2. Inclusion bodies can consist of 4 things. What are they?

3. Define the difference between granules and vesicles.

4. GranulesVesiclesPresence of membraneno√ContentGlycogen or polyphosphateGas, carbon, carbohydrate, iron, poly-B-hydroxybutyrate

5. Endospore formation is called __________. It is initiated by _______________. Formation of a new cell wall from an endospore is called ___________. This process is triggered by ____________.

6. Why is endospore called a resting structure?

7. What is the advantage of endospore to a bacterial cell?

8. Describe the factors for heat resistance of endospore

9. Calcium dipicolinate-stabilize and protect endospore’s DNA

10. Specialized binding DNA protein

11. Cortex remove water causes dehydration

12. DNA repair enzymes in endospore repair damaged DNA during germination

13. Sporecoat impermeability causes chemical resistance

14. Describe the event of sporogenesis. What enables it to germinate again?

15. What are the common bacteria that are sporeformer?

16. Describe photoautotroph and chemoheterotroph? Give example of photoheterotophs.

17. In the lab, you heat the bacteria once stained with Malachite green. What is the purpose of heating?

18. In the lab, you wanted to see the capsule of Klebsiella. However, you knew that the capsule is not subjected to being stained. What is the concept used in staining capsule?

19. Define the role of some coenzymes in energy transfer?

20. -carry energy in the form of electrons

21. -carrier molecules (FAD & NAD)

22. -when they are reduced, they increase in energy; oxidized, decrease in energy

23. Describe the ways to generate ATP?

24. -Substrate level phosphorylation (ADP+Pi ATP)

25. -Oxidative phosphorylation (redox in electron transport chain)

26. -Photophosphorylation (Oxidation of chlorophyll)

27. Does glycolisis requires oxygen?

28. The overall chemical reaction of glycolisis produces?

29. The overall chemical reaction of TCA cycle produces?

30. What are the 2 alternatives to Glycolysis?

31. Describe the intermediate step of glycolisis to TCA cycle.

32. What are the products of Krebs cycle?

33. Chemiosmosis obtains it energy from__________________.

36. - Wall-less gram positive

37. - Can return to walled state again

38. Mechanism on gram negative

40. Penicillin

41. -suitable for gram positive