Greek Influence On Native American Culture

Greek Influence On Native American Culture
The Mississippian Culture civilization was quite unique, because the people of this culture built
mounds. These mounds served different purposes, some being used for burial chambers, and others
were built to resemble figures. In these societies, there were many mounds, not just a single one.
Furthermore, these cultures were also invested in trade endeavors, with the Hopewell even engaging
with the Caribbean in trade. Additionally, these societies were involved in fishing, hunting and
agriculture, especially maize agriculture. Also, these societies were skilled in workmanship,
producing artifacts. Some of the skilled workmanship that these groups did were pottery, stonework
and copper–work. Also, in these societies, there were social structures, and some mounds were used
in religious activities, with some serving as the site for temples. Their religion was based upon
things that were seen, such as the sun and the eagle, like many other Native American societies. ...
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Also, for the mounds in these cities, wood and dirt was used. Unfortunately, the wood from the
surrounding area was sometimes overused, which led to the eventual flooding of Cahokia. They
built the mounds for many different reasons, as they served many different purposes, from
functioning as burial grounds to the bases of temples and palaces. Other Native American cultures
were not mound–builders, which is a very big difference. Also, the Cahokia people (as mentioned on
the video) did not live in tepees, as typically thought that Native Americans did. The people of
Moundville lived in "small houses composed of pole and thatch (according to the Moundville
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How Did America Before Columbus
America before Columbus Cahokia, a city made by early settlers, is now a ceremonial mound I had
never heard of before. I was very surprised that the people of Cahokia had an abundant knowledge
of the sky, sun and stars and yet did not understand anything about the nonrenewable resources of
the land in which they lived. When the Europeans came, they created misconceptions about the
North American continent. They believed that nobody had ever developed the land before they
came. However, the Cahokia people had discovered this land years before the Europeans ever did. In
fact, they had developed the land until the fields became unfertile and the forests were empty. As a
result, this drove the Cahokia people to move or to die. But, before

Environmental Impacts Of The Mississippi Valley
Environmental impacts have been humanity 's constant for over trillions of decades.That is how we
stay alive and alert.We are constantly innovating and adjusting to our surroundings.Even during the
late centuries early civilizations have been adapting to their beautiful and majestic lives. For a prime
example, the ancient mounds of the Cahokia clan and the largest earthworks in the Western.In the
Mississippi River floodplain, where the water table was always high and where the could thrive,the
Mississippi valley had been the first and only one to be so carefully engineered. Over the next
century or two the Cahokia clan made the bedside of the Mississippi more than a pile of dirt, the city
surrounding it was more than an agglomeration of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The culture of which the city was the fountainhead, and which overspread the southeastern U.S., we
call Mississippian. That portion of the city now owned by the state of Illinois to protect it from real
estate developers. It was called the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site.The city 's thatched wooden
houses had hard–packed clay around them; even the mounds may have been covered with clay
rather than prairie grasses.
They sift every spoonful of earth, and they map in 3–D where each scrap of bone, corn, pottery, and
shell bead comes from. They even keep track of where the dirt changes color.Cahokia Mounds State
,where a mystery was partly solved when workers at another dig a few miles away found a bald
cypress log three feet in diameter in such a hole. The "bathtubs" were post pits, shaped to make it
possible to ease huge posts into them. It soon became clear that the prehistoric "Cahokians" had
indeed designed and put in place a circle of posts. And not just any circle: if you stood at its center
on the mornings of the spring and fall equinoxes (usually March 21 and September 21 in our
calendar), you would see the sun rise from behind a post. It 's lucky for us that Mississippian culture
survived Cahokia 's decline and abandonment around 1300 and was still around in 1539, when
Hernando de Soto tried to conquer what is now the

Northern Mesopotamia And. Cahokia And Monte Alban
Small communities in southern Mesopotamia evolved to one of the earliest states due to
environmental changes that occurred between the Ubaid and Uruk periods. These environmental
changes such as the creation of Arabo–Persian Gulf increased population in certain regions, which
in turn increased competition, warfare, and optimal settings for trade. All this lead to some of the
earliest states being formed in Southern Mesopotamia.
Cahokia and Monte Alban are two examples of primary states that were formed in Mesoamerica due
to their competition level. Monte Alban used strategic warfare tactics to get control over regions that
were rich in resources in order to do create a sustainable state. On the other hand because of
Cahokia's lack of control over distant regions, their state destructed in a very short time period,
concluding that competition was the main reason for early state formation.
In the later years of Northern Mesopotamia civilization, the climate changed dramatically causing
the collapse of several states in the region. Volcano eruptions, increased degree of dryness, and other
changes in the climate destroyed the agriculture in the area causing people to relocate to other states.
This article solidifies the view that environmental changes are the only reason states formed in
certain regions in the first place.
Extracted soil samples indicate simultaneous reduction of rainfall and occasional erosion. Both soil
and sediment features show establishment of marked

Ancient Cahokia
When you hear of an Advanced Ancient civilization in North America, you usually think of either
Mayans, Aztecs, or sometimes the Olmec. But in this paper I won't be talking about any of those
civilizations, we'll be talking about the Native Americans that lived in the Mississippi Valley, by the
Mississippi River. That have their capital not 6 miles outside of St.Louis. Cahokia is the name of
this NA ("Native American" for short) group that lived from 700 AD to around 1300 AD. They
settled on the banks of the Mississippi, near present day St. Louis, because the recent Glacier
movement had left 80 miles of rich, soft, fertile land on either side of the Mississippi. The
Cahokians were farmers, and since they didn't have the modern steel plow ... Show more content on
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Larger than London and Paris at the time, and larger than any other Native American civilization
north of Mexico (gilderlehrman.com)! But after 1300 AD the Cahokian nation started to decline.
Archaeologists simply don't know why this happened, but there's many hypotheses on how this
came to be. One is that they were invaded by another Indian nation, but that's unlikely because there
are no signs of a battle. Another is abandonment, due to political collapse. But the most agreed with
theory is that they over used the land. Their early farming techniques wasn't good for preserving the
land, and there probably were few trees left in the area. Also after hundreds of years of poor copper
working, the pollutants for the copper would have seeped into the farmland poisoning the crops
before they could even pick them, causing disease

Native American Critical Thinking Essay
The article that I had read was about the many things originally thought of Native Americans and
the New World. It then speaks of what was actually true about the whole ordeal. The first thing that
surprised me was the Cahokia tribe of the Mississippi. I had always heard about the fairly advanced
Native American tribes in the Mississippi River region, but never has it been explained in great
detail to show their true greatness. What surprised me the most is that the population of the Cahokia
was so huge in the region as well as the great mounds that were built. The Great Sun, who was the
leader of the Cahokia, also was treated as if he must've been an Egyptian Pharaoh. The Europeans
thought that the Native Americans were a savage people who didn't deserve to be the true
inhabitants of the New World. They seemed to have twisted every good action that the tribes
performed and make them sound undeserving of a great status, even if it meant bathing or giving
presents to the Europeans. The truth is, the Europeans weren't tolerant to the different cultures and
practices of the Americas. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, they took baths every single day which for some reason the Europeans thought was
repulsive. Many tribes had brilliant ways of cultivating the land they lived on. They had a way of
preserving the wildlife they hunted for food by only killing what they needed and not killing extra
animals. A council that the Iroquois League ran was much like our own Congress with freedom of
speech and woman who could hold office. The Europeans still didn't see any of the good in all of
this just because it was different and so they continued with poor excuses to displace the Natives
from their

Cahokia Research Paper
The Cahokia lived in temples and teepees. I know teepees were a common place to live in back then,
but I never knew that people could live in a temple. I thought temples were a place where people did
religious things like praying. I feel like I've heard of the Cahokia people, but I know nothing about
them. It was interesting that their dictator who they called "The Great Sun" would howl at the top of
the temple every morning to determine whether it was morning or not. I wonder why the sun meant
so much to them. They had a sun god and invented poles that aligned with the sun at the equinox
and solstice. The Europeans originally believed that the only people in America were a few random
tribes. However, the Americas were very populated. I never

Cahokia Research Paper
Starting in AD 800 and hitting its peak from 1050– 1200 AD, Cahokia covered six square miles with
a population between 10,000 and 20,000 people (Jarus 1). During their 500 years, the Cahokians
developed America's first city and arguably the greatest civilization of its time, and then seemingly
disappeared without a trace. But, despite Cahokia's disappearance, a significant amount of history
was left behind through earthen mounds, evolved social structures, advanced cultural practices, and
Cahokia's unexplained demise.
8000– 500 BC was known as the "Archaic period." During this period, mound building was a very
common custom. Many of the mounds were built to elevate the village's central ritual sites. The
"Woodland period" (500 BC– AD 800) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Cahokians would spend thousands of hours piling dirt into a large mound. These mounds would
then be used for rituals and also as temples to worship gods. By 1100 AD, Cahokia had around 120
mounds plus the main pyramid, the "Monks Mound" (Pauketat 2–3). The Monks Mound rose 100
feet and was composed of more than 22 million cubic feet of soil (Hodges 4). The mound had four
terraces and it covered about 17 acres. There also may have been a temple at the top of the mound
for worships (Jarus 7). According to Jarus, "Monks Mound, along with a grand plaza and a group of
smaller mounds, was walled in with a 2–mile–long wooden palisade"

Compare And Contrast Pueblo And Mississippi River Valley...
Pueblo and Mississippi River Valley Tribes Before the arrival of Europeans in 1492, many tribes had
grown and flourished in the Americas. Most tribes had their own organized governments and
religions, but some tribes occupied entire regions, such as the Pueblo tribes of the Southwest or the
Mississippi River Valley tribes, and were different from the numerous nomadic tribes. They had
extensive trade systems, sophisticated farming systems that resulted in a ready supply of food, and
thousands of citizens. The two groups had a lot in common, but they also had several differences
that distinguished them. The Pueblo tribes had a more developed sense of unity than the Mississippi
River tribes, and this unity gave them an advantage that the Mississippi ... Show more content on
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In addition, each group was descended from a very large and powerful tribe that had occupied their
land before them. The Mississippi River tribes of the 1400s were descended from the powerful tribe
of Cahokia, or the mound–builders. When Cahokia began to decline in the 1350s (possibly due to
climate change, more specifically a sudden drop in temperature), the group formed subdivisions
with different leaders who fought for power over the large tribe. Eventually, many of these
subgroups moved to different parts of the river with their families and a few others, forming small
villages of 500 to 2,000 people. The result was many Mississippi River tribes living near each other,
but not necessarily in harmony with each other. Though these groups would trade with each other
and were not openly hostile, they never managed to regain the unity that the Cahokia tribe had
possessed, and that the Pueblo had as well. The unity of the Pueblo tribes is due at least in part to the
powerful tribe that existed before them, as well. While the Cahokia devolved into many separate
tribes, creating a power struggle that fractured the formerly strong tribe into several small rival
tribes, the group who had occupied the land where the Pueblos lived, the Anasazi, seemed to have
abandoned their home entirely. So when the Pueblo began to move in, they could start from scratch
and grow together. They had no history with each other, and so could form mutually beneficial
relationships without the prejudices held by the former members of the Cahokia tribe. Though the
Pueblo people were subdivided into many different tribes, the tribes were on good terms and stayed
connected through a variety of factors, leading to a more developed sense of unity than the
Mississippi River Valley tribes

Cahokia Mounds
Cahokia, named by archaeologists, is the largest Mississippian settlement across the United States; it
is located just south of the Lawrenz Gun Club Site (Fig. 7). When Cahokia was an active and
thriving city, it was believed that Cahokia spanned 16 Km2 and encompassed over 120 man made
mounds that all served different functionalities (CahokiaMounds 2015). According to anthropologist
Timothy Pauketat (2009), "Cahokia is an ancient city along the Mississippi River, located opposite
of modern–day St. Louis, Missouri and was as large in its prime as New York and Philadelphia
before the mid–1700s, a home to ten–thousand indigenous peoples." The land was dominated by the
presence of human–constructed mounds, which some archaeologists have speculated ... Show more
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The largess of Monk's Mound showed that Cahokia was powerful and consisted of a lot of
inhabitants, which most likely, was foreboding to enemies. Monk's mound is speculated to have
been used for ritual; structures could have been built on the flat terraces that could have served as
places of worship or sacrifce. This mound could have also been used for the powerful leaders in the
society, a place for them to be seen by society at all times, be a constant presence in people's lives.
However, as Glenn Hodges (2011) states, " we do not know if Cahokia had a single leader, we don't
even know what this place was called, the name Cahokia is borrowed from a tribe that lived nearby
in the 1600s, or do we know what the people who lived here called themselves." Overall, the
knowledge and the data collected at Monk's Mound are meager, and do not provide much insight
into the largest human–made structure of the Mississippian

America Before Columbus: Misconceptions Of North America
Topham, Parker Mr. Miraya Period 3B 2 September 2015 America Before Columbus I had never
heard of Cahokia before, but it sounds like a cool place. What surprised me was how large it was.
The article said it was even larger than the Great Pyramid in Egypt. It's interesting that it is such a
huge place, but it doesn't sound like many people visit it and not even that many people know about
it. The Europeans had a lot of misconceptions about North America and the Native Americans who
lived there. They thought that the whole continent was empty of civilization, and that the natives
were savages that had no society. They thought that places like Cahokia had been built by other
nations and the natives had just wiped them out. They were wrong however, ... Show more content
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But the Europeans misunderstood and thought that the natives didn't care to be wealthy and were
lazy. The Native Americans also had religions and believed that nature was sacred. However the
European religions taught that man was made to rule over nature. So they thought the natives had no
religion or that it was a false religion. The land and wildlife has changed a lot since the time of
Columbus. Some of the animals were bigger then. The article describes the trout being nearly 2 feet
long, and some catfish weighing 120 pounds. Also bison were more common and came all the way
to Pennsylvania and Virginia. A lot of the forests have been reduced in size or completely cut down
for buildings and ships, and there are a lot more people that live in America now than in Columbus'
time. The Columbian Exchange was the trading of animals, diseases, resources, plants, people, and
ideas between the Old World and the New World. The Native Americans were hurt a lot by the
Columbian Exchange because of the new diseases and because of the settlers who came in and took
their land. However, the Europeans benefitted greatly from it because it opened up more land,
produced more resources, added new crops, and created new ideas. The Africans also benefitted
because the corn from America enriched their diet so they lived longer, but they also started to be
taken to America to be slaves. Columbus' discovery definitely changed America and the rest of the

What Are The Similarities Between Cahokia And Native...
The Cahokia are a tribe I have never heard of before, but I have heard of other Native American
tribes such as the Cheyenne or the Cherokee. What surprised me that the Cahokia and other Native
American tribes used up so many of the trees when they were building homes and setting up camps.
I thought that Native Americans were usually very connected with nature and used skins of the
animals they hunted and minimal wood for camps. I think that the Europeans had misconceptions
that Native Americans were peaceful land dwellers. The Native Americans were actually in fact very
hostile towards other Natives especially rival tribes. I think the Europeans were very shocked when
they found out that the Native Americans would actually perform human sacrifice. The Native
American tribes were part of a civilized culture because they figured out how to build their own
small cities and provide for themselves. I also read that the Native Americans also felt very civilized
with the things that they owned. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Native Americans would offer the Europeans almost everything they had, which included fish
and turkey to bread and the companionship of the chief's daughter. The Europeans mistook the
Native American's generosity as evidence they were childlike. The old land in Columbus' time was
luscious and full of many different types of wildlife. Today that land is used and farmed down to
provide food and tools for the Americans living here in the United States. "The land they left is
different now. The white pines that towered over New England became masts for the Royal Navy's
sailing ships. The redwoods that stretched from the Rockies to the Pacific exist in pockets smaller
than the Indians' shrunken reservations. The hours long thunder of bison hooves no longer shakes
Kansas or Nebraska, where only a few stretches of grassland remain on the prairie (pg. 6 Lord,

The Importance Of Cahokia Mounds
Cahokia Mounds, located near St. Louis, Missouri is the site of a thriving city that was inhabited
centuries before Columbus's arrival on the continent. The ruins, designated by UNESCO as a world
heritage site in 1982, are preserved and protected to visitors can learn about how pre–Columbian
people lived in North America. Cahokia is one of more than 900 world heritage sites. Funding these
properties cost a small fortune and some people think it isn't worth it. However, I believe that it's
essential to protect sites such as Cahokia Mounds so they won't last forever.
When we study old cultures we learn how people adapt to their environment and cope with natural
disasters. We learn how patterns of immigration affect languages and why civilizations thrive or die
out. Studying the remints of culture, help us understand how people lived long ago, and helps us
understand our own civilization. However, not all of the world heritage sites are ancient ruins; also
included are Australia's modern Sydney Opera House, the Tower of London, in England, The Statue
of Liberty, in New York Harbor, and other recognizable structures. These are all impressive places
of outstanding value to people around the world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The simple answer is that all structures need maintenance. They fall apart otherwise. Forces such as
earthquakes, floods, and windstorms, threaten heritage properties, so does war and poverty. People
can't always afford to protect the historic buildings near them which is why UNESCO helps.
Imagine if the great places of the world such as famous cathedrals, temples, palaces, castles, caves
with prehistoric paintings, and statues, were destroyed. They are important to everyone in the world,
not just to the people whom live near

Analysis Of The Cahokia Mounds
The image that I first selected was the Cahokia Mounds. The land covered about 2,000 acres and
ranged from 10,000–30,000 people (64). According to the image, the inhabitants live by farming and
they had great architectures. They had a well organized community and it looks to follow a certain
order. Basically, the community was well kept and organized. The image shows a society that is
proper and that everyone in the community has an important part in the community. That each
individual has a certain part in the community that keeps it rolling. Overall, the inhabitants had a
structure of their society that showed how organized and well put the community was. Image 2:
John White, Indian Village of Secoton (1.4 Figure) The image that I picked

The Demise of Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
Located in present day Collinsville, Illinois is Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, which was once
home to the largest city north of Mexico from 700 to 1400 A.D. Settled by the Mississippian people,
today their decline remains a mystery. First visited in 1811 by traveler Henry Brackenridge and
considered the "discoverer of Cahokia" only in the sense that he wrote several papers and articles
about the findings to the public's attention. After walking around the mounds, Brackenridge
described that the locations of the last inhabitants were clearly visible to him, as were fragments of
their tools and utensils. Many extensive archeological excavations and several case study theories
have come about through the years as to why this magnificent ancient metropolis faced such demise.
Many theories viable or not have come about through the years about the fall of the Cahokians,
climate change, a political falling out, a massive flood or a fire and some erroneous suggestions
involving the cosmos. Many of these theories really do not hold a torch to the climate change or
societal fall. A massive fire, a disastrous flood, although more evidence of remains would have be
revealed to be appropriate. Overcrowding and depletion of resources can hold up to the evidence
and reigns true in common sense. I will bring up these factors of cause for the demise, but I will
explore and focus mainly on the climate changes in this American Bottom region as the prime factor
of the Cahokian

Cahoki Article Analysis
Speaking of skeletal remains, there is evidence of body modification at Cahokia. Gregory Perino
discovered filed teeth at Cahokia. These findings showed observers that this practice was only done
for a short period of time in the transition from Late Woodland Period to the Mississippian period.
According to Perino, the siginificance of filing teeth cannot be explicitly determined but majority of
them were thought to be ambassadors; but the fact that these filings were also found on young
persons, throw off the conclusively of saying this was due to differentiating in social status (Perino
1967:541). Public works, as defined in class, would be some kind of monumental or public
architecture that would take the organization of the labor of many ... Show more content on
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Flannery and Marcus discuss in our textbook about the social renown that comes from agriculture.
"It is also the case that for most parts of the world, Rousseau was right: not until people had begun
to raise crops or animals do we see signs of emerging inequality" (Flannery and Marcus 2012:91).
This is especially true for Cahokia. In Cahokia, food storage changed in the Mississippian period.
Woods, in his article, points out the fact that there is archeological evidence for food storage as
being a communal event at Cahokia and that Cahokian households typically lacked a storage place
of their own, which gave rise to the need for a large, community–based facility (2004:149). This was
not always the case. There was evidence back in the Late Woodland period, prior to the
Mississippian Period that shows there were domestic storage features in households and little
evidence for communal storage. The rise of communal storage also gives rise to social power of the
elites. "... the institutionalization of social ranking, DeBoer contends that 'There is no mystery to the
absences of subterranean storage in such circumstances. It is expected'" (Woods 2004:154). This
being said, the change from subterranean food storage to aboveground food storage changed once
Cahokia elites were gaining more and more power and becoming redistributors. This is an
exemplary indication of social inequality. The chiefs and elites control the food storage and how
much gets redistributed and how much goes back in to replace what was used. The producers and
consumers of the food do not get much say in the matter because it is not their

Protestant Reformation Dbq
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation refers to a movement that occurred 1517 when Martin Luther, a priest
who taught at the University of Wittenberg, rebelled against the Roman Catholic Church. Luther's
action eventually created a movement called the Protestant Reformation, where he exposed the
corrupt priests and criticized the indulgences sold by the Church. He urged people to instead read
the Bible, rather than following the orders of the Pope. After Luther was condemned by the Catholic
priests and popes, he was expelled from the Church and sentenced to death. Fortunately, he was
protected by a powerful German prince and became a "folk hero" towards the German dukes. The
movement was important to America's history because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The accord soon became a basis of the Plymouth colony and helped create a church. As the small
colonies became to evolve into much bigger ones, signers of the Compact chose governors and his
assistants. The government members eventually became known as the General Court and became a
council of representatives from different colonies across the New World. The Mayflower Compact is
crucial to the America's history because of the framework of government that helped construct in
what is now the United States of America.
Race–Based Slavery
Throughout the 18TH century, the South became very reliant on slaves for their main source of
labor. Many considered the act as a "misfortune" dictated by God and that Africans and Indians were
naturally lazy, stupid, and treacherous. As the spread of slavery began to grow, the laws regulating
race–based slavery also grew. By the 1660s, legislatures began to legalize the activity and created
slave codes to manage their lives. During war, race–based slavery was very common throughout
both sides' captives. Although Europeans did hold other Europeans captive, they were never
enslaved, unlike the Native Americans and Africans. The color of the prisoner was a vital
characteristic that was used to decide their future during combat. For the next few centuries, slaves
were sold, traded, and kidnapped between slave owners. Slavery eventually became one of the
leading causes of America's bloody Civil War, impacting the

Incas And Aztecs : Maize And Impacts Of The New World
1. Maize and Impact: a. The cultivation of maize, introduced heavily by sophisticated civilizations
such as the Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs, helped to feed large population sizes, thus facilitating the
spread of its cultivation across North America. By 2000 BCE, Pueblo peoples, due to the new
cultivation of maize, developed irrigation systems. By 1000 CE, maize reached to modern–day SE
America, which influenced Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee peoples by growing and feeding their
populations. 2. Columbian Exchange a. The Columbian Exchange is a term used to describe the
trade of raw materials and goods, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe) and the
New World (the "discovered" world by Columbus, hence the title of the ... Show more content on
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These people set out from Spain and diminished the empires of the Aztecs and the Incas with help
from their advanced firepower. Motives for such conquering were mixed, including: pride and
recognition from royalty, spreading Christianity to please God, Gold, and a general spirit of
adventure that was so famously portrayed in ancient heroes (which could be due to new ideas of
humanism). These goals were scarcely achieved, but since many of these Latin conquistadores
married Indian women, a new race called the "mestizos" was formed. 5. Encomienda System a. The
Encomienda System was devised in the West Indies (the islands of the Carribean) to undermine the
advancing civilizations in Mexico and Peru. Essentially, this was slavery, as it allowed the
government to give Indians to colonists in turn for their Christianization. This sheds light on the
assimilation of European culture with the New World because Roman Catholicism was the most
popular religion in Europe (and certainly Spain) In the late 15th and early 16th century. Therefore,
the Encomienda system not only demonstrated a euphemized form of slavery, but detailed the
underlying intentions of Spanish voyagers and Conquistadores. 6. Cahokia a. Cahokia was a
Mississippian settlement located in modern–day Illinois, which was home to around 25,000 people
at its peak

Lesson 02: The First Americans
Lesson 02: The First Americans The first Americans who moved into the continent did so by
following large groups of animals in order to obtain food for their tribes. These men who moved
into the American Continent were usually of small groups and the movement was done in three
different ways; 1. Some of them followed herds of animals from Asia to Alaska over the land bridge.
The ocean water was lower and ice which made the migration possible. 2. Others used boats to enter
the continent by the Aleutian Islands while fishing. 3. There were some who used the South Pacific
Ocean islands and then the North Pacific Ocean islands to reach the American Continent. Paleo
Indians were one of the first tribes who moved into the continent while chasing

Cahokia Civilization
Cahokia is an ancient city established around c. 700–1500. It was a city built along the entire
Mississippi River. It was a major city with 20,000–30,000 people and was a major trade center. It
had a social structure set up by royalty, a Theocracy. Mesa Verde on the other hand was inhabited by
the Anasazi in c.1100–1300. It was built mostly under cliffs and housed thousands. They were both
similar in the time periods they inhabited and both had over thousands of people. Both planted corn
but the Anasazi planted the three sister crops together while the people of Cahokia main crop was
corn. Both societies had taken notice of the ancient supernova of 1054. This let scientist know that
both civilization inhabited around such period. Also, showed ... Show more content on
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This decsion to be built in the cliffs was theorized to protect them from other enemy tribes and
attacks from such tribes. The people of Cahokia believed in a cult–like religion, it linked the church
and state together. While the Anasazi believed in working together and that each person should have
a role that they played out. A sense of a community compared to the people of Cahokia. The people
of Cahokia introduced a ball game named chunkey and would eventually be replaced by stickball.
The people of Cahokia dispersed to all direction and descendants scattered all over the continent.
This was largely due to over exhaustion of the soil which lead to no crops being able to grow. Also,
flooding was caused by areas of timber being cleared out and could have affected housing and crops
as well. Lastly, long periods of deadly warfare were a major factor in the downfall of Cahokia. The
ancient city of Mesa Verde downfall was mostly attributed to the over exhaustion of soil and lack of
rainfall. This later lead to a drought and made the people conform to small groups to survive. Like
the people of Cahokia, the people of Mesa Verde never fully vanished but spread throughout the

Visual Analysis Of Cahokia
As a representative artist of Cahokia, my duty is to draw and paint the everyday weather of the
region near the Mississippi River and to express the daily routine and lifestyle of the Cahokians
through aesthetic works such as documenting pictures or using writing letters on the wall as an
essential record for the Cahokian government. After the abundant food production in Cahokia,
various people from different regions visited and adapted in the new kind of civilization. People
created colorful wooden homes, monuments, and towers to praise the grateful weather as it provided
right amount of sunlight, rain and wind in order to grow crops to satisfy and fulfil the stomachs of
large population. Moreover, the climate did not have abnormal patterns throughout most of the
periods. To appreciate this stable climate, I decided to express the clear sunrise that is observed from
the top of the Monk's Mound.

The Cahokia Civilization
Many civilizations fail due to human's activity. A famous example would be the Easter Island who
failed to see the long–term effects they had on their island. But other civilizations decline is not
directly related to human activity. The Cahokia civilization was located in current day Missouri. The
city was inhabited by 50 communties and spanned over 2,200 acres. The city flourished from 700
CE to 1400 CE. The Cahokians started abandoning their city by the 1200s and by the 1400 it was
almost completely deserted. They are famous for build Earth Mounds, the tallest one standing at 100
feet tall. Many theories have arisen as to why the Cahokian deserted their city. One of the theories
believed they cut all their trees down. Without wood they

The Salisbury Essay: The Early Natives Of North America
The Salisbury Essay's main purpose for being written was to show the reader how the certain
patterns of the early Natives of North America shaped the continent into what it is today. Before the
contact of Europeans, the Natives were a very intelligent and organize group of individuals that
started trading goods and riches before the Europeans ever thought they could be able to.
Archaeologists believe that the first main group of Natives that started all of the beginning patterns
of the Natives and even 10 thousand years before Columbus landed was the Cahokia Indians. The
Cahokia Indians were settled near modern–day St. Louis, Missouri close to the Mississippi River.
Some archaeologist believe that the Cahokia once had 20,000 Natives and over 100 mounds in their
village. The reason they believe in these outstanding growth in people was the land around them.
Situated with land with great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Berkhofer, Jr, which is an expert on early native's history. Berkhofer says "The First residents of the
Americas were by modern estimates divided into at least two thousand cultures and more societies,
practiced a multiplicity of customs and lifestyles, intelligible to many speakers, and did not conceive
of themselves as a single people–if they knew about each other at all." Most natives believed that
they were the only ones on this land and they all believe in something different then the next tribe
which is astonishing to comprehend. The break down Berkhofer's statement in depth, he said "at
least two thousand cultures and more societies", just think about all of the different cultures in the
United States today and think if we had no clue that there was anybody sharing this land with us.
That's crazy to comprehend, but in the early years of North America that was something that the
Natives really didn't think about. The main goal for them was to find the any means necessary to
survive as a tribe and the essay shows that

The Hierarchal Culture Of The Mississippian River Valley...
The Mississippian culture of the Mississippian River Valley is a collection of numerous Native
American tribes that maintained their individual identities while being incorporated into changing
centralized polities from the beginnings of Cahokia in 800 AD to the decline of Moundville in 1400
AD (Blitz 2008: 38). The social complexities and economic systems of the Mississippian peoples
have been highly contested (Wilson et al. 2006; Marcoux 2007; Byers 2013; Cobb 2010; Steponaitis
and Scarry 2016). Some scholars have argued that the social structure was inherently hierarchal,
while others have argued that the polities of Cahokia and Moundville were defined by their
heterarchical structure (Beck 2003; Byers 2013). In addition, the tendency for archaeologists to
define Mississippian polities as chiefdoms has been in flux in recent years due to the rigid nature of
the term in past scholarship (Cobb 2010; Steponaitis and Scarry 2016). The Mississippian peoples
are known for using a corporate kinship based system of group construction (Wilson 2016: 52). A
corporate model assumes the distribution of power across all the social groups of a society (Trubitt
2000: 670). Often these relationships are reinvigorated through the use of ritual events and
monument construction (Trubitt 2000; Wilson 2010; DeMarrais et al. 1985). In Cahokia, kin groups
would come together to participate in feasting events that would reinstate the bond between the
different groups (Blanton et al. 1996:

Ap World History Dbq Essay
AP Document–Based Questions Document A (map on page 18) Scientists and historians use the
evidence of artifacts to suggest the complex trade networks of Indians. Some of these artifacts
include obsidian from the Rocky Mountains, copper from the Great Lakes, mica from the
Appalachians, and shells from the Gulf coast, the bow and arrow, and the appearance of certain
crops like maize. These are just a few examples. Evidence suggests that agricultural and cultural
artifacts such as maize and the bow and arrow moved east word into the eastern woodlands. After
the fall of the Hopewell, people spread out moving in all directions. It is possible that a few of these
people moved east. This is suggested by the sudden appearance of the bow and arrow ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new Queen is being carried by hereditary chiefs, which suggests chiefdom is in place and is
required for this type of ritual. Regarding the Great Serpent mound in Ohio, this evidence suggests
that a very complex and highly organized society was in place. The mounds themselves had to be
created by following a complex method. It is the largest of its kind and likely required many people
to construct. That would also require great organization. Inside these mounds, goods have been
found that suggest a trade market. These are all traits of a complex society. Concerning these
mounds, scientists made some mistakes back in 1848 when examining them. At first, they believed
that the Adena people built the Great Serpent Mound, but after more research and carbon dating, it
was found that the Hopewell or Mississippian people where more likely to have built this mound.
Evidence like obsidian from the Rocky Mountains, copper from the Great Lakes, mica from the
Appalachians, and shells from the Gulf coast suggest that the Cahokia traded with other parts of
northern America. The presence of Mesoamerican style plazas suggests that they also traded with
central America and used their

Pros And Cons Of Neolithic Village
There are some changes between Neolithic village and the first urban center. According to
Anthropology: The Human Challenges book, the four basic changes are agricultural innovation,
diversification of labor, center government, and social stratification. Agricultural innovation is the
changes in farming methods. One method that is used in the first urban centers was irrigation system
that enables control of water resources. It also increase the yield. Diversification of labor is that not
everyone is needed to farm because of the irrigation system. This was a good change because it
started new hobbies and other careers such as toolmakers and artisans. The third change is a center
government; it helped keep the people safe. It started tax so ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These structures required considerable planning, designing, organizing of labor, and engineering to
construct"(United States. National Park Service). For Chaco canyon, they were also urban centers.
They were advanced farmers; they used water resources. The city was walled, with adobe houses
that had wooden roofs. They were very religious. There are pros and cons for each civilizations. The
pros of Neolithic villages are people where encouraged to work together and they developed their
skills. Other pros were they farmed, traded and hunted. There were some cons of Neolithic villages.
Their crop died because of the weather and pests. In addition, disease spreads easily when the
people live together. Lastly, deluges, shortage, or thieves destroyed villages. The first urban
civilization also had pros and con. The advantages were that people ere specialized in different
things. They had increase in crops because of the water resources. They also had a government that
keep the order and safety of the people. However, like in everything there was son disadvantages,
one there were poor sanitation from all the people that were in the cities. In addition, there was
social problems between the

Cahokia Native Americans
Cron, Adelle
Honors Sophmore History, P. 2B
Mr. Miraya
9/2/15
Native Americans and the Arrival of Europeans
The New World was what Europeans were calling this vast, beautiful land, but to the indigenous
Native Americans that have been living there for hundreds of years it was simply, home. Europeans
saw this as a place to prosper their home countries and increase the quality of life throughout. Little
did they know the disastrous effects that would take place due to their actions. The Cahokia was one
group of Native Americans greatly affected by the Europeans expansion. I have personally never
heard of the Cahokia before. Something that was quite surprising was the fact that the Cahokia were
actually very advanced in agriculture and technology. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the misconceptions was, as Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, "North America was inhabited only
by wandering tribes who had no thought of profiting by the natural riches of the soil,''. This was
remarkably incorrect. Native Americans had villages, cities, and some tribes were even home to
thousands of people.
One example of this is, the Aztecs whose city was home to hundreds of thousands of people. It is
estimated that the same people lived in the Americas as Europe in 1492. All across the Americas
Native Americans were advancing, with their mass population of 2 million people. Nowadays we all
know that Native Americans were part of a civilized culture. Some pieces of evidence that Native
American cultures were civilized are there immense cities, abundance of rituals, and their unique,
and advanced, technology, altered to fit their different needs based off geography and climate. The
civilization was misunderstood by the Europeans for a couple of reasons. One being, the fact that
some travelers only saw limited Native Americans and never came across full cities of them, only
the leftovers of where they once resigned. Another reason being, some Europeans couldn't deal with
the fact that another group of people who seemed so savage and different to them could be capable
of great feats of technology and

Neolithic Revolution Or Agricultural Revolution
Molly FitzPatrick
Parolin, 7th hour
AP World History
September 15, 2017
Neolithic Government
Around 12,000 years ago the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution began. This period started after
the end of the last ice age. The Neolithic Revolution brought the first organized government. The
Neolithic Revolution made government essential because there was a need to organize the more
expansive population, large construction projects, and trade with other Neolithic Villages.
During the Neolithic Revolution not only did the amount of surplus food grow, but so did the
population creating a need for organization from a leader or some sort of government. According to
scholars, the world's population 10,000 years ago was a microscopic 6 million people. By
comparison there are 6 billion people estimated on Earth today. The population then grew to about
50 million people by 5,000 years ago. What took place during those 5,000 years? The agricultural
revolution began just about 12,000 years ago or 10,000 B.C.E. During that time the last ice age
ended, creating a more stable environment for growing crops and domesticating animals. The
domestication of plants and animals created a surplus of food compared to the amount of food in
gathering and hunting societies. An abundance of food allowed more people to live in each village.
An example of population growth in a Neolithic Village is the early agricultural settlement of
Jericho located in present–day Israel. Jericho was uncovered by

Cahokia Before Columbus
Forsberg, Sybil Honors History 2B Mr. Miraya 27 August 2016 "America Before Columbus"
Cahokia existed long before Columbus came to America, but few Americans have learned about this
ancient city. "Cahokia's problem is that American history, in the minds of many, started just 500
years ago, back when Columbus discovered the New World" (Lord and Burke 1). Similar to the
majority of Americans, I was not aware that America was inhabited before Columbus' journey. It
was surprising to learn that so many Natives had populated the continent. The Europeans that came
on the second journey to the New World were misguided on many parts. They were mislead into
thinking that the land they found had never been civilized. They were very wrong– more than

Cahokia Analysis
Bryant, Jackson 4B I had never heard of the ancient Cahokia before reading the "America Before
Columbus" article. What I found most surprising is that the Cahokia had been a civilization in
America that flourished and perished before Columbus even discovered the New World. Europeans
had the misconception that the land discovered by Columbus was not settled and that no
civilizations had existed before Columbus arrived. They believed the only inhabitants were tribes
that continually wandered and made no attempt to stay in one place, farm, or build communities.
The European believes were not accurate considering the Cahokia had built ceremonial grounds,
cultivated and farmed crops, and used wood from forests to make stockade walls. Native

Cahokia Essay
9/24/2010
Cahokia Essay As Indian groups started to settle in the Mississippi floodplain, their cultures and
political systems began to intertwine, creating a complex sociopolitical structure (Page, 70). The
largest polity to arise out of this area, known as the American Bottom, was Cahokia. At its height, it
resembled a city, extending over five square miles, mounds and structures that towered over smaller
dwellings, and a population, that some believe to have been the largest, north of Mexico, for its time
(Page, 70). Estimates predict several thousand lived at the site of Cahokia, many of them elites,
whose particular talents or skills, earned them the privileged title (Pauketat). Beyond its boundaries
were smaller groups and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While Page suggests this was likely the case, Pauketat suggests that this kind of easy reasoning
discredits the people of the American Bottom as having any real social or political order that could
have caused fractionalization. In looking at the economic and political structure of Cahokia and the
surrounding floodplain, it can be gathered that their disappearance was not simply due to an
environmental phenomenon, but rather because of the very repercussions in seeking centralization.
Page also describes the social stratification and the economic network in very vague terms. He
makes the relationship based on the prestige–goods economy seem as though it was a very casual
relationship. Pauketat's piece describes, in very particular detail, that the system that arose from the
overlapping communities of the floodplain was highly organized on a social, economic, political,
and religious level. While Page gives little attention to the importance of this type of economy,
Pauketat shows that Cahokia was an incredibly interdependent society. If one of the sections of
society abandoned their obligations within the system, the whole society would be a stake, because
of the complexity and delicacy of the system. This, was indeed, what happened to the peoples of
Cahokia and the American Bottom.
Works Cited
Page, Jake. "In the hands of the Great Spirit: The 20,000–Year Hisotry of American

Toltecs Vs Cahokia
When considering the degrees of integration in various regions of the Americas, specifically
referencing the Chimu Empire, Toltecs, and Cahokia, the text makes the following statement: "Two
forces contributed to greater integration in sub–Saharan Africa and the Americas, from 1000 to
1300: commercial exchange...and urbanization..." From this, we can conclude that there was a great
amount of integration taking place among the Chimu Empire, Toltecs, and Cahokia. W also see that
the two main things that caused more extreme integration in the Americas were trading and
urbanization which are both powerful concepts when referring to how cultures develop and change
over time. Trading is a powerful tool among nations because it helps those nations share

The Mound Building Peoples Of The Eastern United States
Throughout history there have been ebbs and flows identified within all facets of human history, and
the Native American mound–builders were no different. The mound–building peoples of the Eastern
United States (U.S.) along with the Aztec's, Mayan and the Inca were revolutionary economists,
farmers and communal architects. Before the Europeans came in contact with the mound–building
tribes in the 1500's, a thriving nation was had developed into an economic powerhouse and maintain
its position of power and commerce for a few hundred years. We would be remiss to not preserve
the archeological remnants of the Adena, Hopewellian and later the Mississippians. Each of the
many built mounds holds unique facts and details to how the nation thrived and developed over
several centuries.
One of the most influential and progressive cultures in North American history was the mound–
building Native American tribes. The most significant aspects of the mound–building peoples was
the multitude of mounds built for burials, ceremonial and ritual events, temples and other important
buildings, and effigy mounds in the shape of various animals (Colin Calloway, 2012, p. 32).
Archeologists classify mound building Indians of the Southeast into three major
chronological/cultural divisions: the Archaic, the Woodland, and the Mississippian (United States
National Park Service, n.d.). Although Mississippians are known for their mounds; they were also
the first fully domesticated farmers cultivating

Mound Builders
The rise of political and social complexity can be seen in the mound building cultures of eastern
North America. Ames and Maschner listed the aspects of socio–political and cultural complexity as:
sedentism, built structures, social stratification, storage, embryonic property rights, dispute–
resolution strategies, and elaborated ritual or symbolic life. Mound builders were found in eastern
North America, with the greatest concentration of mounds found in the Mississippi and Ohio
Valleys. Mounds are a type of elaborate earthwork usually built of soil or shell with a variety of
shapes, including flat topped, rounded, slight rises of the landscape, and geometric or animal shapes.
Mounds were used for burials, territorial markers, some had temples ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cahokia is located near St. Louis and constructed numerous mounds. There were three major types
of mounds found at Cahokia: platform, conical and ridge–top. One mound, called Monks Mound
was enormous, it stood 100 ft. high and covered 16 acres. It is thought that this mound would have
required many workers with mound experts supervising and took about 370,000 days to build
(Fagan 2005: 472). Cahokia made improvements in agriculture through intercropping, and built a
great plaza used for games and ceremonials that was the size of 35 football fields. Large public
feasts were held at Cahokia. There are signs of people with a higher social status seen in where they
lived and how they were buried. (Fagan 2005: 475). Mound 72 has the burial of a high–status male
on a platform of 20,000 shell beads, with 800 arrowheads, copper and mica sheets, and 15 polished
stone disks (Fagan 2005: 475). Cahokia had a large population of over 10,000 people and a three tier
chiefdom. Moundville was occupied AD 1050 – 1450 and is located west–central Alabama. It had a
large central plaza, a protective palisade, large mounds with numerous other earthworks, and over
3,000

How Cahokia Is The Most Influential Cities
Cahokia is arguably one of the most influential cities in its time. Although there is little known about
Cahokia, aspects of their culture (like games, artifacts, and religious aspects) can be found
throughout the Americas. If so much of the area had not been bulldozed before being excavated, we
may have known more about the area. Cahokia had such an impact during its time, traces of
Cahokia can be found in other communities such as the Osage, Pawnee, and many more.
1. Cahokia made its huge mark in history around 1050 BCE, when they relocated the city and began
growing rapidly. Due to advancements in agriculture and the production of their major crop, maize,
Cahokians were able to develop new traits and skills that allowed the city to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Going into the heart of this amazing city could almost be overwhelming to a visitor. The Great
Plaza was the largest public gathering area ever seen in this area. There would have been people and
houses covering miles of area. One of the more disturbing things a visitor might see while in
Cahokia is the human sacrifice. Although to some this is barbaric, many different cultures all over
the world conducted these type of rituals. In one burial site, bodies of pregnant women, mothers, and
children of one family were found. Cahokians had a matrilineal culture (power passed down through
the women's male relatives, which is why it is believed that this burial site was used as a political
massacre of a competitor to the elite family in the area. There is also evidence to show that the
Cahokians had a sense of astronomy and a way of telling time, which was brought on by the
supernova that occurred right before the boom. A visitor may have been able to see the American
Woodhenge that displayed this knowledge.
3. During the 19th and 20th century, archeologists were still trying to find more information about
Cahokia and its people before it was all demolished for the growing city of St. Louis. During this
time, many had flawed and misinformed ideas about the area. A very prominent archeologist, James
Griffin, believed that few inhabitants actually live in this area and they only stayed for short periods
of times. Gh6This

Summary: America Before Columbus
Marosvari, Sophie Miraya Hon US History 4B 4 September 2015 America Before Columbus
Review No I have never heard of Cahokia before. However, the great, past city seems amazing and
their civilization was astounding. It surprised me that they had a sort of constitutional system and
laws. Some misconceptions the Europeans had about the Native Americans was that they were
savages. They believed the inhabitants of the "New World" were cannibalistic, having no sense of
culture or religion. This proved not to be true as the Native Americans were incredibly religious.
They worshiped Mother Nature and animals. They also had a belief that the sun was a God. In the
Cahokia tribe, the kind would wake up the earliest every morning, go to the tallest hill, and howl to
the Sun God, telling him to come up. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Columbus and his people could not understand most of their culture. In the Old World,
there was no feminism; women had no rights or say in anything. In some tribes, the women were
allowed to openly leave their husbands if they chose to just by leaving all his belongings outside the
door, nonverbally telling him to go live elsewhere. In the Cofitechequie tribe in Georgia, a woman
led the tribe until she was captured by an opposing tribe. In other cultures, young women were sold
and when Columbus arrived, the chief of every tribe would most likely offer to give up his daughter
as a sign of trusting the travelers. The Europeans would see this as childish even though this would
occur in countries just across the

Cahokia Bounds
Recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as a World
Heritage Site, Cahokia Mounds is located in the current day city of Collinsville, Illinois. Near the
Mississippi River, this pre–history site is made of mounds scattered around an area of about Three
and a half square miles of land. The park may be large, but the actual city of Cahokia in pre–history
spread much further than what the park is recognized as today. Cahokia is recognized by historians
as part of the Mississippian culture which groups them with other native civilizations that lived
along the Mississippi River who shared architectural styles (like the mounds fount in Cahokia) as
well as other attributes like maize based economics and tools ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When I visited again I gained much more fascination from the site. The area of Collinsville that the
site lies in has not much more than a few fast food restaurants and some gas stations. I first arrived
at Monk's Mound and was amazed by the sheer size of the man–made structure. I assumed the
mound had eroded over knowing that the mound was so old which would make it even taller during
the time it was erected. When I climbed to the top, I could see the metropolitan area of St. Louis
Missouri. Being on top of the mound gave the feeling of governing a civilization. I could see many
of the other mounds and the people walking to and from the parking lot to make the same journey
that I did to be on top of Monk's Mound. I expected the area surrounding the site to look better than
it did. As the mock chief that I was for fifteen minutes, I did not know how to feel about an
automotive repair shop at the base of my mound. This simply shows how close the local community
today has come to live hand in hand with a World Heritage

Cahokia: Ancient America’s Great City on the Mississippi...
Cahokia: Ancient America's Great City on the Mississippi, by Timothy R. Pauketat, is on the history,
society, and religious customs of the Cahokian people. Consisting of twelve chapters, each chapter
deals with a different aspect of Cahokian society. Chapter one opens up by telling the reader how the
stars in the sky played an important role in the Native American belief system. The Planet Venus
was the key figure in all of this, in fact the ancient Maya believed Venus to be a god. According to
the Cahokians , Venus had a dual nature, in the daytime Venus was viewed a masculine, and in the
evening it was seen as feminine. In the same chapter, Pauketat lets us know about the discovery of,
two hundred packed–earth mounds constructed in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This so–called big bang pertains to the political and social issues of the day; furthermore, these two
ideas played an important role in the society. In the course of the year, the numerous religious rituals
would honor the gods, by honoring the gods, one would expect a good growing season. Some
believe that Old Cahokia was the center of a community government many archeologists debated
this idea. Archeologists debated this idea, as it would mean that the Cahokia government remained
local and ceremonial, in a sense it was a small confederacy of farming villages. Pauketat goes on to
explain, "Then again, by this time, people had already begun relocating to Old Cahokia from
smaller, less successful villages in the surrounding region. They probably spoke the same language
and had the same basic customs as the Old Cahokians." Many of the local villages shared in the
same customs as the Cahokians, because of the same beliefs one could easily see a centralized city
forming. The construction of modern developments, makes it difficult to know what Cahokia was
like at its height. Because a modern highway system is now in the same spot of Cahokia,
archeologists often have trouble doing work. Though learning about the scope of Cahokia may be
difficult, archaeology research can still show us many things, one of which was the idea of outdoor
games. Games played a very important role in the social

Descriptive Essay About My Hometown
My hometown is known for being an old classic German immigrant community. The towns name is
Columbia, Illinois which is located about 10 miles south of Saint Louis in the southwest region of
Illinois. All my life I have lived in Columbia attending school there and always going to town
events. Although Columbia isn't filled with many national historical events or structures, it has a rich
local history and important local historical sites. As a kid I visited many of these locations on school
field trips. I love my hometown due to its small size that offers a sense of community and
togetherness.
The first European settlers to the area were French traders who came in the mid–17th century. They
used the land for temporary camps and trading posts. In the mid–18th century Britain gained control
of the area, but no settlements were constructed. In 1780 the first colonial American settlers arrived,
were they constructed the first permanent settlements. The area was chosen by the settlers for its
source of lumber, fertile soil and, the Mississippi river was a short walk away. In the 1840s a big
wave of German immigrants settled in Columbia. Most Germans entered America through New
Orleans and traveled north on the Mississippi River to Saint Louis. From Saint Louis many Germans
moved outward to surrounding areas including Columbia. The land in Columbia was cheap and with
fertile soil harvests were plentiful. This attracted many new people and soon German culture took
over the town.

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