2. THE ONLY THEORY TO EXPLAIN
FIRST TIME IN THE WORLD:
1) WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY
2) HOW ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN 3-
DIMENSIONS ARE FORMED BY A PHOTON
3) WHAT MAKES PHOTONS TO DISPLAY
INTERFERENCE & DIFFRACTION
4) MYSTERY BEHIND REFRACTION
3. QUANTUM THEORY
Quantum Theory was developed about 100 years ago by the
collaborative efforts of most brilliant physicists. Max Planc is
known as the originator of the Quantum Theory. This
superseded Particle Theory as well asWave Theory of light.
Einstein in 1905 explained that “The energy of light is not
uniformly distributed in space but is in the form of localised
quanta at different points in space”.
Wave–particle duality postulates that all the particles of EM
Radiations exhibit both the properties of wave as well as
particle. A central concept of quantum theory, this duality
addresses the inability of classical concepts like "particle" and
"wave" to fully describe the behaviour of quantum-scale
objects.
4. Einstein, who, in his search for a Unified Field
Theory, did not accept wave-particle duality: This
double nature of radiation (and of material
corpuscles) is a major property of reality, which has
been interpreted in quantum mechanics in an
ingenious and amazingly successful fashion.
This interpretation, which is looked upon
essentially as final by almost all contemporary
physicists appears to me as only a temporary way
out.
5. HOW NEW QUANTAM
THEORY IS DEVELOPED
A. It is inspired from Einstein that Wave Particle Duality is
only a temporary solution and the nature of atoms and the
solar system
B. Every atom has a nucleus. The nucleus of an atom has
>99.9% mass of atom confined in less than 10-10 volume of
the atom.
C. In our Solar System, the Sun has approx. 99.86% mass of
the whole solar system occupying less than 10-10 volume of
the Solar System.
6. NEW QUANTUM THEORY
New Quantum Theory states that:
1) A photon has a nucleus.
2) Nearly all the mass of photon is concentrated in the nucleus even
though it is negligibly less in comparison to electron. Generally
photon is considered mass less since its mass is extremely small.
3) The charge of photon is located in the nucleus.
4) Nucleus is not in the centre but located eccentrically in the photon.
5) Photon is always spinning.
6) Photon always travel in the path of sinusoidal wave due to its
eccentric nucleus and spin.
7) Spinning speed is proportional to the frequency & energy of photon is
inversely proportional to the wavelength.
8) The theory is also applicable to electrons and all other particles
exhibiting wave particle duality whether nano, micro or macro level.
8. One photon is shown as big yellow circle in the diagram.
The red small circle within the photon is its nucleus of
mass and charge.
In this diagram of photon, it is shown to rotate clockwise.
9. SUMMARY OF NEW
QUANTUM THEORY
EM Radiations are particles of spinning photons having
eccentric nucleus of mass and charge.
Photons have both linear momentum as well as angular
momentum due to spinning mass of its nucleus located
away from its centre.
The direction of angular momentum due to its spinning
mass changes continuously with the rotation/spin of photon.
This angular momentum with continuously changing
direction forms a sinusoidal path of photon.
EM Radiations exhibit all the phenomena of particle nature
as well as wave nature since EM Radiations are the
particles only and can move in the path of a sinusoidal
wave displaying wave nature.
10. EM Radiations being particles do not require any medium to
travel unlike other waves requiring a medium to travel.
The frequency of EM Radiations is directly proportional to the
spinning speed of photons.
The energy of EM Radiations depends on spinning speed. With
increase in spinning speed the angular momentum increases
resulting in increasing the energy of the photons of EM Radiations.
Photons generate 2-D sinusoidal electric field wave and 3-D
sinusoidal magnetic field wave perpendicular to each other and
also to the direction of the travel of the EM Radiations. The
directions of electrical field as well as magnetic field reverse after
every half revolution of the photon or travel by half wavelength.
11. MASS OF PHOTON
There is gross ambiguity about the mass of photon and
generally it is accepted that photon has no mass.
There are several research papers on mass of photon.
Particle Data Group has several good references for mass of
photon.
Assuming mass of photon as 6 x 10-17 eV indicated by
Ryutov the mass of photon can be calculated as under:
E = 6 x 10-17 eV
m = E/c2
= 1.069597 x 10-52 kg
The mass of a photon is of the order of 10-50 kg.
12. CHARGE OF PHOTON
A photon has to have electric charge. Without charge it can
never generate Electromagnetic field or Electromagnetic
wave on its own.
According to the 2012 Particle Data Group (PDG) 7, the
best limit on the charge of a photon has been obtained by
looking for Aharonov-Bohm phase differences from
extragalactic radiation. The non-observation of such phase
differences has placed an upper bound on the photon charge
at the level of 10−32e.
13. HOW A PHOTON PARTICLE MOVES
IN THE PATH OF SINUSOIDAL WAVE
If a photon (or any particle) has uniformly distributed mass or mass
located in the centre, it cannot form a wave even though it is
spinning and travelling in a direction. It will travel in straight line
with noWave Particle Duality.
But if the mass is located eccentrically (not in centre), photon
develops angular momentum originating from the eccentrically
located nucleus of mass. This is in addition to the linear momentum
of the photon.
This angular momentum due to eccentric nucleus of photon is
responsible for the up & down movements to form a sinusoidal wave
while the photon moves in one direction.
15. Position ‘A’ shows the location of nucleus at the start of
sinusoidal wave from origin and the photon is moving
upwards. Subsequent positions from ‘B’ to ‘H’ are after the
spin/rotation of photon by 450 each. The direction of angular
momentum is shown by arrow in different positions. Direction
of linear momentum is always in the direction of travel the X -
direction.
16.
17. HOW A PHOTON FORMS A
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
As the photon spins, the eccentrically located nucleus also
rotates and makes one full circle around the centre of the
photon along with the completion of one revolution of photon.
During the first 900 spin of photon or formation of 1st quarter of
sinusoidal wave, the photon moves up in plus (+) Z - direction
from position ‘A’ (the starting point) to the position ‘C’ with its
travel in X – direction. The charge in the nucleus of the photon
moves from position ‘1’ to position ‘2’ in the path of sinusoidal
wave. This movement of charge in the nucleus generates
electric field wave along its sinusoidal path.
18. During the spin of photon from 00 to 900 in the 1st quarter travel
of photon from position ‘A’ to position ‘C’, the nucleus at position
‘1’ moves to nucleus at position ‘2’ in sinusoidal wave path
generating electric field wave. The charge in the nucleus moves
additional distance ‘r’ in forward X – direction with respect to the
centre of the photon.
This forward movement of charge in the nucleus with respect to
the centre of photon generates magnetic field wave along with the
1st quarter of sinusoidal wave path of nucleus above the datum X
– axis from nucleus at position ‘1’ to nucleus at position ‘2’ in
minus (–) Y- direction.
This is according to Faraday’s rules.
19.
20.
21. The electric field generated keeps on reversing in plus (+) and
minus (-) Z – direction along with the movement of the nucleus
of photon. The electric field generated is in 2 – Dimensions only
in X – Z plane.
The magnetic field generated is always perpendicular to the X
– Z plane and generated along with sinusoidal wave path of
electric charge. The magnetic field wave is in all 3 –
Dimensions.
The direction of the magnetic field generated keeps on
reversing in minus (-) and plus (+) Y - direction due to the
forward and reverse movement of the charge in the nucleus of
the photon with respect to the centre of photon.
22. INTERFERENCE
The photon particles of EM Radiations display interference like a
wave only due to the presence of eccentric nucleus of mass.
If there is no eccentric mass in the photons, dual behaviour of
Particle as well asWave is just not possible.
When two spinning photons coincide at the crest positions of the EM
Radiations, the angular momentums of both the photons are in same
direction therefore the resultant is constructive and ultimate crest
height is doubled.
Similarly when two spinning photons coincide at the trough positions
of the EM Radiation the trough depth is doubled.
27. REFERENCES
1) N. S. Agarwal (2012). “New Quantum Theory”
Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 5
Issue11: 3612 – 3617. ISSN:0974-6846.
2) ISBN: 978-3-659-34139-7 “New Quantum Theory”
by Narendra Agarwal published by Lambert Academic
Publishing, Germany.
3) ISBN: 978-3-659-38556-8 “Mystery of Wave Particle
Duality” by Narendra Agarwal published by Lambert
Academic Publishing, Germany.
