Determination Of Enthalpy Change Of Combustion

Determination Of Enthalpy Change Of Combustion
Determination of enthalpy change of combustion for alcohols
Abstract
This report will explore the energy release (or enthalpy change) when four different alcohols
(methanol, ethanol, propan–1–ol, butan–1–ol) were burned. When these alcohols are burned, the
chemical energy in their bonds is transferred into kinetic and thermal energy by heating water in a
beaker. The rise in temperature of the water allows us to calculate the enthalpy change when each
alcohol is burned in KJ mol–1.
Introduction
Energy is defined as the ability to do work and is measured in joules (J). It cannot be created or
destroyed but can be transferred between objects and transformed from one form to another. There
are many types of energy:
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its movement. The amount of energy depends
on the objects mass and speed. Some examples of objects with kinetic energy are bullets from a gun
or a moving car. To work out the kinetic energy of a moving object the following equation is used:
Kinetic energy = 1/2 (mass x velocity2)
Potential energy is the energy stored in an object as a result of its position. There are two types of
potential energy: gravitational and elastic. Gravitational potential energy is energy stored as a result
of an objects vertical position. An object above the earth's surface has gravitational potential energy
for example a bird or a plane. The amount of gravitational energy an object has depends on the
weight and height of the
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Kinetic Energy Science Project
There is energy all around us. We have energy in our everyday lives but we normally don't think
about the energy being used. For example, a cup on a table, this is potential energy. It is not moving
and it is completely still on the table. When you're driving in your car you are using kinetic energy. In
this experience we are using potential, kinetic, and gravitational potential energy. We are using these
forms of energy, math, and science to test how fast an object will roll down a ramp.
Kinetic energy is energy due to motion in which case all moving objects have kinetic energy. For
example, a boulder rolling down a mountain has kinetic energy. All moving objects have kinetic
energy. In this experiment, we will use kinetic energy when we are rolling the object down the ramp.
This is kinetic energy because it is The object will be moving. Potential energy is stored ... Show
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You will need the books and the wood to make a ramp. You need a stopwatch to see how long it takes
for the object to roll down the ramp. You need paper and pencil to record how long it takes the object
to roll down the ramp. The first thing that you have to do to complete this experiment is to create a
ramp. Stack the number of books you have and place a The next thing that should be done is to find
the angles of the ramp. Next, you have to find an object to roll down the ramp 10 times. After you
roll the object down the ramp, record what you have found about the experiment. Doing this
experiment, I have found 10 different times it takes our object to roll down a ramp of two math books
and one science book. I have converted the seconds it takes for the object to roll down the ramp to
the number of feet per hour it takes for the object to roll down the ramp. After I converted them to
feet per hour, I created a frequency table and histogram to show my data I have

Redback Car Physics
Explanation of the Physics Involved
For a thrilling experience in a rollercoaster ride, there is a wealth of physics involved. A part of the
physics of a rollercoaster includes the physics of work and energy. The Redback is a pendulum type
ride at Aussie World that includes many types of physics concepts. These concepts include the
conversion of gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy, G–force, the conservation of energy
and simple harmonic motion. The calculations of the ride of the Redback can be seen in Appendix B.
As roller coasters travel down and up the track throughout the ride, the gravitational potential energy
(GPE) the cars hold is transferred to kinetic energy (KE), and back again. On Earth, there is always
the force of gravity acting on people and things. This is called GPE. The amount of ... Show more
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Therefore, the equation is GPE=mgh. All moving objects have kinetic energy. The kinetic energy an
object has depends on its mass, if the mass doubles then the KE doubles, and speed, if the speed
doubles then the KE quadruples. In order to find KE, the formula KE=½ mv^2 is used. As the car
travels to the top, or highest point in the ride, the car gains GPE. However, once over the top, the car
then gains speed as GPE is transferred to KE. Note that not all the energy is transferred to or from
GPE, as some is transferred to the surroundings as heat and sound. However, for this investigation, it
is assumed that all energy is transferred. No energy is lost or gained. Which is the Law of
Conservation of Energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy, a concept

Movie Report : Wild Walls Climbing Gym, Spokane,...
The photographs on the previous page were taken at Wild Walls Climbing Gym in Spokane,
Washington. Photo #1 exhibits a climber while on the rock wall, supporting his own weight. Photo #2
displays the system employed by rock climbers to stay safe in the case of a fall. Two photos were
taken in order to compare the system while the climber is on the wall and ascending against when the
climber has fallen off the wall and is hanging by the rope. In the sport of rock climbing, the goal is,
obviously enough, to reach the top. In other words, the challenge is ultimately to surmount the force
of gravity. The power to do this is generated by the climber's muscles, but friction forces also play a
key role in making the ascent up a rock face. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The equation for gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface is U = m*g*h (Walker 395). In
this equation, m is the mass of the object in question, which in this case would be the climber. The
value g corresponds to the value for gravitational acceleration, which for Earth is 9.81 m/s2, and h is
the height of the climber relative to the ground. It is important to note that for consistency within the
equation, m is expressed in units of kilograms and height is in meters. This way, when the units are
combined we get the answer in terms of kg*m2/s2, which is equivalent to a Joule, the SI derived unit
of energy (Walker 191). During a climber's ascent, the only one of these variables that change is the
height value; their mass and the value of g remain constant. There may ostensibly be a very slight
exception to this for climbers that achieve extreme heights, as the value of g does change the further
an object gets from the center of Earth, but for our purposes this change is negligible. As is clear by
evaluating our expression, the height and gravitational potential energy are directly proportional.
This means that as a climber reaches greater heights, their gravitational potential energy also
increases. As an example, imagine a climber whose mass including their gear was 75 kilograms. If
this climber is 10 meters off of the ground, their gravitational potential energy is

Effect Of Potential Energy On Roller Coasters
I. Science Fair Question
How does height (rise) and the loop radius influence the conversion of potential energy to kinetic
energy using a model roller coaster track?
II. Background Research
Did you ever wonder how a roller coaster works? Why does one roller coaster go faster than another
at certain points on the ride? This paper will discuss how potential energy turns into kinetic energy at
different points along the track of a roller coaster. The important terms that will be discussed are
potential energy (stored energy), kinetic energy (energy of motion), gravitational potential energy
(GPE), and conservation of energy (basic law of physics).
Potential energy (PE) is the energy possessed by a body as a result of its position or condition ...
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It is the absence of change in the amount a physical quantity, such as mass, during a physical or
chemical transformation (The American Heritage Student Science Dictionary 80). In physics,
conservation of energy cannot be made and it cannot be ruined (Roller Coaster Marbles: Converting
Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy). Conservation of energy stays the same, the value doesn't
change. Some types of energy include kinetic, potential, gravitational potential, and heat. They can
change into different systems, but the value won't change as long as it has conservation of energy.
Conservation of energy itself and conservation of mechanical energy are two types of energy.
Conservation of mechanical energy is easier to understand and calculate, but it only happens when
everything is conserved (What is Conservation of

The Effect Of Energy On The Body
The ability or capacity to do work, according to Feyman, Leighton and Sands (2013), may be thought
of as energy. Energy is a ubiquitous substance that is not necessarily tangible but can be easily
detected. For example, electrical energy, chemical energy, light, heat, nuclear energy and mechanical
energy are all forms of energy; yet, the ability to define each as a physical material can be relatively
difficult. To continue, energy can neither be created nor destroyed but exists in two forms – potential
and kinetic. Feyman et al. (2013) reported that potential energy is the capacity for doing work based
upon the body's position in space. In this situation, an object will have a certain amount of potential
energy based upon its location in reference to a gravitational field. This notion is true in and outside
of Earth, given that the movement of objects are influenced by Newton's laws of motion (Feyman et
al. 2013). In comparison, kinetic energy is the amount of energy a body possesses due to its motion.
As such, the concepts of potential and kinetic energy are relatively different; however, they are
closely intertwined and each influences the other (Rowlands 2015). With that being said, the purpose
of this paper is to perform a critical analysis of potential and kinetic energy. A comparison will be
drawn between each type of energy, in conjunction with their unique differences. This paper will be
concluded by discussing one real–world application that is directly related to

Mass and Gravitational Potential Energy
WORK and ENERGY
Work done by a constant force
1– The drawing shows a plane diving toward the ground and then climbing back upward. During
each of these motions, the lift force acts perpendicular to the displacement , which has the same
magnitude, 1.7 × 103 m, in each case. The engines of the plane exert a thrust , which points in the
direction of the displacement and has the same magnitude during the dive and the climb. The weight
of the plane has a magnitude of 5.9 × 104 N. In both motions, net work is performed due to the
combined action of the forces , and .
a. Is more net work done during the dive or the climb? Explain.
b. Find the difference between the net work done during the dive and the climb. ... Show more
The coefficient of kinetic friction, µk , between the bike tires and the road.
13– The figure below depicts the motion of a mass m = 300 kg as it slides along a track, which has
one smooth segment and two rough segments of kinetic friction coefficient of 0.4. If the mass was
released from rest at point A on the track,
a. Find the point where the KE of the mass is zero (i.e. point E where the mass comes to a complete
stop)
b. Plot (draw) the kinetic energy of the 300 kg mass as a function of position from point A until point
D. [Show all work, use proper scale, show equations and substitution with units and show all points
on the graph].
14– The ambulance shown in the figure below (3000 kg) slides down a frictionless incline that is
10m long. It starts from rest at point A. Then it continues along a rough surface (BC) until it comes to
a complete stop at point C.
a. Calculate its speed at point B
b. If the coefficient of kinetic friction of the rough segment (BC) is 0.1, calculate the distance d the
ambulance slides on before stopping.
Power
15– Bicyclists in the Tour de France do enormous amounts of work during a race. For example, the

average power per kilogram generated by Lance Armstrong (m = 75.0 kg) is 6.50 W per kilogram of
his body mass.
a. How much work does he do during a 135–km race in which his average speed is 12.0 m/s?
b. Often, the work done is expressed in nutritional Calories rather than in joules. Express the

Physics: Why Kinetic Energy Needs To Swing
Physics is involved in almost everything that we do in life. Over the Thanksgiving break, I took my
niece to the park, as we were both swinging the swing set, I noticed that when swinging back and
forth, the swing resembled a pendulum oscillating back and forth. I had three thoughts while
swinging: what is the kinetic and potential energy it requires to swing; will my 3 year old niece
swing faster than me, since she weighs less; and lastly is it possible to swing above the support bar of
the swing.
According to Hyperphysics, the definition of kinetic of energy is: "energy of motion" ("Kinetic
Energy", 2013). The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses because of its motion. The
formula that represents kinetic energy equation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which is the same as saying, the higher the elevation the greater the kinetic energy will be. As
mentioned before, kinetic energy of a swing can be described as the fast swinging motion going back
and forth.
Looking at these equations I was also able to answer my previous question, does the weight of a
person effect how fast someone will swing? The example above shows that speed does not depend of
mass. An adult will have the same speed of a small child, when they are released from the same
height. In the absence of friction, the velocity of an object falling under gravity does not depend on
the mass of the object.
Lastly, is it possible to swing over the support bar of the swing set? Although, some will argue that
they have in fact swung over the bar, ideally a regular person using their own power, on a regular
swing set will not be able to swing over a support bar. After doing a great deal of research on this
particular topic, I found a very thorough explanation, on Quroa, that explained why this would be an
impossible task. In order to make it over the bar, the centripetal acceleration at the top of the swing
would need to be greater than the acceleration due to gravity. Because you change kinetic energy to
potential energy as you go from the "front–end" to the "back–end" of the swinging motion, you lose

Analyzing The Potential Energy And Kinetic Energy Of A...
Learning Objective (s)
Knowledge: The students will analyze the gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy of a
pendulum.
They will be able to understand that a pendulum can have both kinetic energy and gravitational
potential energy as it moves from one extreme to the other. Student Friendly Learning Objectives
(Posted on the white board)
Knowledge: I can measure and analyze the gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy of a
pendulum.
I can understand that pendulums can have both kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy as
their bobs move from one extreme to the other.
Assessment
Assessment Strategy
Informal formative: I should notice that the sum of the KE and PE near the middle of the ramps is
nearly the same as the kinetic or potential energy at points 1 or 3 respectively.
The kinetic energy at point 2 should be smaller than that at point 3. Performance Expectation and
Evidence
All students are expected to meet the objectives.
The informal formative evaluations will indicate whether or not the students are making progress
towards the targets.
Using Assessment to Guide Instruction
Any responses deviating from the expected will indicate misconceptions, which will be addressed.
More time might be granted to fully understand the concept of energy conservation. **If they feel
like they need more practice, through practice problems, it will be granted (if Mrs. Driver deems it
appropriate).
Instructional Materials, Equipment, Technology, and

What Happens When A Soccer Ball Bounces
1.0 Background Theory
1.1 Introduction
This investigation aims to determine the relationship between air pressure and the bounce height of
the ball, and what material (material of a basketball, volleyball and soccer ball) is best suited for a
ball in order for it to achieve its greatest bounce height.
1.2 Research Questions
1. How does the air pressure inside a ball influence the bounce height/vertical motion of that ball?
2. How does the material of a ball affect the bounce height/vertical motion of that ball?
1.3 Theory
1.31 Air Pressure
Air pressure can be defined as the force applied by air molecules on the surfaces in and around an
object, and is measured in Pascals – one Newton per square metre (Pa) or pounds per square inch
(psi). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The velocity of the ball increases in the opposite direction as it has started to rebound from the
ground with acceleration still pointing up (see Figure 5). This also means that the elastic potential
energy is transferring into kinetic energy, although the kinetic energy will be less than previous
because some of the energy has been lost to generate heat and sound when the ball lands and
deforms. Due to the loss in energy, the ball will not return to its original drop height and creates a
bounce height.
Figure 5: Stage 5 (Real World Physics Problems, 2016)
6. The ball is now just touching the surface so it has returned to its original shape so all the elastic
potential energy has been transferred back into kinetic energy again (see Figure 6). The only force
acting on the ball now is gravity, so the acceleration has changed back to its original direction and its
velocity is decreasing.
Figure 6: Stage 6 (Real World Physics Problems,

The Physics Of Mechanical And Kinetic Energies
The mechanical, gravitational potential and kinetic energies (measured and average) showed trends
with the masses of the balls. The big ball (larger mass) possessed more mechanical, gravitational
potential and kinetic energy than the small ball (see summary table above) whereas the ball with the
smaller mass possessed less energy correspondingly (3.9976 > 0.4588, 1.2242 > 0.0428, 6.1853 >
1.2242). This trend was consistent throughout all of the recorded results. This can be justified by the
equations of mechanical, gravitational potential and kinetic energy which all include mass meaning a
larger mass constitutes to more energy (see Background Information).
The calculated theoretical and measured values showed differences with the ... Show more content on
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This is the mechanical energy. When the balls lose height, it loses potential energy but gains speed
(thus gaining kinetic energy). At halfway down (0.5m), half of the potential energy has been
converted to kinetic energy but the mechanical energy remains constant (see Equation 3: Mechanical
Energy in Background Information and graph above). This is because of the Law of Conservation of
Energy; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted and transferred. Eventually, there is a
complete depletion of gravitational potential energy and only kinetic energy at 0m as all the
gravitational potential energy has been converted during free–fall. Once in contact with the floor, the
kinetic energy converted to elastic potential (deformation), sound and heat energy, then back to
kinetic energy when bouncing and gaining gravitational potential energy as the height increased. The
ball never goes back up to the height it was dropped; it only bounces to a new peak which is lower
than the original peak height. This is because the Law of Conservation of Energy does not 'give' the
ball more kinetic energy to bounce back up after the energy has been converted and lost to sound
energy and heat energy whilst hitting the ground (hence the 'boing' sound it makes, which proves the
Law of Conservation of Energy). This alone proves the Law of Conservation of Energy, as the ball
never bounces back to the same peak. The ball should have a higher temperature than it originally

'The Physics Behind Roller Coasters'
The Physics behind the Roller Coasters
By: Abigail H., Faith C., Aydar Z.
The SCIENCE behind Roller Coasters (by Abigail)
There are two types of roller coasters: 1st that works on engines and 2nd that relies on the chain (this
type is used the most). Both are used to move roller coaster up the hill, where then due to chains
releasing it and Gravitational Force, roller coaster falls; or when the engine makes it reach the hill
and stops working, it falls due to GF. (There are a few roller coasters in the world that use engines to
move them, and most are children attractions) The change from potential to kinetic energy is what
moves the roller coaster. The potential energy is the type of energy that is first stored and then
transformed into kinetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nearly all pipes provided were too thin and flexible to use as a rollercoaster base. If right base (thick
pipes) were used, this would improve the safety and stability of the ride, because the base would be
thick enough to hold the carriage. In the experiment, the first pipe used was too thin, so the marble
fell out even before going down the first descending hill, because the base couldn't hold it. When a
thicker pipe (base) was used, the marble rode through the rollercoaster easily. So, the thicker the
roller coaster base, the safer it is. A real–life rollercoaster must be safe because the consequences are
loss of lives and/or business failure. All rollercoasters must have a wide base so the carriages can fit
in and that the 'roller coasters' won't fall out of the

Justification And Relevance Of Lesson Essay
Justification and Relevance of Lesson
Energy is the ability to do work. It has the potential to make changes, and any changes are due to
work being done. This is significant because work can generate energy, and energy itself can do work
(i.e., work done on windmills by the wind produces energy, and energy is used in homes to do work).
Standards and Learning Objectives
Content Learning Standards (s)
HS–PS3–1: Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in
a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the
system are known. Common Core State Standards
MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
Learning Objective (s)
Knowledge: The students will be able to understand that there is both gravitational potential energy
and kinetic energy as a ball rolls down a ramp.
They will be able to apply the conservation of mechanical energy equation. Student Friendly
Learning Objectives (Posted on the white board)
Knowledge: I can understand that there is both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy as a
ball rolls down a ramp.
I can apply the conservation of mechanical energy equation.
Assessment
Assessment Strategy
Informal formative: I will review students' responses to Explore questions 1 through 4.
I should notice that the sum of the KE and PE near the middle of the ramps is nearly the same as the
total energy of the system under investigation.
**The students will vote to request practice

The Gravitational Slingshot Essay
The Gravitational Slingshot
The gravitational slingshot is a way that scientists have truly harnessed the gravitational pull of a
planet by using it to launch satellites and other useful projectiles towards their desired locations. This
method was developed through the use of Newton's Laws of Gravity and Kepler's Laws of Planetary
Motion. When these ideas of gravity and the shape of a planet's orbit were brought together piece by
piece, this new theory changed how a projectile traveling through space could simply cross an orbital
pattern, which would in turn change the path of the moving object. The change in the path accelerates
the object at a higher rate and sends it speeding off in its proper direction. The gravitational ... Show
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Kepler established the Laws of Planetary Motion. The first Law states that the orbit of every planet is
an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. The second law states that a line joining a planet and
the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. And the final Law tells that the square
of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi–major axis of its orbit.
Kepler's Laws also come into play with the use of the gravitational slingshot, because Kepler
believed that the orbit that a planet takes around another body follows an elliptical pattern, instead of
traveling in a perfect circle. Of course each planet has a specific elliptical orbit, just as humans have
different fingerprints to identify them. Before launching their equipment into space, each planet must
have its pattern identified to ensure accurate results for the launch. This knowledge helps scientists
identify where the ellipses are in relation to the paths of orbit so that they can launch satellites in the
proper direct, at the proper time, with the proper velocity. Combining both of these sets of theories
together has lead the way to the effect we know as the gravitational slingshot effect.
Today, the gravity assist effect is used extremely often by NASA and the Air Force. It is the most fuel
efficient, naturally occurring "booster" in

How Energy Decay We Used Multiple Setups Of Two Different...
Summary
To investigate and more fully understand aspects of energy decay we used multiple setups of two
different types of experiments. The first type of experiment was conducted on a concave up parabolic
hot wheels track. The Hot Wheels car was released on one side of the track and filmed as it oscillated
to a stop at the bottom of the parabola. We extracted kinetic and potential energy values as the car
cycled and came to a stop. Summing these values together with respect to time helps us to see how
much of the cars original potential energy is lost through friction as it travels down the track. The
second type of experiment simulates a rollercoaster coming down a hill, converting its potential
energy into kinetic energy, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1. Depiction of the setup for the experiment investigating energy decay of a Hot Wheels car
on a track.
After collecting the energy decay data from the experiment depicted in figure 1, the time stamps were
modified to create an adjusted time starting at 0 seconds along with adjusted lengths on the x and y
axis. This was to correct the data gathered to represent a more controlled experiment. Then equation
2 was used to determine the potential energy of the car at each time interval using the adjusted data.
Following this equation 3 was used to determine the kinetic energy. Using the results of equation 2
and 3 equation one was used to determine the total energy in the system.
E=U_g+K E=mgh+ (mV^2)/2 Equation (1)
U_g=m*g*h Equation (2)
K= (m*V^2)/2 Equation (3)
Equation 4 was used to determine the exponential decay where d represents the percent decay. The
percent decay is shown as a trendline on a graph of the total energy over time in the system as shown
in figure 3. The percent decay was determined by changing the values until the trendline best fit the
data in the scatterplot of figure 3. Data was collected from three different trials of the experiment and
separate calculations were done in all three trials.
E(t)=E_0 e^(–(d/100)t) Equation (4)
The following are variables used in equations 1–4.

E –

Difference Between Kinetic And Kinetic Energy
These things we use without even knowing we use them is things like our energy. Then when we use
these energies we continue to use every day. Then we use triangles everyday to even when we create
things to drive our car on and even to draw we use these things on a daily without even knowing.
For my background knowledge I know that you have all different types of energy and there is many
different types of colors. I also know that you can have triangles that can go along with angles and
height. When doing this you find many different ways to do things.Also knowing that they use
triangles for everything they can use all different types of triangles too.
Then you have all the energies like kinetic, potential, gravitational potential. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Our statistical question was made we had to think about how much the object could weight and how
hihet it would be so it would not break the board. With this experiment we are trying to find out how
much we can fit into the object or how much the object could weight. Also asking ourselves if we
had enough books to keep the boards stable and also asking our self if the object that is a can of small
winnes. Which adds up to our statistical question which is ( How long will it take to get the object
large/small amount of weight down the ramp.)
My hypothesis is that we can have the can of winners roll perfectly down our ramp.this because it is
a very small object and can build lots of speed. And it (the can of wines) they don 't have lots of
weight which can increase the possibilities. These are some energy 's / material that you have to
know to get also including that you need a ramp books and some sort of object.There are many
different types of energy one energy that is most know is kinetic energy and that is ( energy do to
movement). For example if there is a bowling ball hitting pins and knocking them over. The second
energy that is most known about is potential energy which is (Stored energy due to the interactions of
objects or particles). Also another energy to talk about is gravitational energy which is ( Stored
energy between a object when close to earth–hight –weight.).
For the procedures for

The Physics Of Pole Vaulting
Pole vaulting is a an Olympic sport categorised as an athletic event where a vaulter must use a pole
to push themselves up and over a high bar in an attempt to vault themselves over the highest placed
bar in order to win. Many variables come into play of pole vaulting which can allow for the athlete to
vault themselves the highest including the length of the run and pole, the bend of the pole, the correct
generation of speed and a strong strike into the box. There are many forces and energies involved in
the physics of pole vaulting which can provide reasoning for why and how people can vault
themselves over such great heights and still successfully land safely after falling from such great
heights.
FORCES
As the vaulter prepares for the vault to occur and starts to run down the track they need to be wearing
appropriate footwear with a large surface area. This will result in a large amount of friction being
produced between the sole of the shoe and the ground, allowing the vaulter more traction whilst
running down the track as more of the sole of the shoe is in contact with the path. This allows the
vaulter to accelerate to faster speeds due to the traction caused by the athlete's shoes. This relates to
Newton's second law of motion which is: If an object changes its motion (=accelerates) then an
unbalanced (net) force is acting on it in the direction of the acceleration. The traction of the shoes
allows the vaulter to accelerate as if they were to run at a constant

Gravitational Potential Energy In Golf Essay
Introduction
Potential energy is energy stored in an object that gives it the capacity to do work or make things
happen. Every object positioned above the ground had gravitational potential energy (Gravitational
Potential Energy = mass x gravity x height), therefore when a ball (which has gravitational potential
energy) is dropped, gravity pulls the ball towards the earth's surface. The potential energy of the ball
transforms into kinetic energy, or the energy of a moving object, as it falls (Kinetic Energy = ½ x
mass x speed of object). Since the law of conservation of energy states that energy may be
transferred but never created or destroyed, the kinetic energy in the ball has to go somewhere when
the ball hits the ground. Therefore, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rather, the results suggest it is the type of ball that determines its bounce height. The differences in
the average bounce height of the three most expensive golf balls (158.8) compared to the average
bounce height of the cheaper golf balls (158.6) are minute. Callaway, Dunlop and Srixon were the
balls that bounced the highest. Callaway, with an average bounce height of 165.6 cm, was expected
to be the highest as it is the most expensive and a three–piece ball, which are designed to go longer
distances and therefore need to bounce more. The Dunlop ball surprisingly came second with an
average bounce height of 161 cm. Since details about this ball are unavailable due to it being an older
model, this data suggests that the ball is a 3–piece ball. Srixon and Wilson Staff were extremely
close, with Srixon's average bounce height being 158.9 cm and Wilson's average bounce height 0.2
cm lower at 158.6 cm. These results are, again, to be expected due to the 3–piece design of these ball.
However, the average bounce height of the Strata ball (152 cm) was a surprise as it was the third
most expensive ball and had the lowest bounce height. Dunlop and Top Flite's bounce heights were
average, being 161cm and 156.4cm respectively. As they were the cheapest balls, this was not
unexpected. All of these golf balls weighed approximately

Roller Coaster Physics Paper
Many people don't really know how a roller coaster works. According to (Amusement Park Physics
–– Roller Coaster. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2014), "roller coasters have to make a certain
height to make the first loop which is usually the highest loop of the ride". "As the roller coaster is
pulled to the top of the initial hill, it gains potential energy, and the higher the hill is, the more
potential energy is stored"(Sastamoinen, S Roller Coaster Physics.) According to (Zobel, E. (n.d.).
Gravitational Potential Energy)" the equation Ug=mgh, is used to figure out how much potential is in
the roller coaster. Ug (gravitational potential energy) = m(mass), g(gravity), and h(height)."
The roller coaster has to be a certain height for it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A coaster is affected by forces along its run (the force of gravity, as well as the supporting force of
the track), but if it is traveling along a straight–away, forces to either side. On the other hand, if the
coaster hits a curve, it will tend to want to go forward. The track has to exert a sideways force on the
coaster to divert it from its path. The train, in turn, exerts a force on the riders. As they continue to try
to go straight, they get pinned to the side the car. Though they feel themselves being forced to the
outside of the curve (an effect commonly referred to as centrifugal force), the force that is exerted on
them is actually towards the inside (centripetal force), because that is the direction in which they are
turning. As with forces directed vertically, lateral forces can be measured in terms of Gs. A 1–G
lateral force would be equivalent to you lying on your side" (Sandborg, D. (n.d.) PHYSICS of
ROLLER COASTERS). According to (Sandborg, D. (n.d.) PHYSICS of ROLLER COASTERS).
"there are several factors that affect the strength of lateral G forces: the speed of the roller coaster, the
tightness of the curve, and the amount of banking." According to (Sandborg, D. (n.d.) PHYSICS of
ROLLER COASTERS) banking is "a turn is a way to convert lateral G forces into positive

Energy Change In Roller Coasters
Energy Changes(Conservation of energy):
Roller coasters are carried up to the top of the first hill using a lift motor but after that the rest of the
ride relies on the work done by gravity. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, the faster something
is moving, the more kinetic energy it has. Gravitational potential energy on the other hand is energy a
object has because of its height. When something is lifted above the ground, work is done to lift the
object against the force of gravity, resulting in the object having potential energy that can be used
later.
The lift motor exerts energy to the roller coaster, giving it gravitational potential energy at the top of
the hill. This energy will then be converted into kinetic energy when the coaster ... Show more
When the roller coaster is on the track, gravity force pulls the coaster straight down towards the earth
this results in the track producing an equal and opposite reaction force to counter gravity. When the
roller coaster goes through the loop, the velocity of the coaster wants to move forward with constant
speed (Newton's first law), however the track is in the way, so the coaster creates a force that pushes
into the curving track, producing a reaction force, that is tangent to the track, towards the center of
the loop, causing centripetal acceleration and force. This normal force provides the sufficient
centripetal force that the ride needs to complete the loop. If the roller coaster moves with greater
velocity, it will push harder into the loop, creating greater reaction force and therefore greater
centripetal force, this means the reaction and centripetal forces depend on how fast the roller coaster
is

My Science Math PBL Class
In my science math PBL class we are doing a project. The project consist of triangle, finding the
missing angles of a triangles, and energy.Me and my gruop mebers got to make a ramp out of science
and math book and a 6 foot wooden board. We are making a ramp because me and my group are
going to roll an object down it to see how fast it will go down the ramp. All 3 of us have different
ramps so it will be all different times. For my ramp I've got 1 math book and 3 science books. The
angle that the stack of books created is a 450 angle. The way I solved for the missing angle by doing
inverse property of adding.The equation was 90+45+x=180 and the way that I solved it is by doing
90+45 first which I got 135. Then I Subtracted 135 by 135 and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then we used a 6 foot board so the glue stick will roll down. We also used pencil to write down the
times and parer so we could have something to write on.
The first thing that was done is my process was to find what the triangle was going to be. Then we
used the stacked up the book and then put the the wooden board on the stack out books and had to
make sure that the blue tape was right on the edge of the books. After that i had to roll the glue stick
down the 6 foot wooden board and had to make sure my time keeper had the time that i started to the
time I finished on the spot unless the roll would not be active. Last I the writer wrote down the time
and that process went for ten time until we were done with mine but then we had to test Ryan's and
Julian.
For the data i had only 2 numbers (6667 and 5455) that i had to find for the mean, median, mode and
range, Julian had 3 numbers (5000, 6667, and 7500) to find and Ryan had 3 numbers (10000, 8571,
and 18571) also. My mean was 5818.6, Julian's was 6750.2, and Ryan's was 9485.5. My mode is
5455, Julian's is 6667, and Ryan's is 8571. My median is 5454, Julian's is 6667, and Ryan's is 9285.5.
Last but not least the range of my data is 1212, Julian's is 2500, and Ryan's is

Physical Science
Assignment 1
Energy can be converted from one form into another in three basic ways know as the action of force.
The first one is gravitational forces which is when gravity accelerates a falling object, its converts its
potential energy to kinetic energy. Likewise, when an object is lifted the gravitational field stores the
energy exerted by the lifter as potential energy in the earth–object system. The second one is electric
and magnetic force fields which is charged particles, upon which electrical fields exert forces,
possess potential energy in the presence of an electric field in a way similar to that of an object in a
gravitational field. These force fields can accelerate particles, converting a particle's potential energy
into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several different types of oil and gas "traps" exist. Natural gas is found throughout the world in
reservoirs deep beneath the surface of the earth and floor of the oceans. It forms as pockets of gas
over crude oil deposits or is trapped in porous rock formations. Natural gas can be found in oil
deposits, as associated natural gas, although non associated natural gas is often found without the
presence of oil. Natural gas is considered as a clean fuel because of its environmentally friendly
properties such as being practically sulphur free and it produces virtually no sulphur dioxide or SO2.
(http://environment.about.com/fossilfuels/Environmental_Issues_Fossil_Fuels_Alternative_Fuels.htm)
Two different energy alternatives that came to mind is wind power and hydropower. Societies have
taken advantage of wind power for thousands of years. The first known use was in 5000 BC when
people used sails to navigate the Nile River. Persians had already been using windmills for 400 years
by 900 AD in order to pump water and grind grain. (www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/energy–and–
you/affect/non–hydro.html)Windmills may have even been developed in China before 1 AD, but the
earliest written documentation comes from 1219. Cretans were using hundreds of sail rotor windmills
to pump water for crops and livestock. Wind power is one of the most promising new energy sources
that can serve as

Google 's Meaning Of Material Science
What Is Physics ?!
Google 's meaning of " material science " is : " the branch of science worried with the nature and
properties of matter and vitality. The topic of material science, incorporates mechanics, warmth, light
and other radiation, sound, power, attraction, and the structure of molecules . As it were , material
science is the investigation of matter , vitality and the cooperation between them. Material science is
about doing tests , estimations and numerical investigation . The consequences of these analyses to
figure logical laws which are communicated in science.
One theme we learned in material science was strengths . Strengths is the force or vitality as a
property of physical activity or moving. There are 6 distinct strengths, frictional , tension , normal ,
air resistance, applied and spring force . For an example, gravitational force other words called
weight is the power with which the earth , moon , or other greatly huge article pulls in another item
toward itself . The comparison for gravitational power is Fgrav = m * g , as such you increase the
mass times gravity . Where g is 9.8N k/g and m is mass 9 in ( kg ). Isaac Newton was an English
physicist and mathematician who is generally perceived as a standout amongst the most compelling
researchers ever and a key figure in the logical transformation.The Newton Second Law of Motion
was identified with strengths he relationship between an object 's mass m, its acceleration a, and the
applied force F

Gravitational Potential Energy Lab Report
Purpose:
To find out the relationship between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and total
mechanical energy of a cart as it rolls down a ramp
Hypothesis:
If the cart rolls down the ramp with constant speed, then the kinetic energy will get bigger, the
gravitational potential energy will decrease, and the total mechanical energy will stay at the same
constant value, because due to the law of Conservation of Energy, these are the estimated results.
Materials/Apparatus: ramp (1) textbooks (3/4) meter stick (1) motion sensor (1) cart (1)
GLX system
Procedures:
The ramp was raised at a 8.4 degree angle using 3 textbooks
The length and the height of the ramp was measured using a meter stick
The motion sensor was placed on the top of the ramp. The cart was placed near the notion sensor and
released
As the cart rolled down the ramp, the position–time graph of the cart was recored
One point near the end of the graph was chosen and was represented by its d2 and the reference
point, which was used to determine the height of the cart. (this point was kept throughout the whole
experiment)
The equation h = d (h/L) was used to calculate the height of the cart on the ramp
The slope tool was used to determine the speed at any point
The position and the speed was determined using the point near the start if the graph
These values were used to complete the first row
The other positions from the graph were used to complete the next three rows
Observations:

The Ratio Of The Lengths Changes
Question 1: What happens to the motion as the ratio of the lengths changes? (Thinking)
If you decrease the length of the top one (L1) =0 then L2 becomes a simple pendulum and undergoes
simple harmonic motion.
If you increase L1 more, then l2 undergoes faster chaotic motion and if you decrease the length, it
will become less chaotic.
Question 2: At first glance, why does there appear to be much more energy in the pendulum than was
put into it when it was released? (Communication)
There are a few reasons why it seems like that.
First, the pendulum was started with a push rather than dropped, so that will put more energy into the
system than it perhaps seems like there should be.
Second, the lower the pendulum is, the less potential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is, when the long leg slows down just a little, there is enough energy for the short leg to speed
up quite a bit.
Question 3: After testing out the double pendulum, do you think the angle needed to undergo simple
harmonic motion would be a big or small? Why do you think it occurs at a big or small angle?
(Application)
For the double pendulum to undergo simple harmonic motion the angle needs to be very small. Since
the double pendulum's purpose is to undergo chaotic motion we would need to let of the legs at an
angle of 5–8 degrees. This is because the shorter leg is very easy to spin and lose control of its
motion. Letting go at a small angle will not give it enough momentum or speed to undergo chaotic
motion but it will however, give it enough speed and momentum for both legs to undergo simple
harmonic motion.
Question 4: Ali lets go of the legs of a 543g double pendulum with a radius of 0.1 m from a height of
0.3m and the velocity is 8 m/s. Calculate the centripetal acceleration and gravitational potential
energy. (Knowledge)
Gravitational Potential Energy & Forces
This concept relates back to unit 2 where in class we discussed about gravitational energy and power.

The standard definition of a pendulum according to Webster is a body suspended from a fixed
support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity or another type of force.

Potential Energy and Solution
Work and Energy Worksheet
Section 1 Work:
1. A person pulls a toboggan for a distance of 35.0m along the snow. The force in the rope
(tension) is 94.0N. How much work is done on the sled? Solution:
W= Fd W= 94.0N x 35.0m W= 3290 Nm or J
2. The cable of a large crane applies a force of 2.2x10^4N to a demolition ball as it lifts it vertically a
distance of 7.6m. a) How much work is done on the ball? b) Is the work positive or negative? Why?
Solution: A.) W=( 2.2x10^4N) ( 7.6 m) W= 1.6x10^5 Nm or J B.) Positive, because the force on the
system is positive. 3. When spring arrives a woman packs her winter clothes in a box and lifts it at a
constant velocity to the top ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the average force acting on the car from the drift? Solution: The work done equals the
change in kinetic energy. Thus
W= ∆KE= ½m (v(f)^2 – v(i)^2) = (0.5) (5.0x10^3kg) x (8.0m/s – 20.0m/s)^2 = 62.5kg x –
336m^2/s^2 W= –2.1x10^4 J
Section 4 Conservation of Mechanical Energy:
14. A 2.00kg rock is released from a height of 20.0m. Ignore air resistance and determine the kinetic
energy, gravitational energy and total mechanical energy at each of the following heights: 20.0m,
15.0m, 10.0m and 0m. Solution:
@ 20m: potential energy is 2kg * 20m * 9.81m/s2 = 392.4joules, KE = 0
@10m : PE = 2kg * 10m * 9.81, and KE = 392.4/2 = 196.2 joules
@ 0m : PE = 0, And KE = 392.4 joules
Section 5 Power:
15. The building under renovation is 35m away from the construction supply. The laborer delivers
the 9kg of sand to the building in 17 min. Determine the power of the laborer in watts. Solution:
W= (9kg) (9.8m/s^2) (35m) = 88.2 N (35m)
W = 3087 J / 17min convert min to sec. = 3087 J / 1020s P = 3.03 W
PROJECT IN
PHYSICS
Submitted to: April Joy Ando
Submitted by: Al khaleed Hassan & Fritzie Rose

Different Kinds Of Energy And Which Ramp Will Be Faster
The different kinds of energy and which ramp will be faster. So the different kinds of energy there is
are: Kinetic energy, Potential energy, Gravitational potential energy, Elastic potential energy,
Chemical potential energy, and Mechanical energy. I would also like to find out if the tallest or the
lowest ramp will be faster. I will also tell you what my hypothesis is and the materials I will be using.
Plus ill add a statistical question about what ramp is faster. I will also be talking about math and how
to find the missing angle in a trangle.
There are a few different kinds a energy and they are kinetic energy, potential energy, gravitational
potential energy, elastic potential energy, chemical potential energy and Mechanical Energy. Kinetic
Energy is due to motion and mass. Ex.Kinetic energy is like rolling a bowling ball down the lane and
it hitting the pins.Potential Energy is energy that is stored in interactions between an object or
particles. Ex.Potential energy is like holding a book in the air and just letting go and let the gravity
pull it to the ground. Gravitational Potential Energy is just potential energy that is stored between an
object and Earth. Ex.Gravitational Potential energy is like holding a book above the ground and not
letting go at all. Elastic Potential Energy is energy that is stored in an object that is compressed or
stretched.Ex.Elastic Potential energy is like stretching a rubber band and letting go and letting it fly.
Chemical Potential

Rollercoaster Track Lab Report
The experiment was conducted in order to investigate the gravitational potential energy (GPE) and
kinetic energy changes, as a car progresses down a rollercoaster track.
Throughout a rollercoaster ride, the laws of physics are always involved. These include simple
inertial, centripetal and gravitational forces. In the initial ascent of a rollercoaster, gravitational
potential energy is gathered and as the rollercoaster descends, this energy is converted into kinetic
energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, so
theoretically, the sum of the GPE and KE at the start of the ride, should be the same at the end of the
ride.
GPE can be defined as the energy an object has in regards to its position in the gravitational field. A
common example of a usage for GPE is for an Earthly object. On Earth, gravitational acceleration is
continuous at 9.8/s/s. In order to find out an object's GPE, the following formula can be used. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The GPE is measured in joules (J) meaning that the GPE of an object is dependent on the mass of the
object and its height in relation to the Earth's surface. Then, the GPE of an object is converted into
kinetic energy as it moves.
Kinetic energy defined as the movement energy. In this experiment, when the rollercoaster moves
down the slope, kinetic energy increases. Any object that is in motion, regardless of it being in
horizontal or vertical motion, has kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy which an object
possess is dependent on two variables – its velocity (m/s) and its mass (kg). Kinetic energy can be
calculated using the formula below.
KE = ½ m

Rube Goldberg Machine Science Project
Our Rube Goldberg machine has fifteen steps, and in every step, there is a transfer of energy. In our
machine there are three simple machines a wheel, a pulley, and a lever. These simple machines help
conserve energy, and there is less work needed to accomplish a task. This project also helped us learn
life lessons. Our Rube Goldberg machine starts with a ball at the top of a ramp with gravitational
potential energy. As it rolls down the ramp, its gravitational potential energy turns into kinetic energy.
Once the ball gets to the bottom of the ramp, the ball has no gravitational potential energy only
kinetic energy. The ball continues to roll because it has momentum until it hits a domino line. The
ball transfers its momentum to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The boat sails forward into a weighted ball that has gravitational potential energy. The boat passes its
momentum to the weighted ball at the top of a ramp. The ball falls down onto one end of a catapult.
Once the weighted ball falls down onto one side of the catapult, the other side with a non weighted
ball is driven up launches the ball up into a tube. The ball travels through the short tube, and passes
its momentum to another ball at the top of a ramp. The ball has gravitational potential energy, and it
falls down the ramp losing that energy turning it into kinetic energy. That ball hits a peg on a wheel.
This wheel has four pegs on it, and one of them has a smaller peg perpendicular to the original peg.
The wheel is turned driving the peg with the smaller peg up and into a block chain. The peg transfers
its energy into the first block, and the first block transfers its energy into the next and so on. The final
block hits a pin which is inside a slot. A balloon is positioned behind the pin, so once the block hits it,
the pin is driven forward into the balloon. The pin pokes a hole in the side of the balloon releasing
the air inside. The balloon is

Conservation of Energy
Cheryce Smith
PHY 211
Lab #7
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the gravitational potential energy through experimental
values, to calculate the theoretical potential energy given the experimental kinetic energy in an
isolated system while also using the kinetic energy to find the spring constant, and to compare kinetic
energies and potential energies in an isolated system to see if they are equivalent.
METHOD
To calculate the gravitational potential energy through experimental values, we dropped a racquetball
from a height of one meter and measured the height at which the ball bounced back up from the
ground. These values were used to find the total mechanical energy that was ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the initial kinetic energy and the final potential energy should be equivalent. Knowing
this, we can solve for the height the ball should have reached knowing the initial kinetic energy.
12mv2= mgh
Because mass is on both sides of the equation, it can be cancelled out, and the kinetic energy needs to
be divided by g in order to find the height, in meters, that the ball should have reached at its
maximum potential energy.
v22g= h
Now, substituting the average velocity from the short–range experiment into this formula, we can
find the height the ball should have reached.
3.3822g= h

h= .58 m
The ball should have reached a height of .58 m at maximum potential energy with short–range
settings.
Medium Range:
5.4322g= h
h= 1.50 m
The ball should have reached a height of 1.5 m at maximum potential energy with medium range
settings.
Long Range:
7.1422g= h
h= 2.60 m
The ball should have reached a height of 2.6 m at maximum potential energy with the long–range
settings.
None of the experimental values showed the ball reaching the height at which maximum potential
energy was to have occurred. Every trial measurement fell short of that value (was less than). This
would most likely be due to air resistance as it would be acting in the opposite direction of the ball's
path, making the ball's distance traveled less than what would have been theorized.
Part C: Elastic Potential Energy
To

Physics : Physics Of Physics
Introduction
The essential questions from this semester's physics class that relate to this project are:
What is physics?
How does physics connect with engineering design?
Physics is the study of matter, energy and the interactions between them (Openstax, 2016). Math is
often described as the language of physics and there are many aspects to physics. Physics is made of
a set of big ideas and there are many smaller concepts that fall into the idea of physics. Physics
connects with engineering design because they are similar in ideas. The scientific method includes 5
steps which include asking a question, constructing a hypothesis, experiment, analyzing data and
coming up with a conclusion. While engineering design also has 5 steps but a slightly different. The
steps include asking what is the problem, brainstorming, gather information and materials, test it out
and see what can be done better. One of the systems that relates to engineering design simulations
was a roller coaster.
The key terms needed to know for roller coaster physics are:
Kinetic energy– the energy of a body with respect to the motion
Velocity– the speed of something in a given direction
Height– the measurement from base to top or head of to the point to foot.
Mechanical energy– the sum of potential energy. The motion and position of an object
Potential energy– result of gravity pulling downwards
Background
The roller coaster online simulation focused on showing the different types of energy at four

Experiment 201 Work Energy And Power Essay
EXPERIMENT 201:
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
John Michael A. Ramos, Phy11l/A5
Abstract
The essential conditions to be satisfied for work to be done are: Some force must act on the object.
The point of application of force must move in the direction of force. W = F x s. SI unit of work is
joule. Energy is the capacity to do work. The two types of mechanical energy are kinetic energy and
potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion.
Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position or condition.
Kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2.
Potential energy = mgh.
Law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be
transformed from one form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Place the fan cart at one end of the track and determine how long it would take to cover a certain
distance using photogates or a timer. Perform four trials varying the distance. In each case, solve for
the work, and average power of the fan cart using these uquations:
Work=Force*distance and Power=Work/time
For setting up for part 2. This is how you should make the model. Attach a mass at the end of the a
string tied to an iron stand. Record the initial height h sub i of mass. Slowly pull the mass by
applying a horizontal force F on the mass. Measure the final height h sub f of the mass and record the
horizontal force F as read by the spring balance. Perform four trials increasing the height until L is
horizontal. Be careful to apply the horizontal force F barely enough to raise the height. In each trial,
compute for the work done by the force F using the equation below
W=wL(1–costheta)
Where: W= work in oving the mass m through the arc S, w= weight of mass in Newtons, L=length of
the string in meters, theta=angle of the string with the vertical in degrees.
Compute for the increase in the gravitational potential energy of the mass for each trial using these
equation: PE=mgh.
Results and Discussion

Table 1: Determining the Force, Work and Power of the Fan Cart | Force of the Fan Cart= weight of
the pan + weight added= 0.294 Newton | Trial | Displacement | Time | Work | Power | 1 | 0.40 m | 0.64
s | 0.12 J | 0.18 watts | 2 | 0.45 m | 0.68 s |

The Conservation Of Energy Lab Essay
Introduction: For the conservation of energy lab three experiments were performed. Terrestrial
Gravitation Acceleration, First Law of Thermodynamics and Centripetal Acceleration vs. First Law
of Thermodynamics. Each of the experiments demonstrated the importance of the first law of
thermodynamic and how its present on our daily lives. Therefore, reinforcing the importance of
thermodynamics concepts and their role in our society.
Objectives:
Experiment A: Terrestrial Gravitational Acceleration
The main objective of experiment A, was to measure the gravitational acceleration of earth upon
between two distinct masses; and to measure and record time and mass in order to calculate an
experimental value for gravity. Experiment B: First Law of Thermodynamics
The main objective was to demonstrate the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy
cannot be destroyed or created, therefore, it has to be conserved in one form or another during a
thermodynamic process. For this reason, two traveling cars were used along a low slope slide to
harness gravitational potential energy between two points and see it transformed into kinetic energy.
Experiment C: Centripetal Acceleration vs. First Law of Thermodynamics
The main objective was to find the minimum height required for the travelling car to complete the
loop track successfully by thermodynamics forces of conservation of energy and centripetal
acceleration. Moreover, the minimum height also had to satisfy an

Vertical Loop Minimum Speed Lab Report
Vertical Loop – Minimum Speed
In order for the coasters to get around a loop safely they must approach it with a speed high enough
to counteract the force acting downwards on the carts to prevent it from falling and to continue
around the track. This speed is called the minimum speed, the point where the velocity at the top of
the loop is large enough to cause a centripetal force in the opposite direction to counteract the weight
acting downwards.
The minimum speed required to make it around the loop successfully can be calculated using the
formulaFc=(mv^2)/r. However in order to get the centripetal force required first we must calculate
the force of gravity acting downwards on the cart when it is at the top of the loop calculated by the
equation, F=mg.
F=mg
F=1,825*9.8
F=17,885 N
Now that we have the approximate for acting downwards when the coaster is at the top it is now
possible to calculate the minimum velocity required for the carts to make the loop successfully.
Given that we have the force required of 17,885 N, the mass of the coaster itself which is
approximately 1,825 kg, given that each coasters weighs around 365kg. And also I have been able to
calculate that the radius of the loop is approximately 5m. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the height of the peak is not tall enough the coaster won't enough potential energy and will
subsequently not have enough kinetic energy or a large enough velocity. Causing the coaster to fall
depending on the safety system used. All modern roller coaster have a system that the carts slot into
so when it's upside down it will hang if motionless rather than just fall as a back–up safety

Google 's Meaning Of Physics
What Is Physics ?!
Google 's meaning of " physics " is : " the branch of science worried with the nature and properties of
the matter and vitality. The topic of material science, incorporates mechanics, warmth, light and other
radiation, sound, power, attraction, and the structure of molecules . As it were , material science is the
investigation of matter , vitality and the cooperation between them. Material science is about doing
tests , estimations and numerical investigation . The consequences of these analyses to figure logical
laws which are communicated in science.
One theme we learned in material science was strengths . Strengths is the force or vitality as a
property of physical activity or moving. There are 6 distinct strengths, frictional , tension , normal ,
air resistance, applied and spring force . For an example, gravitational force other words called
weight is the power with which the earth , moon , or other greatly huge article pulls in another item
toward itself . The comparison for gravitational power is Fgrav = m * g , as such you increase the
mass times gravity . Where g is 9.8N k/g and m is mass 9 in ( kg ). Isaac Newton was an English
physicist and mathematician who is generally perceived as a standout amongst the most compelling
researchers ever and a key figure in the logical transformation.The Newton Second Law of Motion
was identified with strengths he relationship between an object 's mass m, its acceleration a, and the
applied force F is F =

Physics Of Motion And Energy
Aim
Using Physics principles such as equations of motion and energy illustrate how the landing place of a
ball bearing swung into a razor blade can be calculated and a target can be placed, predicting this
landing spot.
Hypothesis
Through using Physical Sciences principles I ill be able to place a target in the approximate location
of where a ball bearing will land.
Introduction
Motion and Energy are both related and understanding of both are important in the completion of this
experiment. There are four main equations of motion, Vav = s/t, v = u + at, v2 = u2 + 2as & s = ut +
½at2. These four equations can be used to determine the information of an objects motion
(Henderson n.d. a). There are different types of motion, specifically for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mechanical energy is the energy which is based on either motion or position of an object (Simmons
n.d.). Mechanical energy is divided into two types, potential energy (EP) and kinetic energy (EK).
Potential energy is the energy of an object based upon its position relative to another. There are many
types of potential energy such as elastic and gravitational potential energy. One the most common
types of potential energy, which is discussed in this topic, is gravitational potential energy (given by
Ep = mgh). Due to this, gravitational potential energy is equal to the work done to move an object (W
= Fs). Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, (Given by EK = ½mv2). Work done is the
change in kinetic energy or the force times the displacement (W = Fs or W = ΔE). An important
aspect of mechanical energy is known as the law of conservation of energy, which states that in a
closed system that the total energy of that system will remain constant, as energy is not created or
destroyed, rather it is changes from one form to another (Nave n.d.). In effects this means that in a
system as a ball falls its gravitational potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy, until just
before it hits the ground all the potential energy has transferred to kinetic energy. This is not a perfect
system and energy will be lost in other forms such as heat, sound and light. But that will be
negligible in this experiment.
Method
1. Attach two

Bouncy Ball Experiment
Bouncy Ball Experiment
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the efficiency of a bouncing ball, and the factors which
affect its efficiency.
Prediction I predict that the higher I drop the ball from the higher it will rebound up, because it will
have more gravitational potential energy the higher dropped from. As it is dropped the ball will have
kinetic energy, and then when it hits the ground changes to heat and sound energy, and kinetic as it
rebounds back up. The higher up the ball is dropped from the more gravitational potential, more
kinetic energy on the way down and therefore more sound heat and kinetic energy when hitting the
ground. The ball will bounce higher the higher dropped from as the energy has to go ... Show more
 I dropped the ping pong ball from 25cm and recorded the rebound height against a ruler.
 I repeated this at 25cm 3 times as I did with every height to make the results more
accurate by using an average.
 I went up in 25cm dropping 3 times at each height up to 2m.
 To make the experiment fair the height that the ball is dropped from is the only variable
that will change. Other variables (type of ball, surface dropped on) won 't change to keep the
experiment fair. I then worked out the efficiency of the drop by this equation Height at end Height at
start x 100 = efficiency
 I then recorded down my results working out an average and efficiency; put this data into
a table and a graph. Before reaching my conclusion.
Results
Height (cm) 1st drop (cm) 2nd drop (cm) 3rd drop (cm) Average (cm) Efficiency (%)
25 21 20 19 20 80
50 44 37 33 38 76
75 43 51 50 48 64
100 61 65 68 64.66666667 64.66666667
125 73 73 71 72.33333333 57.86666667
150 80 81 81 80.66666667 53.77777778
175 92 90 89 90.33333333 51.61904762

200 102 99 103 101.3333333 50.66666667
Conclusion
As I increased the height that I dropped the ball from I found that the ball bounced to a greater
height.
This is because it had more gravitational potential as the height increased so this means it has greater
kinetic energy making it bounce higher.
As I increased the height that the ball was

Physics : Physics Of Physics
Physics in Everyday Life
Physics is the study of everything that matter and energy effect. Since all objects that take up space
have energy, every object in the world is studied by physics. Physics deals a lot with forces, such as
normal force, gravitational force, and frictional force. A simple example of these forces is a pen
being dropped. The force acting on the pen is the gravitational force. There is no other object under
the pen to keep it from falling, so the pen will keep falling until it hits the floor.
One of the most basic examples of how forces in physics work is a man standing. What keeps the
man from simply falling forever or floating off into the air? The study of physics explains why the
man stays on the floor. The man's weight, which is his mass times the gravity, is pushing down on
him. This force is simply called the gravitational force. The force keeping the man from falling is the
normal force. The normal force opposes the gravitational force. The normal vector is pointed up from
the floor, and the gravitational vector is pointing towards the floor. These two forces balance each
other out to keep the man in his position. Not all circumstances are this simple. Different situations
involve different types of forces and different variables. Let's look into a little more complicated
example of how forces work. When a man is pushing a box across the floor, what all forces are at
work? The man is applying a force called the applied force to the box to make

Determination Of Enthalpy Change Of Combustion

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