose of this research was to find a sustainable solution in order to
mitigate the climatic problems faced by the present world. Various individual
solutions with respect to green infrastructure and blue infrastructure are worked
out but integration of both the infrastructures into a single building is the main
aim of this research methodology. To conduct this research, it was decided to
use a combination of two of the classic social sciences research tools –
questionnaires (quantitative) and interviews (qualitative) along with site visits.
The questionnaire was distributed among the students and teachers of TMI and
NICMAR those who are residing inside the campus hostels, for the sake of
authenticity, because the day boarders will not be having enough or significant
personal experience related to the elements that were to be analysed.
The questionnaire was circulated as google forms and hard copies among the
students of both campuses and the responses were recorded and analysed.
As a complementary method, interviews and site visits were conducted with an
expert at TMI, in the subject of this research and with an equal number of
representatives of each group in both the campuses
3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN
The questionnaire design was very structured which included the key terms of
the concept and its explanation in the introduction of the questionnaire which
gave respondent the primary knowledge about the concept. The questionnaire
followed a hierarchy from basic information of the respondent and general
questions about the sustainable development, hastening the questions on green
infrastructure, blue infrastructure finally to integration of blue-green
infrastructure.
The first part of the questionnaire included the questions on sustainable
development, urban heat island effect and its impact on environment and the
questions on the same with respect to the institutional building.
The second part of the questionnaire included the questions on green
infrastructure, its benefits and its effects on implementation of green
infrastructure in the campus.
The third part of the questionnaire included the questions on blue infrastructure,
its awareness and benefits if implemented in the campus and the aesthetic
appearance due to the presence of blue infrastructure.

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The last part of the questionnaire is about the integration of green and blue
infrastructure. The questions included the awareness of the concept of BGI, its
benefits and the implementation of BGI inside the campus and it also included
various rating scale about the standard of living, space inside the campus and
the aesthetic appearance of the campus.
The questionnaire gave the generalized quantitative analyses for the integration
of BGI.
3.2 INTERVIEWS
The students, faculty and an expert on subject matter of the TMI institute were
interviewed on the research topic and on the basis of designed questionnaire.
Their views and experience on the research topic were observed and later
analysed.
The other concept of implementation of green roof in an institutional building
was also studied. Students residing in the hostel were interviewed and literature
review was done for generating inputs for green roof installation.
3.3 SITE VISITS
Site visits were also conducted in which our personal experiences were observed
and analysed along with the personal interviews of the individuals who are in
direct contact with the site. For example, the residents of the hostel rooms
located at the top floors and the STP operators and maintenance staff of the
campus in NICMAR along with the teachers and the students residing at the
TMI campus as well as NICMAR.
The visits to STPs and material received have helped in deducing the energy
efficient parameters which governs the energy requirements.

BATCH 2018-20
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
The analysis of the questionnaire results took place via graphical analysis by
taking inputs from the data table extracted from the questionnaire. Because of
the small number of respondents and the diverse design and answer sets of the
questions, and because of the qualitative research approach of this section of the
study authors did not use any of the statistical software available such as SPSS.
The results of the interviews were also analysed manually, where the author
aimed to detect common words, phrases, and group or “cloud” them together,
in order to be able to determine trends and tendencies in the answers of the
respondents.
The results from the questionnaires were presented in the format of tables and
charts.
4.1 ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE ON BGI
4.1.1 PART-1 INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
4.1.1.1 Are the participants aware of the principle of sustainable
development?
Fig 4.1: AWARENESS OF PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMT
0
5
10
15
20
25
Yes No
Have you read or heard of the principle of
Sustainable Development?
NICMAR TMI

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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4.1.1.2 Has the respondent heard or is aware of the term UHIE?
Fig 4.2: NICMAR VS TMI IN TERMS OF AWARENESS OF UHIE
4.1.1.3 Has the respondent’s institution has taken any step towards
building sustainable infrastructure?
Fig 4.3: STEPS TAKEN BY INSTITUTION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
INFRASTRUCTURE
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
Yes No
Are you aware of the term Urban Heat
Island Effect (UHIE)?
NICMAR TMI
0
5
10
15
Yes No MayBe
Has your institute/project taken step(s)
towards building sustainable
infrastructure?
NICMAR TMI

BATCH 2018-20
4.1.1.4 If the respondent is having exposure to sustainable
infrastructure, then what are the benefits he or she has felt?
Fig 4.4: BENEFITS FELT FROM SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1.1.5 What are the mediums by which respondent’s campus has
achieved sustainable infrastructure?
Fig 4.5: MEANS OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY IN CAMPUSES
4.1.2 PART-1 ANALYSIS
4.1.2.1 The above analysis shows that respondents of both the institutes
are quite aware about the term sustainable development.
4.1.2.2 Respondents of TMI have experienced more benefits in terms of
reduced wastage (62%), improved health and active lifestyle
(62%) and cleaner air (58%) while decreased energy and water
consumption (60%) is more experienced by students of the
NICMAR.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Cleaner Air
Decreased Energy and Water…
Improved health and active lifestyle
reduced watage
If yes, then what benefits felt from sustainable
infrastructure?
NICMAR TMI
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Green Field
Sustainable Retrofit
Cannot say
How sustainability of infrastructure achieved in
your campus/project?
TMI NICMAR

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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4.1.2.3 Equal number of respondents feel that sustainability is achieved
through sustainable retrofitting (5) and green field (5) while rest
of students responsive to this question cannot say anything about
it. Most of the students are not sure about this either (16), rest
are equally distributed between Greenfield constructions and
retrofitting.
4.1.3 PART-2 GREEN INFRASTRUCTRE (GI)
4.1.3.1 How much is respondents understanding about Green
infrastructure?
Fig 4.6: LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING OF GI
4.1.3.2 How much is the respondent aware of the benefits of Green
Infrastructure?
Fig 4.7: LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF BENEFITS FROM GI
0 5 10 15 20
Low
Moderate
High
Very High
How would you describe your understanding
of what Green Infrastructure is?
TMI NICMAR
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Very Much Aware
Fairly Aware
Slightly Aware
Not Aware
How would you describe your awareness of the
benefits of Green Infrastructure?
TMI NICMAR

BATCH 2018-20
4.1.3.3 If the respondent’s institution has included any green
infrastructure in forms of developments, refurbishments or
retrofit?
Fig 4.8: INCLUSION OF GI IN THE CAMPUS
4.1.3.4 What is the most important factor according to the
respondent that facilitate the implementation of green
infrastructure?
Fig 4.9: FACTORS FACILITATING TO IMPLEMENTATION OF GI
0
10
20
NICMAR TMI
Has your institution included Green
Infrastructure in any
developments/refurbishments/retrofitting?
Yes No
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Public Awareness
Laws and Regulations
Financial Incentives
Existing Planning Reccomendations
What is the most important factor according
to you that facilitates the implementation of
green infrastructure?
NICMAR TMI

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4.1.3.5 What is the most dominating factor the respondent thinks
which is hindering the implementation of green
infrastructure?
Fig 4.10: FACTORS HINDERING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GI
4.1.3.6 What are the benefits have the respondents experienced due
to the green cover of the campus?
Fig 4.11: BENEFITS FELT DUE TO PRESENCE OF GI IN CAMPUS
The above analysis regarding the green infrastructure can be given as
4.1.4.1 Respondents of TMI are more in number who are highly aware
of the understanding of the concept of green infrastructure (12)
and are extremely aware too (1) while some of the students of
TMI are moderately (8) aware and only (1) is less aware of the
concept of green infrastructure. While respondents of NICMAR
have moderate (18) idea about the same, along with this (2) are
highly aware and (2) are less aware about this concept.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ignorance towards Abrupt Climatic…
Resistance to Change
Poverty
Regulatory
What is the most dominating factor according
to you hindering the implementation of green
infrastructure?
NICMAR TMI
0 5 10 15 20
Cooler Temp
Good Air Quality
Reduced Stress
Reduced Incidents of Communicable…
What benefits have you experienced due to
green cover of your campus/project?
TMI NICMAR

BATCH 2018-20
4.1.4.2 (11) respondents of NICMAR said that their institute has
included green infrastructure and remaining (11) are not
agreeable to this idea, while in case of respondents of TMI (19)
respondents said their campus has green infrastructure and only
(3) said there is no green infrastructure included in the campus.
4.1.4.3 Again in case of awareness of benefits of the green
infrastructure, (1) respondent of NICMAR is not aware, (11)
respondents are slightly aware, (9) are fairly aware and only (1)
is very much aware about the same, on the other hand in case of
TMI, (1) respondent is not aware, (3) are slightly aware, (16) are
fairly aware and (2) are very much aware. This also gives us an
idea that residents of TMI have experienced the benefits of green
infrastructure in their campus.
4.1.4.4 The most important factor that facilitates the implementation of
green infrastructure are existing planning recommendations,
financial incentives, laws and regulations and public awareness.
Respondents of NICMAR agrees that existing planning
recommendations (100%), financial incentives (28%), laws and
regulations (42%), while public awareness (60%) are very
important factors that facilitates implementation of green
infrastructure.
While respondents of TMI says that financial incentives (72%),
laws and regulations (58%), public awareness (40%) are
important for the implementation of green infrastructure.
4.1.4.5 The respondents of NICMAR for the most dominating factor
hindering the implementation of green infrastructure considered,
regulatory (20%), resistance to change (65%), ignorance towards
abrupt changes (45%), while none of the respondents said it is
not affected by poverty. Respondents of TMI said regulatory
(80%), poverty (100%), resistance to change (35%), ignorance
towards abrupt changes (55%).
4.1.4.6 Respondents from NICMAR only experienced reduced stress
(20%), good air quality (38%) and cooler temperature (52%),
while respondents from TMI experienced reduced incidents of
communicable diseases (100%), who also responded to reduced
stress (80%), good air quality (62%) and cooler temperature
(48%).

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4.1.5 PART-3 BLUE INFRASTRUCTRE (BI)
4.1.5.1 Has the respondent heard of the Blue Infrastructure?
Fig 4.12: NOTION OF BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1.5.2 What are the blue infrastructure have the respondent
observed in campus?
Fig 4.13: COMPONENTS OF BI PRESENT IN THE CAMPUS
0
5
10
15
20
25
Yes No
Have you heard about Blue Infrastructure?
NICMAR TMI
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ponds
Aesthetical Clean Drains
Strong Drainage System
Artificial Lake
What Blue Infrastructure have you observed in
Campus
NICMAR TMI

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4.1.5.3 Does the water gets stagnated in the respondent’s campus
when it rains?
Fig 4.14: WATER STAGNATION PROBLEM INSIDE THE CAMPUS
4.1.5.4 Does the artificial lake prove to be aesthetically appealing
and effects the life positively? (Only Valid for TMI)
Fig 4.15: ARTIFICIAL LAKE APPEARANCE REVIEW (TMI ONLY)
0
5
10
15
20
NICMAR TMI
Does Water gets stagnated in your campus
when it rains
Yes No
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Yes
No
MayBe
Does Artificial Lake proves to be aethetically
Appealling and Effects the life positively?
(Only Valid for TMI)
Positive Life quality Aesthetics

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4.1.5.5 What other benefits have the respondents experienced due
to presence of blue infrastructure?
Fig 4.16: BENEFITS DUE TO PRESENCE OF BI
4.1.5.6 How certain is the respondent about the efficiency of
climate risk mitigation on integrating blue and green
infrastructure as compared to individual approach?
Fig 4.17: REVIEW OF INTEGRATING BI AND GI
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cooler Temperature
Good Mental Health
Reduced Stress
Migratory Birds
Eye Catching Landscape
What are the other benefits you have
experienced due to presence of blue
infrastructure?
NICMAR TMI
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Strongly Agree Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly Disgree
Do you think combining both the green and
blue infrastructures could better mitigate
climatic risks as compared to individual
approaches?
TMI NICMAR

BATCH 2018-20
The above analysis briefly says about blue infrastructure:
4.1.6.1 The respondents of NICMAR are very less aware about the
concept of Blue Infrastructure (2) while rest (20) are not aware
about it, while respondents of TMI are also not aware (21), and
only (1) is aware about blue infrastructure.
4.1.6.2 The only blue infrastructure experienced by the respondents of
NICMAR is drainage system (30%) while for other structures
they are non-responsive. The respondents of TMI have artificial
lake included in their infrastructure so 100% of the respondents
agreed to this and in case of strong drainage system (70%) said
yes and in case of ponds and aesthetic drains 100% positively
responded and in case of wet lands none of the respondents from
either campus responded. This proves to be aesthetically
appealing as well helps in having positive atmosphere.
4.1.6.3 The benefits experienced due to blue infrastructure are cooler
temperature and it proves to be an eye catching landscape and
also helps in reduction of stress, this sums up to that all the
benefits are almost experienced by them.
4.1.6.4 For the case of water stagnation, (4) respondents from NICMAR
as well as from TMI said yes, rest (18) said no.
4.1.6.5 Due to the presence of artificial lake in TMI only, (11)
respondents felt the positive effects of the lake and found it
aesthetically appealing while (7) are countering the (11)
respondents and rest (4) are unsure about it.
4.1.6.6 On asking whether combining both green and blue infrastructure
will harness more benefits and mitigate climatic risks more
efficiently as compared to individual approaches, respondents of
TMI (3) strongly agrees, (11) agrees, (7) are uncertain and only
(1) strongly disagrees, while non disagrees to it. Almost in the
same fashion, only (1) respondent from NICMAR strongly
agrees, (9) agrees, (9) are uncertain and (3) strongly disagrees.

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4.1.7 PART-4 BLUE-GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (BGI)
4.1.7.1 Is the respondent aware of the concept of integrating BGI?
Fig 4.18: AWARENESS OF BGI
4.1.7.2 Have the respondents ever faced any problem of wind borne
air pollution, high temperature days, dust hazards or water
flooding inside the campus?
Fig 4.19: PROBLEMS FACED DUE TO CLIMATIC RISKS
0
10
20
YES NO MAYBE
Are you aware of the concept of integrating
Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI)?
NICMAR TMI
0
10
20
30
NICMAR TMI
Have you ever faced problem of wind borne
air pollution, high temperature days, dust
hazards or water flooding inside your
campus/project area?
YES NO

BATCH 2018-20
4.1.7.3 If none of the above mentioned problems are faced, then
how certain is the respondent is giving this credit to BGI in
campus?
Fig 4.20: CREDIT TO BGI FOR MITIGATIN CLIMATIC PROBLEMS
4.1.7.4 Does the respondent feel that his or her campus is having
adequate integration of BGI?
Fig 4.21: IS THE CAMPUS HAVING BGI
0
2
4
6
8
10
Strongly
Agree
Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly
Disgree
If no, would you give this credit to BGI
retrofitting and construction adopted
(directly/indirectly) in your campus?
NICMAR TMI
0
5
10
15
20
YES NO MAYBE
Do you feel that your campus is having
adequate mix of BGI?
NICMAR TMI

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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4.1.7.5 How much rating is given by respondent to standard of
living inside the campus?
Fig 4.22: RATING FOR STANDARD OF LIVING IN CAMPUS
4.1.7.6 How much rating is given by the participant to the space
available for recreational activities, exercise and social
activities?
Fig 4.23: RATING FOR SPACE FOR RECREATION IN CAMPUS
0
5
10
15
1 2 3 4 5
How much would you rate the standard of
living inside your campus?
NICMAR TMI
0
5
10
15
1 2 3 4 5
Do you have enough space for recreation,
exercise and social activities?
NICMAR TMI

BATCH 2018-20
4.1.7.7 Does the participant find the campus socially and
aesthetically attractive?
Fig 4.24: RATING FOR AESTHETICS OF CAMPUS
4.1.7.8 How much does the participant know about the capex
utilized for maintaining the BGI components as compared
to conventional infrastructure?
Fig 4.25: CAPEX SPENT BY CAMPUS ON BGI
The above analysis for Green-Blue infrastructure can be given as:
4.1.8.1 Respondents of the NICMAR only (2) are aware of concept of
integrating BGI, (15) are not aware and rest (5) are uncertain,
while (7) respondents from TMI are aware, (11) are not aware
and rest (4) are uncertain. (9) respondents from NICMAR have
said to face problem of wind borne air problems, high
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
Do you find your campus attractive
socially and aesthetically?
NICMAR TMI
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strongly Agree
Agree
Uncertain
Disagree
Strongly Disgree
Does your Institute spends more than
average for maintaining the Blue-Green
Components as compared to maintaining a
traditional Infrastructure?
TMI NICMAR

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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temperature, dust hazards and water flooding inside campus,
while (13) have not faced such problems, on the contrary side
only (2) respondents have faced these problems and (20) have
not faced these problems related to air pollution, dust hazard,
high temperature and water flooding.
4.1.8.2 Campus of NICMAR is not integration of BGI, while the
response gives the idea that the respondents are not aware about
their campus having a mix of Blue and Green Infrastructure.
Campus of TMI is integration of BGI as they have implemented
artificial lake inside their campus.
4.1.8.3 Respondents from TMI strongly give this credit to BGI (4), (8)
are fairly agreeing on this while (8) are uncertain. Similarly, only
(1) from NICMAR strongly gives credit to BGI, (5) fairly agrees
to this, (5) are unsure about it, (2) disagrees to this concept and
left are unresponsive.
4.1.8.4 (1) Respondent from NICMAR agrees that campus is an
adequate mix of BGI, while (12) disagrees to it and rest (9) are
unsure about it. On the contrary (10) respondents agrees to it,
while (7) respondents disagrees that the campus is adequate mix
of BGI and rest (5) are uncertain about it.
4.1.8.5 According to the analysis highest score given by the respondents
for the standard of living in NICMAR is 3 while for that of TMI
is 4.
4.1.8.6 Highest score given by respondents of TMI for the space for
recreation, exercise and social activities is 5, while in NICMAR
the score drastically decreases to 1.
4.1.8.7 Similarly, the respondents of NICMAR gave the highest score
for the campus being socially and aesthetically attractive to 3,
while the score given by the respondents of TMI is 5.
4.1.8.8 In the case of institute of spending money for the maintenance of
BGI as compared to traditional infrastructure, respondents of
TMI, (1) strongly disagrees, (2) disagrees, (9) are uncertain, (7)
agrees and (3) strongly agrees, while (2) respondents from
NICMAR strongly disagrees, (5) disagrees, (11) are uncertain
and only (4) are uncertain.
4.1.9 OVERALL ANALYSIS BASED ON QUESTIONNARE
From the above four analyses we can conclude that:
4.1.9.1 There is need of spreading the awareness about the Blue-Green
infrastructure in the society.

BATCH 2018-20
4.1.9.2 Blue infrastructures always have an aesthetically appealing as
well positive atmosphere which attracts people.
4.1.9.3 Integration of BGI helps in increasing the standard of living.
4.1.9.4 There is an uncertainty and doubts regarding maintenance of the
Blue-Green components compared to traditional or conventional
infrastructure.
4.2 ANALYSIS ON PHYTO-REMEDIATION
The conventional sewage treatment plant (STP) requires various and multiple
steps in its design process, construction and operation. The process includes
many electrical and mechanical components like pumps therefore the high
energy and it increases the construction cost due to multiple tanks involved.
Conventional method of STP can be made efficient by advanced technologies
and intelligent supervision but it will incur more costs. Howsoever root zone
technology called Phytorid (Phyto-remediation) developed by National
Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) treats the sewage by
phytorid plants. It consumes only 20% of the energy as compared to traditional
STP.
Fig 4.26: TYPICAL STP LAYOUT IN NICMAR CAMPUS (Watercarebd, n.d.)

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
Fig 4.27: TYPICAL PHYTOREMEDIATION LAYOUT (ESTPL)
After the visits were made to STPs installed at NICMAR, Pune campus and
having interviews with the operators and maintenance staff and the engineer
along with literature and facts supporting the phytorid technology, comparisons
were made between installed STP and Phyto-remediation on the grounds of
following factors:
 Process Employed
 Cost of Construction
 Cost of Operation and Maintenance
 Usage of Treated Water
Also, after the interviews with the operation and maintenance staff at NICMAR
aligned with STPs they stated that capacity of STPs at NICMAR is 400 m3
,
initially it was only 150 m3
but later due to increase in strength of the hostel
residents another new STP was constructed which was having a capacity of 250
m3 was also employed.
For the calculation related to costing of Phytorid STP for the capacity of 400
m3
, refer to 7.4 in (Appendix-III).

BATCH 2018-20
4.2.1 COMPARISON BASED ON PROCESS EMPLOYED
Table 4.1: COMPARISON BETWEEN PHYTORID STP AND CONVENTIONAL STP
BASED ON STAGES
Stages of
Treatment
Conventional STP Phytorid System
Preliminary Stage
 Objective is removal of coarse
solids and large materials found
in raw waste water.
 Operations include large filtering
screens, grit removal.
 This stage is eliminated in
phytorid system.
Primary Stage
 Prime objective is to remove
heavy solids that settle to the
bottom by sedimentation.
 It removes 60% of suspended
solids from waste water.
 This stage consists of removal of
heavy particles and oil & from
the collected waste water.
 It consists of grid mesh and
laterite brick stone.
Secondary Stage
 Secondary sedimentation is
performed and removal of micro-
organisms from treated water.
 It removes 90% of suspended
solids.
 This stage consists of a porous
medium and bed of plants,
which absorbs the contaminants.
 It removes the BOD, COD and
heavy metal contaminants.
Tertiary Stage
 Treated waste water is disinfected
by lagoons before discharge into
the environment.
 This stage removes the
suspended nitrogen and
phosphorus constituents.
 In this stage water undergoes
coagulation and flocculation
process using alum.

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4.2.2 COMPARISON BASED ON COST OF
CONSTRUCTION
Table 4.2: COST OF CONSTRUCTION COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL STP
AND PHYTORID STP FOR DIFFERENT CAPACITIES, (SANJAY MURLIDHAR
KARODPATI, 2013)
PROCESS
SYSTEM
CAPACITY (m3) CONSTRUCTION
COST
(Rs)
OPERATION
COST
(Rs /Day)
FOR CONVENTIONAL STP
Aerobic 200 3250000 1500
Aerobic 100 3500000 1200
Aerobic 400 2750000 2100
Anaerobic 250 3700000 2800
Anaerobic 100 3800000 2000
Anaerobic 400 3600000 3600
FOR PHYTORID STP
Phytorid 50 3000000 120
Phytorid 500 9000000 200
Phytorid 400 7667000 185

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4.2.3 COMPARISON BASED ON OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE COST
Table 4.3: COMPARISON BASED ON DAILY COST OF OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE FOR 400 m3
STP
Process
System
Consumption
(kwh)
Unit Cost
(Rs)
Total
Consumption
Cost of
Chemicals
Total Cost
(Rs)
Aerobic 300 10 3000 200 3200
Anaerobic 240 10 2400 3000 2700
Phytorid 30 10 300 100 200

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Table 4.4: TOTAL CONNECTED AND CONSUMED LOAD OF ELECTRICITY (kW)
FOR CONVENTIONAL STP FOR 22 HOURS, (SANJAY MURLIDHAR
KARODPATI, 2013)
ITEM
CONNECTED LOAD CONSUMED LOAD
POWER
(Kw)
UNITS TOTAL
(Kw)
POWER UNITS RUN
(hrs)
Total
(kWh)
SETTLING TANK
FEED PUMP
2.00 2 4.00 1.50 1 22.00 33.00
FLOCCULENT
DOSING PUMP
0.50 1 0.50 0.37 1 22.00 8.21
COAGULANT
DOSING PUMP
0.50 1 0.50 0.38 1 22.00 8.25
PSF FEED PUMP
(BLOWER)
3.00 2 6.00 2.25 1 22.00 49.50
OXIDANT DOSING
PUMP
0.50 1 0.50 0.37 1 22.00 8.21
ENERGY
ACTIVATION AND
DETOXIFICATION
UNIT
(OZONATION
UNIT)
3.68 1 3.68 2.75 1 22.00 60.40
BACKWASH
PUMP
3.00 1 3.00 2.25 1 0.50 1.13
TOTAL
CONNECTED
LOAD
18.18 TOTAL CONSUMED
LOAD
168.68

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4.2.4 COST PARAMETERS GOVERNING COST IN
CONVENTIONAL STP
The parameters governing the energy requirements are as follows:
4.2.4.1 Pumps
Any type of STP requires pumps for running sewage, sludge or filtered water
continuously and hence these utilize electricity.
4.2.4.2 Blowers
Blowers can be running for 24 hours and are having higher ratings hence are
maximum consumers of electricity
4.2.4.3 Diffusers
Energy consumption in diffusers which are network of pipes laid in tanks and
having holes of different sizes and alignments, is totally depended on matrix of
holes.
4.2.4.4 Chemicals
Chemicals are required for processes like flocculation, coagulation and
disinfection, more the use of chemicals more will be the cost.
4.2.5 OVERALL ANALYSIS
The cost of construction depends on availability of existing facility, type of
construction and type of materials used. This cost is further decided by the
degree or stages of treatment that are primary, secondary or tertiary.
It can be seen from Table 4.2 that cost of construction of conventional STP are
generally INR 20 per m3
, however the cost of constructing a Phytorid STP is
higher because of larger area required by the underground structure.
For the operation and maintenance cost it is going on a higher side for
conventional STPs and least for Phytorid technology, as discussed above the
O&M cost is dependent on various parameters such as chemicals, pumps,
blowers, labourers and other electro mechanical equipment running of heavy
electricity. This can be seen in Table 4.3, that cost of operation and maintenance
of conventional aerobic and anaerobic STPs are Rs 1600 and Rs 2700 per day
on the contrary the cost of operation of Phytorid STP s only Rs 200/day.

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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4.3 ANALYSIS ON GREEN ROOFING SYSTEM
The other component supporting the idea of BGI in the campus is Green Roof /
Live Roof. Green roof is a technology which incorporates plantation of
permanent green cover which also facilitates storage of rain water that can be
later filtered and used for other domestic purposes. Hence it supports the
concept of the Integration of Blue Green Infrastructure.
The analysis of the output of the green roof is done with the help of literature
review and comparison of green roof with traditional conventional roof is done
on parameters like cost and its sustainability with respect to the environment.
The output of the temperature differences was compared of the green roof and
the normal conventional roof. The students residing at the top floor of the hostel
building were interviewed and the temperature felt throughout the whole day
was noted. While the findings for the temperature felt due to the installation of
the green roof were studied from the literature review and compared.
The analysis proves that the green roofs are majorly beneficial in collection of
storm water, it collects 50% of the stormwater and also filters out the particulate
matter and provides clean water for further uses.
It reduces the gain of heat in summers by 87% and reduction in heat loss by
37% and providing internal temperature of 250
C in peak summers. Hence it
proves that green roofs are energy efficient. As compared to green roof,
conventional will provide internal temperature of almost 380
C to 400
C in peak
summers.
The life of a particular roof is almost 10 to 15 years while in comparison to that
life of green roof is approximately 40 years which is more sustainable and
beneficial to the mankind as well as the environment.
Fig 4.28: LAYERS OF A TYPICAL CONVENTIONAL ROOF(LEFT) AND
GREEN ROOF (RIGHT), (Brachet Aline, 2019)

BATCH 2018-20
4.3.1 COST COMPARISON OF GREEN ROOF AND
CONVENTIONAL ROOF FOR 10 m2 AREA OVER ONE
HOSTEL ROOM IN NICMAR
Table 4.5: COST COMPARISON OF GREEN ROOF AND CONVENTIONAL ROOF
(Team ProductLine, 2019), (Dhundasi, 2018)
Green Roof
Layers
Cost (Rs) per 10 m2
Conventional
Roof Sheets
Cost (Rs) per 10 m2
Waterproofing
quote
500 Corrugated
Sheets
2500 to 5000
Water storage cups 8000 Polycarbonate
Sheets
8000 to 15000
Filter fabric 2000 Metal Sheets 2500 to 3000
Growing media
(Compost)
2000 Plastic Sheets 5000 to 10000
Vegetation 500 Concrete Slab 15000 to 20000
Labour 2000 + 5000 (Concrete
Contractor Price)
Labour 5000 (Concrete
Contractor Price)
Concrete Slab 15000 to 20000 -------- -------
Total 37000 to 42000 Total 20000 to 35000

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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Table 4.5 gives the cost breakdown of the different layers of green roof
compared with the sheet of the typical conventional roof. It can be seen that cost
of green roof construction is almost 20% higher than conventional roofs, despite
the higher initial investments the benefits felt due to green roofing system along
with its higher life span of 40 years and more over its ultimate aim to be
incorporated in BGI to mitigate climatic risks due to reduced carbon footprints
and surrounding temperatures it is an investment which is worth it.
The above calculations are deduced for 10 m2
of area with minimum slab
thickness of 125 mm, which is equivalent to area of slab over each hostel room
on average, because area of rooms varies from 8.5 m2
to 10 m2
respectively.
For the calculation of concrete slab cost refer 7.5 (Appendix Ⅲ).

BATCH 2018-20
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
Infrastructure is crucial for development. From transport systems to power-
generation facilities and water and sanitation networks, it provides the services
that enable society to function and economies to thrive. This puts infrastructure
at the very heart of efforts to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
( Sarah Murray, 2019)
The current construction practices and engineering approaches such as selection
of building materials, types of infrastructure, sustainable development, use of
renewable energy etc. are alone not sufficient to tackle the climatic risk
generated due to use of grey infrastructure. From this dissertation work it can
be concluded that:
 There is need of spreading the awareness about the Blue-Green
infrastructure in the society.
 Blue infrastructures always have an aesthetically appealing as well
positive atmosphere which pleased people and attracts migratory species
of birds.
 Integration of BGI helps in increasing the standard of living.
 There is an uncertainty and doubts regarding maintenance of the BGI
components compared to traditional or conventional infrastructure.
 The initial investment cost of phytorid system is high but the operation
and maintenance cost is low as compared to that of conventional STP.
 The stages involved in Phytorid system are less as compared to
conventional STP and hence it can be preferred despite of high initial
cost.
 Green roofs are energy efficient hence it reduces the operational cost of
the building in longer run.
 Green roofs are multi-purpose and are more beneficial, as it collects 50%
of the storm water and filtering out the particulate matter making water
clean for further use.
 Green roofs have more lifespan than a conventional roof so higher initial
investment can be compensated by the low operational and maintenance
cost during its life span.

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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Integration of BGI by adopting green roofs and Phytorid technology in new
construction projects and also in retrofitting the existing buildings could bring
large differences in energy consumption and capital expenditure of building
during its operational life that is generally for its operation and maintenance.
Adoption of integrated BGI approach helps in raising the standard of living of
the people. This ultimately leads to the acceptance of BGI and willingness of
people to go for higher initial investment looking at the benefits from it in the
longer period of time.
In case of retrofitting, as we can see in case of multi-storey residential buildings
consumption of natural resources is increasing day by day as the population is
increasing and carbon emissions are also increasing especially in urban areas.
Also the existing building rating systems have a thrust primarily towards
environmental sustainability and are undergoing major revisions to include
social and economic sustainability parameters (Neeti Garg, 2016). Despite
having largest carbon footprints very limited studies are done on retrofitting of
existing buildings, hence we can suggest BGI as a sustainability indicator for
such retrofitting projects.
The creative use of BGI is one of the most promising actions for adaption to
rapidly changing human and environmental circumstances. This can be used as
a key component for mitigating observed and likely future climate impacts,
securing water for utilization in small as well as large scales like agriculture and
creating jobs for urban/regional areas. Key benefits felt from BGI can be as
follows:
 Improves land connectivity and act as a driver for biodiversity.
 BGI improves open and protected space usage for social collaborations.
 Decreases the storm-water financial costs in holistic way that will also
prevent the structural damage on a longer run.
 BGI improves aesthetics and social attractiveness of the environment
and will increase the values of properties.
 Importantly, BGI helps in mitigating climatic risks such as climate
changes and improves flexibility and adaptability of infrastructure.
 BGI also provides space for recreation, for connecting with nature,
improves human physical and mental health ultimately it can also prove
helpful in saving costs on health expenses. (Zahra Ghofrani*, 2017)
Speaking particularly of STPs conventional STPs that are of aerobic and
anaerobic type can be made efficient by utilizing latest technologies and
intelligent supervision but it increases the total cost over the time. So the whole
problem of energy requirement, maintenance and supervision in conventional

BATCH 2018-20
STPs can be solved by implementing phytorid technology. From the details
gathered which are classified in Tables 4.1 to 4.5, it can be clearly seen that
there is almost 10% to 20% usage of energy in phytorid as compared to
conventional systems of STPs.
In particular, to green roofing system can play a vital role as a component in
BGI as it has many advantages such as:
 Reduction of Air Pollution. (Peck, 2003)
 Managing of storm-water flow and rain water harvesting. (Stovin, 2007)
 Increasing the efficiency of generation of solar power.
(msenatore@kentlaw.edu, 2009)
 Eco-friendly and energy efficient building components. (Environmental
Protection Agency, USA)
 Maintenance of comfortable temperature in the buildings.
(Environmental Protection Agency, USA)
 To increase the life span and efficiency of roofs. (Environmental
Protection Agency, 2012)
 Increasing aesthetic appearance.

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
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CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
6.1 Ar. Arhsia Khajooria Hazarika, Ar. Anoop Kumar Sharma, Green Infrastructure
retrofit – A Sustainable Strategy for Indian city, International Journal of
Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 4, ISSN 2349-
1442, 2017, (Ar . Arhsia Khajooria Hazarika, 2017)
6.2 Mahua Mukherjee, Urban India: Challenges for Green Infrastructure, Central
Europe towards Sustainable Building, 2013, (Mukherjee, 2013)
6.3 Bob Andoh, Bridging the Gap: Blue Infrastructure Helps Mitigate Rift between
Green, Gray Development, Feb 3, 2014 (Andoh, 2014)
6.4 Cedo Maksimovic, Ana Mijic, K.M. Smith, Ivo Suter, Mr Ranko Bozovic, Dr
Maarten van Reeuwjik, Blue Green Solutions. A Systems Approach to
Sustainable, Resilient and Cost- Efficient Urban Development, Research Gate,
2017 (Cedo Maksimovic, 2017)
6.5 Albert P.C.Chan, Review of Barriers to Green Building Adoption, Vol 25, 2016
(P.C.Chan, Review of Barriers to Green Building Adoption, 2016)
6.6 Go Smart Bricks Editor, Stormwater Management – Why India Desperately
Needs One, GoSmartBricks, 2017 (Editor, 2017)
6.7 Herbert Dreiseit, Bettina Wanschura, Matthias Worlen, Manfred Moldaschi,
James Wescoat, Making Cities Liveable- Blue Green Infrastrcuture And Its
Impact On Society, Ramboll, 2016 (Herbert Dreiseit, 2016)
6.8 A.Ferrante, Elena Cattani, Adaptability, Sustainability, energy Retrofitting:
Socio-oriented design strategies for zero energy redesign of existing urban
districts, Research Gate, January 2014 (A.Ferrante, 2014)
6.9 Meine van Noordwijk, Sara Namirembe, Delia Catacutan, David Williamson,
Aster Gebrekirstos, Pricing rainbow, green, blue and grey water: tree cover and
geopolitics of climatic teleconnections, Science Direct, 2014 (Meine van
Noordwijk, 2014)

BATCH 2018-20
6.10 Mehmet Emre Bayraktar, Clayton R. Owens, Leed Implementation Guide for
Construction Practitioners, Journal of Architectural Engineering, Vol 16, 2010
(Mehmet Emre Bayraktar, 2010)
6.11 H.F.Castleton, V.Stovin, S.B.M.Beck, J.B.Davison, Green roofs; building
energy savings and the potential for retrofit, Elsevier journal, 2010
(H.F.Castleton, 2010)
6.12 Anna Zareba, Multifunctional and Multiscale Aspects of Green Infrastructure in
Contemporary Research, Research Gate, 2014 (Zareba, 2014)
6.13 Kuzecow Bacchin. T, Ashley. R., Sijmons. D.F, Zevenbergen.C, Van
Timmeren.A, Green-Blue multifunctional infrastructure: An urban landscape
system design new approach, International Conference on Urban Drainage
Sarawak, 2014 (Kuzecow Bacchin .T, 2014)
6.14 Soumya Gorai, Maiti P.R, Advanced Retrofitting Techniques For Reinforced
Concrete Structures: A State of An Art Review, I-manager’s Journal on
Structural Engineering, 2016 (Soumya Gorai, Advanced Retrofitting Techniques
For Reinforced Concrete Structures: A State of An Art Review, 2016)
6.15 Yaella Depietri, Timon McPhearson, Integrating the Grey, Green, And Blue in
Cities: Nature Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Risk
Reduction, Theory and Practice of urban Sustainability Transitions, 2017 (Yaella
Depietri, 2017)
6.16 E.C. O’Donnell, J.E.Lamond, C.R.Thorne, Recognising barriers to
implementation of Blue-Green Infrastructure: a Newcastle casestudy, Urban
Water Journal, 2017 (E.C. O’Donnell, 2017)
6.17 Martin Tedder, Roger Savage, Future Proofing Indian Cities- Madurai Action
Plan for Blue-Green Infrastructure, ATKINS, Madurai Corp, 2014 (Martin
Tedder, 2014, pp. 1-110)
6.18 Neeti Garg, Ashwani Kumar, Satish Pipralia, A Conceptual Framework for
Sustainability Indicators in Retrofitting Existing Housing, International Journal
of Architecture, Engineering and Construction, Vol. 5, 148-160, 2016 (Neeti
Garg A. K., 2016)
6.19 Zahra Ghofrani, Victor Sposito, Robert Faggian, A Comprehensive Review of
Blue-Green Infrastructure Concepts, International Journal of Environment &
Sustainability, Vol. 6, 2017 (Zahra Ghofrani, 2017)
6.20 By Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, E2Design lab,
Victoria State Government, Planning a Green-Blue City, 1-76, 2017 (By
Department of Environment, 2017)

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6.21 Sanjay Murlidhar Karodpati, Alka Sunil Kote, Energy-Efficient And Cost-
Effective Sewage Treatment Using Phytorid Technology, International Journal
Of Advanced Technology in Civil Engineering, Vol.2, ISSN: 2231-5721, 2013
(Sanjay Murlidhar Karodpati, 2013)
6.22 Anshul P Gujarathi, Cost Parameters of Green Residential Buildings in Pune,
India, MATEC Web of Conferences 68, 2016 (Gujarathi, 2016)
6.23 Bibhuti Barik, Green way to treat wastewater, The Telegraph (Barik, 2019)
6.24 Anna Cruijsen, Design opportunities for flash flood reduction by improving the
quality of the living environment, A Hoboken city case study, 2015 (Cruijsen,
2015)
6.25 Levine Lawrence, Innovative Green Building Materials in India, Green Clean
Guide, 1-7 (Lawrence)
6.26 By Home Master Builder, An Insight into Low cost Sustainable Building
Materials, 4239, 2013 (Builder, 2013)
6.27 M. Falkenmark, J. Rockstrom, The New Blue Green Water Paradigm: Breaking
New Ground For Water Resources Planning and Management, Journal of Water
Resources Planning And Management ASCE, 129-132, 2006 (M. Falkenmark,
2006)
6.28 Parveen Kumar, Building Performance Assessment and Evaluation of Existing
Buildings for Energy Efficiency, Tekton, Vol.1, 76-95, 2014 (Kumar, 2014)
6.29 Vivek Dubey, Rudrani Gajraj, Green Roof: A Requisite for developed India,
International Conferences in Agriculture and Crop Science, 2017 (Vivek Dubey,
2017)
6.30 Mansoor Ali Dhundasi, Anuradha S Tanksali, Living Roofs- The Future is Alive,
NICMAR Journal of Construction Management, 70-81, 2018 (Mansoor Ali
Dhundasi, 2018)
6.31 Serpil Onder, Advances of Green Roofs for Environment in Urban Areas,
Turkish Journal of Agricutural and Naural Sciences, 2068-2074, 2014 (Onder,
2014)

BATCH 2018-20
CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX Ⅰ
7.1 BGI ENVIRONMENT IN TMI
Fig 7. 1: NATURAL GROUND FOR RECREATIONAL AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES
AT TMI
Fig 7. 2: LUSH GREEN PARKS AND GARDENS OPEN FOR STUDENTS, STAFF
AND GENERAL PUBLIC AT TMI

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
Fig 7. 3: ARTIFICIAL LAKE AND SAILING AREA AT TMI
Fig 7.4: EXISTING UNDERGROUND AND OVER GROUND STP SETUP AT
NICMAR

BATCH 2018-20
APPENDIX Ⅱ
7.2 QUESTIONNAIRE USED FOR SURVEY
PART- I (INTRODUCTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)
1) In what age group are you?
□ 19 or below
□ 20 – 29
□ 30 – 39
□ 40 – 59
□ 60 or above
2) Gender
□ Male
□ Female
3) In terms of your current occupation, how would you characterize yourself?
□ Administrator/Manager
□ Administrative Assistant
□ Academic Professional
□ Technical Expert
□ Student
□ Other, please specify
4) Have you heard of the notion of Sustainable Development?
□ Yes
□ No
5) If yes, in what connection have you heard of Sustainable Development?
□ In School/College/Institute
□ On TV/Radio
□ In the Newspapers
□ Through any Association
□ On Social Media
□ From Friends
□ Other:__________________________________________________________
________________________________.

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
6) If no, what should it mean according to you?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
7) Are you aware of the term Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE)?
□ Yes
□ No
8) If yes, what do you think UHIE is? And how it is impacting our
environment?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________.
9) What steps do you think can be taken by society and government to reduce
UHE?
□ Mandate use of Sustainable Construction Norms
□ Mandate use of Green Engineering/Green Approaches.
□ Limited use of Non-Renewable Resources.
□ More R&D in Sustainable Construction Materials.
□ Encourage Public Awareness.
□ Self-Awareness among Society.
10) Has your institute has taken any step(s) towards building sustainable
infrastructure or development within campus?
□ Yes
□ No
11) If yes, then what benefits have you felt from sustainable infrastructure?
□ Cleaner Air as compared outside the campus.
□ Reduced Solid Waste (metal, paper, concrete).
□ Improved Health and Active Lifestyle.
□ Decreased Energy and Water Consumption.

BATCH 2018-20
12) How sustainability of infrastructure is achieved in your institute’s campus?
□ Construction from the Scratch
□ Sustainable Retrofitting
□ Cannot say
PART- II (GREEN-INFRASTRUCTURE)
1) How would you describe your level of understanding of what Green
Infrastructure is?
□ Very High
□ High
□ Moderate
□ Low
2) How would you describe your level of awareness of the benefits of Green
Infrastructure?
□ Very Aware
□ Fairly Aware
□ Slightly Aware
□ Not Aware
3) Has your institution included Green Infrastructure in any
developments/refurbishments/retrofitting?
□ Yes
□ No
□ If yes, describe what GI has been included please provide details of all
relevant developments you are aware of.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________.

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4) Have you observed or aware of any of following component of green
infrastructure in your campus?
□ Green Vegetative Roof
□ Green Land Cover
□ Tree Canopy
□ Rainwater Harvesting
□ Planter Boxes
5) Which benefits do you think we can get out by adopting green
infrastructure? (E.g. less pollution, less wastage of natural resources.)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________.
6) What benefits do you think we can reap out by adopting Green
Infrastructure?
□ Mitigation of Negative Environmental Impacts
□ Effective Cost of Construction
□ Reduction of Green House Gases in Atmosphere
□ Reduction of Heat Island Effect
□ More use of alternate modes of transportation e.g. walking and biking.
□ All of the above
7) What is the most important factor according to you that facilitate the
implementation of green infrastructure?
□ Laws and Policies
□ Financial Incentives
□ Awareness among society
□ Existing Planning Recommendations
8) What is the most dominating factor according to you hindering the
implementation of green infrastructure?
□ Regulatory
□ Poverty
□ Resistance to Change
□ Ignorance towards Abrupt Climatic Changes.

BATCH 2018-20
9) What benefits have you experienced due to green cover of your institute?
□ Cooler Temperature as compared to surrounding areas
□ Good Air Quality
□ Reduced Stress
□ Reduced Incidents of Diseases
10) Do you think Green Infrastructure is alone efficient to mitigate climatic
risk?
□ Yes
□ No
11) What additional strategies would you suggest to mitigate climatic risk?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
PART- III (BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE)
1) Have you heard about the notion called “BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE”?
□ Yes
□ No
2) If yes, what blue infrastructure components have you observed in your
campus?
□ Wet Lands
□ Ponds
□ Artificial Lake
□ Over the Ground Aesthetical and Clean Drains
□ Strong and Efficient Drainage System
□ Blue Roofing
3) How would you describe your level of awareness of the benefits of Blue
Infrastructure?
□ Very Aware
□ Fairly Aware
□ Slightly Aware
□ Not Aware

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
4) Water does not gets stagnated/flooded inside your campus when it rains.
□ Strongly Agree
□ Agree
□ Uncertain
□ Disagree
□ Strongly Disagree
5) Pune is frequently experiencing flooding problems.
□ Strongly Agree
□ Agree
□ Uncertain
□ Disagree
□ Strongly Agree
6) Improvements in flood management need to be made to decrease the risk of
flooding.
□ Strongly Agree
□ Agree
□ Uncertain
□ Disagree
□ Strongly Agree
7) Does the artificial lake in your campus is proving to be aesthetical
appealing?
□ Yes
□ No
8) Does the artificial lake in your campus effects the quality of life positively in
any way?
□ Yes
□ No
Please specify your
answer_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________.

BATCH 2018-20
9) What other benefits have you experienced due to presence of the blue
infrastructure?
□ Cool Temperature as Compared to Surrounding Areas
□ Good Mental Health
□ Reduced Stress
□ Sightings of Migratory Birds
□ Eye Catching Landscape
10) Do you think that combining both green and blue infrastructures could
perform lot better in mitigating climatic risks as compared to individual
approaches?
□ Strongly Agree
□ Agree
□ Uncertain
□ Disagree
PART- IV (BLUE-GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (BGI) INTEGRATION)
1) Are you aware (or were aware before) of the concept of integrating Blue-
Green Infrastructure (BGI)?
□ Yes
□ No
2) Have you ever faced problem of wind borne air pollution, dust hazards or
water flooding inside your campus?
□ Yes
□ No
□ Uncertain
3) If no, would you give this credit to BGI retrofitting and construction adopted
in your campus?
□ Strongly Agree
□ Agree
□ Uncertain
□ Disagree

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
4) Do you feel that your campus is having adequate mix of BGI?
□ Yes
□ No
□ Uncertain
5) If no or uncertain, then what could be possibly done/added/retrofitted
according to you to make your campus a complete BGI and use it to its
fullest, please tell in brief?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Please rate the following statements on scale of 1-5 where 1 being the least
and 5 being most satisfactory response:
6) How much would you rate the standard of living inside your campus?
□ 1
□ 2
□ 3
□ 4
□ 5
7) Do you have enough space for recreation, exercise and social activities?
□ 1
□ 2
□ 3
□ 4
□ 5
8) Do you find your campus attractive socially and aesthetically?
□ 1
□ 2
□ 3
□ 4
□ 5

BATCH 2018-20
9) Does your Institute spend more than average for maintaining the Blue-Green
Components as compared to maintaining a traditional Infrastructure?
□ Strongly Agree
□ Agree
□ Uncertain
□ Disagree
10) Can you think about the problems (factors) India will experience while
adopting BGI?
_____________________________________________________________________
7.3 LINK FOR QUESTIONNAIRE ON GOOGLE
FORMS
https://forms.gle/VmKjuMCDX8yC967r9

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
APPENDIX Ⅲ
7.4 CALCULATION FOR INTERPOLATION OF COST
FOR 400 m3
STP AT NICMAR.
We were having costs of phytoremediation treatment system for 50 m3
and 500
m3
capacity but we were required to find out the cost for 400 m3
capacity, for
this we did interpolation as follows:
Let us consider capacities in m3
as, x1 = 50 m3, x2 = 400 m3, x3 = 500 m3
capacities.
Similarly let us assume costs in Rs as y1 = Rs 3000000, y2 = unknown (to be
calculated) and y3 = Rs 9000000
Now by using formula for interpolation,
𝑦2 = [
{(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)(𝑦3 − 𝑦1)}
𝑥3 − 𝑥1
] + 𝑦1
Putting the above values, we got y2 = Rs 7667000 for 400 m3
Using same formula, we deduced the cost of operation/day in Rs when the
variables were given as x1 = 50 m3
, x2 = 400 m3
, x3 = 500 m3
capacities.
Operation costs per day in Rs as y1 = Rs 120, y2 = unknown (to be calculated)
and y3 = Rs 200
We got y2 = Rs 185 per day as operation cost.
7.5 CALCULATION FOR CONCRETE SLAB OF 125
mm THICKNESS FOR 10 m2
AREA
We have taken costing of a roof slab for a single room of area ranging from 8m2
to 10 m2
Depth of Slab = 125mm
Area of Slab = 10 m2
So total volume of concrete = 0.125 X 10 = 1.25 m3
Assuming M20 Grade Concrete,
For M20 grade (1:1.5:3) as per mix design the quantity of material required is
Cement = 400kg/m3
, Sand = 600 kg, and Coarse aggregate = 1200kg.

BATCH 2018-20
So, for 1.25 m3
Cement = 1.25 x 400 = 500 kg = 500/50 = 10 Bags
Sand = 600 kg = 600 X 1.25 = 750 kg
Coarse Aggregate = 1200 X 1.25 = 1500 kg
For steel as a thumb rule, minimum steel required is 75kg/m3 concrete.
So, 75 X 1.25 = 93.75 kg
Assume 1m3 of RMC = Rs 4500 (Average RMC rate in Pune region)
So for 1.25 m3
= 1.25 X 4500 = Rs 5625
For Steel assume Rs 40,000/Tonne
So, 0.09375 tonne X 40,000 = Rs 3750
Total Cost = 4500+3750 = Rs 8250
Assume Shuttering rate = Rs 45/ft2
So shuttering amount = 45 X 108 = Rs 4860
Total Cost = 4860+8250 = Rs 13,110
This is not exact cost as it may vary by 2-3% as per site conditions.
Therefore, we have taken it after rounded contingencies of Rs 15,000 to Rs
20,000 for 10 m2
slab for each hostel room.
7.6 DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND CHECKS FOR
SLAB WITH GREEN ROOF CALCULATED IN
SPREADSHEET
DATA: (To design a slab as Two-way slab)
Room Dimensions = 2.5m X 3m (As per average dimensions of NICMAR
hostel rooms)
Fck = 20 KN/m2
, Fy = 415 KN/m2
Overall depth of Slab provided, D = 125 mm

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
Figure 7.5: SLAB SUPPORTING GREEN ROOF DESIGN CHECKS PART (1/3)

BATCH 2018-20

NICMAR PGP PEM 14th
BATCH 2018-20
Hence all criterions are satisfied with the design calculations and design is safe.

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