Discovering In The New World

Discovering In The New World
1. Several European nations explored and settled the "New World." Summarize how each nation
below established itself in the New World, addressing motivation and method of
exploration/settlement. a. Spain – Several explorers established Spanish territorial claims in North
America. Ponce de León explored Florida. Francisco Coronado traveled as far north as the Great
Plains in his search for seven cities of gold. All he found were seven little villages, or pueblos. b.
France – Explorers established French claims in North America. Jacques Cartier claimed Canada.
Samuel de Champlain established a trading post at Quebec. Father Marquette and Louis Joliet
explored the Mississippi River. Robert de La Salle claimed Louisiana. c. Netherlands –
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Native American Culture In The 18th And 19th Century
In the United States, there are over 500 federally recognized American and Native tribes. All which
study and practice their own set of cultures and values. Religion, language, food and way of dress
are what makes every tribe different in their own unique way. The "Indian Wars" of both the 18th
and 19th century caused many of these tribes to relocate thus causing them to not only lose their
homelands but also their cultural identity. Native Americans were prohibited from practicing
religion and cultural ceremonies. This caused a recession in youth obtaining the knowledge to keep
their cultural renaissance alive and pass on their tribal dialects to future generations. Today, however
Native Americans are thriving at branding their youth with generation after generation of language,
religion, ceremonial tradition etc. The Native American culture ... Show more content on
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Hispanic Americans may not have been kicked off their homeland and prohibited to study and teach
religion but they too have had to fight for their freedom. The Natives fought for their land and the
mexicans fought for territory. Different yet same. Decades ago, in the hispanic culture, the females
were raised to tend to the children and the men. Young females were considered women at very
young ages and were expected to get married and bear children. The men would go out and work to
put food on the table. In the Native Culture, it was the same, however native men would go out and
hunt while the native women would stay behind and tend to the children and work. Their work not
only consisted of cooking and cleaning, it also consisted of a full day of weaving baskets, stretching
leather, picking corn and anything needed for survival. The native woman was strong with belief
and spiritual healing, while hispanic women were dominated by the man. Today, however things
have changed for both cultures. Women are expected to work as well as take care of the home and

Analysis On Spanish And American Culture
Living in a foreign country is an experience that not many people live. Some of them because they
don't have the chance, some of them because they are not adventurous enough to say yes and do it.
Being an exchange student allows you to get to know a different country, to get surprised by some
of the traditions and habits in your new home, and also, to analyze your old customs and your
country's traditions. This paper is an analysis on Spanish and American culture, traditions and
habits, and talks about life in each one of these two important countries, separated by five thousand
three hundred kilometers. This paper will make the reader realize how two countries separated by
that many kilometers of land and ocean can have that many similar ... Show more content on
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However, the hope of building a new life wasn't the only reason why Europeans crossed the
Atlantic, ambitious countries like Spain wanted to colonize the new land, in order to increase their
wealth. Spanish explorers took to the sea to claim new colonies for Spain. Known as
conquistadores, they conquered much of the Americas. (Danzer, Gerald A. The Americans. Student
text. Evanstan: McDougal Littel, 2005.). Spanish explorers lived among the Native Americans, and
built several missions in the south and west of the US, were they taught Native Americans their
culture and language, not always in the friendliest way, as they abused Native Americans physically,
and punished them if they didn't obey them. This oppression behavior led to several uprisings
against the Spanish, ending with the victory of the Native Americans. In spite of this, Spanish
culture had already spread along the south and the west of the US, and still remains on the continent,
irrevocably linking the two cultures. But this link is still not strong enough to overcome the time
that has elapsed since Spanish and Native Americans shared the same land, and that's why the two
cultures still have some differences.
One of the aspects that most impacted in Europe and in America after Columbus' discovery was the

Some Of Common Misconceptions In Lullaby By Leslie Marrman...
1.)What are some of the common misconceptions about indigenous writers? In what ways do the
writers we've read play on those stereotypes? Some of the common misconceptions is that
indigenous writers are that they could not speak English, uneducated, all lived in teepees, and their
medicine was primitive. The writers that we have read about dealt with these stereotypes was by
including hints and lines that these stereotypes are false. "Lullaby" by Leslie Marmon Silko has a
line about where the Indians stayed showing that they did not live in teepees. In this story they lived
in a "boxcar shack where the rancher let the Indians live" (pg 1545). "Pawn Shop" by Sherman
Alexie is a very short work that demonstrates that Indians are civilized. The man in the story goes
into a bar looking for all of his friends but can not find them so he leaves after the bartender gives
him a free drink for all of his troubles. "I leave, searching the streets, searching storefronts, until I
walk into a pawn shop, find a single heart beating under glass, and I know who it used to belong to,
I know all of them" (pg 1647). This works demonstrates that Indians are just like normal people who
go to shops, bars, and lose people along the way that they miss dearly. 2.) Select one writer and
write an extended reader response to his/her work. Why did you like/dislike the work? Why?
"Lullaby" by Leslie Marmon Silko is a work that is depressing. There is real truth within it but it is
saddening. The beginning of the story a woman is remembering happier times and her family
members. Jimmie, which I was not able to identify the relationship between the women and Jimmie
was being remembered and thought upon by the women. She realizes that she should not dwell on
him since he is not dead. Yet, "one day a dark blue sedan with white writing on its doors pulled up
in front of the boxcar shack where the rancher let the Indians live. A man in a khaki uniform
trimmed in gold gave then a yellow piece of paper and told them that Jimmie was dead" (pg. 1545).
The fact this woman found of that Jimmie was dead and she was just telling herself that he was still
alive to give herself hope is heartbreaking. I did not like the work, the themes of death and

The Unconverted Self By Jonathan Boyarin Essay
In The Unconverted Self, author Jonathan Boyarin reexamines the relationship between Christian
Europe and the world around it, especially in the context of interreligious dialogue as a means of
defining Christian identity. The common school of thought, as presented in this book, is that
European identity reaches modernity after 1492 with the discovery of the radically different culture
of Indigenous Americans (p. 9). Boyarin argues that this is untrue, as this belief operates under the
incorrect assumption that the European people were a homogenous population (p.9). Instead,
Boyarin "seeks to move beyond the concept of two separate Europes," and proposes instead that this
"othering" that was so critical to define Christian identity was already occurring in pre contact
Europe (p. 1). For this, Boyarin looks to the Jewish and Muslim populations of Europe as a
replacement for the Indigenous American peoples. He asserts that this sense of the "other"
threatening Christendom existed far before 1492, and outlines the ways in which this conflict in
religious dimensionality was vital to the formation of Christian identity. Boyarin's volume presents a
concise read that reexamines existing scholarship and recontextualizes historical events to create a
convincing argument, as well as provide questions for future scholarship to build upon. However,
there were aspects in this book that were lacking, causing it to be an almost tedious read at parts.
The Unconverted Self uses the history

A Comparison Between The Way to Rainy Mountain and Love...
In the novels Love Medicine by Louise Erdrich and The Way to Rainy Mountain by N. Scott
Momaday, the reader gains views of Native American culture, both past and present, through two
disparate means of delivery. Both authors provide immensely rich portrayals through varying
literary devices in efforts to bring about a better understanding of problems contemporary Native
Americans face, especially regarding their own self–identity.
The story of Love Medicine revolves around a central character, June Kashpaw, and the many
threads of relationships surrounding her, both near the time of her death, and in what has gone on
before. The novel is an exploration of a family web that June was a key component of. Her character
is a pivot point ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Complications of plot are sparse, but are evident in an episodic fashion, as each small episode has
its own complexion and related complication that normally resolved within itself. In this regard of
episodic plots, the technique is similar to Love Medicine.
Erdrich appears to have a series of plots, or "plots within plots" in Love Medicine, At times, it is
difficult to anticipate where a plot exists until it becomes apparent in its crisis resolution. Again,
much like Momaday's work, the plots are episodic––the different stories are interconnected and feed
into one another, but are capable of standing alone withy their own plots. Erdrich makes heavy use
of the characters themselves to advance the plot for each episode, and in inter–relation between each
episode., whereas Momaday relies more on past story as a guide to present context.
Characterization is the strength of Love Medicine. The humorous, but tragic, exploits of eccentric
characters are extremely vivid in her story, and force a constant chnage of viewpoint for the reader
as more aspects of characters are revealed. The characters in this novel are a woven pattern of
intricacy possibly far surpassing the reader's ability, and especially surpassing the characters
themselves. This may be by design, as those things unresolved and disjointed by the end of the story
can promote an incomplete and unsettled set of emotions

Essay Differring Religions In Todays
Differring Religions
Each religious group possesses its' own individual world– view. Two groups, which vary a great
deal when reflecting upon their world–views are the Native Americans and the Puritans. While one
group holds one set of standards and beliefs to be true, the other group abides by a completely
opposite set of ideas. The Native American religion functions using its' own world –view. Unlike in
Western religions, the Native American religion does not have certain places in which they need to
be more religious than others do. In the Native American religion there is no notion of essential
monotheism. There is no one true god in their religion; therefore they are free to have open–ended
worship. The Native American religion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This entire reading explains why the French men have such a great hatred of the Native Americans,
however they will continue to try to convert the Native American people to Christian and Catholic
belief. Many of the world–views of the Native American religion are quite different from those of
the Puritans. The Puritan religion was once the central part of American identity. Unlike the Native
Americans, the Puritans were a highly intellectual group. They had systems of meticulously written
doctrines concerning the Renaissance. The Puritans also had a sense of adventure, which serves a
higher intent. By having this characteristic they seek to create a better society. This is the opposite of
what the French believed the Native Americans to be doing. According to the French reading " they
are wanderers, with nothing to attach them to a place, neither homes nor relationships, neither
possessions nor love of country." This description is on the opposite end of the spectrum from the
Puritan life. The Puritans attribute their want for a better society to their pioneering spirit. They had
the courage to come from England and settle their families in a new place and begin an entire new
life with no guarantee of success. Puritans focus their religious beliefs around the notion of the
covenant. This is yet another example of the difference between Puritan and Native American
world–views. The

Impact Of King Kalakaua On The Hawaiian Renaissance
A changing Nation
The Hawaiian renaissance was a time period in Hawaii's history that influenced many people during
that time. King Kalakaua created conflict between the Hawaiians and Americans. The United States
of America failed to recognize Hawaii's opposition to annexation and created compromises that
made a big impact on how Hawaii flourished culturally, politically, and economically.
Hawaiian Monarchy was slowly dying due to their powers being taken away. Hawaiian Culture was
beginning to get lost from society because more and more people were being drawn to foreign
beliefs and ways of life as the haole population continued to grow, this is initially when The First
Hawaiian Renaissance had begun. Compromises, many made by King Kalakaua, ... Show more
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The Hawaiian Renaissance also gave natives an opportunity to fight for what they knew was right
about preserving the Hawaiian culture forever. This provided an avenue for people who did not
know Hawaiian culture to witness, and at the same time, understand what it took to preserve the
culture. Lastly, the Hawaiian renaissance had further pushed the United states to find ways to take
away what rightfully belonged to the Hawaiians, including culture, in means of agreements that
were not written on just formal documents but done without consent. Regardless, it had also drawn
Hawaii as nation under the United States. The conflicts and compromises made during this
Hawaiian Renaissance completely changed what people now know as Hawaii, and it is truly an
important aspect of what it came to be today and how the culture of Hawaiians was preserved.
People all over the world, especially those who know nothing about Hawaii or even America,
should all learn about this major time in Hawaii's history where people fought against the
eradication of their culture, as their way of life. The Hawaiian renaissance is too vague to be
compared to a personal problem in life, but it shows how with a conflict and many compromises,
many things can

Revolutionary War Dbq
Some major challenges Americans faced during the War for Independence was the lack of
organization at the beginning of the war they experienced difficulty with training and organizing the
troops for war. The soldiers were always drunk and not following directions, which caused them to
accidentally kill one another. Not all American supported the war, if it was believed that you
supported the war you would be imprisoned, abused or killed. The American Revolutionary War,
caused turmoil between American colonists and the British government which lead to the
Independence of Britain. I believe the British lost because their army wasn't large enough. What
were some of the changes that took place in Europe between the years 1000 and 1492, and why ...
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It was said that Christopher Columbus re–discovered North America. Describe and explain the roles
played by loyalists, African Americans, women, and American Indians during the Revolutionary
War. How did the outcome of the war affect them? Native American and African American women
played an active role in military side of the war. Many women had to defend themselves and their
homes. Women sewed uniforms and blankets for the solider. None of these rights were given to
African American women. Native American women had more power than the European women.
African Americans were slaves, trying to gain freedom. Describe and explain the characteristics of
the pre–Columbian indigenous cultures that existed in the Pacific Northwest, the California coastal
region, the Southwest, the Mississippi Valley, the Southeast, and the Northeast. What is the legacy
of these cultures? Pacific Northwest traditional cultures include wild plants, fish and salmon.
Women gathered fruits and vegetables. The men did the hunting and fishing. Salomon was a major
part of their food supply. The California Coastal region culture was acorns which was a traditional
food in California. The Southwest culture was known for their rainforests, mountains, plains,

Essay On African American Heritage Month
Throughout history, just about every group of people have been oppressed in some way. From
African Americans, to Hispanics, to judgement based on religion or gender, it is taught all of the
time. Most popular are events such as the slavery in early America and the Holocaust. But one
group that was also oppressed here in our own country were the Native Americans; arguably, they
still are. However, they are not mentioned nearly as much as the others. There is no day for a leader
of Native American civil rights as there is for Martin Luther King Jr.; Native American Heritage
Month does exist, in November, but it gets much less attention in comparison to the African
American History Month in February. This group has faced just as much continuing ... Show more
After all, these things took place almost one hundred years ago. Even still, though, there are
examples of mistreatment. Schools and even professional teams continue to use stereotypical
mascots in their teams. In the case Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protection Association, the
Supreme Court allowed a Forest Service road to be built through an area sacred to several tribes.
Many communities on Indian reservations still have high poverty and infant mortality rates, along
with low high school competition rates. There was also a continual battle to be able to use peyote, a
type of cactus that can be used as a hallucinogenic drug, which is important in many Native
American religious rituals. As of 1994, it is legal, but it has been a back–and–forth battle –– it was
banned in 1991, then in 1993 President Clinton attempted to legalize it again but the Supreme Court
shot it down, and finally, a year later, it was legalized once again for celebrations (Native

Leslie Silko's A Man To Send Rain Clouds
In our time traditions have always been fought for. This value of conflict has caused people to hurt
each other, tear down fortified infrastructures, use weapons of science, and tear nations apart.
Historically, traditions are sensitive practices that cannot be served by any means. Which even
means today in our era that these extremes are still indefinitely possible.
However, our era we live in has grown into a larger being that holds even greater value over its own
life. Written by Leslie Silko A Man to Send Rain Clouds is a fascinating story of how the New
Mexican cultures create a harmonious place for their traditional differences. Additionally the author
Silko comes from a Native American Background, she grew up in between cultures in her own story
and knew very well the gaps separating them.
In A Man to Send Rain Clouds, Silko sketches for the reader pages of two specific cultures that
foretell a battle of socially tensive obstructions between them. As for the story goes an
improvisation of snakes had grown their influences across the land. While expanding the snakes
encountered a new kingdom of lions that were more than welcoming and within the snakes superior
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Leon is portrayed to be a young Native American man that holds tightly onto his cultural roots. In a
sudden event Leon finds himself tangled into a cultural ceremony for a man who was not only a
major part of the Native American culture but the community itself in a city of New Mexico.
Another man Father Paul is a man of the Catholic faith. Ideally this is the man sent by the Lamb of
God himself to evangelize for the word of God himself. Father Paul a well respected man within the
community Leon and his family and culture reside in. As for this ceremony it would've been
properly accepted to include the religious pinnacle of the community. However Leon took it within
his own intentions to disclude

Squanto Last Of The Patuxet Analysis
During the Renaissance, European countries started exploring the world and colonizing new lands.
After Spain and Portugal started taking many lands, England joined the race to expend his territory.
When Europeans went to America, different tribes of natives were occupying those lands. Squanto
was one of the Indians leaving in North America. In the article "Squanto: Last of the Patuxet ", the
author Neal Salisbury argues that due to Squanto's unquiet adventure and his experience in both
native American and European culture, Squanto was able to help both civilization and take
important decisions. Firstly, I chose this article because I read about this native American who was
captured by the British and went to Europe where he learnt English. The book: "The American
story" by Robert A. Divine actually mentioned this Indian who came back to New England after he
learnt English. I was really curious on how Squanto was able to survive and comeback to his mother
But I think many lives would have had been saved if they were more people with both point of view
who could have tried to negotiate with them and make an alliance instead of killing each other. And
thanks to his diplomatic skills, Squanto was able to save many lives. To conclude, I think this article
is accurate and presented correctly within general enough details. People who doesn't have general
knowledge about this period of history can still fully understand the article. The author emphasis the
importance of Squanto in this period. A weakness I found on this article is that the author doesn't
give enough information on how Squanto escaped from Spain to England considering the fact that
those two countries are enemies. The author also didn't really link this time period with the
Thanksgiving celebration which was born with the Pilgrims and their encounter with the

The Impact Of War As Portrayed In Ceremony By Leslie...
The Impact Of War As Portrayed In Ceremony By Leslie Marmon Silko Introduction Leslie
Marmon Silko's Ceremony, the most important novel of the Native American Renaissance, is among
the most widely taught and studied novels in higher education today. In it, Silko recounts a young
man's search for consolation in his tribe's history and traditions, and his resulting voyage of self–
discovery and discovery of the world. The main character Tayo must come to terms with himself
and his surrounding environment upon his return from World War II. He is suffering from a sort of
posttraumatic stress disorder which has affected him physically as well as emotionally due to the
fact that he has survived as a prisoner of war in Japan. Consequently he must deal with all of the
horrific memories when he returns to live with his family on the Laguna Pueblo reservation in New
Mexico. To compound his problems, Tayo is half Caucasian and half Native American, so he must
also deal with the added pressures of bi–culturalism. He is torn between the Native American world
and the white world, and is unable to feel a secure security or belonging. Tayo's friends and family
believe that they know the nature of and antidote for Tayo's illness and depression, however it is
only the Native American ceremonies, which will truly help him. He needs to witness the
convergence of life and truly understand the cyclical nature of his emotions and events that he has
experienced. With the help and wisdom of Old

Western European Explorations
The Western European expeditions of the 15th–18th centuries had a multitude of causes, religious
aims, desire for wealth, glory, and improvements in technology, it also caused a number of things,
such as colonial expansion and the Columbian exchange, use of slaves, and rise of capitalism and
mercantilism. It is often said that the European's chief motives for exploration were 'God, gold, and
glory'. The Europeans set out in a missionary zeal and attempted to convert as many people, like the
Native Americans, to Christianity as they could and drive Muslims out of other lands. Another thing
that propelled the Europeans was the search for gold and other riches in far off lands through sea
routes. They hoped to obtain spices like nutmeg, ginger, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, etc. and luxury
goods such as silk, gold, silver, jewels, ivory, porcelain, teas from Africa and the East ... Show more
Consequently, all of the explorations spurred more colonial expansion efforts by the Western
European nations as they all competed for the better piece of land. One such colonial effort in
America resulted in the global transfer of plants, animals, disease, and food, the Columbian
Exchange. As a result of the deviation to the Native American population, creating a need for
laborers, and the growing desire for cash crops like sugar, cotton, and tobacco, slave trade saw a
sharp increase. This time period also saw the spread and intensification of capitalism, resulting from
the growth of town and city life and expansion of trade. Correspondingly, this acted as a catalyst in
the rise of mercantilism, in which rulers encouraged exports and discouraged imports, the trade with
colonies was expected to supply the home country with great wealth and new

Bartolome De Las Casas Analysis
Since the discovery of the new world, many explorers, monarchs, philosophers, even priests, had
something to say about its native people. Expressions of how these Europeans felt about the Native
Americans varied from barbarians to people who needed a little bit of guidance. Commenced by
Charles V, the Valladolid debate made up of philosopher Juan Gines De Sepulveda and priest
Bartolome De Las Casas, expressed the views of these two men of the indigenous people of the
Americas. Juan Gines De Sepulveda felt as if it were the right of the Spaniards to claim dominance
of the Native Americans and their lands. However, priest Bartolome De Las Casas refutes this
argument, saying that these Indians are capable of great opportunities. De Las Casas also argues that
with the help of the Spanish, these Native Americans can be taught to be Christians living in a
modern social environment. Sepulveda saw these natives as animals or half human while De La
Casas described them as humble and patient human beings. From a ... Show more content on
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It is easy to perceive that De Las Casas was right because of his passion for freedom and injustice. If
the debate of Valladolid were still happening today, perhaps a revolution would ignite civil wars, or
division of state. By analyzing the views of Juan Gines de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas it
is evident that people had mixed emotions of these Native Americans. In conclusion, De Las Casas
and Sepulveda saw the Amerindians from two whole different perspectives. De Las Casas believed
in the Indians to be humble and patient people while Sepulveda believed them to be barbarians and
natural slaves. Overall, morally speaking, De Las Casas was right. The difference in between this
philosopher and this priest did no good because at the end, Charles V went with a completely
different

Pocahontas and the Mythical Indian Woman Essay
Pocahontas and the Mythical Indian Woman
Pocahontas. Americans know her as the beautiful, Indian woman who fell in love with the white
settler John Smith and then threw her body upon the poor white captive to protect him from being
brutally executed by her own savage tribe. The magical world of Walt Disney came out with their
own movie version several years ago portraying Pocahontas as a tan, sexy Barbie doll figure and
John Smith as a blond–haired, blue–eyed muscular Ken doll. Although Disney attempts to instill
racial tolerance, inter–racial friendship, and nonviolent resolutions in Pocahontas, they contribute to
the inaccurate Indian woman stereotype that has evolved from such stories. While it can be argued
that Disney has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barnett explains, "a number of unlucky Pocahontas figures populate the frontier romance, saving
white beloveds only at the cost of their own lives" (93). Fortunately, Pocahontas's life was spared
despite her willingness to sacrifice, although her later affiliations with a white man and Europe led
to her death from disease. The notion of females rescuing white men and assimilating with their
culture have traditionally been connected, which resulted in greater Indian deaths due to their
exposure to a foreign culture from which they had not yet learned to protect themselves.
On the other hand, these new Native women are not always the primary characters of the fiction, but
their presence is necessary for the text to evolve. Although similarities exist between the mythical
Indian woman and the characters developed in modern fiction, the new portrait being painted of
Native women shows them as strong, spiritual, and powerful, even if they choose to use their power
in a destructive manner. Keeping with tradition, Indian women are still caretakers and healers but
while they keep their positions as saviors of men, Indian women are illustrated saving Indian men
rather than white males. Whereas the Indian women previously saved white men from the savages
of their own tribe, they are now saving their own race from the destruction of the white world.
Native women healing sick Indian

The Importance Of European Migration To North America
During 1400 – 1700 in Europe people think about the Renaissance, but something else was
happening on the other side of the world. The Europeans that came to North America helped the
world be more connected at the cost of the Indians. The Europeans discovered North America and
conquered and controlled it from 1492 to 1776. The Indians did not appreciate all the Europeans but
loved the trades they brought. They permanently changed the world from plants and animals to
culture but changed it for the worse by bringing diseases. On Columbus's second trip to America he
brought many of the goods we have today in America. If you are from Kansas then you know it as
the wheat state, however wheat is not native to America it is from Asia. On this trip

Native American Analysis
Always historicize! This famous dictum becomes the trigger for anyone who wants to have an
investigation by looking at the significance of historical dimension of a text. Such investigation also
examines the cultural and social objects in a larger social relation. As history is the key, the
investigation further goes to use it in order to restore and reshape our perspectives on a particular
text. This is not to say that after finding the connection our analysis is done, but it actually goes
beyond that. The assumption that a text reflects what is in the society, is enriched and explored more
by using Jameson's critical investigation. Such framework of analysis enables us to see more. Just
like what the indigenous people in the North America ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ortiz, a native of Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico, is a poet, fiction writer, essayist, and storyteller.
According to Wiget (1996), he is acknowledged as one of the most talented and accomplished
writers of the "Native American Renaissance" of the 1960s and 70s. Further, Wiget adds that Ortiz is
also known for his role as a leading figure in the struggle to continue traditional forms and themes
of indigenous life. In a similar vein, Zepeda explicates that "as a major Native writer, he insists on
telling the story of his people's land, culture, and community, a story marred by social, political,
economic, and cultural conflicts with the Euro–American society" (159). Further she adds that Ortiz
is acclaimed a wide recognition such as receiving award from the National Endowment for the Arts,
Lila Wallace–Reader's digest Fund Awards, Lannan Foundation's Artist in Residence, "Returning the
Gift" Lifetime Achievement Award, WESTAF Lifetime Achievement Award, and the New Mexico
Governor's Awards for Excellence in

Mabel Dodge Luhan, An American Artist, Writer, And Social...
Mabel Dodge Luhan was an American artist, writer, and social activist, who helped make New
Mexico the center of arts and culture that it is today, as well as help inspire the modern art
movement, and spread the progressive/free–thought movement. In the enormous collection of
literature attributed to her, Mabel admitted to having neurotic and sociopathic tendencies; she was a
hypocrite, believed power and authority gave her life meaning, and acted out of emotion in most life
situations. Although she admitted to being a person of questionable character, she was seen as a
kind, compassionate, honorable, and intelligent woman, by her friends, colleagues, and lovers:
Mabel was indeed a revolutionary. Born in Buffalo, New York, on February 26, 1879 to Sarah Cook
and Charles Ganson, two members of America's wealthy upper–class, Mabel had a privileged life.
At this time, the United States was a growing world power, and its rate of industrialization
persuaded many American's that their Western, Anglo morals were superior to that of other cultures.
Her parents were like those Americans who focused on the growing industrialization of America and
upkeep of American ideals. Mabel was raised to be a "proper" lady, to wed, and be a good wife and
mother, she received little attention from her parents, who substituted love for power, and she was
raised primarily by their servants. Mabel grew rebellious of her parents and the ideology of the
growing industrialized America, her rebellious

Reel Injun Stereotypes
Reel Injun and Misrepresentation and Native Stereotyping on Screen
Misrepresentation of Natives on screen throughout the 20th century has had an adverse effect on
them. Whether it was positive or negative stereotypes, Natives felt the effect of Hollywood and
began to lose their self–identity, their honour, and their pride. Reel Injun takes a look at how movies
have defined an entire race and also documents the rebirth of the Native identity after decades of
destructive Hollywood movies by interviewing notable Native actors, actresses, and activists. By
doing so, director Neil Diamond hopes to silence Hollywood stereotypes and get Hollywood to
properly represent the Native people.
Hollywood's early depictions of Natives consisted of tribesmen and noble savages who are in tune
with Nature. Films such as The Silent Enemy portray these stereotypes on screen with actors like
Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance being shown as tribesmen who are very noble Natives. Although
these stereotypes are positive, they are still stereotypes nonetheless. These stereotypes have caused
Stagecoach – a movie that is widely accepted as the most damaging movie for the Native identity –
helped to illustrate this image to viewers at the time. As a result, many Americans believed Natives
were all uncivilized and violent, leading to nationwide stereotyping and prejudice. The Indian was
the enemy of America as a result. Stagecoach also shows Natives being hunted like animals, which
sends the image of them being non–human and thus they should be treated as such. Stagecoach and
movies like it mispresented Natives for decades and caused a loss–of–identity amongst the Native
community because Natives were dressed the same throughout various films. It was not until the
1970s and 1980s where Natives were properly represented on

THE COLONIES pt1 the encounters Essay
APUSH Assignment #2 Part One: The Encounters Chapter One: Natives: Old world explorers
encountered in the new world complex and diverse peoples–who, where, etc? Old world explorers
encountered Native Americans in North America. Pre–Columbian America is "fraught with
controversy." What conflicts were they? Native Americans had conflict with the Europeans over
social and environmental problems; this led to violence and war. Also, Europeans and Native
Americans were both violent and Europeans enslaved and killed Natives to conquer land and
people. Without making Europeans out to be vile, cruel and violent, we should recognize that they
had superior power but they gave new additions to Native Americans. Europeans brought ... Show
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Colonists: About 250,000 Spanish emigrants populated the newly established cities; they saw the
New World as an opportunity for success. As the natives died off Africans and their children
replaced them. As mixing production rose due to Spanish women scarcely traveling to the new
world, the government created a hierarchy known as castas to keep social order. Empire: Spain's
empire relocated to Mexico and Peru from the Caribbean and Hispaniola regions due to more
abundant minerals. The Spanish crowns also divided the American empire into regions known as
viceroyalities which were governed by viceroy. Gold & Silver: Gold and silver was the main reason
of oversees exploitation and conquests for the money it provided for the Spanish empire. Brutal and
violent acts were done to possess the metals. France, England, and Dutch also got the goods by
stealing from Spain. Chapter Four: "The Spanish Frontier": Make a list of the achievements of
Cabeza de Vaca Cabeza de Vaca went through many things that gave him a new outlook. He was a
slave and then considered to be a scared healer. On his return to Spain Cabeza de Vaca reported of
the inhumane treatment of the natives. New laws about the treatment of natives were taken. Where
did Hernando de Soto explore? What was his legacy? Hernando de Soto found and

Gwendolyn Brooks: The First African American Literature
Throughout the history of the United States people have been immigrating to America for better
opportunity. Some were part of human trafficking and brought here to be slave labor. From day one
this country was built by multiple ethnicities, all having something to offer, but not everyone was
treated fairly. Regardless of how people landed their roots here in America, they all have a story to
tell. With all of the rapid changes the county was going through over the course of a century, there
was plenty to document and American literature was born. The industrial revolution created an
influx of immigration, and that too brought created events to write about. Throughout this paper
discussion will focus on what Ethnic American literature is, and ... Show more content on
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N. Scott Momaday, of the Kiowa descent won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his story House
Made of Dawn McQuade, et al. (1999). This story is a mix of imagination and real life living in and
out of a reservation. The story is based on actual events that occurred where he was from. He talks
about how the boys from his area are really a sad bunch of people. Most people living on these
reservations were starting to go out and earn money doing wage work versus agriculture. This was a
challenge alone. N. Scott Momaday was the face of the Native American Renaissance, and was able
to preserve Native American oral traditions. He also earned a PhD from Stanford and taught at many
universities. Like African American literature, Native American literature is best trying to keep
culture immortalized. Just like in the day of Sarah Winnemucca, people did not always know what
was going on inside these reservations and also with the relocation of many Native Americans.
Because the outside world was largely unaware of what was going on inside the everyday lives of
the Native Americans, many stereotypes and myths were debunked through the works of the Native
American

Curious Travels Of A Language Geek
I attended Culture Thursday where Michael Bach was presenting "Curious Travels of a Language
Geek" (Bach, 2014) via video lecture from Kodiak Island, Alaska. Michael discussed the Alutiiq
language and culture that the Kodiak Island and the southern part of Alaska once flourished with.
Michael is a fluent speaker of Alutiiq and is on a crusade to revitalize the Alutiiq language and
culture in Alaska. He is a Staples native and through his study abroad, travels, and time in the Air
force he developed a love of language learning. Alaska is a diverse culture including 11 different
Alaskan native cultures. Of these 11 cultures, there are 22 languages or dialects spoken. In Kodiak
Alaska, water gives life to the people and land. The Alutiiq people are Native Alaskan in decent and
are closely related to the Navaho. Through the colonization, the Alutiiq's culture changed first by the
Russians and then the Americans. Even though Alaska is an American state Russian culture and
heritage is influenced in the buildings, food, and even language still today. Alutiiq were and still are
fisherman and hunted not only fish like halibut and cod but also seals and sea lions. Alutiiq hungers
would wear wooden visors made of sea lion whiskers. The more whiskers on the visor, the more
pride in the number of kills they acquired. Typical dress for the Alutiiq people was skins with
natural dyes. They were adorned with feathers, puffin beaks, ivory, bone, and wooden figures.
Ceremonies and

Eric Tippeconnic Essay
Eric Tippeconnic is a visual artist with specialty on painting. He is an original American on his
father's side and a first generation American on his mother's side. Eric's mother, Kirsten, was born in
Copenhagen and left at the age of 18 when she married an American sailor. She grew up in
Copenhagen during Nazi Germany's occupation. Eric's father, Norman Sr. is a Comanche from
Cache, Oklahoma. Eric's grandfather carried his name from the Fort Sill Reservation. Eric himself
grew up on all kinds of different Native American land due to his father's government job. He was a
professor of history in California State University Fullerton.
The Tippeconnic family gets their name from Eric's great grandfather "Tippeconnic" who fought
against the United States in the Red River War. Tippeconnic is Comanche for "Rock House." He
was born in Nome Alaska and for much of his early life he lived on numerous Indigenous
reservations in California, Arizona and New Mexico. He also had the good fortune to be able to
travel quite often to Denmark. Eric credits both his Danish and Comanche cultural heritage for
sparking his interest in art and history at a very early age. The Comanche were a nomadic people,
ranging across the Plains from the Dakotas to Mexico. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, while he was honored and recognized by the inherent value of Native American
history and the unbroken connection Indigenous peoples have with their roots, his art work is not
the result of a desire to depict a romanticized and stagnant expression of a bygone historical era. His
work and hope were capturing movement which made his art served as a metaphor for the viewer
which boldly states that Indigenous American cultures while intimately connected to their history
are in fact contemporary, alive, and constantly

Dbq Native Americans
The population of Native Americans was reduced by over ninety percent over the course of only a
century. Cultural differences between the two groups was at the root of their hostile relationship. In
the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe began its Age of Exploration, which was spurred by other
intellectual and religious movements of the time. The Reformation caused many Christians and
Catholics to want to spread their religion, especially leaders of the countries of those religions, who
wanted to win the favor of the church, along with the desire to increase their religion's influence.
Also, at the time was the Renaissance period, which led to many new advances in technology and
many new ideals. One of these ideals was mercantilism, which was ... Show more content on
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One of the goals when Cortes, Pizarro, and Columbus came to the Americas was to spread
Christianity. The Natives, on the other hand, resisted being converted which led to violence. The
Spaniards thought themselves superior to the Natives and treated them as animals. Though they
called themselves Christians, they rode the backs of the Natives, and killed them for sport. In New
England, when the Puritans arrived they also felt uneasy about the presence of the Natives, though
the Natives were not aggressive towards them. Once one of their people was killed by the natives,
though it was probably justified as that person was kidnapped Natives and was cruel to them, they
used it as an excuse to fight the Natives. Religion was also often used as an excuse to justify their
actions. For example, the Puritans also appealed to Bible to do this, with Psalms 2:8. They claimed
that God had granted them this land as inheritance and using Romans 13:2, they justified their
aggression in doing so by claiming the Indians were taking what God had granted them and
therefore, deserved "eternal damnation." The religious variance between the two groups directly
affected the fighting between

Art Is The Visual Manifestation And Application Of Human...
Art is the visual manifestation and application of human creativity, typically executed through
painting or sculpture. Art is multifunctional, in that it has the ability to transcend the visual by
evoking an emotional response in a non–verbal way. In art, artists are able to utilize their medium to
connect their personal message to the audience in a non– traditional manner. Disarming the
audience by presenting a new perspective on critical issues through the implementation of art and
can help combat problems concerning identity politics and stereotypes. Artists have the aptitude to
inspire change in their world by shattering conventional thinking on canvas. The biography and
artworks of artist Jean LaMarr demonstrates this very notion. By analyzing artworks such as
LaMarr's Dolly Digle's Friend, one can see how the message of her artwork goes beyond the
expectations of the canvas, surpass the visual experience and challenge the audience to confront
stereotypes as she reclaims her Native American identity. Jean LaMarr was born on the Susanville
Indian Rancheria in California. The Pit River and Paiute artist works primarily now as a printmaker,
however still paints, and still participated in creating video productions as well as installations. The
now nationwide known community–arts activist has revolutionized her practices by taking her gift
outside the studio and into the world by working with local Native youth in the creation of
community murals. Jean LaMarr is not

Native Americans During The Colonization
Native Americans during 1785–1829 were affected by western expansion because of the removal of
Native Americans from the land, white settlers attempting to assimilate Native Americans to their
culture, and were involved in battles between the a Native Americans and white setters which led to
the depleting number of Native Americans. Distorted perspectives of european settlers led them to
view Native Americans as "uncivilized savages."As the Renaissance reached its ending term
Europeans saw their religion (Christianity) as an advanced culture. When Europeans arrived to the
"New World" in 1493 settlers discovered the native inhabitants were bizarre to the new settlers.
Further in time Settlers observed their culture and viewed their religion as evil and thought of the
Natives God as the "Devil in disguise." As a consequence of their perspective of their religion
Settlers thought of them as animals, non–human and branded the term savages to Native Americans.
Since Europeans viewed their religion as advanced setters thought of the idea of emerging Native
Americans into the white man culture and wanted to "civilize" the Native Americans. Native
Americans didn't like the idea of being rooted to the culture of the Europeans, so Europeans thought
of the solution of moving the Native Americans west so the native could preserve their culture.
Furthermore igniting the reaction of removal of Natives Americans, conversion of culture and the
war between the Europeans and Native

Exploration Discovery And Settlement 1492 Case Study
Honors United States History I Summer Assignment
Questions about "Exploration, Discovery and Settlement, 1492."
Describe the three great Native American civilizations that existed in the Americas prior to
European contact.
Historians believe that the population of Native Americans within South America surpassed that of
North America, as such the three great Native American civilizations were located in this region.
The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas all created societies with unique cultures in Yucatan Peninsula,
Mexico, and Peru respectively. Each made strides in trade and science while maintaining their large
civilizations.
Explain how improvements in technology in the late 1400s allowed for European exploration of the
Western Hemisphere.
As a result of living during the Renaissance, Columbus was privy to many of the technological
advancements of the time which made the journey to explore the Western Hemisphere possible. For
instance, Europeans began to adopt different inventions from the Chinese such as the sailing
compass, making it easier to navigate the seas. The Renaissance also brought better map making and
shipbuilding techniques, both of which allowed Columbus to make a safer voyage across the
Atlantic.
Explain the religious, economic and political motivations for European exploration and colonization
of the Americas in the 16th Century.
Out of the many motivations to colonize the Americas, the most prevalent ones are religious,
economic, and social. The Sixteenth

Economic Effects Of The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange brought diseases in the two countries and was also the forerunner for
eliminating Native Americans in North America, but Europe acquired new ways to develop their
economy further than what it already was. This discovery was what led to Europe's powers early on
in the 1400's. Europe's discoveries led to the modernization of cultures along with great societies
such as the New World, which became the country it is today. The Columbian Exchange refers to
the time period in which the Native Americans of North America traded plants, animals, livestock,
diseases, and new modernized technology with the Europeans. Not only were these things spread
between the two nations, but the word was spread that North America was a new place for world to
come and make their own. The early days of colonizing America was not successful for most of the
countries wanting a part of it. These countries included England, Spain, and Portugal. The reasons
behind them not finding prosperity in this land was because it was unchartered and no one knew
what the land contained. The people struggled with adapting different and untried farming methods.
Most of the exploring that was done brought many issues between the Native Americans and the
new coming country. Provided that the Natives didn't want new settlers on their land, and the settlers
didn't want any issues with claiming this new land as their own. Before any of Natives had issues
with the newcomers, they were able to

Native Americans Should Not Celebrate Columbus Day
The United States should not celebrate Columbus Day because it celebrates the mistreatment of
Native Americans. One quote from the article that demonstrates this is, "a holiday called Indigenous
Peoples Day will instead recognize the contributions, and suffering of Native Americans, people
who lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived." This quote demonstrates that Columbus may
have improved some lives, but he destroyed others. Every year on Columbus Day, Native
Americans are forced to celebrate the murder and theft of their people, lands, and homes. They
should not be subject to this cruelty. Another quote that shows the mistreatment of Native
Americans throughout history is, "in the 1850s, California's leaders wanted to destroy the ... Show
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For example, as the quote, "estimates say smallpox killed 20 to 80 percent of Native Americans.
These deaths happened over many decades. Holding Columbus responsible does not make sense. "
demonstrates, the Native American disease epidemic was not fully Columbus's fault. Although he
helped introduced the Old World to the New World, many Europeans, over many years assisted in
the disease outbreaks that killed many natives. Columbus should not be blamed for something
beyond his control. To further prove that Columbus is not completely to blame, Native Americans
were at fault for disease epidemics as well. As it states in the article, "most historians believe the
Great Pox that killed 5 million in Renaissance Europe came from the Americas." Although
Europeans brought smallpox to the Americas, Native Americans brought the Great Pox to Europe.
This killed many Europeans, so not all the deaths can be pinned on Columbus. Finally, Native
Americans were not angels, either. As it states in the text, "war, slavery, and human sacrifice
happened before Columbus arrived in 1492." Native Americans also murdered, enslaved, and stole
from each other before Columbus arrived in the New World. They were also cruel and

Stereotypes In The Film 'Smoke Signals'
The film does not rely on any other source other than the Inuk people, and this is why this film has
become important to First Peoples media, because of the film's dedication to authenticity,
revitalizing interest in long standing traditions. With Smoke Signals , Survivance is demonstrated
differently than in Atanarjuat. In Smoke Signals , it was evident that Victor was influenced by
stereotypes of Native Americans that were present in the United States. For example there is the bus
scene where Victor and Thomas traveled to retrieve the ashes of Victor's father in Arizona, in that
scene Victor told Thomas that he did have the image of a Native American. To Victor, a stoic and
warrior–like image garnered respect and fear from others. As the film progressed Victor transform
as a character both in how he lived as an individual and how he saw his Coeur d'Alene Heritage.
The catalyst for Victor's change of mind was Thomas. Throughout the film, Thomas acted as a
shaman, telling stories about the Coeur d'Alene and the people of the reservation. Thomas shaman
like character was a way to remind Victor that he could never let go of his heritage. The interaction
between Thomas and Victor is a representation of the film as a whole and its message. The
Survivance that was present in the film was directed at every population of First Peoples. Smoke
Signals extends its reach to a vast audience and that was its goal as a film, unlike Atanarjuat's focus
on the Inuk people. By

Negative Effects Of The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange started in 1492 and was a network of trade. Native Americans shared
ideas, agriculture, firearms, animals, diseases and later slaves. The Columbian exchange is
responsible for introducing cattle, horses, chickens, and pigs into America. They also import
firearms to the new world. Before such weapons were proposed to Native Americans, they used
canes and sharpened sticks as weapons for defense and hunting. Although these may be seen as
positive effects of the exchange, it brought lethal diseases to the Native Americans as well. Measles,
influenza, and small pox just some of the illnesses that killed the majority of the Native American
population. The exchange brought fatal diseases killing the larger part of the populations, therefore
leading to a rise in slavery. The Columbian exchange introduced Native Americans to new
technology, agriculture and ideas, but also had the negative effect of almost wiping the population ...
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Christians believed that medieval era Christian Churches had become ungodly and nefarious. They
did not believe there was any need for a religious leader with great authority, such as the pope. They
also disagreed with the power the church was giving the priests, bishops and church doctrines.
These reformers held protests to show how they felt about the Church. The sought to correct the
faulty ways of the previous churches and became know as "protestants." The Renaissance is known
as the beginning of a modern world. It started in Italy in the fifteenth century. It is known as an
evolution in the arts and sciences. New art strayed away from strictly about religion and leaned
more towards nature and people. New technologies like firearms and the printing press were
invented. These inventions alone closed the separation between they royal and the poor classes.
Religion also changed due to reformers. The renaissance was an age of change and new

Langston Hughes : A Modernist
Michael Davis AP English Literature and Composition Mrs. Sappington 13 Apr. 2017 Langston
Hughes: A Modernist Credited as being the most recognizable figure of the Harlem Renaissance,
Langston Hughes played a vital role in the Modernist literary movement and the movement to
revitalize African American culture in the early 20th century. Hughes's poems reflect his personal
struggle and the collective struggle of African Americans during this cultural revival. Langston
Hughes's life contained key influences on his work. As a child, Hughes witnessed a divorce between
his parents and the subsequent death of his grandmother, his primary caretaker at the time. Hughes's
childhood was also marked by the constant transition of moving from city to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Harlem Renaissance sought to revitalize African American culture with a focus on arts and
literature and creating socioeconomic opportunities (Harlem Renaissance). This temporal setting,
predominantly the influence of the Harlem Renaissance, of Hughes's life explains the purpose of
Hughes's writing: to express the oppression of African Americans and the imperfections of Hughes's
America and to heighten African American morale during his life through his writing. In "Let
America be America Again," Hughes reflects on the current discrepancy between the promises of
justice and equality in the Constitution and Declaration of Independence and the current situation
that Hughes faces. Anaphorically using the phrase "I am," Hughes mentions the different types of
people, including poor whites, Native Americans, and immigrants, that share the same struggle that
African Americans face regarding the pursuit of equality and the American Dream. Emphasizing his
ideal America with a caesura pause, Hughes writes, "and yet must be––the land where every man is
free." This line encapsulates Hughe's desire for a America that includes African Americans and other
minorities and finally upholding the nation's promise that all Americans were created equal. Hughes
also realizes that his ideal America will still require

The Impact Of The European Colonization Of North America
The Spanish and the European settlers that came to the North America took on the east coast part of
this region. Wherefore, there were many different Indian tribes that existed in this place whom
spoke different languages, practiced different customs, and used different techniques in raising their
own crops and hunting livestock. It was a mix of people who were better at farming while others
were better at agricultural activities. Some people involved in war while some did not. As for my
example, some of the Indian nations that existed here were the Seneca, the Mohawk, the Cherokee,
and the Seminole. They were able to practice and share amongst themselves a highly developed
system of trade wherein they traded goods over a wide area. ... Show more content on
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As I understand and analyze the historical events which transpired through time, the native
Americans did not have a good relationship with the Europeans. One can see that the latter were not
very sensitive with the culture of the native Americans while, on the other note, these Europeans
came from a then more modernized country as the native Americans saw them as a group of people
with enough weapons or guns that is useful to them. Also, Indians were able to provide food for
these foreigners.
At first, they traded well with each other in terms that both groups had benefits from one another.
However, towards the end, when there was already an imbalance with the animals that were being
hunted as food and the crops that were raised for agricultural purposes, the English people started
drawing boundaries on territories. Soon after, Indians started competing amongst themselves just to
find a suitable land for hunting and agriculture.
The pattern that I see here is the continuous dependency of Europeans on the land, resources, and
means of shelter from the Native Americans. The pattern also evolves on the notion of Europeans to
turn this new discovery and utilize this connection for trade and commerce of their interests with
another country or countries as well. In the end, both groups were able to trade with each other that
left Virginia having the Charter of the Virginia Company of London. This company, however,

Native American Cultures And Development Of Native Americans
Native American populations in the 1490's cary from 50 to 100 million people. Spread throughout
the America's, the natives adapted and shaped their ways of life according to their environment and
their surroundings. For example, the southwest settlements such as the Pueblos depended on
irrigation systems living in large numbers, where the settlements in the Great Plains region, lived a
nomadic lifestyle being dependent on buffalo as their life source. In essence, the environment where
the Native population settled led to diversity among the tribes because each tribe had to adapt to
their unique environment in order to survive. The southwest settements lived a stationary life, where
those in the Great Plains migrated as they followed their cattle. Additionally, not only did their
environment vary, their language also differed. American Indian languages consisted of more then
20 language families including 400 distinct languages. Due to this, the ability to comminicate lacked
leading to varied beliefs, customs, cultures and development of ways of life.
Although both Spain and England conquered and settled in areas located in America, their colonies
differed. To illustrate, the English settled in areas without large native empires unlike the Spanish.
Because of this difference, the English were unable to to use natives as a controllable workforce as
the Spanish did. The Spanish used an economic system called encomienda system that relied on the
use of slavery. Additionally,

Essay on Alcoholism
Alcoholism Alcohol consumption was initiated on reservations when traders in the nineteenth
century started to offer it to oppressed and depressed Native Americans. Natives represent, in fact,
the ethnic group with the highest degree of alcohol consumption in the United States. Confinement
on reservations after displacement brought for Native Americans identity conflicts and assimilation
problems. This situation promoted the abuse of liquor to mitigate the psychological pain inflicted by
the dispossession of the land and enclosure in a limited and controlled space. Both the stereotype of
the "Noble Savage" and the "drunken Indian" are recurrent figures in mainstream literature of the
US.
Native American Literature of the 70s ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance: Tayo, Abel (House Made of Dawn), Gordie Kashpaw (Love Medicine) and the
characters of Winter in the Blood (mostly all characters of Welsh's fiction) present similar
characteristics as assimilated and alienated Indians: they have lost their "Indianess" as a result of
their mixed–blood inheritance. Abel's alcoholism makes him react violently to tribal ways and, thus
it takes him to prison, charged with murder: "For him (Abel) alcohol is no tranquilizer, but a fire
that feeds his sullen, speechless rage until he explodes in a violence that results in his near–fatal
beating by the culebra policeman Martinez" (Allen, 139–140). He will die understanding tribal ways
but unable to deal with the role they play in his mixed blood life. Tayo suffers post–traumatic stress
disorder as a consequence of the death of his cousin and the horrors of war and finds consolation in
drinking. But Tayo's problems with alcohol started long before upon discovering his legacy and
feeling tribal rejection in a pattern started by his mother, a Laguna woman who, in mating with a
white man, lost her soul and life. Death found her alone, drunk and without shelter. Abel must get
reconciled with his past unless he wants to be found dead alone in an alley or frozen in a blizzard
like June Morrisey in Love Medicine or the father of the protagonist of Winter in the Blood. June
became

Compare And Contrast Sherman Alexion And Where Mountain...
Often times the author's message illustrates the reality of a situation in society. In the 1960's, the
raise in protest against the prejudices of Native tribes lead to a Native American Renaissance in
literature. As a result, the Native American literature depicts the destruction of the roots Native
American culture. Authors, Sherman Alexie and Leslie Marmon, expressed their view on Native
American culture through poetry. The combination of Alexie's Evolution and Marmon's Where
Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer leads to similarities and differences. According to what they
saw, the poems are presented through the speaker's voice and the author's diction in order to develop
the theme in both Evolution and Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer. Although the two
poems express similar themes, there is a contrasts between the two poems due to the tone of each
piece and the literary elements employed. Due to the fact that both poems were written within
twenty years of each other, each author conveys a similar message. In both poems, there is a sense
of deprivation for the Native American identity. Alexie takes a more blunt approach on expressing
this theme: "...when the last Indian has pawned everything but his heart, Buffalo Bill takes that for
twenty bucks..." (Lines 11–12). This informs the reader that 'Buffalo Bill,' a historical reference to a
white explorer and hunter, will take every last item down to a heart. As a result, Native Americans
are knowingly giving up their

Indian Boarding School : The Runaways
In Louise Erdrich's Famous work of poetry, "Indian Boarding School: The Runaways", shows how
the context of the work and the author play major roles in understanding the poem from different
aspects and angles to see between the lines of what we really call life. The Author Louise Erdrich is
known for being one of the most significant writers of the second wave of the Native American
Renaissance. She is a member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians and her writing on
Native American literature is seen throughout the world. Through word decision, repetition, and
symbolism bringing out her incredibly fierce tones, the author recalls the hurt and enduring impacts
of Native American children being forced to attend Indian boarding schools. These schools emerged
of a post–Civil War America in an effort to educate and also "civilize" the American Indian people.
Native American families were frequently placed in little, ruined reservations, endorsed to give up
their childhood to receive inadequate schooling, a constant threat of kidnapping, and even removing
entire families off their land where they have called home for hundreds of years prior. Louise's
father and mother both worked at Indian boarding schools, giving the reader the sense that she really
was passionate about her writing of this poem in more ways than one. She truly gives the underlying
insight to the boarding schools and the treatment of her people's way of life, which was a systematic
and legal genocide

Environmental Influence On Native American Culture
Environment shaped the Native American culture. The Ice Age occurring 35,000 years ago shaped
oceans into glaciers, lowered sea level, and most importantly exposed the land bridge from Eurasia
(Siberia) to North America (Alaska). In this way, nomads (Asian Hunters) were able to cross the
American continent for 250 centuries and inhabit North and South America into countless tribes,
diverse cultures, and evolving over 2,000 separate languages. The difference of environment shaped
diverse Native cultures as those residing in the Great Plains (Pueblos) settled into agricultural
villages meanwhile tribes situated in mountainous regions (Iroquois) conformed to nomadic
hunting.
Maize was a primary source of cultivation in the Native American society, ... Show more content on
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Although strong tensions between the Natives and Europeans caused mass death over both
populations, other commodities can take the blame for the Native's demise. Alongside the animals
and plants Europeans brought from Europe, ominous germs were also carried in their travels to the
New World. This caused an epidemic of smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria within the Native
American population, who were not immune to the maladies. Within 50 years, 1 million of Taino
natives in Hispaniola dwindled to 200. A century after Columbus's arrival, over 90% of the Native
population died following ancient cultures that soon became extinct.
Natives provided laboratories for testing techniques, overwhelming the advanced natives of Mexico
and Peru. The encomienda system is the Spanish government's policy to provide the colonists with
Indians with the condition to Christianize them. As a result, the Spanish were able to subjugate
native tribes in the North American mainland and on the West Indies. At dismay against the
encomienda system, Bartolomé de Las Casas accused it to be "a moral pestilence invented by

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