INTRODUCTION TO GREEN RADIO,STUDY OF ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES FOR BASE STATIONS OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

1. INTRODUCTION TO GREEN RADIO
AND
STUDY OF ENERGY EFFICIENT
TECHNIQUES FOR BASE
STATIONS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKS
PRESENTED BY:SHRUTI DASGUPTA
M.E. (E&TC) (MICROWAVE) SEM-I

2. CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
Need For Energy Conservation
 Green Radio
 Base Station


METHODOLOGY
Resource Allocation Strategies
 Interference Management and Mitigation
 Energy Efficient Routing and Multihop

APPLICATION
 FUTURE SCOPE
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES


3. INTRODUCTION

NEED FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Emission of Green House Gases.
 Consumption of non-renewable energy resources.


ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
APPLICATIONS.
IN
WIRELESS
Energy consumed by the network in operation
 Embedded emissions of the network equipment, for
example, emissions associated with the manufacturing and
deployment of network equipment
 Energy consumed by mobile handsets and other devices,
when they are manufactured, distributed and used.
 Emissions associated with buildings run by mobile operators,
and emissions from transport.


4. Direct Emission of Mobile Industry 2009
Total 245 Mt CO2
12%
4%
Device Embedded
13%
Device Consumption
Network Embedded
71%
Network Consumption

5. GREEN RADIO
A Project established in 2009 by Mobile Virtual
Center of Excellence (VCE).
 Its aim is to achieve 100 fold reduction in power
consumption over current Wireless Communication
Networks.
 The Project is focused on two perspectives:

Reduce energy consumption by finding alternative
existing cellular network structures.
 Reduce energy consumption in base stations and
handsets of the networks.


6. POWER CONSUMPTION AND CO2 EMISSION BY
BASE STATIONS
CO2 emissions per subscriber
per year
9kg
CO2
4.3kg
CO2
Operation
Embodied
energy
Base station
2.6kg
CO2
8.1kg
CO2
Mobile

7. MAIN COMPONENTS OF BASE STATION
Radio transceivers: The equipment for generating
transmit signals to and decoding signals from
mobile terminals.
 Power amplifiers: These devices amplify the
transmit signals from the transceiver to a high
enough power level for transmission, typically
around 5–10 W.
 Transmit antennas: The antennas are responsible
for physically radiating the signals, and are typically
highly directional to deliver the signal to users
without radiating the signal into the ground or sky


8. ARCHITECTURE OF BASE STATION

9. POWER USAGE IN BASE STATION
Transceiver Idling
9%
Power Supply
19%
9%
Cooling Fans
Power Amplifier
8%
Cabling
16%
3%
Transmit Power
1%
Central Equipment
Coupling/Duplexing
22%
13%
Transceiver Power
Conversion

10. ENERGY MATRICES FOR BASE STATION
EFFICIENCY INCREASE

Improvement of the efficiency of the base station is
based on its energy matrices:

Energy Consumption Rating (ECR) Matrix:
It is the ratio of peak power divided by the maximum data
throughput for a base station transmitter.
 This metric allows the absolute performance of different
wireless networks to be calibrated in ECR.


Energy Consumption Gain (ECG) Matrix:
It the ratio (Eb/Et), where Eb is the energy consumed by the
baseline system and Et is the energy for the system under
test.
 The larger the value of the ECG, the more efficient the system
under test becomes.


11. METHODOLOGY

On the basis of ECR and ECG, there are three
different energy efficient techniques for Base
Stations of Wireless Networks.
Resource Allocation Strategies
 Interference Management and Mitigation
 Energy Efficient Routing and Multihop


12. RESOURCE ALLOCATION
STRATEGIES
It is used to describe how the base station
transmitter make the decision of how and when to
transmit data to different users on the downlink
within the cell it is serving.
 Such energy reductions could lead to further energy
savings through switching off transceiver equipment
and base station cooling.
 There
are
two complementary techniques
suggested below, aimed at low and high traffic load
conditions.

Under low traffic load conditions:
 Under high traffic load conditions:


13. INTERFERENCE MANAGEMENT AND
MITIGATION
The impact of interference is more severe as users
move closer to the boundary region between two
cells, leading to significant SINR and data rate
reduction.
 One way to reduce interference in cellular systems
is to coordinate the multiple antennas of the
adjacent base stations to form a distributed antenna
system (DAS).
 This permits the interference to users on the cell
edge to be effectively controlled and mitigated by
coordinated transmit beamforming at all of the
participating base stations.


14. 
The following three schemes can be used by
coordinating downlink beamforming:
The user is served by the base station providing the
highest SINR while other base stations avoid transmitting
signal energy toward that user.
 All users are served by multiple base stations using
multiple antenna beamforming and coherent user-end
combining (i.e., full exploitation of the interference
suppression capability offered by the DAS).
 Users are allocated to one or more base stations based on
their position.


An alternative scheme to DAS is to apply interference
cancellation techniques at a multiple- antenna
receiver.

15. 
There are two complementary strategies being
considered, as shown in Figure, distributed antenna
systems and receiver interference cancellation.

16. ENERGY-EFFICIENT ROUTING AND
MULTIHOP

The use of relays to exchange information between
a base station and a mobile terminal may be an
efficient way to improve base station energy
efficiency.
R
S
D
S
D
R
S
D
Conventional Base Station
– Mobile Station Link
S
D
Base Station –Mobile Station
Link With Relay

17. The energy efficiency of opportunistic cooperative
relaying designed for the multiuser single-carrier
frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink
(mobile-to-base link) is also a technique to be
considered with the aid of a single relay amplify-andforward (AF) scheme.
 A joint frequency-domain equalization and combining
(JFDEC) aided receiver can also be employed at the
base station.


18. APPLICATION





Vodafone – Group: target to reduce CO2 emissions by
50% by 2020, from 2006/07 levels.
Orange: Reduce greenhouse emissions per customer by
20% between 2006 and 2020.
Ericsson: has reduced the annual direct CO 2
emissions per subscriber in the mobile broadband base
stations it supplies from 31 kg in 2001 to 17 kg in 2005 and
to 8 kg in 2007.
Nokia Siemens Networks: announced in 2009 a new
SM/WCDMA cabinet-based BTS with a power
consumption of 790 W, vs 4,100 W for the equivalent
model from 2005.
Alcatel-Lucent: has developed innovative techniques such
as the Dynamic Power Save feature on their GSM/EDGE
mobile networking portfolio, which reduces power
consumption when the traffic drops with no impact on
service quality.

19. FUTURE SCOPE
In Resource Allocation : study of the best
combination of scheduling techniques from an
energy efficiency perspective across the range of
traffic loads experienced in future LTE networks.
 In Interference Management and Mitigation: more
intelligent methods to cancel adjacent cell
interference to be studied, along with consideration
of the most energy-efficient combination of
Interference cancellation techniques at both base
stations and mobile terminals.
 In Energy Efficient Routing and Multihop: to
compare the energy efficiency of relay techniques
with the use of femtocells.


20. CONCLUSION
Thus, we have studied the Mobile VCE Green Radio
project, for the study novel approaches to reducing
the energy consumption of wireless links, in particular
the improving the design and operation of wireless
base stations.
 Also has been studied that base stations have a much
higher operational energy budget than mobile
terminals.
 The
three
techniques
of
resource
allocation,
interference
management
and
mitigation, and energy efficient routing and multihop
have been studied and the means by which these
methods can lead to energy savings have been
described.


21. REFERENCES





Congzheng Han, et al, “Green Radio: Radio Techniques to
Enable
Energy-Efficient
Wireless
Networks”,
IEEE
Communications Magazine, May 2011.
J. Nicholas Laneman, David N. C. Tse, and Gregory W.
Wornell, “Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient
Protocols and Outage Behavior”, IEEE Transactions on
Information Technology, Vol. 50, No. 12, December 2004
Stefan Videv and Harald Haa, “Energy-Efficient Scheduling
and Bandwidth–EnergyEfficiency Trade-Off with Low
Load”, IEEE ICC Transactions 2011.
K.
Bumman,
M.
Junghwan,
and
K.
Ildu
“EfficientlyAmplified”, IEEE Microwave Mag., Vol. 11, No.
5, Aug.2010.
Javier Gozalvez, “Green Radio Technologies”, IEEE Vehicular
Technology Magazine, March 2010.

22. 







PA Peter Wright, et al, “A Methodology for Realizing High
Efficiency Class-J in a Linear and Broadband”, IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 57, No.
12, December 2009
K. C. Beh, C. Han, M. Nicolaou, S. Armour, A.Doufexi, “Power
Efficient MIMO Techniques for 3GPP LTE and Beyond”, Proc.
IEEEVTC Fall, Anchorage, AK, Sept. 2009.
Jiayi Zhang, Lie-Liang Yang and Lajos Hanzo, “Power-Efficient
Opportunistic Amplify-and-Forward Single-Relay Aided MultiUser
SC-FDMA
Uplink”,
Proc.
IEEE
VTC
Spring, Taipei, Taiwan, May 2010.
T.A. Le M.R. Nakhai, “Throughput analysis of network coding
enabled wireless backhauls”, IET Commun., 2011, Vol. 5
Ioannis Krikidis, John S. Thompson, and Peter M.
Grant, “Cooperative Relaying with Feedback for Lifetime
Maximization”, IEEE Transactions 2010.
www.mobilevce.com
www.trai.gov.in
www.greenpeace.org

23. THANK YOU