This document discusses water recycling and integrated water resource management. It provides details on water recycling applications including agricultural and urban reuse. Water recycling can help conserve freshwater resources by reducing diversion from ecosystems and decreasing wastewater discharges. It also lists environmental benefits such as augmenting wetlands and streams. The document then discusses water reuse programs and challenges in India, focusing on reuse along the Musi River in Hyderabad. It defines integrated water resource management and its objectives to manage water holistically and involve stakeholders. Principles of IWRM include treating water as an economic good and basing development on participation.

1. WATER POLLUTION PPT4

2. WATER RECYCLING
 1. Characteristics of water reuse
 Increased water shortages and new environmental policies and regulations
have stimulated significant development in reuse programs in the past 20
years.
 According to the conclusions of various water reuse surveys, the best water
reuse projects, in terms of economic viability and public acceptance, are
those that substitute reclaimed water in lieu of potable water for use in
irrigation, environmental restoration, cleaning, toilet flushing, and industrial
uses.
 The main benefits of using reclaimed water in these situations are
conservation of water resources and pollution reduction.

3. 2. Water recycling
 Water recycling is reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as
agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and
replenishing a ground water basin referred to as ground water recharge.

5. 3. Water reuse applications
 Agriculture is the largest user of water, accounting for approximately 80
percent of the global demand. Consequently, agricultural irrigation is the
major water reuse application worldwide.
 Israel is the world’s leader in this area, with over 70 percent of collected and
treated wastewater reused for agricultural purposes. Urban water reuse is
developing rapidly, particularly in large cities, coastal, and tourist areas.
 Japan is the leader in urban water reuse, with 8 percent of the total
reclaimed water (about 2,113 mgd or 8 millions m3 /year) used for urban
purposes. The most common urban uses are for the irrigation of green areas
(parks, golf courses, and sports fields), urban development (waterfalls,
fountains, and lakes), road cleaning, car washing, and firefighting. Another
major type of reuse is on-site water reuse within commercial and residential
buildings.

6. Advantages to implementing urban reuse
versus agricultural reuse:
 · Most urban reuse, such as toilet flushing, vehicle washing, stack gas
cleaning, and industrial processing is non-consumptive; therefore, the water
can be reused again for subsequent consumptive uses in agriculture or
industry.
 · The urban markets for water reuse are generally closer to the points of
origin of the reclaimed water than are the agricultural markets.
 · Urban reuse water generally holds a higher value than agricultural reuse
because it can be metered and appropriate charges levied.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF WATER
RECYCLING
 In addition to providing a dependable, locally-controlled water supply, water
recycling provides tremendous environmental benefits.
 By providing an additional source of water, water recycling can help us find
ways to decrease the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems.
 Other benefits include decreasing wastewater discharges and reducing and
preventing pollution. Recycled water can also be used to create or enhance
wetlands and riparian habitats

8. 1. Water recycling can decrease diversion of
freshwater from sensitive ecosystems:
 Plants, wildlife, and fish depend on sufficient water flows to their habitats to
live and reproduce.
 The lack of adequate flow, as a result of diversion for agricultural, urban,
and industrial purposes, can cause deterioration of water quality and
ecosystem health.
 Water users can supplement their demands by using recycled water, which
can free considerable amounts of water for the environment and increase
flows to vital ecosystems

9. 2. Water recycling decreases discharge
to sensitive water bodies:
 In some cases, the impetus for water recycling comes not from a water supply
need, but from a need to eliminate or decrease wastewater discharge to the
ocean, an estuary, or a stream.
 For example, high volumes of treated wastewater discharged from the San
Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant into the South San Francisco
Bay threatened the area’s natural salt water marsh.
 In response, a $140 million recycling project was completed in 1997. The
South Bay Water Recycling Program has the capacity to provide 21 million
gallons per day of recycled water for use in irrigation and industry.
 By avoiding the conversion of salt water marsh to brackish marsh, the habitat
for two endangered species can be protected..

10. 3. Recycled water may be used to create or enhance
wetlands and riparian (stream) habitats:
 Wetlands provide many benefits, which include wildlife and wildfowl habitat,
water quality improvement, flood diminishment, and fisheries breeding
grounds.
 For streams that have been impaired or dried from water diversion, water
flow can be augmented with recycled water to sustain and improve the
aquatic and wildlife habitat.

11. 4. Water recycling can reduce and
prevent pollution:
 When pollutant discharges to oceans, rivers, and other water bodies are
curtailed, the pollutant loadings to these bodies are decreased.
 Moreover, in some cases, substances that can be pollutants when discharged
to a body of water can be beneficially reused for irrigation.
 For example, recycled water may contain higher levels of nutrients, such as
nitrogen, than potable water.
 Application of recycled water for agricultural and landscape irrigation can
provide an additional source of nutrients and lessen the need to apply
synthetic fertilizers.

12. WATER REUSE PROGRAMS IN INDIA
 India is the second most populous country of the world, with a current
population of over 1 billion that is projected to increase to 1.5 billion by 2050
(World watch Institute, 1999).
 Almost 30 percent of the population lives in urban mega-cities, in particular,
in the 7 giant conglomerates of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) (12.57 million),
Calcutta (Kolkata) (10.92 million), Delhi (8.38 million), Chennai (formerly
Madras) (5.36 million), Bangalore (4.09 million), Hyderabad (6 million), and
Ahmedabad (3 million).
 In 2000, India’s total renewable water resources were estimated at 1,244 m 3
/ capita/year (328,630 gallons/capita/year) and it was estimated that 40
percent of India’s water resources were being withdrawn, with the majority
of that volume (92 percent), used for agricultural irrigation.

13. ……….
 As a result of the fast-growing urban population, service infrastructure is
insufficient to ensure public health.
 In fact, about 15 percent of the urban population does not have access to safe
drinking water and about 50 percent is not serviced by sanitary sewers.
 In 1997, the total volume of wastewater generated in India was 17 Mm3 /d (4,500
mgd), of which 72 percent was collected and only 24 percent was ever treated.
These conditions cause a high number of waterborne diseases in the country (more
than 30 million life years according to the World Bank).
 In 1985, over 73,000 hectares (180,000 acres) of land were irrigated with
wastewater on at least 200 sewage farms. There has been a dramatic increase in
wastewater volumes discharged and used for agricultural irrigation in India. With
its current population, Hyderabad can supply wastewater to irrigate an estimated
40,000 hectares (99,000 acres). The law prohibits irrigation of salad vegetables
with wastewater, yet the prohibited practice is widespread and government
agencies reportedly do not actively enforce regulations governing reuse

14. ………..
 The capital city of Delhi is one illustration of failing service infrastructure and
deteriorating environment. The growing population in Delhi has led to an increase
in the volume of wastewater, yet the current treatment capacity is only about 1.3
Mm3 /d (3,400 mgd) – which is only 73 percent of the wastewater generated.
 Another example is Mumbai, where 2.3 Mm3 /d (608 mgd) of raw sewage is
discharged into the Arabian Sea. However, there have been some attempts at
rectifying these situations. The large, $300 million, Bombay Sewage Disposal
Project was approved in 1995 with the financial support of the World Bank.
 Other efforts have been made in the Calcutta metropolitan area, where 13
sewage treatment plants have been constructed with a total capacity of 386,000
m 3 /d (102 mgd) using either activated sludge processes, trickling filters, or
oxidation ponds.
 In addition, the Ganges River program is to include treatment facilities for 6 cities
in Uttar Pradesh that will incorporate reuse for agriculture and forestry.

15. The Musi River, Hyderabad
 Hyderabad, the capital city of Andhra Pradesh, is the fifth largest and the
fastest growing city in India with 6 million inhabitants (2001).
 The city produces over 700,000 m 3 (185 mg) of wastewater per day, of which
less then 4 percent receives secondary treatment.
 The remaining 95 percent of the wastewater is disposed, untreated in the
Musi River.
 The Musi River is the main source of irrigation water for over 40,000 hectares
(98,840 acres) of agricultural land. Agriculture is the sole livelihood of over
40,000 farming families living within a 50-kilometer (31-mile) radius of
Hyderabad.

16. The Musi River, Hyderabad…..
 Farming communities along the Musi River experience negative and positive
impacts from the discharge of wastewater into the river.
 Perceived negative impacts include an increase in reported fever cases, skin rash,
joint aches, and stomach problems.
 Positive impacts include savings in chemical fertilizer application and larger crops
as a result of a year-round availability of water, which without the addition of
wastewater, would have been confined to the monsoon season.
 The main crops grown are fodder, rice, and bananas, as well as different varieties
of spinach and other vegetables.
 Data reported that water samples taken out of the Musi River, 40 kilometers (25
miles) downstream of Hyderabad, have normal river water quality parameter
readings including a gradual reduction in BOD, COD, and coliform.
 The coliform counts reported were within the WHO guidelines set for unrestricted
irrigation.

17. Integrated Water Resources Management
 “IWRM is a challenge to conventional practices, attitudes and professional
certainties. It confronts entrenched sectoral interests and requires that the
water resource is managed holistically for the benefits of all. No one pretends
that meeting the IWRM challenge will be easy but it is vital that a start is
made now to avert the burgeoning crisis.

24. Integrated Water Resources Management
 1. Water resources are increasingly under pressure from population growth, economic
activity and intensifying competition for the water among users;
 2. Water withdrawals have increased more than twice as fast as population growth
and currently one third of the world's population live in countries that experience
medium to high water stress;
 3. Pollution is further enhancing water scarcity by reducing water usability
downstream;
 4. Shortcomings in the management of water, a focus on developing new sources
rather than managing existing ones better and top-down sector approaches to water
management result in uncoordinated development and management of the resource.
 5. More and more development means greater impacts on the environment.
 6. Current concerns about climate variability and climate change demand improved
management of water resources to cope with more intense floods and droughts.

25. Water Crisis - Facts
 1. Only 0.4% of total of global water in the world is available for humans.
 2. Today more than 2 billion people are affected by water shortages in over
40 countries.
 3. 263 river basins are shared by two or more nations.
 4. 2 million tonnes per day of human waste are deposited in water courses.
 5. Half the populations of the developing world are exposed to polluted
sources of water that increase disease incidence.
 6. 90% of natural disasters in the 1990s were water related.
 7. The increase in numbers of people from 6 billion to 9 billion will be the
main driver of water resources management for the next 50 years.

26. IWRM
 “Integrated water resources management is therefore a systematic process
for the sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource
use in the context of social, economic and environmental objectives.
 Integrated management means that all the different uses of water resources
are considered together. Water allocations and management decisions
consider the effects of each use on the others.
 They are able to take account of overall social and economic goals, including
the achievement of sustainable development. This also means ensuring
coherent policy making related to all sectors. As we shall see, the basic IWRM
concept has been extended to incorporate participatory decision-making.
Different user groups (farmers, communities, environmentalists…) can
influence strategies for water resource development and management.”
 . It emphasises that we must not only focus on development of water
resources but that we must consciously manage water development in a way
that ensures long term sustainable use for future generations.

27.  THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
The three primary objectives of integrated water resources management
are: • Empower women, men, and communities to decide on their level of
access to safe water and hygienic living conditions and on the types of water-
using economic activities they desire — and to organise to achieve them.
 • Produce more food and create more sustainable livelihoods per unit of water
applied (more crops and jobs per drop) and ensure access for all to the food
required to sustain healthy and productive lives.
 • Manage human water use so as to conserve quantity and quality of
freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems that provide services to humans and
living things. Five primary actions are required to achieve these objectives:
 • Involve all stakeholders in integrated management.
 • Move to full-cost pricing of water services for all human uses.
 • Increase public funding for research and innovation in the public interest.
 • Recognise the need for cooperation on integrated water resource
management in international river basins.
 • Massively increase investments in water management

28. WATER MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
 A meeting in Dublin in 1992 gave rise to four principles that have been the basis for
much of the subsequent water sector reform.
 Principle 1. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life,
development and the environment
 Principle 2. Water development and management should be based on a participatory
approach, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels.
 Principle 3. Women play a central part in the provision, management and
safeguarding of water.
 Principle 4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be
recognised as an economic good as well as a social good
 Treating water as an economic good is an important means for decision making on
the allocation of water between different water use sectors and between different
uses within a sector.

29. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
 Water legislation converts policy into law and should:
 i. Clarify the entitlement and responsibilities of users and water providers;
 ii. Clarify the roles of the state in relation to other stakeholders;
 iii. Formalise the transfer of water allocations;
 iv. Provide legal status for water management institutions of government and
water user groups;
 v. Ensure sustainable use of the resource.

30.  In order to bring IWRM into effect, institutional arrangements are needed to
enable:
 1. The functioning of a consortium of stakeholders involved in decision
making, with representation of all sections of society, and a good gender
balance;
 2. Water resources management based on hydrological boundaries;
 3. Organisational structures at basin and sub-basin levels to enable decision
making at the lowest appropriate level;
 4. Government to co-ordinate the national management of water resources
across water use sectors.

31. BENEFITS FROM IWRM
1 ENVIRONMENT BENEFITS
a) Ecosystems can benefit from applying an integrated approach to water
management by giving environmental needs a voice in the water allocation
debate. At present these needs are often not represented at the negotiating
table.
b) b) IWRM can assist the sector by raising awareness among other users of the needs
of ecosystems and the benefits these generate for them. Often these are
undervalued and not incorporated into planning and decision-making.
c) c) The ecosystem approach provides a new framework for IWRM that focuses
more attention on a system approach to water management: protecting upper
catchments (e.g. reforestation, good land husbandry, soil erosion control),
pollution control (e.g. point source reduction, non-point source incentives,
groundwater protection) and environmental flows. It provides an alternative to a
sub-sector competition perspective that can join stakeholders in developing a
shared view and joint action.

32. 2. AGRICULTURE BENEFITS
 a) As the single largest user of water and the major non-point source polluter of surface
and groundwater resources, agriculture has a poor image. Taken alongside the low value
added in agricultural production, this frequently means that, especially under conditions of
water scarcity, water is diverted from agriculture to other water uses. However,
indiscriminate reduction in water allocation for agriculture may have far reaching
economic and social consequences. With IWRM, planners are encouraged to look beyond
the sector economics and take account of the implications of water management decisions
on employment, the environment and social equity.
 b) By bringing all sectors and all stakeholders into the decision-making process, IWRM is
able to reflect the combined “value” of water to society as a whole in difficult decisions
on water allocations. This may mean that the contribution of food production to health,
poverty reduction and gender equity, for example, could over-ride strict economic
comparisons of rates of return on each cubic metre of water. Equally, IWRM can bring into
the equation the reuse potential of agricultural return flows for other sectors and the
scope for agricultural reuse of municipal and industrial wastewaters.
 c) IWRM calls for integrated planning so that water, land and other resources are utilised
in a sustainable manner. For the agricultural sector IWRM seeks to increase water
productivity (i.e. more crops per drop) within the constraints imposed by the economic,
social and ecological context of a particular region or country

33. 3 .WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
BENEFITS
 a) Above all, properly applied IWRM would lead to the water security of the world’s poor and
unserved being assured. The implementation of IWRM based policies should mean increased
security of domestic water supplies, as well as reduced costs of treatment as pollution is
tackled more effectively.
 b) Recognizing the rights of people, and particularly women and the poor, to fair share of
water resources for both domestic and household-based productive uses, leads inevitably to
the need to ensure proper representation of these groups on the bodies that make water
resource allocation decisions.
 c) The focus on integrated management and efficient use should be a stimulus to the sector to
push for recycling, reuse and waste reduction. High pollution charges backed by rigid
enforcement have led to impressive improvements in industrial water-use efficiencies in the
industrialised countries, with benefits for domestic water supplies and the environment.
 d) Past sanitation systems often focused on removing the waste problem from the areas of
human occupation, thus keeping the human territories clean and healthy, but merely replacing
the waste problem, with often detrimental environmental effects elsewhere. Introduction of
IWRM will improve the opportunity for introduction of sustainable sanitation solutions that aim
to minimise waste-generating inputs, and reduction of waste outputs, and to solve sanitation
problems as close as possible to where they occur.
 e) At a practical local level, improved integration of water resource management could lead
to greatly reduced costs of providing domestic water services, if for instance more irrigation
schemes were designed with a domestic water component explicitly involved from the start.

34. The adoption of a watershed-wide approach will necessarily require some
institutional adaptations. A list of the most important changes needed is:

35. ……

36.  The FIRST most important change needed from both implementing organizations and
watershed stakeholders is the adoption of a holistic and ‘systems’ approach to
watershed management.
 · The holistic approach will allow both parties to consider ‘a system in the context of
the higher levels in which it is embedded, and provide insight into the significance of
phenomena at lower levels’.
 · A systems view will require engaging all stakeholders in a watershed. Part of the
goal of watershed management will be to resolve conflicts of land use, which
requires that organizations facilitate a dialogue between residents of the watershed
and those downstream as well as the active involvement of the relevant local
governments and institutions.

37. · Second, although it may seem contradictory to the holistic approach, successful
watershed management requires highly focused interventions. The critical challenge
is to identify and act upon the points of highest leverage, which are often counter-
intuitive and not obvious.
· The goal is to select small, well-focused actions in one segment of the watershed
to produce significant, enduring improvements in the whole system. Such large-
scale effects can usually only be accomplished by practices that spread
spontaneously once obstacles have been removed.
· We propose that implementing organizations focus on target areas where there is
good potential for success in addressing the limiting factors than where there is
poverty. They should concentrate their efforts in a few priority sub-watersheds and
communities within them to enhance impact, visibility, opportunities to observe and
learn, and potential of replication.

38.  Third, implementing organizations must improve their own ability and that of
the watershed stakeholders to learn from experience, their own as well as
others’. The organizations take plenty of risks because they don’t suffer the
consequences. They need to learn from their successes and failures, use data
rather than assumptions, and transfer knowledge efficiently through training,
personnel rotation and more useful reporting.
 Above all, learning requires better mechanisms through which farmers can
give feedback to the service providers, and stronger accountability of the
organisations to farmers, rather than only to donors.
 Converting farmers from beneficiaries to clients by having them pay for at
least a small proportion of the services they receive is an approach worth
exploring. Linking project performance evaluations to transparent,
participatory monitoring and client satisfaction is long overdue

39. In order to bring IWRM into
effect,FACTORS NEEDED:
 Political Will. At the highest possible level. Clear and tangible (legal framework,
institutional arrangements, budgets). Sustained over time, beyond elected terms of
politicians. ¸
 Knowledge. Not science alone, but through the proper use of all available sources of
information. Information has to be shared and easily accessible. Integration of
information is key to sensible decision-making. Information technologies need to be
adapted to managers’ needs; these management tools need to be properly understood to
be useful. ¸
 Sustainable Technologies. Start small to validate the most appropriate technology. Learn
from the mistakes of others: technology transfer is essential. Readiness to innovate,
while technology dumping may do a lot of damage. ¸
 Institutional Arrangements. Water is a responsibility shared by a wide range of
institutions. Start with existing institutions, but redefine mandates. Informal
arrangements are useful to start with; begin with working groups or task forces to bring
people together. This is a people issue; be mindful of personal expectations. ¸
 Building on Existing Expertise. There exists a wealth of expertise to build upon. This
expertise should be put to better use. Capacity deve lopment is the key.

40. ………..
 Community Involvement. Takes time to put it in place; is a long-term investment. Once
trust is established, it needs to be nurtured over time. A strong component of any natural
resources management project. ¸
 Economic Prosperity. Difficult to manage without financial support. More than just direct
project funding; a whole range of government incentives create a favorable context in which
initiatives flourish. Explore new sources of funding; local partnerships can provide a lot of
support. ¸
 Right Timing. All of the above do not have to occur simultaneously, but there exists a
successful combination of these elements that requires some of them to be present in the
right mix and at the right time.

41. A CASE STUDY OF ARAVATALA WATERSHED IN
VELLORE DISTRICT
 The Aravatla watershed lies in Palar river basin and located in Peranampet taluk of Vellore
district near the border of Andhra Pradesh State at about 180 km west of Chennai City of Tamil
Nadu.
 The watershed is a hilly terrain surrounded by Mardona reserved forest covering 2516 ha area
covering Aravatla village and three hamlets. The slope is between 5 to 25% in this watershed.
 The maximum altitude is 900 m and the minimum altitude is 600 m. The Aravatla stream
originates in this watershed and fills up three tanks and few ponds. Since the land is sloppy the
farmers leaves the land to rain fed agriculture excepting a few hundred ha of lands near the
tanks.
 The areas near the tanks are used for cultivation of sugarcane and paddy using well irrigation.
Remaining about 600 ha, is under wasteland and depend on seasonal rains to grow maize or
rain fed groundnut.
 As the land is thin laterite capping on the parent granite rocks and with pebble and stones the
farmers are depending on sheep farming or depend on Pernamapet town which is about 8 km
from the watershed to work as laborers in construction and farm works.
 The watershed is surrounded by dry deciduous Mardona forest and thorny bushes as the
elevation of the watershed is about 300 m to 900 m from ground level and subjected to grazing
by the sheeps and cattle from the Arvatala and near by village.

42. 1. NEED FOR GIS
 Normally the lands are surveyed by manual means. The plans and programmes
are drawn for development of watershed development programmes. But the
watershed being a hilly terrain precise information on slope, soil, land use,
survey no, land ownership, land use as per revenue records etc are required.
This information is kept in volume of records. Mapping the area on various
themes is difficult by manual means.
 As the farming, soil erosion control works, forest plantation works are to be
taken up it is felt to have spatial data in 1:10,000 scale maps and non spatial
data including land holding etc will be used to create an information system
so that the field officers, engineers and administrators can work with the
people in the watershed.

43. 2 .SCOPE OF DEVELOPMENT
 The watershed is in 300 to 900 m elevation area with red laterite soil. The streams and
drainage pattern and old irrigation structures constructed by the villages and their enthusiasm
to grow sugarcane in the command areas of the tanks shows that the farmers in this watershed
are aware of the soil, climatic factors and water resources available in their land and they use
it in their own way to earn the livelihood adopting the age old techniques known to them.
 If the lands are brought under effective high yielding plantation and perennial crops adopting
soil conservation measures the soil erosion taking place in the watershed by cultivation on
slopes and eco degradation by grazing and cutting trees for fuel and other needs can be
minimized and the watershed can become a high production zone as the farmers who are
aware of the resources of the watersheds can earn more by adopting modern farming
techniques.
 The watershed should therefore be covered with rain water harvesting measures by improving
the existing water bodies, soil erosion control measures by forming terraces, drains, contour
bunds, contour trenches, stream training works, regulating the encroachments affecting the
waterways and streams, adopting perennial plantation instead of annual crops, improving the
hills as grazing lands etc.

44. A CASE STUDY OF DHARMAPURI DISTRICT
 District Profile: This district occupies the northern most part of Tamil Nadu
State and covers an area of 9581.26 sq.km. Geographically it is situated
between 11° 46. 21.. to 12° 53. 23.. North latitude and 77° 28. 34.. to 78° 44.
13.. East longitude.
 This district is situated on the western side of the Eastern Ghats.
 A major part of the district is hilly, rocky and uplands with steep to gently to
moderate slopes, radiating in all directions and merging in to the stream courses
which are flowing throughout the district.
 The altitude of the district ranges from 380 to 1395 m above MSL.

45. Application of NRIS (Natural Resource
Information System) Data Base
 Application of NRIS (Natural Resource Information System) Data Base for
Dharmapuri District Both spatial and non-spatial data created were integrated
to form a unique solution for the following activities.
 i. Prioritization of watersheds
 ii. Land resources development plan
 iii. Suitability for land irrigability, land capability and soil irrigabilty and
 iv. Forest management.

46. Prioritization of Watersheds:
 The methodology for prioritization of watersheds were two fold one based on severity of soil
erosion and another by using DPAP scheme norms. The norms for soil erosion are.
 (i) Severity of soil erosion.
 (ii) Landuse such as crop land, plantation, wasteland, forest etc.,
 (iii) Slope group from nearly level to very steep
 (iv) Rainfall.
 Based on the above silt yield index were computed for all micro watersheds in the area. The
following DPAP norms were used for prioritization of the watershed by the administrators viz.
 1. Predominance of wasteland/ degraded land
 2. Areas having low ground water potential
 3. Severity of soil erosion
 4. Predominance of SC/ST population
 5. Low irrigation potential

47. Land Resources Development Plan:
 Each land unit possesses a variety of information on the land form,
physiography, behaviour of soil, productivity potential etc., land resources
grouping have been arrived at with site specific solution. The recommended
categories for the region are as follows:
 (1) Intensive agriculture,
 (2) Dry farming with soil and water conservation,
 (3) Horticulture,
 (4) Agro Horticulture and Agro forestry,
 (5) Afforestation and (
 6) Social forestry. Fuel wood and fodder

48. Ground Water Prospects Map:
 Integrated studies involving geomorphological, lithological and structured
investigation followed by hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical exploration
led to the identification of groundwater potential zones. The prospects
identified were 1) Good to moderate 2) Moderate to poor and 3) Poor to nil
 Land irrigability class: The suitability of land for Irrigation depends on
physical land features and socioeconomic condition, quality of water,
drainage requirement etc. The land irrigability classes established were viz,
(1) Lands that have few limitation for sustained use under irrigation,
 (2) Lands that have moderate limitation for sustained use under irrigation,
 (3) Lands that have severe limitation for sustained use under irrigation,
 (4) Lands that have marginal for terraced use under irrigation because of
severe limitation.

49. Soil irrigability classes:
 Based on soil properties like effective soil depth, texture, presence of
minerals, NPK, etc., Five soil irrigability classes have been established as
follows :
 Class A. None to slight soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
 Class B Moderate soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
 Class C Severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
 Class D Very severe soil limitation for sustained use under irrigation
 Class E Non irrigable soil class

50. Dharmapuri - A Success Story:
 In Dharmapuri district three classes of soil irrgability classes were identified.
The implementation of IMSD activities with the on going developmental
activities of the district planners were carefully monitored.
 The process over the decade under IMSD by way of suggesting alternate
landuse practices, water harvesting structures, ground water exploitation
were found fruitful.
 The actual development indicates as per the latest landuse /landcover dated
year 2000, that the intensive double cropping area has gone up to 16.09%
from 13.65% of the total area suggested by the action plan generated for land
use/landcover dated year 1992 .
 By this, it implies ironically, that remote sensing technology combined with
GIS has its own responsibility for the constructive activities for development
at all times

51. THANK YOU