BIORATIONALS.pptx

BIO-RATIONAL
APPROACHES IN
MANAGEMENTOF INSECT
PESTSOFCOTTON
CREDIT SEMINAR ( ENT 591)
SASWATI PARIJA
Adm.no - 201221613
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY ,
COLLEGE OF AGRICUTLURE , OUAT , Bhubaneswar.

 Introduction
 Why BiorationalApproach?
 Classification of BIORATIONALAPPROACHES
 Semiochemicals
 Microbial Pest ControlAgents
 Growth Regulators , Enzymes , Hormones
 Natural Plants/Botanicals
 Categories of Cotton Insect Pests
 Case Study : Semiochemicals as BiorationalApproach in Cotton Insect Pest Management
 Case Study : Microbial agents as BiorationalApproach in Cotton Insect Pest Management
 Case Study : Growth Regulators , Enzymes , Hormones as BiorationalApproach in Cotton Insect Pest
Management
 Case Study ; Natural Plant Botanicals as BiorationalApproach in Cotton Insect Pest Management
 Limitations in BiorationalApproaches
 Future Prospects
 References

• The term “biorationals” has been derived from two words, biological and
rational and denote to such pesticides that have been derived from some
natural source and impose minimum or no adversarial threats on the
environment or beneficial organisms (Ware 1989).
• Djerassi et al., (1974) used the term “biorationals” for the first time for
pheromones, insect hormones, and hormone antagonists describing their
properties such as species-specificity, active lethality at low
concentrations and low persistency or toxicity to non-target vertebrates.
• Plimmer (1985) introduced process-oriented definition of “biorational” and
explicated that “biorational is the exploitation of knowledge about plant or
animal biochemistry in order to synthesize a new molecule which acts at a
particular site or blocks a key step in a biochemical process”.

• Bowers (2000) modified and improved process-oriented
definition and concept of “biorational” by incorporating
the concept of selectivity.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said the term
“biorationals” is practically synonym to term
“biopesticides” which have low risk, are derived from
natural sources including plants, animals, bacteria
and certain minerals and are divided into “microbials”,
plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) and biochemical
(Rosell et al. 2008).

Safe for natural enemies of
insect pests, do not get
accumulated in the
environment and are degraded
to simple nontoxic molecules
No or little mammalian toxicity
or toxic effects on non-target
organism
Highly target specific and
commanding
Very active at very low
concentration
WHY
BIORATIONALS ??
(Gogi et al. (2017). BiorationalApproaches in Pest Management. )

BIO-CONTROL
AGENTS
CONVENTIONAL
CHEMICAL
INSECTICIDES
BIOLOGICAL AND
BIOLOGICALLY
DERIVED PEST
CONTROL AGENTS
BIO RATIONAL
PESTICIDES
SEMIOCHEMICALS
(ALLOMONES,
KAIROMONES,
SYNOMONES,
PHEROMONES)
MICROBIAL PEST
CONTROL AGENTS
(BACTERIA ,VIRUS ,
FUNGUS , PROTOZOA)
BIOCHEMICAL PEST
CONTROL AGENTS
( GROWTH
REGULATORS ,
ENZYMES , HORMONES
, NATURAL PLANTS )
PATHOGENS ,
PARASITES AND
NEMATODES
[Gogi, et al .,(2017). Biorational
Approaches in Pest Management.]

(Image Source: BiopesticidesVolume 2: Advances in Bio-InoculantsAdvances in Bio-inoculantScience,2022)

Source: Ahmad et al., 2019. Insect Growth Regulators for Insect Pest
Control.Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 208-218.

PLANT
COMPOUNDS
ORIGIN MODE OF ACTION
Pyrethrins Flowers of (Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium)
• Block Na ion influx
• Channels being affected by intermolecular forces
• Causes alterations in moving ion conductivity
• “Knock down effect”
Azadirachtin Neem tree, Seed Kernel of
(Azadirachta indica)
• Antifeedant activity,
• growth regulator,
• inhibits oviposition
• sterilizing compound
Nicotine Tobacco plant
(Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana
rustica)
• Acetylcholine mimic action in binding with receptor in the
post-synaptic membrane in muscle.
• Alters the membrane permeability.
• Nicotine activity causes the production of new nerve
impulses which cause convulsions, and death
(Contd..)

Rotenone Roots of (Derris elliptica and
Lonchocarpus utilis)
• Contact and ingestion poison, repellent too.
• Inhibition of electron transport at
mitochondrial level,
• Blocks phosphorylation of ADP to ATP &
inhibiting insect metabolism.
Ryania Ground Stemwood of
( Ryania speciosa )
• Contact or stomach poison
• Directly prevents muscles from contraction,
causing paralysis
Sabadilla Ripe Seeds ofTropical Lily plant
(Schoenocaulon officinale)
• Disruption of neuron cell membranes causing
reduction of nerve activity, paralysis and death
(Contd..)
[Kumbhar.2020. Role & Mechanism of Botanicals in pest
management. Just Agriculture .1 (2):226-232]

(Gogi et al. (2017). Biorational Approaches in Pest Management. )

White fly (Bemicia tabaci) & Damage
symptoms
Cotton Aphid (Aphis gossypii)
[Image Source:TNAU,NAIP., “Department of e-cources for B.ScAgriculture.” eagri,
http://eagri.org/eagri50/ENTO331/lecture10/004.html]

Cotton Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) & Damage
symptoms
[Image Source:TNAU,NAIP., “Department of e-cources for B.ScAgriculture.”
eagri, http://eagri.org/eagri50/ENTO331/lecture10/004.html]

Tobacco Cutworm (Spodoptera litura)

Damage symptoms by Cotton thrips (Thrips tabaci)

Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
[Image Source:TNAU,NAIP., “Department of e-cources for B.ScAgriculture.” eagri, http://eagri.org/eagri50/ENTO331/lecture10/004.html]

CASE
STUDY
BIORATIONAL
COMPOUND
CITATION RESEARCH CONCLUSION
1. Antibiotics influence the
toxicity of the delta
endotoxins of Bacillus
thuringiensis towards the
cotton
bollworm, Helicoverpa
armigera
Bacillus
thuringiensis (bt)
(Krishnayya et al.,
2014)
• Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxin proteins were
evaluated at ED50, LC50, and LC90 dosages
against the H. armigera larvae with and
without antibiotics (which removed the gut
microbes).
• Mortality of H. armigera larvae fed on diets
with Bt formulation and the δ-endotoxins
Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac was inversely
proportional to the concentration of
antibiotics in the artificial diet.

CASE
STUDY
BIORATIONAL
COMPOUND
2. Bioefficacy of Verticillium
lecanii (1.15%WP) against
sucking pest complex on
transgenic Bt cotton.
Lecanicillium
lecanii
(entomopathogenic
fungi )
Patil et al.,
(2010)
• Lecanicillium lecanii
(Verticel) 1.15 % WP was
administered against sucking pest
complex on transgenic Bt cotton in
comparison with acetamiprid 20 SP at
Agricultural Research Station,
Dharwad.
• Verticel @ 7.50 kg/ha registered
least number of thrips, aphids and
leafhoppers and found to be on par
with acetamiprid 20 SP @ 100
g/ha.
• At 5.00 kg/ha, it was also found
effective. Significantly higher seed
cotton yield in two cropping years
was obtained through protection by
Verticel @ 7.50 kg/ha respectively
which was proved to be at par with
acetamiprid 20 SP.

CASE
STUDY
BIORATIONAL
COMPOUND
3. Individual and combined
impact of nuclear
polyhedrosis virus and
spinosad to control the
tropical armyworm,
Spodoptera litura
(Fabricius) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae), in cotton in
Pakistan
Nuclear
Polyhedrosis
Virus (SLnpv)
Ayyub et al.,
2019
• The pathogenicity of V-SpltNPV against
2nd, 3rd, and 4th larval instars of S. litura
was evaluated at various concentrations
(1 × 104 to 1 × 108 OBs/ml).
• Mortality rate was high (37.65–96.82%) in
early instar larvae against tested
concentrations. LC50 and LT50 values
increased with increasing larval age.
• In a greenhouse experiment, a combined
application of spinosad with V-SpltNPV
(1 × 108 OBs/ml) caused (100%) mortality
of 2nd instar larvae.
• A single application of V-SpltNPV
(1 × 108 OBs/ml) resulted to mean mortality
(52.63%) of tested larvae.

CASE
STUD
Y
BIORATIONAL
COMPOUND
4. Non-chemical approach for
management of whitefly in
cotton
Neem
(Botanical)
Saini et al., 2019 The botanicals, particularly
neem was found very effective
against whitefly due to its
antifeedant, toxicological,
repellent, sterility inducing and
growth inhibiting effects.

5. Effect of different
treatments on jassids of
Bt-transgenic cotton at
5th and 10th days after
three sprayings
Neem oil ,
Lecanicillium
lecanii,
Metarhizzhium
anisopliae,
Beauveria
bassiana,
Karanj seed
extracts ( in
different
treatments)
Dere et al.,
2015
• (Variety : Mahyco Bollgard MRC-
7351) during kharif season 2012–
2013 ,College of Agriculture,
Nagpur.
• During this investigation, on the
basis of above parameters, lowest
infestation of sucking pest like
jassids and higher yield over control
was registered in treatment
Dimethoate 30 EC 0.05% to the
following treatments in descending
order were:
CASE
STUDY
BIORATIONAL
COMPOUND
• (T9) Neem oil @ 1% 10 ml/lit > (T7) Neem seed extract (NSE) 5% > (T4) Verticillium lecanii (2x109
CFU/ml) 5 g/lit water > (T6) Metarhizium anisopliae (2x109 CFU/ml 5 g/lit water) > (T3) Lecanicillium
lecanii (2x109 CFU/ml) 4 g/lit water > (T5) Metarhizium anisopliae (2x109 CFU/ml 4 g/lit water) > (T2)
Beauveria bassiana (2x109 CFU/ml) 5 g/lit water) > (T1) Beauveria bassiana (2x109 CFU/ml)4 g/lit water)
> (T8) karanj seed extract (KSE) 5%.

CASE
STUDY
BIORATIONAL
COMPOUND
6. Field efficacy of
Insect growth
regulator,
Pyriproxyfen on
sucking insect pests
and predatory
complex on Bt Cotton.
Pyriproxyfen
(IGR)
Dhawan et al.,
2014
• The performance of pyriproxyfen 10 EC applied @ 75,
100 and 125 g a.i. ha-1 against sucking insect pests and
predatory complex in four different experiments at
farmers’ field on Bt cotton in comparison with untreated
control and standard checks, i.e., diafenthiuron 50 WP @
300 g a.i. ha-1 and ethion 50 EC @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 for
white fly and imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 as well
as acetamiprid 20 SP @ 20 g a.i. ha-1 for jassid, is
reported.
• Based on pooled mean of two years, the per cent
reduction of white fly adults over control in pyriproxyfen
10 EC @ 100 and 125 g a.i. ha-1 was at par with ethion 50
EC at 7 and 10 days after spray (DAS).
• However, all the three pyriproxyfen dosages were
significantly more effective against nymphal population of
white fly against standard checks.
• After 7 days of spray, reduction in white fly nymphs over
control in pyriproxyfen 10 EC @ 100 and 125 g a.i.ha-
1 was 90.0 and 91.4 per cent, respectively.

CASE
STUDY 7
• Treatment of last-instar larvae of multi-resistant cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis with four
ecdysone agonists i.e dibenzoylhydrazines, methoxyfenozide , tebufenozide , halofenozide
resulted in premature molting leading to death. Methoxyfenozide was the most toxic followed by
tebufenozide, halofenozide.
Significance of absorption, oxidation, and binding to toxicity of four
ecdysone agonists in multi-resistant cotton leafworm (Carton et al., 2001)

Pheromones in the Management of Major
Lepidopterous and Coleopterous Pests of
Cotton
(Gahukar et al., 2000)
CASE STUDY 8
It was found that pheromone trap was effective against
major Coleopterous and Lepidopterous pests of cotton by
holding them under the ETL when used along with other
Integrated pest modules.

Pheromone trap used against Pink Boll worm.
[Image source: Gahukar et al., 2000]

CASE
STUDY 9
• Fatty acids and their methylesterase derivatives were the major componds in the fecal matter of
bollworms (Cotton bollworm and pink bollworm) namely:
• Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) and its methyl ester
• Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) and its methyl ester
• Tetradecanoic acid (myrstic acid)
• Octadecanoic acid (linoleic acid) ,
• caryophyllene and its oxide and phytol
• Above compounds found to have feeding deterrants for the same bollworm complex in the crop.
• Volatiles observed in common maybe used separately or in combination with effective
semiochemicals.
Deployment of Semiochemical based pest management for bollworm
complex of Cotton (Narkhedkar et al., 2019)

• A huge amount of investment is involved in the development and
marketing of biorational products.
• Their specificity to one species or closely related species limits their marketing
• Most of the biorational molecules are photodegradable and face rapid reduction
in their efficacy.
• Some biorational products like semiochemicals require area-wide application fo
getting effective and economical results.
• Both the fundamental and applied aspects of such biomolecules need more
comprehensive research for effective implementation.

• There is need to investigate analogues of such molecules to enhance their stability in
the system.
• A comprehensive research is required to explore the genomic and proteomics of such
molecules for their insertion in plants through biotechnological approaches
• Developing genetically modified resistant plant species of economical crops.
• In the new era of biotechnology, most of the issues associated with these biorational
products can be solved and these products are not only winning the reliability of the
market and end user.
• More scope of research in crop specific semiochemicals and plant growth regulators
aiming on phytopagous insects
• Potential in sustainable IPM program of economic crops against insect pests.

R E F E R E N C E S :
• Carton et al., 2001. Significance of absorption, oxidation, and binding to toxicity of four ecdysone agonists in multi-resistant cotton leafworm
.Insect Biochem. Physiol. 46:127–139
• Gogi, Dildar & Nawaz, Ahmad & Sufyan, Muhammad & Sarfraz, Rana & Liburd, Oscar. 2017.
Biorational Approaches in Pest Management.
• Horowitz, A. & Ellsworth, Peter & Ishaaya, Isaac. 2010. Biorational Pest Control – An Overview.
10.1007/978-90-481-2316-2 (1)
• Hegde et al., 2011. Identification of semiochemicals released by cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, upon
infestation by the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. J Chem Ecol. 2011 Jul;37(7):741-50. doi:
10.1007/s10886-011-9980-x. Epub 2011 Jun 14. PMID: 21671083.
• Kumbhar.2020. Role & Mechanism of Botanicals in pest management. Just Agriculture .1 (2):226-232
• Patil et al., 2012. Bioefficacy of Verticillium lecanii (1.15%WP) against sucking pest complex on
transgenic Bt cotton. J Cotton Res dev. 26. 222-226.

• Pati, S.B., Udikeri, S.S. and Khadi, B.M., 2004. Thiamethoxam 35 FS - A new seed
dresser formulation for sucking pest control in cotton crop. Pestology, 28:34-37.
• Pande, Rachna & Shah, Vivek & Verma, Pooja & Narkhedkar, Nandini &
Waghmare, Vijay. 2019. Deployment of Semiochemical based pest management
for bollworm complex of cotton.
• Sanjay Cyril Masih and Bhat Rayees Ahmad. 2019. Insect Growth Regulators for
Insect Pest Control. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 208-218. doi:
https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas
• Tamhankar, A., Gahukar, R. & Rajendran,T., 2000. Pheromones in the
Management of Major Lepidopterous and Coleopterous Pests of Cotton. Int. Pest
Management Rev 5, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009675920393
• Vastrad, A.S., 2003. Neonicotinoids-Current success and future outlook.
Pestology, 27:60-63

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