The document provides information on various small civilizations that contributed to history, including the Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Ancient Egyptians. It can be summarized as follows: 1) The Phoenicians were traders based in present-day Lebanon who established colonies across the Mediterranean and introduced Mesopotamian culture through trade and colonization. 2) The Hebrews migrated to the Jordan River valley and their monotheistic religion of Judaism influenced Christianity and Islam. They established the kingdom of Israel in Palestine under kings David and Solomon. 3) Ancient Egypt was defined by the Nile River and had a complex government and social hierarchy led by powerful pharaohs. Major periods included the

1. CIVILIZATION
OF SMALLER
STATES
Small independent states
were also making lasting
contributions.

2. Phoenicians:
Traders of Antiquity
 Eastern Mediterranean coasts,
in present-day Lebanon
 Lived by means of trading
 From cities of Tyre and Sidon,
Phoenicians crossed
Mediterranean founded colonies
from Cyprus to Gibraltar.

6.  About 814 BCE, they settled in
Carthage in North Africa.
 Shipbuilders and seafarers.
 First people to venture beyond
the Strait of Gibraltar.
 Excellent craftsmen who worked
with wood, metal, glass, and
ivory.

8.  "Carriers of civilization"
for their role in spreading the
culture of the ancient world.
Through trade and colonization,
they introduced the achievements
of Mesopotamia.

9. The Hebrews
 Migrated into the valley of
Jordan River.
 Judaism one of the world's
major religions as well as its
influence on two later
religions, christianity and
Islam.
 Both faiths were Monotheistic.
Jews, Christians, and Muslims
honor Abraham, Moses, and

11. Early History
 Believed that God was moving
force behind everthing that
happened to them.
 Sacred text called Tanakh or
the Old Testament.
 Based on the Old testament,
God gave Canaan or Palestine to
the Hebrews.

13.  1800 BCE, drought and famine
forced them to migrate to Egypt,
they were enslaved by the
pharaoh.
 Exodus, Moses forced the
pharaoh to free the Hebrews.
 Hebrews considered Moses as one
of their most important leaders.
 Moses gave Ten Commandments.
 A set of religious and moral
laws.

16.  They believed God revealed the
laws to Moses and thereby made a
covenant with them.
 According to the covenant, God
would protect the Hebrews as the
"chosen people" if they obey the
commandments.
 Hebrews bounded together as
they wandered from Egypt, across
Sinai, into Palestine by their
obedience to God's laws.

17.  1025 BCE, Hebrews organized the
kingdom of Israel in Palestine.
 Israel flourished during the
reign of David and Solomon from
1000 to 930 BCE.
 David was skillful diplomat
and decisively defeated the
Philistine.
 His son Solomon transformed
the city of Jerusalem into a
magnificent capital

18. King David

19. Solomon

20. Map of Israel

21.  Hebrews gave birth to the
ideals of two other
religions: Christianity and
Islam.

22. Ancient Egypt
Geographic Stting
The Nile River
 Longest river in the world.
 Flows from its highlands of
central Africa to the
Mediterranean Sea 4, 160 miles.
 Source of life in Egypt.

23.  Nile has helped to unite
villages along its banks.
 Served as a major highway,
connecting the Upper Egypt in
the south to Lower Egypt in the
north.
 Trade along the river is
active.

26. Natural Barrier
 Libyan and Nubian Deserts, the
Mediterranean Sea, and the Red
Sea formed as natural barriers
of Egypt.
 Egyptians were not completely
protected by natura barriers.
 Over the centuries, Egyptian
rulers faced many invaders.

27. Libyan Desert

28. Nubian Desert

31. Religion
 Believed that different gods
controlled the forces of nature,
giving good harvests or causing
crops to die.
 Practiced polytheism, belief
in many gods.
 Most important Egyptian god
was the sun god, Amon-Re.

32. Amon-Re

33.  To the Egyptians, the east,
where the sun rose, symbolized
birth, while the west, where the
sun sets, represented death.
Thus, they always built tombs
and funeral temples on the west
bank of the Nile.

34. Hieroglyphics
 Egyptians priests developed a
system of writing.
 They first wrote by carving
hieroglyphics on stone or wood.
Later they flattened papyrus
reeds into strips and wrote on
the strips with brushes and ink.
The English word "paper" comes
from the word papyrus.

36. Goverment of
Ancient Egypt
 First there were many
independent villages known as
nomes ruled by local monarch. In
time, some villages united until
two kingdoms were formed along
the Nile valley.

37. 1.Upper Egypt in the south
between Memphis
2.Lower Egypt in the north, which
consisted of the Delta.
 Bitter war between two kingdoms
was brought to an end when
Menes, king of Upper Egypt,
invaded and conquered Lower
Egypt.
 3100 BCE, Menes became the
first pharaoh and founder of the
first dynasties.

39. King Menes

40.  In a dynasty, the right to rule
passed from the ruler to one of
his children.
 History has it that there were
at least 30 dynasties in Egypt
between 2700 BCE and 1090 BCE.

41. Ancient Egyptian history 3
major periods
1. Old Kingdom or Age of Pyramids
(2700-2200 BCE)
2. Middle Kingdo or Age of Nobles
(2050-1800 BCE)
3. New Kingdom or the Egyptian
Empire (1570-1090 BCE)

42. The Old Kingdom
 Egyptian rulers, they were
called pharaohs, means "great
house"
 They believed the pharaoh was
a god, the son of sun god, Amon-
Re
 Absolute power
 He was the source of law
 He owned all land, quarries,

44.  Pharaohs could organized a
strong centralized government
 Kingdom divide into provinces
and officials were appointed to
supervise tax collection and
building projects and irrigation
systems
 Significant achievements were
made during the old kingdom.

45.  Hieroglyphics were improved by
the Egyptians
 Developed engineering
knowledge, which was necessary
in building tombs for the
pharaohs
 Imhotep, chief minister of
Pharaoh Zoser, designed the Step
Pyramid at Sakkara for the
pharaoh.
 This pyramid constructed about
2650 BCE. one of world's oldest
structural stone

47.  Old Kingdom was sometimes called
the Pyramid Age because Zoser's
successors, as well as rich
nobles, constructed pyramid
tombs. Today, three pyramids
still stand at Giza

50.  There came about the peasant
revolts and civil wars that
disrupted trade and farming.
There came about a period of
disorder, which lasted up to
150 years, marking the end of
the Old Kingdom

51. The Middle Kingdom
 New dynasty from south
restored order in Egypt during
2050 BCE
 Prince from Thebes, Ahmose I,
became the new pharaoh
 Art and literature were
encouraged
 Started new irrigation project
that incresed rop production

53.  During Middle Kingdom that
egypt expanded its borders and
had greater contacts with other
civilizations
 A long civil war again destroy
Egypt
 Egypt conquered by nomadic
invaders from western Asia known
as the Hyksos during 1750 BCE
 Hyksos ruled Egypt for 200
years

54. The New Kingdom
 The Hyksos were driven out of
Egypt by the leaders of Thebes
 Who restored Egyptian rule to
Egypt
 Marked the beginning of the
New Kingdom or Empire which
lasted from 1600 to 1100 BCE
 An empire is a government that
rules over a group of contries

55.  Between 1490 and 1469 BCE,
Egypt was ruled by the only
female pharaoh, Queen
Hatshepsut, who gained the
throne in a coup.
 Her term was arked by building
programs and the expansion of
trade to present-day somalia
 Hatshepsut was succeeded by
her stepson, Thutmose III. A
brilliant military leader

57.  He expanded the Egyptian Empire
to its greatest size
 He conquered Palestine and
Syria
 One controversial pharaoh of
the New Kingdom was Amenhotep IV
 He was not interested in
foreign conquest than in
changing some traditional
religious practices

58. Amenhotep IV

59.  He wanted the Egyptians to
worship the god Aton
 He also changed his name from
Amenhotep to Akhenaton, which
means, "pleasing to Aton"
 When Akhenaton failed to defend
the empire because of his
worship to Aton, he lost the
support of the military

61.  His son-in-law inherited the
throne when he was eight years
old
 The young pharaoh soon changed
his name from Tutankhaton to
Tutankhamun
 His dropping of Aton to Amon
signifiess the return to
traditional religious practices

62. Tutankhaton to
Tutankhamun

63. Decline of Egyptian
Power Last ruler of the New Kingdom
was Ramses II
 His 67-year reign was spent in
reviving the empire
 Egyptian empire steadily
declined following the reign of
Ramses II
 By 1090 BCE, civil wars had
left Egypt too weak to defeat a
stream of invaders

64. Ramses II

65.  First came the raiders known as
the Sea Peoples
 Assyrians and Persians also
conquered Egypt
 331 BCE, Greeks led by
Alexander the Great occupied the
lands in the Nile valley
 Queen Cleopatra, descendant of
one of Alexander's generals,
tried to restore Egyptian
greatness
 She is the last pharaoh

66. Queen Cleopatra

67.  31 BCE Roman fleet defeated
Egyptian naval forces and in the
following year, Egypt became a
province of the Roman Empire
 Egyptian history the pharaoh's
had absolute power
 Starting from the Old Kingdom,
Egyptians created a complex but
efficient government that
supported the absolute power of
the pharaoh

68. Social Classes
 Egyptian society divided into
three (3) classes
1. Upper class
a. Priests
b. Court nobility
c. Landed nobility

69. A. Priests
 Conducted daily sacrifices to
the gods
 Cast spells to make the land
fertile
 Recited prayers to help souls
of the dead reach the afterlife
 Priests enjoyed great power
and prestige

70. B. Court nobles
 Advised the pharaoh and carried
out his orders
 Held positions as governors,
court officials, or tax
collectors

71. C. Landed nobility
 Chief minister who administered
the business of the country
 Many these nobles owned large
estates
 Managed their great estates

72. Egyptian Social
Classes

73. Middle Class
a. Men and Women who became rich
through trade
b. Skilled artisans who made
furniture and jewelry and worked
with leathers and clothes
c. Professionals such as
teachers, artists, doctors, and

74. Lower Class
 Lower class made up of two (2)
groups:
1. Peasants
 Worked in farms, irrigation
systems, roads, and in building
projects
 Few political rights
 Lived poorly in small mud

75. 2. Slaves
 Prisoners of war
 Like the peasants they worked
on temples and irrigation
projects
 Most slaves were descendant of
people brought back to Egypt as
prisoners of war
 Loyal and able slaves
sometimes were given freedom

76. Status of Women
 Women enjoyed a high status
 Had the right to buy and sell
property and to testify in court
 Had the right to seek divorce
 Property was inherite in the
female family line in the
Egyptian society
 Women gained more status when
they bear child

77. Women in Ancient
Egypt

78.  In royal family, queen occupied
a privileged position as a wife
of a god
 Pharaoh have more than one
wife, his first wife was tha
most important because her son
would become the next pharaoh

79. Education
 Schools provided a more general
education
 Reading, writing, arithmetic,
and also religious ceremonies
and rituals were offered
 Sons of wealthy class attended
temple schools
 Their daughters learned the
skills they need at home

80.  Priests took charge of the
elementary education of the
children at schools attached to
the temples
 After elementary boys were
sent to higher school or learned
trade from his parents
 Girls received little or no
schooling at all

81.  Primary aim of education was to
produce scribes
 As scribes they were expected
to have through knowledge of the
language, literature, and
history of their country
 They should good in
mathematics, bookkeeping, law
management, know mechanics,
surveying, and architectural
design

82. Religion
 Egyptians beleived in
afterlife and that the soul
could not enter into the future
life without the body
 This belief in the afterlife
led the Egyptians to build large
tombs called pyramids, where
they keep the mummified bodies
of their dead rulers

84.  Egyptians worshipped many godss
and goddesses
 They practice called polytheism