The document discusses the concept of agroecology and agricultural ecosystems. It provides hierarchies of biology and agriculture and related scientific fields. It also discusses components of agroecological systems, material and energy flows within them, and interactions between system elements. Input-output relationships in agroecological systems are examined.

1. AGROECOLOGY
• Cox, G.W. and Atkins, M.D. 1979. Agricultural Ecology.
An Analysis of World Food Production Systems. Freeman
and co. San Fransisco.
• Neugebauer, B. 1995. Ecologically Appropriate Agriculture.
ZEL. Germany
• Spedding, C.R.W. 1979. An Introduction of Agricultural
Systems. Applied Science Pub. London.
• Lowrance, R, Stinner, B.R., House, G.J. 1984.
Agricultural Ecosystem. John Wiley & Sons. Canada.

2. Ecosystem Agroecosystem
Community Cropping system
Population Crop
Organism
Tissue
Cell
Gene
AgriculturalEcology
Ecology
Crop physiology
Plant Breeding
Plant physiology
Cytology
Genetics
Agricultural
economics
Rural
sociology
Animal
husbandry
Agronomy
Horticulture
Entomology
Plant
pathology
Weed
science
The hierarchies of biology & agriculture & their related science

3. AGROEKOLOGI
• Ekosistem Alam vs AGROEKOSISTEM
• Komponen AGROEKOSISTEM
• Daur Materi dan Arus Energi dalam
AGROEKOSISTEM
• Interaksi dalam AGROEKOSISTEM
• Input-output AGROEKOSISTEM

7. Mayer (1974):
• “…miracle grains are not simply new seeds
which can replace older ones and automatically
give much larger crops. They are fertilizer-
responding varieties which can indeed increase
yield but only if cultivated under optimum
conditions.”
NOWADAYS
???

10. Monthly World population figures:
07/01/06 6,528,089,562
08/01/06 6,534,625,672
09/01/06 6,541,161,782
10/01/06 6,547,487,051
11/01/06 6,554,023,161
12/01/06 6,560,348,429
01/01/07 6,566,884,540
02/01/07 6,573,420,650
03/01/07 6,579,324,234
04/01/07 6,585,860,345
05/01/07 6,592,185,613
06/01/07 6,598,721,723
07/01/07 6,605,046,992
(US Cencus Bureau, 2007)

11. What about the human population?
The human population increased at a slow rate
until 1200 to 1600 AD
Development of agriculture, technology, industry
and medicine has given humans ability to increase
their numbers at a phenomenal rate
World population is now doubling approximately
each 40 years

12. Perkembangan intensifikasi pertanian
• 1833-1934
– 75% hutan jadi lahan pertanian
– Ragam tanaman dan tenaga manusia/ hewan msh tinggi
• 1934-1961
– Murahnya harga minyak dan bahan kimia intensifikasi
pertanian, produktifitas lahan meningkat
• 1961-1980
– Peningkatan subsidi energi, peningkatan ekspor. Monokultur,
pengurangan lahan akibat peningkatan populasi penduduk,
penurunan kualitas air
• 1980-now ???

14. EFISIENSI ENERGI DALAM
SEJARAH AGROEKOSISTEM

18. ● Abad yang lalu, petani masih self-sufficient dalam
penggunaan energi
● Saat ini, petani tergantung pada tambahan
external energy yang cukup besar, terutama bahan
bakar minyak.
● Akibat peningkatan penggunaan energi yang
cukup signifikan di US adalah penurunan tenaga
kerja manusia.