Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials.There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education.

2. Master seminar on
Restoring Soil And Water Resources By Judicious
Management Of Agricultural And Urban Waste.
Presented by,
Sarpe S.V.
2018A/113M
Seminar incharge,
Dr. Syed Ismail ,
Head,
Dept. Soil science and agricultural
chemistry, Parbhani
Research Guide,
Dr. A.L.Dhamak
Associate professor,
Dept. Soil science and agricultural
chemistry, Parbhani

3. Contents:
 Introduction
 Concept of soil and water restoration
 Soil Degradation
 Resource of water
 Loss of water resources : water pollution and water erosion
 Use of organic mulches in agriculture
 Agricultural and urban wastes and their management
 Case studies
 Conclusion

4. Introduction:
 India's present population of 1.372 billion is increasing at the
rate of 1.18% yr-1.
 India's food grain production of 281 million tonnes (Mt) in
2019 has to be increased from lesser arable land area, higher
fertilizer use and reduced consumption of water for
supplementary irrigation.
 Total geographical area of India is 328.73 million hectare
(MHz), 304.89 million hectare (MHz) comprise the reporting
area and 264.5 million hectare (MHz) only is under lies for
agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production.

5.  Furthermore, degraded soils, affecting land area of 147 million
hectare (Mha) including 94 Mha from water erosion, 16 Mha from
acidification, 14 Mha from flooding, 9 Mha from wind erosion, 6
Mha from salinity, 7 Mha from a combination factors , must be
restored and risks of any new soil degradation minimized.(Kurrey
et.al., 2016).
 This is extremely serious because India supports 18% of world’s
human population and 15% of the world’s livestock population, but
has only 2.4% of world’s land area (Bhattacharyya et.al.,2015).
 Rather than in-field burning and used as traditional
fuel, composting and using as mulch can reduce risks of erosion and
improve soil health.
 Similarly, dung production in India, also a rich source of Carbon and
nutrients, must be recycled as manure and used in bioreactors to
produce methane.

6.  Wasted grains, fruits and vegetables must also be composted and used as
a soil amendments.
 Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore
degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value
addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment (Lal , 2017).
 In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural,
municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration
and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized.
 Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant
nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials. (Lal ,2017)
 There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal
and use of bio-wastes through environmental education ( Lal , 2017).

7. Concept of Soil and water Restoration :
 Restoration is the process of bringing an object back to its original state; the
process of restoring something (David ,2013).
 Soil restoration (SR) is the technique of enhancing compacted soils to
improve their porosity and nutrient retention by applying soil amendments.
(Sample ,2013)
 Soil restoration includes improve soil quality, increases soil productivity,
restore degraded soils, restore soil nutrients, enrichment of poor soil and
maintain soil health.
 Water restoration (WR) also refer reclamation of toxic substances from
water bodies as well as to improve the environmental health of the water
resources.

8. How Does Soil Restoration Work?
 The intent of soil restoration is to improve soil structure by
increasing porosity for root growth and microbial activity, and
to provide a source of organic substrate to retain more water
and nutrients for plant uptake.
 Soil restoration provides runoff reduction in the form of
increased porosity and water-holding capacity of the soil
(Sample, 2013).
 Compost, the most common soil amendment, contains a
mixture of organic matter that enhances soil structure,
infiltration, root growth, and water-holding capacity and
reduces soil compaction.

9. SOIL DEGRADATION:
 Soil degradation is the decline in soil condition caused by its
improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural,
industrial, or urban purposes.
 The rate of adverse change in soil qualities (such as nutrient
status, soil depth, concentration of salts etc.), resulting in
decline in productive capacity of land due to processes induced
mainly by human interventions (UNEP,1992).

10. Table 1.Estimates of degraded and wasteland soils of India
Types of degradation Area (Mha)
Water erosion 23.62
Wind erosion 8.89
Chemical degradation 22.76
Physical degradation 46.77
Others 12.17
Total 114.21
Total land area 328.2
(Source: Lal ,2017, Journal of Indian society of Soil Science,65:105-117)

11. Fig.1. Types of soil degradation:
(Source: Lal, Sustainability,2015,7:5875-5895)

12. Fig 2.Causes of soil degradation :
(Source: Lal , sustainability, 2015,ISSN 2071-1050 )

13. Table 2.Soil fertility index for Parbhani, Marathwada region :
Place
Parbhani
Total No.
Of
Samples
Very
Low
Low Medium Slightly
High
High Very
High
Fertility
Index
Organic
Carbon
462 24 114 155 119 39 11 1.57
Phosphorus 462 1 156 305 0 0 0 1.33
Potassium 462 5 4 6 15 11 421 2.89
(Source: Dhawan et.al., soil resource inventory of Marathwada, 2002)

14. Sources of water :

15. Water Resources :
 Water resources are the natural resources of water that are
potentially useful.
 Uses of water include agriculture, industrial, household,
recreational and environmental activities.
 97% of the water on the earth is salt water and only 3% is
fresh water; slightly over 2/3times of the frozen glaciers and
polar ice caps.
 The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or the air.

16. Loss of water resources:
 The maximum loss of water resources by 2 phenomenon:
I. Due to water pollution
II. Due to water erosion
 Water pollution :
Water pollution is contamination of water bodies,
usually as a result of human activities.

17. Source of water pollution:
(source: Singh et.al., 2016)
 Urbanization
 Sewage and other oxygen demanding wastes
 Industrial wastes
 Agro- chemical wastes
 Nutrient enrichment
 Thermal pollution
 Oil spills
 The disruption of sediments
 Acid rain pollution
 Radioactive waste

18. Control measures of water pollution:
 Diversion and treatment of municipal wastewater
 Proper discharge of industrial waste water
 Optimizing irrigation, cropping patterns, and farming practices should be
encourage for judicious use of water.
 All towns and cities must have sewage treatment plants that cleans up the
sewage effluents.
 Improper use of fertilizers, pesticides should be stopped and proper use of
organic methods of farming should be adopted.
 Rain water harvesting should be practiced to prevent the depletion of water
table.

19. Water Erosion :
 Water erosion is the detachment and removal of soil materials
by water.
 The process may be natural or accelerated by human activity.
 The rate of erosion is very slow or rapid, depending on the soil,
the local landscape and weather conditions.
Management strategies of minimizing water erosion :
 Maintain or increase the cover crop of plants or litter on the
soil through application of good agricultural practice.
 Reduce soil surface disturbance, specially in arid regions.
 Increase the rate of water infiltration and improving or
maintaining quality of plant community.

20. Agronomical practices to control water erosion :
 Contour cropping
Strip cropping
a) contour strip cropping
b) field strip cropping
c) buffer strip cropping
Mulching :
Types of mulching material are : Cut grasses or
foliage, straw materials, wood chips, saw dust, papers,
stones, glass wools, plastics.

21. Use of organic mulch in Agriculture:
 The trees branches, twinges, leaves, leaf litter, grasses, straw,
weed etc uses as organic mulches to cover the soil surface.
 The organic mulches found superior in response of
conservation of moisture, reduction in evaporation and runoff.
 Use of this mulch controls the evaporation more effectively,
particularly when rainfall takes place at frequent intervals.

22. Agricultural and urban wastes:
 Agricultural wastes are defined as the residues from the growing and
processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat,
poultry, dairy products, and crops.
 They are the non-product outputs of production and processing of
agricultural products that may contain material that can benefit man but
whose economic values are less than the cost of collection, transportation,
and processing for beneficial use (Obi et.al.,2016).
 Wastes, such as sewage sludge, agricultural wastes, municipal solid waste
(MSW), food and kitchen waste, garden wastes, agro-industrial wastes,
animal wastes, etc. Can be generally classified as solid organic wastes
comprising of organic biodegradable fraction with a moisture content below
85–90% (Mata-Alvarez et al., 2000).

23. Wide range of water containing biomass-Carbon, recyclable plant
nutrients and waters:
(Source: Kachhave, 2002. Soil resource inventory of Marathwada, 2002,
Lal,2017.JISSS,vol.65(2), pp 105-230. 2017)
 Byproducts and waters containing Biomass-Carbon and plant nutrients
1. Agricultural byproducts
2. Urban and industrial wastes and byproducts
1.Agricultural byproducts:
A) Crops, Horticultural and forestry
B) Livestock ,fish and poultry

24. A) Crops, Horticultural and poultry:
a) Fruits and vegetables
b) Crops and Forests
 Crop wastes are cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibers, sugarcane and others.
 Rice: Straw, Husk, Rice husk ash
 Sugarcane : Trash, bagases, fly ash, molasses, waste
 Others: wheat, pulses
 Forest: Byproducts, sawdust, Twig, branches.
B)Livestock, fish, and poultry
a) Dung
b) Manure

25. 2.Urban and industrial wastes and byproducts :
A)Municipal waste
a) MSW: Municipal solid waste
b) MWW: Municipal waste waste
B) Industrial Effluents:
a) Solid
b) Liquid

26. Table 3. Total Potential of crop residue production in India :
Crop Buragohain
et.al.,(2010)
Milhau and
Fallot
(2013)
Hiloidhari
et.al.,(2014)
Jain
et.al.,(2014)
Cardeon
et.al., (2015)
(Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1)
Cereals 318.0 332.5 367.6 361.9 382.7
Oilseeds 22.0 44.5 48.8 28.7 50.1
Pulses 18.0 24.6 17.9 - 17.7
Sugarcane 132.0 116.4 110.6 107.5 131.7
Horticulture 5.8 14.2 61.4 - 136.6
Fibre 14.9 39.6 79.8 122.4 41.5
Total 510.7 571.8 686.0 620.5 760.3
(source: Journal of the Indian Society Of Soil Science,2017 65(2):105-230 )

27. Fig 3. The share of utilization residues generated by different
crops in India :
(Source: Devi et.al.,2017, Open agriculture.2017;2:486-494)

28. Fig 4. State wise production of sewage in India:
(source: Central Pollution Control Board bulletin vol.1, updated on 6th December 2016).

29. FIG 5. TYPES OF MSW :
(Source :Patel, 2019 Solid waste management in India.)

30. FIG 6. COMPOSITION OF MSW IN INDIA (% OF TOTAL) :
(Source: Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission,2014 )

31. Table 4. Quantity and Quality of Municipal Solid Waste generated at
different cities in Maharashtra
Cites Area
(Km2 )
Waste
Quantity
(TPD)
Rate
(kg/c/day)
Recyclables
(%)
Moisture
(%)
Nashik 269 200 39.52 25.11 62
Mumbai 286 574 52.44 22.33 43
Nagpur 218 504 47.41 15.53 41
Pune 244 1175 62.44 16.66 63
Greater
Mumbai
437 5320 62.44 16.66 54
(Source: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), management of municipal solid waste (Ministry of
Environment and Forests, New Delhi: India, 2004)

32. Table 5. Total crop residue generation (tonnes) in major states of India
during 2014-15:
State/ UT Rice Wheat Coarse
Cereal
Pulse Oil
seed
Sugar
cane
cotton Jute &
Mesta
Total
Uttar
Pradesh
14.3 31.3 6.1 2.2 0.9 54.4 0.00 0.00 109.2
Maharashtr
a
3.4 1.5 7.6 2.7 3.1 32.1 2.3 0.00 52.7
Madhya
Pradesh
4.2 17.6 5.1 7.3 8.4 1.8 0.6 0.00 45.0
Andhra
Pradesh &
Telangana
13.5 0.0 8.1 1.8 1.3 5.2 2.2 0.02 32.1
Punjab 13.0 19.6 0.9 0.1 0.1 2.8 0.5 0.00 36.9
Kerala 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.00 0.7
(source: Devi et.al., 2017 Data provided by Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation)

33. Fig 7. The trend of crop residue generation in India:

34. Agricultural and urban wastes Management :
 Collection and storage of Agricultural and urban wastes
 Composting
 Vermicomposting
 Biomethenation ( anaerobic digestion)
 Land filling of MSW
 Integrated solid waste management

35. Table 6. Manurial potential of livestock and human extracta :
Animal Population
(million)
Dairy extracta Manuarial potential (million
tons yr-1)
Dung (kg) Urine (L) N P2O5 K2O
Cattle 197.3 11.6 7.6 3.24 1.255 2.086
Buff low 75.0 - - - - -
Sheep & goats
(54.5,110.0) 164.6 0.3 0.2 0.317 0.092 0.035
Pigs 10.4 2.0 2.0 0.076 0.045 0.053
Poultry 310.0 0.068 - 0.062 0.046 0.023
Other livestock 4.0 5.0 3.3 0.093 0.022 0.026
Human being 850.0 0.133 1.2 4.380 1.053 0.970
Total - - - 8.168 2.483 3.193
(source: Gaur et.al.,1984 organic manure, ICAR, New Delhi )

36. Case studies:

37. Case study:1
Table 7. Grain Yield of rice as affected by mulch application:
Treatments Yield (kg ha-1) Mean
1989 1990
Mulching
No mulching 13.5 17.1 15.3
Straw mulching 15.1 18.8 17.0
C.D. at 5% NS 11.1 -
(Source: Singh et.al.,2003; Annual agricultural research New series 24(4): 900-903)
Location:

38. Case study:2 Table 8 . Increased in yield of fruit crops through plastic mulching
Crop Yield (t ha-1) Increased In Yield ( % )
Unmulched Mulched
Guava 18.36 23.12 25.93
Mango 4.93 7.16 45.23
Papaya 73.24 120.29 64.24
Ber 7.02 8.92 27.06
Pineapple 10.25 11.75 14.63
Banana 53.99 73.32 33.95
Litchi 111.0 125.0 12.61
(Source: Patil et.al., 2013, Research journal of agriculture and forestry sciences. ISSN 1(3): 26-29)
Location : New Delhi

39. Case study:3
Table 9. Increased in yield of vegetable crops through plastic mulching :
Crop Yield (t ha-1) Increased In Yield ( % )
Unmulched Mulched
Broccoli 15.64 25.14 60.74
Cauliflower 18.58 25.02 34.66
Brinjal 36.73 47.06 28.12
Tomato 69.10 94.85 37.26
Okra 6.91 8.56 23.88
Bitter guard 20.12 25.63 27.39
Chilli 16.79 19.71 17.39
(Source: Patil et.al., 2013, Research journal of agriculture and forestry sciences. ISSN 1(3) 26-29)
Location : New Delhi

40. Treatments Total MACRO nutrient acquisition
(g pot-1)
Total MICRO nutrient acquisition
(g pot-1)
N P K S Fe Mn Zn Cu
T1-100% urea N 0.43 0.10 0.49 0.12 2.79 0.98 3.02 0.31
T2-100% parthenium compost
nutrient
0.29 0.07 0.34 0.07 1.95 0.60 1.80 0.12
T3-75% urea N + 25% parthenium
compost nutrient
0.48 0.13 0.53 0.14 3.33 2.07 2.25 0.46
T4-50% urea N + 50% parthenium
compost nutrient
0.54 0.14 0.56 0.17 4.28 0.75 2.86 0.50
T5-25% Urea N + 75% parthenium
compost nutrient
0.34 0.09 0.39 0.08 4.73 2.20 1.96 0.60
T6-75% Urea N + 23% parthenium
compost nutrient + Azatobactor
chrooccum
0.58 0.14 0.58 0.18 3.38 1.80 2.88 0.54
50% urea N + 50% parthenium
compost nutrient + Azatobactor
chrooccum
0.67 0.16 0.68 0.22 3.76 3.31 3.15 0.70
T7-25% urea N + 75% parthenium
compost nutrient + Azatobactor
chrooccum
0.60 0.15 0.61 0.19 5.20 1.43 2.37 0.60
SEM+ 0.014 0.005 0.016 0.006 0.351 0.239 0.108 0.06
CD (p=0.05) 0.035 0.013 0.041 0.012 0.868 0.519 0.267 NS
Case study : 4
Table 10. Effect of integrated use of parthenium compost nutrient, urea and Azatobactor chrooccum on
soil nutrients acquisition of wheat.
(Source : Kishor et.al., 2010; Asian Journal Of Agricultural Research 4(4):220-225)

41. Case study:5
Table 11. Effect of compost prepared from parthenium on availability of EC, pH, CaCO3, Organic carbon in soil:
Treatment EC PH CaCO3 O.C
T1- 100% RDF 0.212 8.16 59.00 5.4
T2- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with soil)
0.207 8.04 60.67 6.3
T3- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with dung slurry)
0.209 8.11 59.00 7.3
T4- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with Trichoderma
viride)
0.209 8.07 50.33 7.2
T5- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with MAU mixture
0.204 8.33 56.00 6.3
T6- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with bone extract
0.191 8.14 58.33 6.7
T7- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with EM culture)
0.216 8.13 58.00 6.4
T8- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with all above
inoculants)
0.208 8.13 59.00 8.06
SE ± 0.02 0.08 0.23 0.01
CD 5% NS NS NS 0.04
(Source : Meena ,2006 Effect of compost prepared from parthenium hesterophorus(weed) on
soil properties, nutrient availability and yield of soybean. Location : Parbhani)

42. Case study:6
Table 12. Effect of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures and crop residues management on PH , EC,
Organic carbon and availability of N,P & K Status of soil( 0-0.15m) in rice-wheat cropping system :
(Source : Kumar et.al., 2008, Journal of Indian society of soil science, 56(1)
Location: Punjab agricultural university, Ludhiana.
Treatments PH EC
(ds m-1 )
Organic
carbon
(g/kg)
Available
N (kg/ha)
Available
P(kg/ha)
Available
K (kg/ha)
T1- 100 % NPK 7.52 0.32 3.44 139 38.9 113
T2- 100 % NPK 7.42 0.31 4.59 152 49.0 136
T3- FYM + 50% NPK 7.30 0.30 4.40 1.68 53.0 155
T4-FYM + 50% NPK 7.30 0.30 4.70 170 59.2 155
T5- FYM + 100 %
NPK
7.29 0.26 4.94 173 65.2 160
T6- GM + 50% NPK 7.31 0.30 4.59 166 52.3 148
T7- GM + 50 % NPK 7.15 0.28 4.72 168 53.1 153
T8- GM + 100 % NPK 7.22 0.29 4.87 173 57.8 157
LSD (=0.05) 0.17 NS 0.55 15 9.0 24
Initial status 7.6 0.36 3.70 119 25.0 123

43. Case study:7
Table 13. Effect of compost prepared from parthenium on availability of nutrients in soil:
Treatment N(Kg/ha) P(Kg/ha) K(Kg/ha) S(Kg/ha)
T1- 100% RDF 164.7 18.2 388.9 18.1
T2- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with soil)
174.4 20.0 427.8 18.2
T3- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with dung slurry)
176.5 20.2 439.0 17.7
T4- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with Trichoderma viride)
187.6 20.6 391.5 17.5
T5- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with MAU mixture
202.9 21.7 419.5 18.00
T6- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with bone extract
225.6 23.4 400.5 18.6
T7- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with EM culture)
213.3 22.1 403.1 18.1
T8- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with all above inoculants)
241.4 25.0 455.4 19.1
SE ± 5.62 0.57 8.04 0.16
CD 5% 17.02 1.73 24.24 0.50
(Source : Meena ,2006 Effect of compost prepared from parthenium hesterophorus (weed) on soil
properties, nutrient availability and yield of soybean. Location: Parbhani)

44. Case study:8
Table 14. Effect of biogas poultry manure on yield of maize (q/ha):
Treatments Cob (q/ha) Seed (q/ha) Stover (q/ha)
T1- State recommended dose of fertilizer 38.19 20.47 34.11
T2-50% N through biogas poultry manure 43.73 33.10 32.11
T3-75% N through biogas poultry manure 42.81 32.67 38.32
T4-100% N through biogas poultry manure 50.31 40.73 39.54
T5- 50% N through poultry manure 43.73 33.10 32.11
T6- 75% N through poultry manure 45.50 34.56 34.62
T7-100% N through poultry manure 45.86 35.03 38.65
T8-Absolute control 34.52 25.21 29.29
SE(m)+ 1.38 0.64 1.76
CD at 5% 4.17 1.93 5.35
CV (%) 8.60 3.41 8.50
(Source :Chandra Deepak, 2009; Effect of Biogas poultry manure on performance of maize and
its residual effect on forage maize, Location: Acharya N. G. Ranga university, Hyderabad)

45. Case study:9
Table 15. Effect of organic manures and nitrogen levels on soil in maize-soybean cropping system:
Treatments N P2O5 K2O
T1- Control 150.85 13.15 223.85
T2- RDF 208.85 30.29 308.35
T3- 75 N + 25 FYM 213.30 35.16 314.80
T4- 50 N + 50 FYM 215.65 35.95 315.90
T5-25 N + 75 FYM 216.05 36.38 316.15
T6-100 FYM 216.95 36.38 316.15
T7- 75 N + 25 Vermicompost 219.05 37.45 317.50
T8- 50 N + 50 Vermicompost 221.50 38.28 318.35
T9- 25 N + 75 Vermicompost 221.90 38.45 318.70
T10- 100 Vermicompost 222.20 32.67 318.95
T11- 75 N + 25 Poultry manure 216.70 36.65 316.85
T12- 50 N + 50 Poultry manure 219.15 37.52 317.85
T13- 25 N + 75 Poultry manure 220.25 37.83 318.00
T14- 100 Poultry manure 221.05 37.98 318.15
S.Ed.± 1.13 0.37 0.52
CD (p=0.05) 2.000 0.75 1.05
(Source : Reddy et.al, 1998, An international journal ISSN 11:0973-6417)
Location: Telangana state agricultural university, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

46. Case study:10
Table 16. Effect of Municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on soil organic carbon, CaCO3,
available N, P, K and EC, PH :
Treatments Soil PH
( 1: 2.5)
EC
(ds m-1 )
Organic
carbon
(g/kg)
CaCO3
(%)
Available N
(kg/ha)
Available P
(kg/ha)
Available K
(kg/ha)
T1-RDF 7.55 0.41 6.50 9.50 156.80 13.17 523.92
T2-RDF + vermicompost
of MSW @ 2.5 t/ha
7.52 0.35 6.80 9.23 168.67 15.58 570.99
T3-T2-RDF +
vermicompost of MSW
@ 5 t/ha
7.53 0.36 7.07 8.40 201.60 16.25 587.67
T4-RDF + vermicompost
of MSW @ 7.5 t/ha
7.47 0.31 7.77 7.83 235.20 24.17 619.07
T5-RDF + compost of
MSW @ 2.5 t/ha
7.47 0.39 6.70 9.33 171.73 13.33 536.72
T6-T5-RDF + compost of
MSW @ 5 t/ha
7.48 0.36 6.73 8.83 194.13 16.17 563.24
T7-T5-RDF + compost of
MSW @ 7.5 t/ha
7.48 0.36 7.57 8.33 216.53 21.50 577.17
S.Em ± 0.050 0.32 0.257 0.369 6.466 0.873 14.807
CD at 5% NS NS 0.792 NS 19.923 2.689 45.622
(Source: Kumar 2017 composting and vermicomposting of municipal solid waste and its effect on growth,

47. Case study:11
Table 17: yield parameters of mung bean plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rate:
Treatments No. Of
pods / plant
Pod weight
(g/plant)
No. Of seeds
/ plant
Seed weight
(g/plant)
Yield
(gm-2)
Unamended
soil
24.0 7.63 156.0 6.43 102.88
6 kg m-2 28.67 9.66 220.53 8.96 143.34
9 kg m-2 36.67 11.73 307.77 11.30 180.78
12 kg m-2 33.3 12.12 271.80 10.28 164.50
(Source: Singh et.al., Ecological Engineering, 36 (2010): 969-972)
Location : Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

48. Case study:12
Table 18. Impacts on soil properties by the use of sewage for irrigation:
Sample PH Organic
carbon
(%)
Available N
(%)
Available P
(PPM)
Available K
(PPM)
Before applying
sewage
Ground water 7.62 2.11 7 0.48 100
Waste water -
10 days after
applying water
7.71 0.65 46.23 4.80 330
8.02 1.07 70.00 3.64 700
15 days after
applying water
7.64 1.27 64.45 0.08 390
8.11 1.27 68.85 0.20 750
20 days after
applying water
7.65 0.59 68.85 0.26 280
6.37 0.65 46.23 0.76 240
(Source: Najam ,et.al., Indian Journal Of Science And Technology, 10 2016)
Location : Punjab

49. Conclusion:
 Agricultural wastes can be effectively recycled.
 Residual effects of added agricultural wastes in the cropping system could be
expected together with an improvement in soil physical condition.
 Agricultural wastes not only supply nutrients but they also improve soil
physical and chemical properties.
 Developing protocols to collect all Municipal Solid Waste and Municipal
waste water and its utilization as a compost is beneficial to improve soil
physical and chemical properties as well as nutrient availability.
 Use of parthenium hesterophorus as a compost increase the productivity of
soil.
 Using amendments like compost, vermicompost, poultry manure, green
manure are effective to improve the soil physical and chemical properties as
well as productivity.
 Linking the concept of recycling with those of the “swatch bharat”
movement.

50. THANK YOU...!