1. ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF SEMI- NATURAL GRASSLAND IN EUROPE Status quo and future prospects Rudy van Diggelen

4. STATUS QUO

5. THIS IS WHAT PEOPLE HAVE IN MIND…

6. THIS IS WHAT THEY SEE…

7. OR THIS…

9. AREA OF SEMINATURAL GRASSLANDS & ABANDONED SEMINATURAL GRASSLANDS IN CEE

11. NUTRIENT APPLICATION IN NL

12. QUALITY OF LOW-PRODUCTIVE GRASSLAND IN THE NETHERLANDS Van Hinsberg et al. 2007

13. RESTORATION

14. RESTORING PREVIOUS MANAGEMENT: GRAZING BY LARGE HERBIVORES

15. RESTORING PREVIOUS MANAGEMENT: MOWING WITH NORMAL EQUIPMENT

16. 1 year

17. 5 years

18. 12 years

19. CHANGES IN PRODUCTIVITY Olff & Bakker 1991

20. SPECIES RICHNESS

21. Bakker & Olff, 1995 Unfortunately it is a slow process

22. SPEED UP DEVELOPMENT BY TOP SOIL REMOVAL?

23. Top soil removal

24. A = BEFORE TOP SOIL REMOVAL; B = SHALLOW REMOVAL; C = DEEPER REMOVAL Abiotic conditions Example Eexterveld

25. EFFECT OF NITROGEN AVAILABILITY ON PRODUCTIVITY

26. TOTAL NITROGEN CONTENT

27. Verhagen et al. 2003 Nitrogen dynamics

28. CHANGES IN SPECIES RICHNESS OVER TIME Olff & Bakker 1991

29. CHANGES IN SPECIES RICHNESS IN RELATION TO STARTING SITUATION Klimkowska et al. 2007

30. WAAR KOMEN DE SOORTEN VANDAAN? Do the species come from the soil seed bank?

31. Survival of ingested seeds Mouissie, van der Veen, Veen & van Diggelen 2005

32. Mouissie et al. 2005 Animal selectivity

34. SPEED UP COLONISATION RATE THROUGH ADDITION OF PROPAGULES? Unpublished data van Diggelen , van den Burg & Dijkstra

35. Do we reach the target? 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Droge heide .04 .08 .16 .19 .21 Natte heide .04 .01 .02 .03 .02 Dotterbloemhooiland . .26 .34 .34 .35 Noordse zegge hooiland . .10 .17 .18 .16 Overstromings-dotterbloemhooiland .33 .26 .23 .19 .25 Heischraal grasland . .01 .09 .11 .11 Kleine zeggen .08 .11 .16 .16 .21 Overstromingsgrasland . .24 .28 .28 .29 Kamgrasweide .35 .31 .32 .29 .29 Kievitsbloemhooiland .16 .14 .15 .10 .13 Gemiddeld .25 .21 .24 .23 .24

36. DO WE REACH THE TARGET?

37. LARGE SCALE SEEDING

38. COMPARISON BETWEEN TECHNIQUES W: Rewetting R: Top soil removal T: Transfer of propagules Klimkowska et al. 2007