Ncidentaloma Research Paper

Ncidentaloma Research Paper
ncidentaloma is a tumor that does not show any symptoms until it is discovered by some types of examinations that were not previously planed.
Adrenal cortex, a part of the adrenal gland, is where most of the adrenal tumors develop. Adrenal cortex tumors can have either benign or cancerous
properties.
Usually patients accidentally come across diagnostics of the disease. For example, a change in female hormone levels can be a good indicator for
whether a person has an adrenal tumor. One would investigate whether an incidentaloma was influencing adrenal cortical hormone levels by
performing numerous tests and diagnostics. The first step is the collection of urine or blood samples to be tested for adrenal gland hormone levels. If a
suspicious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different tests are usually performed to quantify the levels of cortisol, such as treating patients with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone acts like cortisol
for the patient's body. Upon delivery to a patient who does not have adrenal tumor, the production of the cortisol will decrease. On the other hand if a
patient has an adrenal tumor, then hormone levels will stay high even after receiving dexamethasone.
Another test that one can perform to measure the effect of an adrenal tumor is performing an ACTH test, which measures the level of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood. ACTH is a hormone that is produced from the pituitary gland in the brain. Thus by performing the
test one can get information about its concentration in the serum. Usually if adrenal mass is influencing the corticosteroid levels the test will show a
higher level of cortisol while giving a lower level of ACTH levels.
Another diagnostic method to diagnose adrenal tumors is cortisol saliva testing. In this test, the amount of cortisol in the saliva at or near midnight is
normally very low. Multiple repeats of the test to confirm elevated cortisol levels can diagnose Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is excess
cortisol levels, possibly due to the body secreting too much
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Fibroglandular Regression Analysis
Table 1: ACR BI–RADSВ® Atlas 5 Edition Changes.20 Comparison of BIRADS 4th and 5th edition breast density categories.
2003 BI–RADSВ® Atlas (4th Edition) 2013 BI–RADSВ® Atlas (5th Edition)
1. The breast is almost entirely fat (< 25% glandular)
a. The breasts are almost entirely fatty
2. There are scattered fibroglandular densities (approximately 25% – 50% glandular) b. There are scattered areas of fibroglandular density
3. The breast tissue is heterogeneously dense, which could obscure detection of small masses (approximately 51% – 75% glandular) c. The breasts are
heterogeneously dense, which may obscure small masses
4. The breast tissue is extremely dense. This may lower the sensitivity of mammography (>75% glandular) d. The breasts ... Show more content on
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It is worth mentioning that BIRADS readings have been found to correlate better with volumetric rather than area estimation methods despite the fact
that visual assessment is done from a 2D projection of a mammogram, with suggestions that probably radiologists assessment of breast density from a
2D projection image is different from that of a software and the radiologist assesses the two views in a semi volumetric fashion.73This is also
probably the reason why density reporting by radiologists in two view screening shows less variability than one view screening.
In addition BIRADS is a categorical scale and so has limitations to its application due to its coarseness. For example it cannot be used where
monitoring of small incremental changes in breast density is desired. Using visual BIRADS is also labor intensive and so needs to be assessed with
regard to availability of scarce and valuable radiologist time especially in the context of a limited resource low and middle income country (LMIC) like
Nigeria.
Despite their limitations, BI–RADS density assessment has shown strong relationship to cancer risk and to risk of missing

Acute Pancreatitis
The Endocrine system is in charge of making sure your body works the way it should. It works by sending chemical messages through your body to
make sure it works efficiently. The Endocrine system affects pretty much every cell and organ in your body. This system includes every single gland in
your body that makes hormones. These glands include the pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, Pancreas, ovaries in
females and testicles in males. These collection of glands produce and secrete (release) hormones directly into the blood stream. These hormones target
specific cells in an organ, this is to control metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood. This is
to help the body work the way it is suppose to. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment including temperature, water
content, available energy, oxygen and the concentration of wastes ensures that the body... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptonms include abdominal pain, your abdomen may become swollen and vomiting. Most of the time it settles in a few days but sometimes it
becomes severe. Acute pancreatitis is mostly cause by drinking a lot of alcohol and gallstones. There are enzymes in your body (digestive chemicals)
that the Pancreas creates, they then become active d and start to digest your Pancreas. This leads to multiple chemical reactions that cause inflammation
on the Pancreas. This is what happens during Acute Pancreatitis. The consequences that acute pancreatitis has on your body is very serious. It can lead
to multi–organ damage/failure. Really bad cases of Acute Pancreatitis can lead to hypovolemiv shock which is a condition where the liquid portion
of your blood (plasma) is too low, Severe blood and fluid loss can leave the heart not being able to pump through enough blood to your body and parts
of your body could possible become oxygen–deprived (low in

Mucus Essay
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in the gastrointestinal tract
Mucus is a thick secretion made up of water, electrolytes, and a mixture of several glycoproteins. The Glycoproteins are made up of large
polysaccharides which are bound with much smaller quantities of protein.
Mucus is slightly different in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has numerous important characteristics applicable everywhere that make it
both a superb lubricant and a protectant for the wall of the gut. These are as follows:
1.It has adherent qualities – it adheres tightly to the food or other particles to spread as a thin film over the surfaces.
2.It has sufficient body – the wall of the gut is coated by the mucus and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It causes fecal particles to adhere to one another to form the fecal masses that are excreted during a bowel movement.
5.It can't be easily digested by the gastrointestinal enzymes (very strong resistance).
6.The glycoproteins of mucus have amphoteric properties (they are capable of buffering small amounts of either acids or alkalies) and mucus regularly
contains moderate amounts of bicarbonate ions, which particularly neutralise acids.
Mucus allows easy slippage of food along the gastrointestinal tract and to prevent abrasive or chemical damage to the epithelium. When the salivary
glands does not secrete saliva you very quickly become aware of the lubricating qualities of mucus, as it is then difficult to swallow solid food even
when it is eaten while drinking large amounts of water.
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in other parts of the body
The mucus secreted by the epithelial cells within the linings of the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tracts also contains antimicrobial chemicals.
As mucus is sticky, particles that stick to it are prevented from entering the blood. In the upper respiratory tract they are swept by ciliary action up into
the pharynx and then swallowed, or are phagocytosed by macrophages in the various

Endocrine System
What does the Endocrine System do for my body? Among the Endocrine system is seven glands that secretes a specific hormone throughout the body
for its regularity. WIth that being said the hypothalamus, in the brain, is in charge of theses secretions through the pituitary gland or hypophysis. The
pituitary gland consists of the anterior portion and the posterior portion. Both of these portions have different functions and secretions of hormones. In
the posterior part of the pituitary, the hormones secreted are oxytocin and the antidiuretic hormone. Oxytocin is responsible for the contractions during
delivery of a newborn and also produces the breast milk needed for the newborn. The anterior portion, on the other hand, has quite a few different
hormones that are secreted to the body such as, the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating...
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Then there is the Pineal gland, or the "sleepy" gland. It produces melatonin which helps in sleep cycles. The thyroid gland releases 3 different
hormones that are beneficial to the body. These hormones are calcitonin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine cooperate in
regulating the body's metabolic rate. Whereas, Calcitonin works to absorb calcium in the blood and sends it to the bone matrix. The parathyroid gland
is actually located at each corner of the thyroid gland. This gland produces the parathyroid hormone and it regulates the calcium levels in the blood and
in the bones. Now, the adrenal glands consist of two separate parts that sit on top of the kidneys, the medulla and cortex. The medulla portion produces
the hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are how the body reacts in a stressful situation. The cortex is the secondary part of
the adrenal glands and its function mainly regulates blood pressure and blood sugar levels by breaking down the proteins to produce glucose.

Feedlots Essay
Feedlots are managed facilities where livestock, notably beef cattle, are confined to produce beef for Australian consumers. They aim to increase the
amount of meat each animal produces to meet the growing demands of the Australian export market. Associated with the process of confining cattle,
are a number of detrimental effects and ethical issues, such as the number of hormones being introduced into the cattle's diets. Hormones are chemical
substances made by cells in one part of the body and released to regulate responses elsewhere in the body (Marcus, 2010). Produced by pituitary glands,
growth hormones regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth and sugar and fat metabolism. Within feedlots, growth hormones are
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
rBGH is a synthetic cow hormone that acts on the mammary gland to help it take up more nutrients from the bloodstream and therefore increase milk
production. To stimulate this production of milk, another hormone, known as insulin–like growth factor (IGF–1) is additionally increased. IGF–1
subsequently stimulates growth in cells throughout the cattle's body, leading to unnatural development rates, strengthening of tissues and building of
the muscle tissue. If increased dramatically, IGF–1 may influence the development of certain tumours when consumed by humans. Originating within
tissues, cancer cells continue to grow and divide, becoming, over time, increasingly less dependent to the signals from other cells. These cells may
become resistant to cell death – apoptosis – and continue to divide whilst metastasising to new sites within the body. It is this greater concern of
uncontrolled cell division that the issue of feedlots producing meat with unacceptable levels of hormones is raised to the Australian public. Evidently,
many issues are associated with the management of feedlots and the procedures used to ingest cattle with unacceptable levels of hormones. Indicated
previously, injecting high levels of rBGH into cattle can lead to the increase in IGF–1, a hormone that has been associated with an increased risk of
breast, prostate and

Pituitary Gland Disorders Case Study
Anterior pituitary gland disorders Pathophysiology
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain in a protective pocket of the sphenoid bone. The pituitary gland is about 1 cm in diameter and is
divided into the anterior lobe and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is responsible for secreting major hormones that regulates most body functions.
Their secretion is regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory factors delivered via portal capillaries, and by negative feedback inhibition of the
cognate hormones produced by target endocrine glands such as the thyroid and adrenal cortex (Lewis, 2011). Etiology
The pituitary regulates and controls the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands, which in turn regulate many body ... Show more content on
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Hypophysectomy which is that surgical removal of the pituitary gland is mostly used for treatment. This procedure is also used to treat tumors and to
treat Cushing's syndrome related to pituitary edema. You would want to explain to the patient that Hypophysectomy decreases hormone levels,
relieves headaches, and may reverse changes in sexual functioning. Body changes, organ enlargement, and visual changes are not usually reversible.
Advice the patient they will receive general anesthesia and may have to be in ICU postoperatively for up to 48 hours. Explain to the patient that
they will have a nasal catheter and packing in place for at least one day after surgery. Appropriate testing would have to be done such as labs, ekg and
hormone level checks. Patient should have a visual field test for a base line. Check the patient's medication list and review if they are on any hormone
replacement such as for hypothyroidism, so the patient may need

Physiology And Homeostatsis
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTATIS PHYSIOLOGY
1.1 Intro to Physiology
Physiology: the study of the functions of living things, how the human body works
Two approaches explain the events that occur in body –purpose of the body process – mechanism in which the process occurs
Physiologists view the body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can explained in terms of cause and effect sequences of physical and chemical
processes.
Physiology is closely related to anatomy: the study of the structure of the body.
The nutrient –absorbing intestinal cells have a multitude of fingerlike projections in contact with the digested food. Based on knowledge of structure
–function relationships, explain the functional advantage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exocrine Glands: secrete through ducts to the outside of the body. Endocrine Glands: lack ducts and release their secretory products known as
hormones internally into the blood.
–Connective Tissue: few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material, connects, supports, and anchors various body parts. Cells
produce specific structural molecules that they release into the extracellular spaces between the cells.
Organ Level
Organs: two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform a particular function or functions, each layer of tissue has its on job in the function
EX. Stomach, smooth: contracts to mix foods, epithelial: secrete digestive enzymes nervous: controls contraction and secretion, connective: holds it all
together.
Body System Level
Body systems: Collection of related organs, how groups of organs are organized. Each system is a collection of organs that perform related functions
and interact for a common activity essential for survival of the body.
The body has 11 systems:
Circulatory: heart blood vessels, blood
Digestive: mouth pharynx, esophogas, stomach, intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Respiratory: nose pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs Urinary: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Skeletal: bones, cartilage, joints Muscular: skeletal muscles Integumentary: skin, hair,
nails

Immune:

Endocrine Systems : The Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Iesha Alexander, Racquel Shannon, Jerome Crumsey & Richard Parker
Dorsey School of Nursing
BIO 102
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is inclusive of the glands of the body and the hormones they secrete. The secretion of these hormones helps to control numerous
bodily functions. Hormones are chemicals that work in correlation with your body's systems to function properly! These hormones are secreted directly
into the bloodstream. Some of the systems controlled by the endocrine system are: reproduction, metabolism, growth and development, response to
stimuli and homeostasis.
Just like the body in whole, the endocrine must run as smoothly as a well–oiled machine. There's a mix of things that must be happening in the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Adrenal glands secretes compounds including cortisone and adrenaline which helps you react to emergencies. This gland regulates your metabolic
process in the cells and blood pressure. The Pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps regulate reproductive hormones. The Reproductive glands
which includes the ovaries and testes, these glands influence blood circulation and determines mental vigor and sex drives. These glands all play major
roles which work hand in hand with other body systems constantly.
The Endocrine system is unique because it serves as an information transmitter for other systems. It is the communication system that sends
information to other systems coordinating when and how the rest of the body should work. It is kind of like a chief giving a lower ranking officer an
order to transport to another high–ranking officer; except more microscopically and scientifically. The endocrine works well with three specific
systems, the circulatory, neural and the excretory system
The circulatory system is a system that serves as a pathway to other systems for the endocrine system to transmit hormones containing information
within the blood vessel. The way this happens is when an organ needs to undergo a process the gland secretes a chemical hormone into the blood that
transmits to that organ giving specific instructions on when and how to carry out the task given. An example would be the posterior lobe of the
pituitary gland transmitting

Effects Of The Endocrine System
The main system that hypothyroidism has an effect on is the endocrine system since the thyroid is an endocrine gland. The thyroid gland is located
inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and anterior to the trachea and it is the gland responsible for regulating metabolism. The pituitary gland
becomes a major player as well because the thyroid gland can only release its hormones from hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (McKinley,
O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2013).
The endocrine system works to control and regulate the body. It works by hormones being released into the blood and carried to target cells and tissues.
The control center of the endocrine system is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus has direct control over the pituitary gland ... Show more content on
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It is divided into the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower gastrointestinal tract. The upper gastrointestinal tract is in the superior plane of the body
and includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine. The lower gastrointestinal tract is located distaly to
upper gastrointestinal tract in the abdominopelvic cavity and includes the rest of the small intestine, large intestine, and accesory organs (McKinley, et
al,

Case Study: Nazareth Employee
Marcos, Good afternoon Knows about expect my co–workers. Let me start with saying that I have great relationships with the employees of Nazareth.
That's Important the Nazareth Employees are confident that the problem they have I will solve it or reach out to someone Who can help me
resolve the issue. I have been there over 2 years and I have 0 complaints about me personally or technically. I invite you to talk to anyone at
NAZARETH Hospital randomly choose employees ask about me Both Technically and personally. As for as work Goes I do tickets some easy and
others can be challenging but if I the ticket is beyond my permission level I either call or email the person above my security level who can help solve
the problem. I do more then just tickets i imaged and configured... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We are now Doing the PCU. There was a project to image and configure 30 laptops for 30 new Residents with just 5 Days warning I elected myself to
do this solely by myself. The day the new Residents started I was sick and not at Nazareth but it didn't matter because 30 laptops where done. I
imaged 20 AIOs for 20 spare Wow carts so there should never be a shortage of Wows for the Nurses (Sherell Idea I helped make this happen). I again
took this a pond myself to do. Please verify all of this with Sherell. She will say none of what I did I was asked to do. I did it because Sherell
would be sitting around with placed expectations on her that she could not accomplish. And in between all of this yes I do plenty of trouble
tickets. My point is the cost of living has surpassed my current wage. Everything has gone up. Being a contractor I have to pay for my OWN
Health Insurance and I do not have a 401K for my later years. I come to work and face whatever I'm confronted with and that has Unique Value that
you properly will never find. I support my Mother financially. I feel that I should be compensated from $ 25 to $ 28 Dollars an Hour. $1.50 comes

Different Methods Used For The Diagnosis Of The Cancer
In the medical field, currently various methods are used for the diagnosis of the cancer. Mostly the cancer specialist uses the gland structure for the
diagnosis of the cancer patient. Hence the glandular structure observation is very important for the cancer patient disease diagnosis. For the disease
diagnosis purpose we required the microscopic image of the gland. A single gland contains thousands of tissues and cells in it, some of them may be
overlapped to each other. In this paper we used the, Saliency Map Method, for the segmentation of the input image given by the user. Then we have
used the Visual Signal To Noise Ratio (VSNR) Method, This method is used to detect the overlapped cells and it also plays the important role to
separate the overlapped cells. The VSNR method is also helps to detect the various features of the gland like area, eccentricity and the orientation of
each cells present and detect the total area covered by cells in that image. from all above observations the pathologist can easily predict the disease.
Keywords: Gland Structure, Cells, Microscopic images, Segmentation.. 1. INTRODUCTION
Tissue diagnosis [1] is the very important factor in the modern day medical field. The tissue diagnosis technique helps to detect various diseases easily
from the glandular images. For such type of tissue diagnosis the tissue samples are taken from the patients and then these tissue samples are viewed
under the microscope by pathologist. As soon as the

Hypothalamus Research Paper
Although some endocrine glands function primarily as independent structures many endocrine glands are controlled by the hypothalamus (656). The
pituitary gland links the endocrine system and nervous system together. The hypothalamus has direct control and indirect control of the release of
several hormones. It has direct control over the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. It has indirect control over the release of hormones from
several other endocrine organs. These organs consist of the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, liver and gonads (669). It is obvious that the hypothalamus
and is regulatory hormones take part in the majority of our body's processes.
The hypothalamus seems small physically but physiologically it plays a major role

Taking a Look at Cystic Fibrosis
There are many diseases that greatly affect our respiratory physiology; one of those diseases is cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis, according to the
National Institute of Health (2013), is an inherited disease of the secretory glands or exocrine glands. Not only does this disease affect our respiratory
system, it takes a toll on our digestive system. The respiratory system includes the gas exchange from our external atmosphere and our internal
environment. This gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through our atmosphere and lungs does play a roll with cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is
inherited, it affects many parts of the body mainly the respiratory system, and there are many signs and symptoms to this overwhelming disease.
The respiratory system is the body's source for breathing. Without our respiratory system, gas exchange would not be able to occur. Inhaling oxygen
and exhaling carbon dioxide.
In our respiratory system our upper airways and bronchi can be said to warming, humidifying, and filtering inspired air. By warming the air inhaled it
will not cause damage to our internal environment which is body temperature, with warming the air that is inhaled cold air will reach that body
temperature, humidifying our body through inhalation of oxygen, our epithelial cells remain moist and do not dry out (Silverthorn, 2013), and finally the
mucus that is in our pharynx come upon many inhaled microorganisms and/or other pathogens. As Silverthorn (2013) states, mucus

Development Of The Mammary Gland
Introduction 1. Normal mammary gland 1.1 normal mammary gland anatomies The normal breast sits on the chest muscle, consisting mainly of
adipose tissue, also known as mammary fat pad. The mature mammary gland is composed of 15–20 lobes, which are each composed of smaller
structure called lobules. Tiny Lactiferous ducts connect lobules to each other. (Fig. 1b) (Schneider and Bocker). A typical structure of duct is
composed of a hollow lumen, enclosed by a layer of epithelial luminal cells that produce milk (Fig 1c). Outside of epithelial luminal cells is a layer of
myoepithelial cell and basement membrane (Visvader). Maintain the correct morphology of duct requires extracellular matrix which together with
fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and adipocytes, constitute mammary stroma. Fat fills the spaces between the lobules and ducts. 1.2
Mammary gland development Development of the mammary gland starts during embryogenesis but takes several years to complete; indeed, they are
still primitive structures that are not yet connected to the nipple, therefore are not functional at birth (Anderson and Clarke). Until puberty, breasts
grow extremely slow in size. However, at puberty, they undergo their first spurt of allometric growth and formation of the milk–producing lobules. The
lobules extend into the mammary fat pad, and glands become more complex. During each menstrual cycle, ovarian hormones induce mammary
development and new budding of structures up until the age of

Essay Beh 225 Week 2 Checkpoint Hormones and Heredity
Hormones, Heredity, and Human Behavior
July 14, 2011
BEH 225
Why do people behave the way they do? What makes us tick? While our environment molds some of who we are, much more comes from heredity
and hormones. Genes passed on to us from our parents make up heredity, and glands throughout the body produce hormones. As generations progress,
new psychological and behavioral traits are earned and learned. This paper will explain hormones and the endocrine system, glands associated with the
endocrine system, behavior genetics, and evolutionary psychology.
The endocrine system is the system of the body in which releases hormones into the bloodstream. The hormones then cause different reactions within
the body, and these reactions shape ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypothyroidism often causes a person to sleep a lot, but the person is still tired. The parathyroids are located within the thyroid, secrete parathormone,
and controls levels of calcium and phosphates in the body. The parathyroids are also involved with controlling excitability levels (Morris and Maisto,
2002).
The pancreas is located between the stomach and small intestine, and secretes insulin and glucagon to balance blood sugar levels in the body. When
the pancreas does not work properly, a person may be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, which is more commonly known simply as Diabetes (Morris
and Maisto, 2002). People with diabetes suffer from extreme thirst, fatigue, lack of or increased appetite, and a myriad of other symptoms if their
condition is not controlled properly with diet, exercise, and medications (if needed) (Steadman's Concise Medical Dictionary, 2001).
The gonads are the male and female reproductive organs, the testes (males) and ovaries (females). The testes and ovaries produce androgens
(testosterone) and estrogens, these hormones affect aggressiveness, mood, and sexual interest and behavior. Higher levels of these hormones have been
shown to promote aggressiveness in both sexes (Morris and Maisto, 2002).
The last glands are the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys, and have an inner core and an outer layer. The inner core is called the
adrenal medulla, and the outer layer is known as the adrenal cortex.

Pseudopregnancy And Feline Essay
Pseudopregnancy is condition that can occur in both the canine and feline species. Since pseudopregnancy is most often seen in animals of breeding
age, it is most common seen by breeders and veterinarians. They are most common with this condition because they are exposed to a large quantity of
canines and felines daily. Knowing the signs, symptoms and treatment of pseudopregnancy can be important when it comes to the mental and
reproductive health of these animals. Even though pseudopregnancy is a natural occurrence in both the canine and feline, knowing what causes this
condition, and possible treatment options are important. Pseudopregnancy is a condition in which the canine or feline's body believes that pregnancy
has been achieved.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pseudopregnancy will usually become visible in a canine approximately 6 to 12 weeks after estrus, while feline symptoms begin 4 to 8 weeks after
estrus. Often times, the symptoms are so intense that the owner even believes their pet has become pregnant. When the pet fails to produce offspring,
owners often think that they are suffering from dystocia, and transport them to a veterinary clinic for an emergency evaluation. Some of the symptoms
that may present themselves are: Change in appetite, abdominal distention, weight gain, nesting, mothering inanimate objects, restlessness, lactation,
aggression, vomiting, lactation and abdominal contractions. Each case if different and will need to be evaluated by a licensed veterinarian. The
diagnosis of pseudopregnancy in canines and felines, can actually be quite simple. The first step taken will be a full physical examination, history of
the pet and all signs and symptoms that are being exhibited. A complete blood count, biochemistry profile and urinalysis will be conducted to rule out
any other possible conditions. After that an x–ray or ultrasound can be conducted to establish if the pet is truly pregnant or suffering from
pseudopregnancy. Once it is established that the pet is going through a pseudopregnancy, no other tests will be

Symptoms And Treatment Of The Patients Essay
P.H is a 60 year old female of Latin origin who presented to the clinic with complaints of spontaneous dark greenish discharge from her breast. She
states that the discharge is from her left breast and has been experiencing it in the last one month. She states it all begun with small swelling around the
areola, but it did not bother her. She got concerned when she started experiencing painful burning sensation. She has not taken any medication to
contain the pain. She is Gravida 4 Para 3104. She states that she breast fed all of her children
Medications: Tylenol to manage arthritis
PMH: None
Allergies: Trimethoprin, Bactrim
Chronic Illness: None Hospitalizations/ Surgeries: None
Family History
Father: Died at 92 y/o, he suffered from prostate cancer. He had a history of COPD
Mother: 86 y/o, alive, diagnosed with hypertension and dementia
Brother: 65 y/o alive and healthy
Siblings: all are alive and healthy
Social history The patient is a single mother of four. She lives with her children at her bought home. She is a manager at ABC real estate Agency. She
actively participates in community health and development programs. She eats home–made food and tries to avoid fast foods as much as possible. She
does not smoke, but she takes a glass of wine occasionally. She exercises rarely. Review of system
General: She has no unexplained weight changes, fever or night sweats.
Skin: No discolouration, bruising, paleness or rashes.
Eyes: She does not use corrective lenses
Ears:

Becoming An Endocrinologist
An endocrinologist is someone who studies and specializes in anything relating to the endocrine system. As described the endocrine system is a series
of glands that work throughout the body to help you function properly. To become an endocrinologist is a long process taking up to 10 years of
education. They then have the ability to treat and diagnose a hormone imbalance or problem in the endocrine organs such as thyroid, pituitary, testes,
ovaries, pancreas, and adrenals. Some conditions treated by an endocrinologist include cancers of the endocrine system, cholesterol disorders,
hypertension, diabetes, growth problems, metabolic disorders and infertility problems. When trying to diagnose an endocrine disorder many tests can
be done such as a thyroid scan, urinalysis, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most are common only around 5% coming to be cancerous. Most times when a person has a thyroid nodule they have no symptoms. If the nodule is
causing your glands to make too many hormones it can cause what is called hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of this include palpitations, rapid heart rate,
anxiety, restlessness and an increased appetite. If your doctor suspects thyroid nodules they will do tests such as an ultrasound or a thyroid scan. A
good example of a procedure done by an endocrinologist is an LHRH test. This test is done to see how your pituitary gland is working when it comes
to regulating sex hormone production. The night of this procedure you are to not eat or drink anything. When you go in, you will be made
comfortable and have a small needle inserted into a vein in your hand or arm. This is just to get a blood sample and is not to stay. Whoever is
taking the blood will use a needle such as a ventflon to make drawing the blood sample easy with little to no discomfort. The blood is then checked
for hormones LH and LSH then you get an injection to make the levels of those hormones rise. You will have blood drawn twice. Once each after 30

The Symbiotic Relationship Of The Hypothalamus Interaction...
As the control center of the endocrine system, the hypothalamus interacts with the body in a unique way. It has a symbiotic relationship with the
pituitary gland, which stimulates the release of hormones to different parts of the body. Located inferior to the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland lies
within a cavity of the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica. The hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland through two separate lobes:
one leading to the anterior pituitary and another leading to the posterior pituitary. The connection of these two lobes through the infundibulum forms
the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems. The lobe that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary is called the hypophyseal portal

Health Between Urinary Bpa Levels And Increased Body Mass
2.3Adverse effects
2.3.1 Obesity
Several studies indicate that there is an association between urinary BPA levels and increased body mass in children and adolescents. In a
cross–sectional analysis , a nationally representative subsample of 2838 participants aged from 6 to 19 year old were randomly selected, and their
urinary BPA concentration andbody mass index (BMI) were measured. They found that the urinary BPA concentration were significantly associated
with obesity in participants, while obesity was not associated with exposed to other environmental phenols in other commonly used consumer products,
such as soaps and sunscreens (Trasande et al. 2012). Anothercross–sectional study conducted in China was also with the aim to investigate the
association between BPA exposure and BMI. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that urine BPA concentrations were significantly correlated
with increasing BMI in school children (Wang et al. 2012a). In addition, there is also epidemiological evidence that an increased urine BPA
concentration is associated with obesity in adults. Wang et al. (2012b) conducted another cross–sectional study based on a sample of 3390 Chinese
adults with age 40 years or older. They found there is a positive correlation between urinary BPA concentration and generalized obesity as well as
abdominal obesity in adults.
2.3.1 Diabetes
In animal experiments, there is evidence that the offsprings of pregnant mice treated with BPA developed glucose

Endocrine vs. Nervous System
Endocrine Vs Nervous System
The endocrine system acts with nervous system to coordinate the body's activities.
Both systems enable cells to communicate with others by using chemical messengers.
The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones that are transported by the circulatory system (blood). They act on target cells that
may be anywhere in the body.
The endocrine system is slower than the nervous system because hormones must travel through the circulatory system to reach their target.
Target cells have receptors that are specific to the signaling molecules. The binding of hormones to the receptors on or within the target cell produces a
response by the target cell. The chemical messengers used by the nervous system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, causing the kidneys to produce dilute urine.
Control of the Anterior Pituitary
The hypothalamus produces hormones that travel in blood vessels to the anterior pituitary, stimulating it to produce other hormones.
The hormones produced by the hypothalamus are called hypothalamic–releasing hormones. The anterior pituitary produces at least six different
hormones. Each one is produced in response to a specific hypothalamic–releasing hormone.
The blood vessel that carries hypothalamic–releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary is called a portal vein because it connects two
capillary beds. One capillary bed is in the hypothalamus and the other is in the anterior pituitary.
Release–inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus inhibit the pituitary from secreting its hormones. Example
The pituitary is stimulated to release growth hormone (GH) by growth hromone releasing hormone (GHRH) produced in the hypothalamus. It is
inhibited from releasing growth hormone by growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone(GHRIH), also produced by the hypothalamus. Six different
hormones produced by the anterior lobe will be studied here. Three of these have direct effects on the body, the other three control other glands.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones that Directly Affect the Body
Growth Hormone (GH or Somatotropic Hormone)
Growth hormone stimulates body cells to grow. If too little hormone

Describe Mammary Glands
Describe the anatomy of the mammary glands.
Assess your progress 60 ch. 28
The mammary glands are the organs of milk production. Mammary glands are located within the breasts. These glands are derived from a
modification of sweat glands. The breasts of both males and females have a raised nipple surrounded by a circular, pigmented areola. The areolae
have a slightly bumpy surface caused by the presence of rudimentary mammary glands, called areolar glands, just below the surface. Each adult
female mammary gland usually consists of 15 to 20 glandular lobes covered by a considerable amount of adipose tissue. The adipose tissue that gives
the breast its form. The lobes of each mammary gland form a conical mass and the nipple located at the apex.

Endocrine System Chap 18 Essay example
Package Title: Testbank
Course Title: pap13
Chapter Number: 18
Question type: Multiple Choice
1) Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone? Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
Regulates metabolism
Regulates glandular secretions
Produces electrolytes
Controls growth and development Answer: d Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: 18.1 Compare control of body functions by the nervous system and endocrine system.
Section Reference 1: 18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
2) When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target–cell receptors may decrease. This is called receptor recognition. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muscle contraction
The peripheral nervous system
Hormones released from the hypothalamus
Action potentials from the thalamus
Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Answer: c Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: 18.6 Describe the properties of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and the relationships between them.
Learning Objective 2: 18.6.2 Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary.
Section Reference 1: 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
10) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth? a) Growth hormone
b) Prolactin

Thyrotropin
Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Answer: a Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: 18.6 Describe the properties of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and the relationships between them.
Learning Objective 2: 18.6.2 Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary.
Section Reference 1: 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 11) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
Thyrotropin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Answer: b Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: 18.6 Describe the properties of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and the

Essay on Bio lap report endocrine system
The Endocrine System
Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42
–0023–01–01
Purpose
What is the purpose of this exercise? Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should
be taken.
The purpose of this exercise is to point out the major endocrine structures and being able to identify them and understand their functions. Yes, there are
many safety concerns. We have to make sure that we are in the appropriate environment. We must make sure that everything is clean and sanitary. Some
precautions that should be taken is watching all of the safety videos and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What does the hormone thymosin do?
Stimulates the development of other lymphatic organs and T cells.
B. Based on your answer to Question A, explain why the thymus gland shrinks as we reach adulthood.
When we are first born the thymus gland excretes three hormones which promotes the growth of the T cells. After puberty the thymus gland begins to
shrink.
Exercise 5: The Adrenal Gland
Observations
Please describe in detail the structures and features you observed on the adrenal gland slide
Questions
A. The adrenal glands are in part controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Name the hormones

involved in this regulation and the functions of each.
B. Where in the adrenal gland are mineralocorticoids made?
Zona Glomulerosa
C. What are the functions of mineralocorticoids? Give an example of a mineralocorticoid hormone.
Maintain salt and water balance. An example of a mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.
D. Where

Anatomy And Physiology Essay
Introduction:– Human physiology studies the physical and biochemical processes that support the body 's function while anatomy studies the
structures of the human body. Anatomy is divided into two parts which are histology: this is the atomic study of tissues and Cytology is the atomic
study of cells. This unit focuses on both the anatomic feature this involves the morphology and forms of the part of the body and physiological
features of the human body this involves the function of the part of the body on a regular basis. Anatomy of the human body allows us to know how
different systems in the body functions and how they interrelate with one and other in order for the body to achieve homeostasis (Marieb, 2007). The
human body comprises... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other organs included in the digestive system are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus. Digestive system allows
the body break down food into different essential nutrients to be digested. This happens when transformation of vital nutrients and energy that are the
important source for nourishing the body and its related functions. (Inner Body, 2016). Stages of digestion involves Ingestion which is the first stage
where food intake takes place via the mouth. Then Secretion is when these fluids include saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and bile.
Swallowing. This process involves smooth and skeletal muscles in the mouth, tongue, and pharynx to shove food out of the mouth via the pharynx into
the esophagus.
3 Respiratory system: It consist of three main parts which are the airway, the lungs, and the muscles. The airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. The oxygen passes via the lung into the body and carbon dioxide exit the body. Muscles includes the
diaphragm and intercostals muscles. The function of respiratory system is for Gaseous exchange to occur between the human body and the
environments by which inhaling of Oxygen from air and exhaling Carbon–Dioxide and water are released into the atmosphere (Agostoni, 1964)
4. Cardiovascular system: Also called the circulatory system and

Taking a Look at Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma most often begins in early childhood. It usually affects children under the age of five. It is found when the tumour begins to grow and
cause symptoms. Sometimes the tumour forms before birth during the growth of the fetus whilst in the womb. This tumour is found during a fetal
ultrasound. Neuroblastoma often begins in the abdomen affecting the nerve tissues of the adrenal gland. There are two adrenal glands, positioned one on
top of each kidney in the back of the upper abdomen.
The adrenal glands produce and secret important hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and the way the body reacts to
stress or danger. (National Cancer Institute, 2014)
They also control the function of other tissues, organs and glands in your body to maintain homeostasis during stress. Although the adrenal gland is the
most common area of the body neuroblastoma begins at, the tumour may also grow and spread to other part of the body, such as the bones, liver, and
skin. The tumour is spread through the blood and lymphatic system.
The adrenal gland has two part of the organ which consist of the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The cortex is the main part of the adrenal gland
and the medulla is about ten percent of the adrenal gland.
The cortex is divided into three zones which consists of the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis.
The cells of the glomerulosa are structured into small rounded groups of curved column. The cells

Organ Systems And The Nervous System Essay
The six main organ systems in the human body are the nervous system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, digestive system, skeletal system and
the reproductive system.
Nervous System
There are two parts to the nervous system which are: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system
includes the brain and spinal cord and some nerves, whereas the peripheral nervous system includes all the other nerves and it carries information to the
central nervous system and also from it. The central nervous acts as the central control region of the human nervous system. The CNS processes
information and issues commands around the body. The autonomic nervous system is the command network the CNS uses to maintain the body 's
homeostasis. It regulates heartbeat and controls muscle contractions in the walls of blood vessels, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. It also
carries messages that help stimulate glands to secrete tears, mucus, and digestive enzymes.
Central nervous system
A response to a stimulus is coordinated by its central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It gathers information
about, and responds to, changes in the environment. Receptors detect a stimulus and send impulses along sensory neurons to the CNS. The CNS
coordinates the information and sends impulses along motor neurons to the effectors, which bring about a response.
The sequence of a response is:

Persuasive Essay On Latching
Introduction
Breastfeeding can be challenging, especially during the first few weeks after childbirth. It is normal to have some problems when you start to
breastfeed your new baby, even if you have breastfed before. This document provides some solutions to the most common breastfeeding challenges.
Many common challenges are caused by poor latching. Latching refers to when your baby 's mouth attaches to your nipple to breastfeed.
How do I make sure that my baby is latched and positioned properly?
Find a comfortable place to sit or lie down, with your neck and back well–supported.
Place a pillow or rolled up blanket under your baby to bring him or her to the level of your breast (if you are seated).
Make sure that your baby 's abdomen is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nipple pain.
Cracked or sore nipples
Cracked or sore nipples are often caused by inadequate latching. Soreness can also happen if your baby is not positioned properly at your breast.
What is the solution?
Make sure your baby is latched and positioned correctly.
To help your breasts stay moisturized and healthy:
Avoid using soap on your nipples.
Wear a supportive bra. Avoid wearing underwire–style bras or tight bras.
After each feeding, air dry your nipples for 3–4 minutes.
Use only cotton bra pads to absorb breast milk leakage. Be sure to change the pads if they become soaked with milk.
Use lanolin, olive oil, or coconut oil on your nipples after nursing. If you use pure lanolin, you do not need to wash it off before feeding your baby
again. Pure lanolin is not poisonous (toxic) to your baby.
Use your hand to squeeze out (express) a few drops of breast milk, gently massage the milk into your nipples, and let your nipple air dry.
When should I contact my health care provider?
If you have nipple pain, cracking, or soreness that lasts longer than 1 week, contact your health care provider or lactation consultant. Nipple cracking
and soreness are common during the first week after birth, but nipple pain is never normal.
Breast engorgement
Breast engorgement is the overfilling of your breasts with breast milk. This can make your breasts throb and feel hard, tightly stretched,

Why The Animal Has Been Presented At The Vet
Case Study
Summary:
10 year old female dog was admitted into the clinics hospital as tumour on her mammary gland had increased in size considerably and has begun to
impinge movement of the right front limb. A temperature of 40.2 degrees was determined, dog admitted for fluid therapy, tests and expectantly
bilateral mastectomy surgery.
Patient Details and History:
Patient Signalment:
Name:Zoey
Species:Canine
Breed:Bichon Frise Cross
Colour:White
Sex:Female
Desexed:No
Weight:7.2kg
DOB:19 Feb 2005
Explanation of why the animal has been presented to the vet.
Dog presented to the clinic by her owner for concerns as the dog wasn't being her normal self. The owner was also concerned that the lump on Zoey's
teat had grown considerably since the dog's last visit in March 2015. The owner advised the vet that due to the growth of the lump the dog hadn't
been able to move as freely as she used to and seems to be in pain.
History relevant to the case.
Dog presented to the clinic on February 19th 2015 as lump had appeared and grown considerably in size since her last heat in early January. Dog has
had lumps present on teats for years, none of them had changed in size or texture since first appearance. Lump that had appeared after her last heat
was positioned on her second teat on the left side. The owner hadn't noticed any change in the dogs eating, drinking or behavioural habits. Vet noted

that the dog's temperature was on the higher side as it was 39.4 degrees. The vet

The Endocrine System Is Made Up Of Cells And Glands That
The endocrine system is made up of cells and glands that make hormones and release them into the blood. These hormones help to regulate
reproduction, sleep, metabolism, cell growth, and development. The word endocrine is a derivative from two Greek words: "endo", which means
within or inside, and "krinis", which is a verb for secrete. In the endocrine system, there are different glands that each excrete different hormones. All of
these glands are ductless, and secrete their hormones straight into the blood stream. Some of these glands are the pineal gland, the thyroid and
parathyroid glands, the pancreas, and the thymus. These glands are located in various parts of the body. This systems works with other systems to
maintain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pituitary gland is also known as the master gland, as its hormones control other glands. It produces growth hormone, which helps the body grow its
tissue and bone, and also helps with taking care of the body's nutrients, prolactin, which is a milk–producing hormone in females, thyrotropin, which
sends signals to the thyroid to produce hormones, and corticotropin, which also sends signals to produce hormones, but to the adrenal gland. The
hypothalamus produces anti–diuretic hormone, which raises up the water absorption in the blood in the kidneys, oxytocin, which aids in the contraction
of uterine smooth muscles and contraction of mammary gland cells, or lactation. The pineal gland produces one hormone, called melatonin. This
hormone is dedicated to sense light. The islet cells in the pancreas are shared by both the digestive system and endocrine system. The pancreas
produces insulin, which helps the body to use and absorb glucose, and glucagon, which help the other hormone, insulin, to keep a normal blood glucose
level. The kidneys are both included in the urinary system and the endocrine system. On top of the kidneys are the adrenal glands, which produce the
hormones hydrocortisone and corticosterone. Hydrocortisone keeps track of how the fats, carbohydrates, and protein turn into energy for the body.
Corticosterone works with the other hormone, hydrocortisone to maintain immune system responses. The reproductive system and

Essay on The Endocrine System: Billy's Case
Billy's Remarkable Voice
Introduction
Billy is an elderly man who has experienced 'remarkable' vocal changes throughout his life. Long–term growth and development occur as a
consequence of hormone secration within the endocrine system. As an individual ages hormone secreation alters, changing how the human body is
structured and functions. As a young boy Billy was a falsetto singer in a choir until he endured hormonal changes associated with puberty. He
developed a broken tenor which was hard to control as well as his mood. During this period had also developed a larger muscle mass after taking up
body building. After he participated in a choir, he engaged in rock and roll and country western singing. The current state his voice is... Show more
Table 1.
Stimuli
Mechanisms
Example
Humoral
Secretion of a hormone is stimulated by changing blood levels of irons and nutrients.
Parathyroid gland is stimulated by low calcium levels in the blood to release the hormone osteoclasts to break down bone and calcium
Neural
Secretion of a hormone is stimulated by nerve fibres.
The adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to release norepinephrane and epinephrine in response to stress.
Hormonal
Secreation of a hormone release is dependent on the secretion of another hormone.
Gonadotropin is released from the hypothalamus. It travels through the hyposeal tract into the anterior pituitary lobe. The anterior pituitary lobe is
stimulated by gonadotropin to release follicle–stimulating hormones (FSH) and lutenising hormones (LH) into the blood to stimulate the gonads to
produce sex steroids such as testosterone. Growth hormones also operate using this mechanism.
(Table adpated from Porterfield (2001), Finlayson & Sanders (2007) and Marieb & Hoehn (2014).
The Pituitary Gland and Hormone Secretion
Figure 2: The figure below illustrates how the interior structure of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus facilitate for hormone secretion. The pituitary

gland consists of the posterior and anterior lobe. It is lined with

Gender Differences In Early Adulthood
Human female breast provides essential neonates nutrition and immunity in milk form. The breast begins to develop during fetal development but the
major developmental stages occur after birth i.e. during puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. Till puberty, the breast is indistinguishable
amongst male and female and grows in a similar beat as the rest of the body.
The adult breast is a special sort of apocrine gland and is often described as a modified sweat gland that produces milk. During puberty, the hormonal
status drastically changes mainly because of the oestrogen impact. Breasts are made up of a branching system of lobules (milk–producing glands) and
milk ducts (tiny tubes that transmit the milk from the lobules to the nipple) surrounded by stroma including fibroblasts, immune cells, adipose tissue,
and extracellular matrix (ECM) and overlay the pectoralis major muscle.
The innermost functioning units ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In early ancient times, internal organs cancers were hard to be reported. However, breast cancers were different since the tumor could be felt through
the skin, and in advanced stages, can ulcerate turning out to be more visible than other cancer forms. On this base, breast cancer is thought to be from
the eldest diseases that described on record.
Around 1600BC, the first breast cancer description was reported in Egypt on the papyrus of Edwin Smith. Breast cancer is the most prevalent
diagnosed malignancy amongst women and is the second principle source of cancer–associated mortality. In accordance with 2002 estimation, there
have been 1,151,298 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed, 410,712 deaths ensued by breast cancer, as well as over 4.4million breast cancer alive
case worldwide. Interestingly, breast cancer was more predominant in the western developed countries compared to Asia and some parts of

The Epidermis: The Intergumentary System
Organisms are composed of atoms that form molecules which form macromolecules (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). These molecules join and form
organelles which structure cell that for tissues (p.3). Tissues form organs and the organs working together form organ system (p3). These organ
systems make up the organism (p3). Each organ system has an important function in the body. These systems all work together in order to keep and
support the conditions that the cells, tissues, and organs need to function properly. There is one system that is not as well known as other; it is the
intergumentary system. Most people know the organs of the intergumentary system, but they do not know that these organs work together to form this
system. The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the majority of the areas, just four layers can be differentiated: the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum
(p.119). Another layer is the stratum lucidum which can be found in the thicker part of the skin of the palms and soles (p.119). The epidermis has major
protective function such as protecting the underlying wet tissues of water loss in excessive way, and against mechanical injury (p. 119). The
epidermis also protects against the effects of dangerous chemical and to keep disease that cause microorganism out of the body (p.119). Melanocyts is
a cell of the epidermis that produces melanin, a dark pigment that gives the color to the skin (p.119). Although genetic plays an important part in the
skin color, the quantity of melanin interferes on how dark the skin is (p.119). According to Shier, Butler, and Lewis 2009 "melanin absorbs ultraviolet
radiation in sunlight, preventing mutations in the DNA of skin cells and other damaging effects."
The demis is the inner layer of the skin (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). According to Shier, Butler, and Lewis 2009 "the dermis binds the epidermis to
underlying tissues, it is largely composed of dense connective tissues that includes tough collagenous fiber and elastic fiber within a gel–like ground
substance ." The dermal blood vessels provide nutrients to the cells of the skin and also aid in the regulation of temperature (p.122). The dermis

Endocrine System And Non-Steroid Hormones
Then Endocrine System
The endocrine system consists of a variety of glands and clusters of hormone secreting cells in various organs throughout the body. These glands
produce chemicals called hormones, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream. They determine a number of things, including when you're
hungry, your weight, how you handle stress, and even how well you sleep. The body produces many different hormones, which can either be classified
as steroid or non–steroid. Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol, including male and female sex hormones, as well as aldosterone.
Non–steroid hormones, also known as protein–based hormones, are synthesized from amino acids. Protein–based hormones are further divided into
protein ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They produce sex hormones which stimulates the production of sperm in males, and eggs in females. Sex hormones also influence the development of
secondary sex characteristics during puberty. The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen promotes the development of female
characteristics and contributes to the development of the reproductive system. Progesterone is secreted after ovulation, and helps maintain uterine
lining during pregnancy. The testes secrete testosterone, which triggers the development of male sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm

Essay on 132 Final
Part 1 of 15 – 6.67/ 8.335 Points
Question 1 of 60 1.67/ 1.667 Points
An organ that can be classified as both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the
A. hypothalamus.
B. thymus gland.
C. gallbladder.
D. pituitary gland.
E. pancreas.
Answer Key: E
Feedback: Good job!
Hormones that bind to receptors inside of target cells are usually
A. proteins.
B. second messengers.
C. lipid soluble.
D. prohormones.
E. water soluble.
Answer Key: C
Feedback: Good job!
An example of a hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is
A. insulin.
B. melatonin.
C. calcitonin.
D. oxytocin. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
leukocytosis.
B. polycythemia.

C. leukopenia.
D. anemia.
Answer Key: A
Feedback: Good job!
Leukocytes can be divided into three major groups.
A. False
B. True
Answer Key: A
Feedback: Good job!
The normal pH range for blood is
A. 7.15 – 7.45.
B. 7.25 – 7.35.
C. 7.45 – 7.65.
D. 7.35 – 7.45.
Answer Key: D
Feedback: Good job!
Part 5 of 15 – 5.0/ 8.335 Points
The normal pacemaker of the heart is/are the
A. atrioventricular node.
B. bundle of His.
C. sinoatrial node.
D. Purkinje fibers.
Answer Key: C
Feedback: Review chapter 15
The blood vessel that collects deoxygenated blood of the coronary circulation and empties into the right atrium is the
A. coronary sinus.
B. vena cava.
C. sigmoid sinus.
D. pulmonary sinus.
Answer Key: A
Feedback: Review chapter 15

Which portion of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
A. left atrium
B. right ventricle
C. right atrium
D. left ventricle
Answer Key: D
Feedback: Good job!
Cardiac muscle fibers are connected with each other by
A. desmosomes.
B. tight junctions.
C. intercalated discs.
D. neuromuscular junctions.
Answer Key: C
Feedback: Good job!
The muscular wall of the left

Alexaderm Case Study
Many women are not quite satisfied with the size of their breasts. However, the good news is that there are many products available in the market
today to solve this problem. The number of products available may make it more difficult to choose the right one. This is where Alexaderm breast
cream comes in to help you. The cream is a completely herbal one consisting of several plant extracts and has been successfully used for centuries by
various medical practitioners.
Alexaderm is a cream that is designed to increase blood flow to the breast tissue while also helping you to store more fat in the mammary glands. As a
result, Alexaderm breast reduction cream will increase both the size and firmness of your breasts, making them appear more youthful ... Show more
It absorbed less than a minute without any stickiness. I have noticed amazing changes in my breasts." Marilyn W
Where To Buy Alexaderm?
This isn't the kind of product that you can generally find in a store and most people end up buying it online from the official website.
In fact, when you buy Alexaderm from their site, you will be able to get huge discounts on multiple bottles and you will also get their guarantee.
Final Verdict
Alexaderm has been proven to work. It is a top product and has helped many women achieve an attractive and healthy breast size in a pain free and
convenient way. With Alexaderm, it is possible to achieve breast enhancement by up to two cup sizes. But please bear in mind that this will depend
on your genetics. Like anything else, you need to be consistent with your brestrogen applications for you to see optimum results. Breast enhancement
and firmness have been noticed from as early as 7 days after application. Ideal for that seductive dress, or bikini top that you may have or be planning
to wear. Many have also reported a return in their confidence, mainly due to poor self–esteem link to purely body image. Of course, psychologically
you need to love yourself too in the inside. Change does start from

The Endocrine System Essay
The endocrine system is a group of glands distributed throughout the human body. This group of glands secretes substances called hormones. These
hormones are dumping into the bloodstream (Shier, Butler & Lewis, 2009). The endocrine system does not have a single anatomic location. It is
dispersed throughout the human body. The final purpose of this process is to control, regulate, and coordinate the functioning of the human body.
Some body functions can be activated or inhibited by hormones, which are secreted in very small quantities. The hormone related diseases may be due
to hyper secretion, or a hypo secretion. The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands regulate growth, development and function of many tissues, and
coordinate the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hyperthyroidism (too much hormone) may result Grave's disease. Symptoms include anxiety, rapid heart rate, diarrhea and weight loss, nervousness,
anxiety, and irritability.
The parathyroid glands are located in front of the base of the neck around the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone
regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. This hormone (parathyroid hormone) affects the bones, kidney, and intestine (Shier et al., 2009).
Adrenal glands are endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys (Shier et al., 2009). The adrenal glands secrete hormones that increase heart rate, the
force of cardiac muscle contraction, breathing rate, elevate blood pressure and blood glucose level. This activity prepares the body foe energy
expending action, sometimes called fight or flight responses (Shier et al., 2009).
According to Shier, Butler & Lewis (2009) "other glands that produce hormones and thus are parts of the endocrine system include the pineal gland and
the thymus gland". Shier et al., 2009 argued the pineal gland, located deep between the cerebral hemispheres, secretes hormone melatonin that acts on
certain brain regions that function as a biological clock. The changing levels of melatonin across 24 hours enable the body to know when day is and
when is night.
Shier et al., 2009 explain that

Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Report
To continue, I then began to examine the endocrine system of the fetal pig. I began this dissection by finding the endocrine organs that are located in
the area of throat. These organs were the thyroid and thymus. The thyroid's responsibility is to produce amino acids that will help to regulate
metabolism. The shape of the thyroid is oval like, and has a dark brown tint. The second endocrine organ found in the throat is the thymus. The thymus
functions to provide immunity against diseases. It has a pink appearance, and is long in length. I was successful in finding three endocrine organs in
the abdominal cavity. The first organ found was the adrenal gland. The function of this gland is to produce various hormones. This gland is identifiable
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This complex organ can be found in upper right side of the abdomen. It is unique because it is a dual functioning organ. The first function is to
control the body's blood sugar level. The second function is to secrete insulin and glucagon. Lastly, I studied the testes of the fetal pig, which I found
at the end of the scrotum under the skin. The teste are a key part in the process of secreting testosterone. After completing this section I began to
dissect the last system of the pig. The final system of the body I examined was the digestive system. This is known to be one of the most interesting
areas of the body because of the many functions the system is responsible for. This system is also home to several major organs. One major organ is
the salivary gland. This gland is in the lower part of the face, as well as the side of the face under the ear along the jaw line. The key function is the
gland's ability to produce saliva. These glands are light pink, and have a few possible shapes and sizes. Following the gland, I began to take a look at
the pharynx. This organ can be found posterior to the larynx, and near the nasal and oral cavities. The pharynx is responsible for assisting with the
passage of food. It is a muscle like tube with the same

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