African American Movement In The Progressive Era

African American Movement In The Progressive Era
As the Gilded age remained strong during the late 1800s and into the early 1900s, many people saw that society needed to change to benefit both the
poor and wealthy as well as minorities. The
Progressive era sparked protests and work reforms that altered work ethic, work safety, the conditions in prisons, and exposed many areas of people
living in extreme poverty through books, newspaper articles, and tragic events like the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. At this point, The
African American population thrived mostly in the southern United States. Although the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments gave African
Americans the right to freedom from slavery, vote, and become citizens of the United States, Southern Black codes, segregation, and Jim Crow laws
plagued the African American population to almost equivalent like slaves.
The solution for a majority of the African American population resorted to moving up North in states like Illinois and New York. African Americans
migrated to the north to escape segregation, lynching's, to seek economic prosperity, civil rights, experience a harsh reality,
Protest in the south, and to create a culture of their own.
First, most of the African American population in the United States resided in the South. After the ratification of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth
Amendments, many African Americans felt relief that they have achieved civil rights. However, that was not the case. According to Eric Arnesen's book,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Reconstruction And Reconstruction Of Reconstruction
Reconstruction was a time where the south had the opportunity to rebuild after the civil war. Most of the southern states of the united states was
destroyed during the civil war. The union victory of the civil war may have given about 4 million slaves their freedom, but while the process of the
south rebuilding of reconstruction began, it introduced new significant challenges and effects. The Reconstruction era was from January 1, 1863 to
March 31, 1877(about 14 years and a half). First of all, the primary goal of Reconstruction is the reunification of the north and the south. Once the
north and the south separation is restored and a sense of nationhood is accomplished, progress is made to be possible. Also it gave the south the
opportunity to rebuild after the civil war. Due to the fact that the southern part of The United States was the most damaged from the civil war. The
reconstruction part of this was from the south to gain the chance to start over and rebuild what they had. Mainly on the civil rights or punishment
would be divisive and difficult in quickly accomplishing. To successfully bring out reunification, we must rebuild the rust and nationalism and to attain
the issues of equality, power and rights. The pressure should not be put on the south on its own, we must rebuild politically, economically and socially.
The states rights and power of speech override the federal power. If not agreeable, the state of matter would be taken to the supreme court. Secondly,

Domestic Problems Of African Americans
Abstract Living in the Southern parts of the United States since the end of the Civil War was not easy for people of color especially
African–Americans. Because of a great deal of economic uncertainty, it was gravely difficult to attain financial security as well as be treated as an
equal instead of a piece a property which had been the case for over three hundred years. Nearly one–fourth of all white Southerners owned slaves, and
upon the backs of these slaves, the economic basis of America and much of the Atlantic world was constructed. In the several cotton states, one–third of
all white income was derived from slavery. By the end of the Civil War and the abolishment of slavery, White Americans began isolating the ex
–slaves.
The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New political, social, and economic systems emerged that transformed the South from a rural, slave–based society, to an increasingly urban,
industrialized, free labor society. The changes to the social, political, and economic landscape of the South prompted an unprecedented era of racial
violence throughout the region (Jett, p.40). The Southern states deemed slavery was crucial to safeguard white superiority. Most Southern whites who
had aspirations of becoming a very prominent slave–owner, were terrified of a society with considerable numbers of African–Americans who were not
slaves. Segregation moved by way of public accommodations, all the way through the South. DeFina & Hannon (2011) and others showed daily
interactions of whites and blacks in the South, during reconstruction of the south identified racial prejudices were increasing steadily, after the Civil
War and especially during the 1880's. Town after town across the south flatly banned African Americans within their city limits after dark. Legal,
political, social and demographic changes in the south made lynching dysfunctional as a source of control. Among other more delicate control
mechanisms, modern housing segregation helped serve as a replacement to brutal racial oppression or even death. Jim Crow Laws The term "Jim
Crow" laws were created from a character during the mid–nineteenth century. The white performers smeared a black cream their faces and mimicked

Pregnancy In The Southern United States During And Before
Pregnancy in the Southern United States during and before the 19th century was rife with difficulties. Particularly the humid Southern climate was
quite hospitable for malaria and epidemics were not uncommon. Quinine was the medicine of choice for malaria at the time and was a known
abortifacient and was the cause behind a lot of miscarriages, stillbirths, and infant deaths. In the 19th century as Americans placed emphasis on
education and training, doctors, rather than midwives, assumed the leading role in labor and delivery for upper class women. In the South particularly,
doctors preferred traditional "heroic" cures such as leeching, cupping, and purging which were followed because of the region's devotion to
time–honored practices.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the time arose for the child to be born, middle and upper–class Southern ladies chose not to give birth in hospitals, which were unsanitary
charitable institutions, but rather preferred to give birth within their own home, or that of a family member. Often in the case of a first child, a
woman would choose to give birth in their parent's home as it gave them round the clock access to their own mother, who could be a source for
psychological advice as well as medical assistance. Southern mothers regarded the care of their pregnant daughters as a part of their sacred
maternal duty and many letters survive of daughters asking their mother to be with them as their delivery drew near. One such letter comes from
Laura Norwood of North Carolina to her mother; she wrote, "I cannot tell you, my dear mother, what a comfort if would be to me if you could be
here at the time of my approaching event." Likewise, women of lower classes such as slaves and the wives of yeoman farmers often gave birth in their
home, with the assistance of family members, if at all possible.
For enslaved women the nine months of their gestation was radically different than their white counterpoints. When faced with illness doctors would
often choose to save the life of the mother, as opposed to that of the infant. This goes to show, as further evidence, the commodity aspect of slave
pregnancy. To slave owners, the mother was a

Southern Vowel Shift In Southern English
Introduction
Southern American English is one of the most widely recognized dialects of American English; however, it is also the most negatively viewed dialect
of American English followed closely only by New York City speech. With this negative view comes the perception that those that speak this dialect of
Standard American English are ignorant. This could not be farther from the truth. According to many linguists, the Southern American English dialect is
rooted in British regional dialect and is the only dialect that still sounds much like our ancestors. (PBS) Some unique features of Southern American
English are well known such as saying y'all for you all; useta for used to; and fixin to for I intend to, along with the well–known "southern drawl" that
comes from the Southern Vowel Shift. Although the Southern English dialect touches most of the southern states within the United States, Louisiana
does not consist of the same features due to the French influence on language.
Phonology Southern American English possesses many phonological features that make it unique from Standard American English (*SAE), but the
Southern Vowel Shift may be the most recognized feature of the Southern English dialect. The Southern Vowel Shift affected most of the southern
states, but each stage of this shift may have impacted different regions of the south. For instance, the merger of vowels in words like pen and pin
began occurring as early as the second quarter of the nineteenth

United States And Southern State Essay
United states were consist of southern state and northern states. The northern state was consist almost all about the white people. The southern state
was consist of almost all the colored people. They were in one union of United States. Somehow, the southern state start to secede from the union after
the election of President Lincoln. There were some issues that make them need to secede from the union. Start from the issues about the slavery that
banned by the government, taxation, and trade process.
After Lincoln become a president, there are many respond on it. The slave believe that they will be free from their master after Lincoln become the
president. It is written in the book page 641 that the Negroes think that Lincoln will help them and they believe that Lincoln will do something to turn
up (641). After the election and Lincoln was Inaugurated, America's is meet the break of the country. The south felt that they could not give their voice
in the national government. Their right to be participant of the country is banned by the government. Participated in country is the right for all people.
At that time the south people may not do voting for the United States. There were issued that the northern want to stop the growing process in the south.
It comes after they know that member of government that run by the Lincoln ere almost from the northern territory. The south people believe that the
government in Lincoln era and the congress want to against what the South's

Aspects Of Southern American English
The ever so charming dialect of Southern American English is often found quite pleasant sounding to other Americans. In fact, according to an article
in TIME Magazine and a survey from dating site Cupid.com, "the sing–song honey sweetness of the Southern accent is the country's sexiest". Many
Northerners, Midlanders and SouthWesterners are enthralled by the attractiveness of Southern English. Although, some language and grammar aspects
of Southern American English are thought to be improper or incorrect. This negative aspect of the language variety makes those who speak it
sometimes seem uneducated or incorrect when it comes to the "rules" of American English (pbs). Southern American English, also known as SAE for
short, is a true gem of an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vegetable green beans is often called "snap beans" in some southern communities. Another fascinating older lexical difference is a dragonfly being
called a "mosquito hawk" (pbs). Many varieties of American English have interesting lexical differences but SAE has to have some of the most
intriguing. Its old time sayings have been passed down from generation to generation.
There is a common misconception of southerners and their variety of language being perceived as "dumb" or wrong. People get the idea of
southerners being grammatically incorrect or illiterate because a multitude of movies and television shows portray them that way. Popular shows like
The Dukes of Hazzard make out those who live in the Southern United States to use "non–proper English" (pbs). Yet through understanding and
researching all of the features of SAE it is very evident that their speech is entirely correct in all characteristics of standard

The Struggle Of The American Civil War
The American Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy.
Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the
Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, simply called the South, grew to include eleven states. Although they claimed thirteen states and
additional western territories, the Confederacy was never recognized by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal and did not declare
secession were known as the Union or the North. The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, the extension of slavery into the western
territories. After four years of combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's land, the
Confederacy collapsed and slavery was abolished. They soon began the Reconstruction and the processes of restoring national unity and guaranteeing
civil rights to the freed slaves. In the 1860 presidential election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, supported banning slavery in all the U.S.
territories, something the Southern states viewed as a violation of their constitutional rights and as being part of a plan to eventually abolish slavery.
The Republican Party, in the North, secured a majority of the votes, and Lincoln was elected the first Republican president. Before his inauguration on
March 4, 1861, seven slave

The Effects Of Drought On The Southern United States
There is an alarming situation emerging in the Southwestern United States where record setting drought conditions persist and the forecast for the
future warns of continued drought conditions. Effects of the drought are as visible as they are alarming; Lake Mead, one of the largest reservoirs in
this region is well below its high water mark leaving officials to wondering how they can continue to provide both water and electricity to the region.
According to the National Climate Assessment 2014, ninety–two percent of this region uses irrigation to water crops accounting for seventy–nine
percent of the water withdrawals (Garfin). In addition, a study by NASA concludes droughts in the Southwest United States may be longer and drier
than previous droughts in the last one thousand years (Cole). The ongoing drought in the Southwestern United States is driving water reserves to
dangerously low levels, adversely affecting an agricultural system that will have ripple effects throughout the entire country, unless the farmers of this
region can learn to farm without water they may not survive.5
In order to understand drought we must first understand what drought means. Drought is defined by Merriam–Webster dictionary as "A period of
dryness especially when prolonged; specifically: one that causes extensive damage to crops or prevents their successful growth"
(Merriam–Webster).The southwestern United States is considered, for the most part, an arid region. That doesn't mean that it is a

How the Civil War Changed the Future of the American Nation
The outburst of the Civil War forever changed the future of the American nation. At first, it began as a fight to protect the Union, not as a struggle to
free the slaves. Many citizens from the North and South felt that the conflict would ultimately decide both issues. Slavery was one of the primary issues
which physically divided the northern U.S. from the Southern U.S. during the Civil War. Even after the Reconstruction Era it continue to divide the
two. The Southern resistance to ending slavery was the main reason as to why the South believed in rejecting outsider ideals and it helped establish
the Southern Code of Honor that emphasizes aggression and violence. The first definition of slavery appeared as part of a document in the
League of Nations Slavery Convention of September 1926. It defined the word as a "status of condition of a person over whom any or all of the
powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised." The document went on to define the slave trade as "all acts involved in the capture,
acquisition or disposal of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery; all acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a view to selling or
exchanging him; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of a slave acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of
trade or transport in slaves" (Weissbrodt and Dottridge, 4). The history of slave importation and ownership in the South is lengthy. Slaves began being
imported into

High Tensions Between Northern And Southern United States
Introduction
During the mid eighteen hundreds there were high tensions between the Northern United States and the Southern United States. One of the main
causes of the tensions between the Northern and Southern States of the United States was Slavery. After the United States won the United
States–Mexican War there was a large portion of new land for theUnited States but there was one problem. The Northern part of the United States did
not want to have slavery but the Southern part of the United States wanted slavery. To compromise they split the remaining and new land equally
among the Northern and Southern parts of the United States. The balance of power between the Northern and Southern States was kept until new
states applied for statehood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This introduction of the separating machine by Eli Whitney to the Southern United States made the process much more quicker and efficient. Due to
the introduction of the machine the Southern part of the United States wanted even more slaves so that they can have double the production rate than
before because of how fast and efficient the machine made separating the seeds and the fiber.
Later on in time the Northern part of the United States left the Southern part of the United States in terms of their economy. By the time it was 1815,
cotton was the most valuable export in the United States in general. By 1840, cotton was worth more than all other exports in both the Southern and
Northern part of the United States combined. But while the Southern United states produced two–thirds of the world's supply of cotton, they still had
little manufacturing capability. The Southern United States had about 29 percent of the railroad tracks, and only 13 percent of the nation's banks. The
Southern United States did experiment with using slave labor in manufacturing, but for the most part it was well satisfied with its agricultural
economy. The lack of railroad tracks and transportation on land in the Southern United States contributed to the disadvantages they possessed as

Slave Ownership in the Southern United States
Critical Review: "Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States" "Only a minority of the whites owned
slaves," "at all times nearly three–fourths of the white families in the South as a whole held no slaves;" "slave ownership in the
South was not widespread;" "not more than a quarter of the white heads of families were slave owners, and even in the cotton states the
proportion was less than one–third;" "in 1850, only one in three owned any Negroes; on the eve of the Civil War, the ration was one in
four;" and slave owners "probably made up less than a third of southern whites." From the US History textbooks in an elementary
school to the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He lists several other studies by prominent historical figures such as Karl Marx, John Elliott Cairnes, and Woodrow Wilson in which facts were
distorted for the sake of antislavery sentiment. Olsen begins to construct one of his main topics of debate when he challenges a statement made by
Civil War historian James Ford Rhodes. Rhodes states, "the political system of the South was an oligarchy under the republican form. The
slave–holders were in a disproportionate minority in every State." To that Olsen replies, "Rhodes, a very wealthy stockholder, failed to note
that similar comments were being made by some social critics about nineteenth century capitalists." With the studies the author has given thus far,
including those revealing the percentages of southern slave owners and those showing the distorted manner in which they were used by the antislavery
movements, Olsen has done

My Own Home At The Southern Desert Regions Of The United...
As spring approaches, the citizens of the rural, southwest town I call home prepare empty plots of dirt for gardening. That includes my own home.
My mother is a gardening fiend. She plots out her garden months in advance, orders the fertilizer, and preps the tiller, all before the snow has even
had a chance to melt. We 've grown everything, from simple squash plants to more complex green bean poles. I have many fond, and not so fond,
learning experiences in the gardens of my past. (What are you doing! Don 't pull that up! That 's the cucumber plant, not a weed!) For those who wish to
plant a garden for the first time, here are a few tips that will help you get started. Author 's note: All times I 'm listing are for the southwest desert
regions of the United States. If you live in another area, get the proper planting times from a local gardener. 1. Get to know the proper planting
times In Utah, my state, most vegetables can be planted toward the end of May. You can plant earlier, but extra care will need to be given. Most
plants must be placed in walls of water to keep plants from freezing if planted prior to June. Wall of water conserve the heat, keeping the plant safe
from temperature below 32 degrees. 2. Fertilize the garden prior to planting Fertilizers can be commercial chemicals or simple animal manure.
Whatever you choose is fine, but manure tends to be cheaper and more easily obtained. Fertilizer adds nutrients to the soil, ensuring that vegetables will

The Civil War Of America
The Civil War The American Civil War was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the
Confederacy. Among the 34 states in 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate
States of America. The Confederacy, the South, included eleven states. The states that remained loyal to the United States and did not declare
secession were known as the Union or the North. The war had its origin in the factious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the
western territories. After four years of fighting, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South 's
infrastructure, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Speaking directly to "the Southern States," he reaffirmed, "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the
United States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." The first six to secede had the highest
proportions of slaves in their populations, a total of 48.8 percent for the six. Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming
Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincoln 's inaugural address declared his administration would not initiate civil war. Eight remaining slave
states continued to reject calls for secession. Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy. Efforts at
compromise failed, and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on "King Cotton" that they
would intervene; none did and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Because Europe relied on cotton so heavily they had to find a
new place to receive their cotton. They found Egyptian cotton which later became a much more desirable fabric.
The causes of the Civil War were complex and have been controversial since the war began. James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further
complicated by historical revisionists, who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war. Slavery was the

United States District Court For The Southern District Of...
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ) ) Plaintiff,)
v.) Motion to Suppress )Physical Evidence and Statements.
MARTHA STEWED) ) Defendant. )
MOTION TO SUPPRESS ALL TAPE RECORDING CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN DEFENDANT MARTHA STEWED AND ANY THIRD
PARTIES WHICH WERE RECORED WITHOUT THE KNOWLEDGE AND CONSENT OF THE DEFENDANT OR ANY TAPING RECORDINGS
BY THE NEW YORKPOLICE DEPARTMENT WITH A WARRANT
Comes now the Defendant Martha Stewed and moves the Court to order the suppression of any and all tape recorded conversations, all statements
made by the Defendant and all physical evidence found, as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.The police lacked any reason to believe that the third party whom left an anonymous tip because there was no real facts to affirm the third party's
claim, and thus, making the claims inadmissible hearsay in a court of law which gives the police no probable cause to enter into the Defendant's home
violating the rights stated in the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
4.The police were in violation of the Defendant's "right to privacy" under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution because there was no
probable cause or reasonable suspicion for the police to enter Stewed's home and place listening device in rooms her home without a warrant. Thus,
making any and all statements heard on the listening devices and any physical evidence based on those statements that were obtained illegally are
inadmissible in court under the exclusionary rule within the Fourth Amendment
5.Considering the totality of the circumstances, the police officer's search of the Defendant's home was unreasonable. WHEREFORE, the Defendant
prays that the Court will set this matter down for a hearing, and upon hearing order that: 1.Any items seized, observations, or statements made by the
Defendant that were obtained from the illegal search be suppressed and barred.
2.All testimony relating to any items seized, observations, and statements made by the Defendant, which were obtained from the

Minority Marketing
The Reconstruction Period And it's Impact Following the Civil War History 121: American History to 1877 10 December 2011 The Reconstruction
era was the attempt to restore the Union after the Civil War or The War for Southern Independence. Its perception was viewed differently by
Southerners, Northerners, and newly freed former slaves. After the Union won the war in 1865, their job was to begin the reconstruction of the Unites
States. This era started at the end of the Civil War in 1865 and ended in1877. The goal was to reunite the southern states and ensure freedom and civil
rights of the southern blacks. It could be more accurate to say that Reconstruction began with the war. From the moment the war began, Lincoln... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In reality, Southerners became more and more embittered being treated as second– class citizens, at best, while the Republican Party set up puppet
governments that seemed to perpetually raise taxes with very little, if anything, to show for the taxes in terms of public benefits. The so–called
Reconstruction only poured salt into the nations wounds an inevitable consequence of the precedents established by Lincoln in disregarding
constitutional liberties and international law for the sake of politics.5 The Republican Party essentially plundered the South for twelve more years by
instituting puppet governments that constantly raised taxes but provided very few benefits. Much of the money was simply stolen by the Republican
Party activists and their business supporters. The adult male ex–slaves were immediately given the right to vote in the South (even though blacks could
not vote in several Northern States), while most white male southerners were disenfranchised. Former Union General and newspaper editor Donn Piatt,
a close Lincoln confidant, expressed the opinion that using ex–slaves as political pawns in such a corrupt way poisoned race relations in the South
beyond repair at a time when racial reconciliation should have been the primary objective.6 Before further addressing the post war effects of
Reconstruction, a key question that must be addressed is; why didn't Lincoln

After the Civil War: The New South Essay
Was there a New South after the Civil War? What elements marked or did not mark the New South? After the Civil War, the South was in a state of
political turmoil, social chaos, and economic decline. Contrary to popular belief, Northerners did not subject Southerners to unethical or inhumane
punishment. The time post Civil War was filled with efforts toward reconstructing the South, yet there is the strong question if there even is a New
South. Yes, there was somewhat of a New South economically. No, there was not a New South regarding race relations and social hierarchy. In the
1870's, the South realized the world still looked at them as the ones who wanted slavery. There was a need to project a new image to the world and to
stimulate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cotton was still a major industry in the South after the Civil War, but iron and tobacco became strong competitors. There was an increase in Southern
cotton mills. In 1800, there were one hundred and sixty mills; in 1900, there were over four hundred mills. There were, however, racist hiring
practices. Very few blacks acquired jobs. This was justified by mill owners because whites suffered in competition with blacks for agricultural jobs.
The counterargument may be that they were not jobs, because the blacks were slaves and not paid. Southerners found large coal and iron ore reserves,
and thereby had a tremendous growth in iron and steel mills. Eventually though, these mills became controlled by foreign investors and Northerners
around 1900. Tobacco was traditionally grown in the South, but factories for processing were not developed until post Civil War in 1900. Outside
capitalists also controlled these industries. The Northerners reconstructed the Southern economy–one that they controlled–but did not change much in
the South itself, which still had multiple racial and social issues. The South was still extremely unhappy regarding the freedom of the slaves. The
Thirteenth Amendment states, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their

Recostruction Era and African American Integration
Many Americans and people around the world remember the Civil War for a number of reasons. Some will argue that Northern victory in the war
preserved the world's first democracy. Others argue that the Civil War did not weaken the United States; it merely exposed the flaws in government and
where it could be made stronger henceforth. Often, many forget that the Civil War affected the fate of nearly four million Americans, or slaves, as they
were then labeled. The leaders of the Reconstruction were tasked with piecing a nation back together while keeping the idea of justice in mind. The
Reconstruction had a somewhat successful beginning but unfortunately its potential in integrating freedmen into Southern society was never fully
realized. Subsequently, African Americans, specifically southern African Americans, truly lost theAmerican Civil War. The Southern Restoration undid
the work of the Reconstruction, eventually pushing African Americans to the brinks of southern politics where they would remain until the late
twentieth century.
The leaders of Reconstruction made progress in offering African Americans a standard of education essential for furtherance of slaves. The Civil War
turned Southern society, for nearly 250 years Black slaves had been enslaved and now they were free. Even more drastically, the tradition of Southern
aristocracy was destroyed, physically, politically and even economically. The first years of the Reconstruction were actually successful; in 1867

How Race Relationships Throughout The Southern Area Of The...
In this essay the question as to how race relationships in the southern area of the United States can be understood as social facts and further this essay
will illuminate if being of black skin colour in the southern area of the United States can be regarded as pathological in respect to Durkheim's
sociological views.
Firstly one needs to define the two concepts at hand, namely (a) social facts by Durkheim and secondly, (b) pathological by Durkheim.
In regards to (a) social facts, Durkheim refers to ideas, values and concepts that a society has developed over time and where each individual within
this society shares. These ideas, values and concepts develop into behavioural patterns among the society and ultimately reach a point where ... Show
Throughout the second chapter of DuBois book The Souls of Black Folk, the author goes deeper into relations between white and black people, he
describes their daily interactions, it is important to notice here that these encounters between the two races always have been under the control of white
people and that the blacks have at all times been under white rule, which left the suppressed people, the black folk, extremely vulnerable to violence
and a slave like environment still exists although slavery had been abolished years ago. The interactions and relations between white and black
extend further than in previous years whilst slavery still existed, the interactions and relations now extend into a political and economic level as too
previously it was illegal for blacks to own anything. Now there are wealthy white and black families or entities yet the wealthy ones do not interact
and live apart geographically, whilst the poor population, white or black, lives in the immediate vicinity. It is very evident to DuBois that there was a
development of social facts that occurred throughout the time, black people identified themselves as lesser and subordinate to white people and this
social fact delegated the social interactions in the time, for example the fact that almost every black person in the

What Is The Beginning Of The 1900's Discrimination Against...
Ever since the colonial era, conflicts between whites and blacks has gotten worse. During the 1900's discrimination against African Americans in the
southern parts of the United States has become even more widespread. By 1907, every southern state required racial segregation on trains, in churches,
schools,hotels, restaurants, theaters, and other public places. By 1910, every southern state had taken away or had began to take away the right of
African Americans to vote. Discrimination against African Americans in the southern states was just the beginning of how African Americans lived.
Discrimination against African Americans in the United States was just the beginning of howblack people in the south lived their daily lives. Slavery in

Constitutional Developments During The Period Between 1860...
During the period between 1860 and 1877, many major changes occurred in America. There were many constitutional developments in this time
period, which include the Emancipation Proclamation, the Civil War, and newly added Amendments. There were also many social developments
included the Ku Klux Klan and voting of black people. Some of these developments were a revolution, which is a forcible overthrow of the
government or social order in favor of a new system, and some were not.
The constitutional developments started when the South tried to secede from the Union. The election of the anti–slavery Republican, Abraham
Lincoln, as president in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When the Confederacy did not stop, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. The proclamation declared, "That on the
first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty–three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of
a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive
Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will
do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom." (Lincoln, 1863)
Lincoln was re–elected in 1864, by Northern voters, for his second term, which ended all hope for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy. Four
years into the war and the Confederates start to surrendered after the re–election and the suffrage of the troops. The Union, out of default, won and the
Southern states became part of America again. When the Civil War ended it proved that it was not a revolution because if it was then the Southern
states would've successfully seceded.
When the war ended slaves were finally considered "free". The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and was passed by the Congress on January 31st,
1865, and

Their Eyes Were Watching God Analysis
What comes to mind when you hear the term "American South" (or "Southern United States")? Whenever someone mentions the Southern United
States, I instantly think of massive plantation homes painted white with tall columns surrounded by tall Spanish moss trees. I think of the book Their
Eyes Were Watching God, as I always try to imagine what it would be like for Janie to go through a hurricane deep in the Glades. I even think of the
scene from the movie "Forrest Gump" where Forrest breaks free of his leg braces while running, in particular. However, this image usually turns dark as
I recall what happened around those plantation homes around the 17th century. Although I was born and raised in sunny Southern Florida, the words
"Southern United

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ 1.|Congressmen who favored vigorous Reconstruction measures held that| A)|although
particular southerners had erred, the Union itself had endured through the Civil War.| B)|the Reconstruction process outlined in the Constitution should
be closely followed.| C)|the president had sole responsibility for Reconstruction.| D)|the Confederate states, by seceding and making war against the
United States, lost their status as states and should now be treated as conquered territories.| 2.|The First Reconstruction Act| A)|recognized the
legitimacy of existing southern state governments.| B)|extended federal support for the education of freedmen in the South.| C)|guaranteed... Show more
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egion.| D)|advocated the confiscation and redistribution of land.| 11.|After the Civil War, most African American farmers eventually worked| A)|as
sharecroppers.| B)|as domestic servants under a system of assigned tasks.| C)|as field hands under a contract for wages.| D)|on land they rented.|
12.|Which of the following is true of northerners who settled in the South immediately after the Civil War?| A)|They constituted the largest group
holding political office in the South during Reconstruction.| B)|For the most part they were greedy, scheming politicians who came to loot the South in
its most desperate hour.| C)|Most came because they were seeking business opportunities or a warmer climate.| D)|Knowing that industrialization of the
South was impractical, they were primarily interested in bringing mechanized agribusiness to the region.| 13.|In decisions after the Civil War, the
Supreme Court| A)|upheld the efforts of the Radicals to punish the South.| B)|led the drive to guarantee full equality for the former slaves.|
C)|repeatedly overruled actions taken by Union generals during the military occupation of the South.| D)|participated in the northern retreat from the
Reconstruction commitment to equality for the freedmen.| 14.|The section of the Fourteenth Amendment that had the greatest legal significance in
subsequent years was the section that| A)|guaranteed the war debt of the United States.| B)|conferred citizenship on freedmen and

Northern And Southern United States
Northern and Southern United States both started their history differently. The South was mostly into farming, while the North was more about the
industry. Both regions also had sectional differences in the way tariffs and slavery were intertwined. Since there were unfair tariffs that tested dominate
leaders like the Britain Crown, many rebellions have been staged.
The North and South in the United States did have many differences between each other, but they eventually came together as a united country. The
Industry was booming in the North and this made a difference within this region. The industry was also their main source of trade. In Virginia, the
tobacco industry was taking off, which in turn made the colony extremely powerful. Another big industry was fur, which had just begun to become big
between the French and the English. Great Britain had wanted to merge all of the colonies together to make a Domain, but to many eyes this would be
a mistake. This was obvious because of the religious and industry differences in the colonies. In the South, farming was one of their sectional
differences. This included growing cotton and selling the cotton. At first cotton was the most demanded product, but when exotic furs came into the
picture economic issues became high in the South. This in time led to political issues. One of the major political issues in the Southern region was
Slavery, which directly divided the North and South. The Northern parts were

What Caused The American Civil War
What caused the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865? There has been several different debates and disputes about the causes of the American Civil
War. Historians have stated slavery was the primary cause of the American Civil War, while other historians have argued there were other causes and
effects in conjunction with slavery. Research has shown all historians did agree upon the division between the North, known as the Union, and the
South, known as the Confederacy, battled on the soil of the United States of America (Stampp, 1965). This battle between these two states is what
created the war known as the "American Civil War."
The American Civil War erupted on April 12, 1861. The war began as a result of many years of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The North was against slavery as a foundation in the South, whereas the Confederate States were the only region in the world who legalized slave
ownership. As a result, the southerners became angered as it had threatened their way of life. The United States Presidential election of Abraham
Lincoln posed a threat to slavery in the South.
Furthermore, the economic differences between the North and South were developed and became another issue. The South were agricultural states
and rely upon on cultivation rather than industrialization (Egnal, 2009). Nevertheless, following the discovery of the cotton flower, cotton expanded
the need for slave ownerships and this is how cotton became the main crop of the South. The South has been able to produce about 90% of the world
's supply of cotton. The increase of cotton was the cause for the South 's reliance on the plantation system as well as the need for slavery.
In contrast, the North was flourishing commercially and was afraid that the slave–based economy in the South might have an overall effect on their
economy. The North was highly dependent on factories and other machine–based businesses. As a result, majority of new immigrants resided in the
northern states, while very few settled down south. The North primary focus was on the industrial growth, which ended up making the South more
bitter towards

Southern Expansion And Its Impact On The United States Essay
Southern expansionism took on many forms in the United States between the years 1789 and 1860. Examining southern history for these years shows
how slave–grown cotton played a major factor in southern expansion, specifically through the issues of the Louisiana Purchase, soil erosion, the desires
of yeoman farmers and planters, Indian removal, the interstate slave trade, the independence movement in Texas, the Mexican War, filibusters in
Central America, and especially concerning relations between the southern and northern states. However, southern history shows us that while the
growth of southern cotton did in fact play a large role in the rationale for expansion, but there are other concerns involved here. Most notably, the
constant dilemma of the slave to free state representation in Congress additionally played a large role in why so many southerners decided to pack up
and head west. These two reasons can be explained as the two most primary concerns involving the sudden growth of southern expansion. Despite
cotton being one of the major factors that led to southern expansion, it can be proven by examining southern history that the constant struggle between
northerners and southerners to balance the ratio of slave to free states in Congress additionally played into expansion. Starting chronologically was the
issue of the Louisiana Purchase. This was an issue for many Americans because when Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States at the time,
agreed to

The Other Side of the Enmancipation Proclamation Essay
Current modernists attempted progress from the terrible prejudice toward African Americans, however traditionalists prevented the new movement of
equality for blacks. Many people are influenced by previous experiences and expect situations to continue on endlessly without change, similarly F.
Scott Fitzgerald wrote, " So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past"( Fitzgerald). In deeper meaning this quote means
that as humans we are constantly trying to relive what has already happened, and if we try a little harder or run a little faster events might have had a
different outcome. I believe this a major point of differentiation between modernists and traditionalists in the south. Throughout history wealth... Show
Southern americans showed extreme contempt for African Americans even after the end of the civil war. They believed that blacks were uncivilized
and unworthy of american citizenship and voting rights. This distain for blacks became a learned behavior and continued into the 20th century.
Beginning as early as 1865 a group of called the Ku Klux Klan sought out african americans and killed and tortured them in horrible ways. By 1870,
the Ku Klux Klan had branches in nearly every southern state, the groups main object being an underground campaign of violence against Republican
leaders and voters in an effort to change the laws of Radical Reconstruction and restore white supremacy in the South.(J.M. Bryant "Ku Klux Klan in
the Reconstruction Era.") The KKK's tactics of political terrorism were effective and set fear in the hearts of many. Black churches and schools were
burned, citizens attacked, and people who refused proper submission were beaten and killed. This was a terrible time in American history and truly
shows southern whites contempt for emancipation of their slaves, and the extremes circumstances whites would go to express that animosity.
Another example of the hostility and hatred of the southern whites was lynching. Lynching is defined

Southern United States Culture
Southern United States Culture The Southern United States is a very interesting place, full of culture and history, such as the Civil War battlefields or
the antique shops that you see along the side of the road as you drive through this beautiful part of the United States. It has many different
characteristics and many different special things that make it unique. Globalization and Identity, Ethnicity, Religion, The Social Construction of Race,
Gender Roles, Class, Places and Spaces (Regional Identity) , and Linguistic Diversity in the south are all topics that I will discuss in this essay. While
globalization and identity in the south is not as evident as it would be in a city such as New York, it is still a major part of southern culture. There are
many different things that the southern region and the states within it do that benefit the global community. One of the most major things is our
exports. The south has two trademark exports that greatly benefit the global market. The first is Tobacco. The south is the worlds largest tobacco
provider, and you still see it growing in the fields in the country, not in a laboratory or factory. The second major export of the south is Cotton. Cotton
is used to make clothes, blankets, and many other things that are sewn or made in mills ("Cotton in the South – Boundless Open Textbook"). There are
not many cotton mills left in todays advanced society, so you usually find them in small towns, where they have been for years and

Ethnic Interviews On The Southern United States Essay
Introduction
For this paper, two separate interviews were conducted with two retirees. One, M.Q., is a 66 year–old white woman who lives in a beach area. The
other was JH, a 78 year–old African–American man who lives in a very rural area. Both interviews were conducted over the phone, as M.Q. is
recuperating from a bilateral knee replacement and JH lives several states away. These two were chosen because they are complete opposites. While
both currently live in the Southern United States, M.Q. was raised north of the Mason–Dixon line, while JH has lived south of the Mason–Dixon line
his entire life. The only similarity they share is that they are retirees living on the East Coast. Because they are complete opposites, interviewing the
two of them as opposed to a married couple, two sisters, or something of the like, I was able to get a more complete picture of what it means to be
retired. This gave me more information, and a better idea of what I needed to look for in the articles I used.
Summary of Interview One
M.Q. said that she considered herself retired at 64. However, she began planning for her retirement almost thirty years prior, at the age of 38. As M.Q.
was a registered nurse, she did not start a 401 K. Instead, she started a 401 B. One of M.Q.'s chief joys and complaints about retirement is all of her
free time. She enjoys it because it lets her spend more time with her extended family, her husband, and her dogs. She dislikes it because she often finds
herself

The Succession of the Southern States from United States
The succession of the eleven southern states significantly impacted the United States and its citizens during the years of 1860 and 1861. Many people
are curious as to why, after many years of unification and prosperity, the North and South would find it necessary to split apart. Many aspects
contributed to the southern states decision to succeed from the union including: the diverse perspectives on the emancipation of slavery, the South's
belief it was capable of being self sufficient, as well as, standing as a nation on its own, and the concern that the Constitution of the United States was
being altered from the original meaning it was meant to have. The debate over slavery, what it stood for, and what rights the African American
population was actually granted by the Constitution was probably the most significant issue contributing to secession. In his 1858 "On the Irrepressible
Conflict," William Seward addresses the condition of the United States clearly by stating, "Our Country is a theatre, which exhibits, in full operation,
two radically different political systems; the one resting on the basis of servile or slave labor, the other on voluntary labor of freemen." This statement
is evidence that each side had completely different interpretations of the rights that were set forth to the slave population within the Constitution. The
South believed the Constitution granted the African American slaves no civil liberties at all. They had no rights guaranteed to them

Master-Slave Relationship In Southern United States
Beyond all the horrible treatments that slaves received, enslaved also had to go through master–slave relationships. Women were not just only bought
to do housework or labor in the fields, many times they were purchased for male pleasure and reproduction. "Enslaved women were being forced to
comply with sexual advances by their masters on a very regular basis" (Sonnen 1). The consequences of resistance often came in the form of physical
beatings. This wasn't always the case, even that it was very rare it is stated that some slaves weren't treated as bad and there was master–slave
relationships, where enslaved were treated differently. This being said, we can ask a very important question, " To what extent did the master–slave
relationship effect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As housekeepers, mistresses knew what luxuries and extras were available for distribution to slaves; they were inclined to make them available
because of their sense of responsibility for the entire plantation "family". Mistresses also provided more complex kinds of assistance to slaves. Some
were willing to intervene in their behalf, either individually or collectively, in order to mitigate what they perceived as the abuses of slaves.
Intervention depended directly upon the inclination of the mistress and the quality of her relations with her husband. Women who were intimidated by
their husbands or who believed appeals on behalf of slaves would be useless were unlikely to risk disrupting their own domestic harmony to try to help
slaves. White men held the ultimate authority in the South, and that authority extended over their wives as well as the slaves their wives tried to help.
The most common intervention by white women was the attempt to prevent the physical punishment of

The Battle Of The American Civil War Essay
The American Civil War was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865, to determine the survival of the United States of America as it defeated the bid
for independence by the breakaway Confederate States of America. Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually
declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America. War broke out in April 1861 when they attacked a U.S.
fortress, Fort Sumter, and ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies in spring 1865. The Confederacy, colloquially known as the South,
grew to include eleven states; it claimed two more states and several western territories. The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by any
foreign country. The states that remained loyal including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North. The war had
its origin in the factious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. Four years of intense combat left 750,000
soldiers dead, and destroyed much of the South 's infrastructure. The Confederacy collapsed and slavery was abolished in the entire country. The
Reconstruction Era overlapped and followed the war, with its fitful process of restoring national unity, strengthening the national government, and
guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves. History In the 1860 presidential election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, supported banning slavery
in all the U.S.

The Republican Party: Southern White Democrats In The...
Southern White Democrats
The Republican Party seems to be increasing the gap between rich and poor, discriminating against others, pursuing self–interest over the common good
and just downright corrupt.
But, where does that leave me? As a white living in black house and senate districts I have no chance in the race based politics within the Democratic
Party. And as a progressive, I have no place in the Republican Party. Is my choice to sit back and let both sides screw up Georgia?
I long for a day when race is not a factor in voting. There are plenty of black candidates who would be great for white constituents and plenty of white
candidates who would be great for black constituents (not to mention other candidate/constituent races, genders,

The American Civil War Was An Internal Conflict Fought
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern
states grouped together as the Confederate States of America. The Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U.S. history.
Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate
States of America. War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U.S. fortress of Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The Confederacy grew
to include eleven states; it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona and New
Mexico, which was organized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three pro–Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82% majority of the votes cast nationally: Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in
the north, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee,
Kentucky, and Virginia. The Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes
nationally, so Lincoln was constitutionally elected the first Republican president.
But before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton–based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest
proportions of slaves in their populations, a total of 49 percent. The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities
for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%,
Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president. Of these, only Texas held a
referendum on secession.
Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession. Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans
rejected secession as illegal. Lincoln 's March 4, 1861, inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war. Speaking
directly to the "Southern States," he reaffirmed,

Essay on Cause of the American Civil War
The cause of the American Civil War has been a politicized subject for the past 152 years. There are many different theories for what the main
cause is, however the best answer is an all of the above approach. The cause of the war that divided the nation cannot be narrowly defined into a
single issue but each cause is affected and tied together. The main causes that resulted in the Civil War were the issue of nullification, tariffs, but
most importantly just an overall difference in their ways of life. Yes, slavery was a cause of the war, but that was not one of the central causes that
popular belief has engrained in us all, however, the role that slavery had will be discussed. These reasons all–fed off each other, which eventually...
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Most of the enlisted men who fought and died overwhelmingly said on both sides stated that the preservation or abolition of slavery was not the main
cause of the war. James McPhearson's book, For Causes and Comrades: Why Men fought in the Civil War, highlights these causes, and stated,
"Relatively few Union volunteers mentioned the slavery issue when they enlisted" . McPhearson uses letters written home or diaries as his example
and most do not touch upon the issue. The question of slavery truly became important after the Emancipation Proclamation, in 1862–3. The North
started to string victories together, moved further down south, and they witnessed slavery firsthand. That is when the average Union soldier
began to care about the issue of slavery, well into 1863. The reason why most men enlisted in the Union in 1861 was for one major reason, that
was patriotism and keeping the spirit of 1776 alive. The Northern view on the spirit of 1776 was the goal of preserving the Union that was created
by the Founding Fathers. As one Yankee Volunteer declared, "I do feel that the liberty of the world is placed in our hands to defend and if we are
overcome then farewell to freedom" . Union soldiers believed and fought for the idea that America continued to be the last best hope for freedom. The
soldiers believed that a defeat would weaken America's perception by Europeans

Constitutional Developments During The Period Between 1860...
During the period between 1860 and 1877, many major changes occurred in America. There were many constitutional developments in this time
period, which include the Emancipation Proclamation, the Civil War, and newly added Amendments. There were also many social developments
included the Ku Klux Klan and voting of black people. Some of these developments were a revolution, which is a forcible overthrow of the
government or social order in favor of a new system, and some were not.
The constitutional developments started when the South tried to secede from the Union. The election of the anti–slavery Republican, Abraham
Lincoln, as president in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America. Four more states tried
seceding by using the 10th amendment, which declared "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
states, are reserved to the states." The secession of Southern states caused a Civil War, which was, by itself, not a revolution. The Civil War is
considered "America's bloodiest clash", which started in 1861 and ended in 1865. The Union was pitted against the Confederate States and resulted in
the death of more than 620,000, with millions more injured. The war was over issues including states' rights versus federal authority, westward
expansion, and slavery.
Two years into the Civil War, Lincoln issued the preliminaryEmancipation Proclamation on September 22nd, 1862.

The Tensions Caused By The Civil War
The tensions caused by the Civil War are very still alive in the Southern United States one hundred and fifty years after the Confederacy surrendered to
Union forces. While tensions may have mitigated away from full–fledged conflict, there still remain tension along racial and cultural lines shaped by
the war. In Tony Horwitz's Confederates in the Attic these tensions from the war are delved into as Horwitz makes his way across the South to see
how the old Confederacy is viewed in the modern United States. Horwitz found a dualistic society, holding differing views of the Confederacy and
the Civil War. Dualities within racial tensions, the meaning of the Confederate flag even between North and South entirely. Those living in the
South still hold a resounding connection to the Civil War. It becomes clear in Confederates in the Attic that the Civil War not only acted as a
catalyst these dualities in Southern society, but continue to shape and perpetuates them long after the Civil War's conclusion. The most famous flag
of the Confederacy often referred to as the "rebel cross" resonated with Southerners in a variety of ways. The dualistic nature of the rebel flag was
caught between two very distinct opinions of what it represented. The first being viewed with pride in the ancestors that it represented. Those who
fought for their beliefs, a view held by the likes of Ed and Sue Curtis of Salisbury, North Carolina. Their ancestors were poor farmers who had no
claims to slaves;

United States Southern Command ( Southcom ) Essay
United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) has been working to build regional and interagency partnerships to ensure the continued stability of
the Western Hemisphere and the forward defense of the U.S. homeland for more than fifty years. U.S. Southern Command is responsible to the
Secretary of Defense and the President of the United States for national security interests through roughly one half of this hemisphere – 31 countries,
16 dependencies and areas of special sovereignty, and approximately four hundred and sixty million people. SOUTHCOM's area of responsibility
includes the land mass of Latin America south of Mexico; the waters adjacent to Central and South America; and the Caribbean Sea. (United States
Southern Commamd n.d.) SOUTHCOM priorities are: (1) Countering Transnational Organized Crime; (2) Counterterrorism; (3) Building Partner
Capacity; (4) Contingency Response; (5) Detainee Operations. SOUTHCOM missions are carried out by its component commands: (1) U.S. Army
South; (2) 12th Air Force (AF South); (3) U.S. Marine Corps Forces South; (4) U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command; (5) Special Operations
Command South; (6) Joint Task Force Bravo, Soto Cano Air Base; (7) Joint Task Force Guantanamo; and (8) Joint Interagency Task Force South.
(114th Congress Senate Armed Services Committee 2016)
While SOUTHCOM and local counties working towards cooperating on an equal basis, sharing best practices in the region can produce much greater
transitory effects in

Reconstruction Of The Civil War
As the civil war was ending many people could see that the odds of the north winning increased dramatically however many people can argue this idea
based on the several events that took place during the second phase of the civil war. Carl Schurz concluded, "The Civil War was a revolution, but half
accomplished."(Roark et al 434) Reconstruction started before the civil war ended until 1877, when people of the United States tried figuring out how
to put the country back together. Many people had different ideas on how the reconstruction should be handled as a result conflict began between
different political groups, between groups in the south, between north and south, and between congress and senate groups. The dramatic transformation
of southern states took place during the reconstruction that proved their victory was the organization and formation of government, being reunited in
the union, and acquiring constitutional and legal status of African Americans. In 1863 Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction plan was
created for a rapid forgiving restoration of a broken union therefore granting Southern states political power, create new constitutions, organize new
government, and create new legislatures within each state. In the beginning this sounded great for all parties but in reality the South encountered
difficult circumstances before it was effective. In 1865 Andrew Johnson became president he supported white supremacy and defender of

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