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2. Questions of previous exams
Anatomy
1) Give an account on the coverings, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the
testes.
2) Where do the testicular veins end?
3) Name and give the origin of the coverings of the spermatic cord.
4) Give two branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery.
5) Name two ligaments related to the uterus.
6) Give the origin of the internal iliac artery and name 3 branches of its anterior
division.
7) Name the pouch that separates the uterus from the rectum. Which part of the
vagina is related to it?
8) Where do the ejaculatory ducts open?
9) Name the structures related to the lateral fornix of the vagina.
10) Mention the nerve supply of the bladder.
11) In which perineal pouch are the following structures found?
- Membranous urethra.
- Bulb of the penis
12) Give the origin of:
- Levator ani
- Pudendal nerve
13) Enumerate the structures related to the anterior surface of the left kidney.
14) Give the vertebral level of the ovarian artery.
15) Give the position, relations and peritoneal coverings of the urinary bladder in
both sexes.
16) Name the contents of the superficial perineal pouch.
17) Give four differences between male and female pelvis.
18) Draw a diagram showing the parts of the uterus. Mention its normal anatomical
position.

3. 19) Write short notes on:
- Pudendal nerve (root value, branches and muscles supplied).
- Contents of the broad ligament.
- Uterus (parts and relations).
- Course of pelvic part of ureter.
- Muscles forming the pelvic floor.
- Position, relations and blood supply of:
1) Ovary.
2) Prostate.
20) Enumerate the contents of the deep perineal pouch.
21) Name the fascial layers enclosing the superficial perineal pouch.
22) Name two ligaments of the cervix uteri.
23) Draw a diagram showing peritoneal reflections in female pelvis.
24) Describe the normal position and the ligamentous support of the uterus.
25) Name the branches of the sacral plexus.
26) What is the widest and most dilatable part of male urethra? Mention 2 openings
in this part.
27) What is the origin of the internal pudendal artery? Name 2 terminal branches.
28) Name the parts of the male urethra. In which do the ejaculatory ducts open?
29) Mention the arterial supply of the ovary.
30) Name the structures related to the posterior surface of the urinary bladder in
males.
31) Name the lobes of the prostate. Which of the commonly enlarges?
32) Give a full account on the anterior relations of the right kidney.
33) Mention the relations of the left kidney.
34) Name the parts of the levator ani muscle and give its nerve supply.
35) Discuss the blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the kidney.
36) Give the anatomy of the vagina.
37) Give short account on: pudendal canal and its contents.
38) Write short notes on: mammary gland ( position, blood supply and lymphatic
drainage).

4. Embryology
1) Describe the development of the ovary.
2) Describe the development of the uterus and mention its congenital anomalies.
3) Describe the development of the metanephros and its congenital anomalies.
4) Mention the embryological basis of five anomalies of the kidney.
5) Complete:
- The trigone of the urinary bladder is developed from…….
- The uterine tube is developed from…….
- The ureter is developed from…...
6) Mention the congenital anomalies of the urinary bladder.
7) Describe the urogenital derivatives of the coloaca.
8) Describe the derivatives of the paramesonephric duct.
Histology:
1) Name the maternal and fetal part of the placenta.
2) Draw the EM picture of the renal filtration barrier.
3) Tabulate the difference between: a histological section in vas deferens and
ureter.
4) Enumerate the histological features of prostate.
5) Give a brief account of Sertoli cells.
6) Mention the characteristic features of a vaginal section.
7) Give the structure of the placental barrier during different periods of
pregnancy.
8) Give a brief account on corpus luteum.
9) Enumerate the male genital ducts and their lining epithelium.
10) Enumerate the different types of spermatogenic cells and draw the EM
picture of a mature spermatozoon.
11) What are the types, sites and functions of the mesangial cells?
12) Give a brief account on endometrial changes during uterine cycle.

5. 13) Draw a diagram showing the EM picture of the lining of proximal and
distal convoluted tubules.
14) Draw a section in a proliferative uterus.
15) Describe the cells in corpus luteum. Refer to its types, functions and fate.
16) Draw a labeled histological diagram for the renal cortex.
17) Tabulate the difference between: fallopian tube and seminal vesicle.
18) Differentiate between proliferative and secretory endometrium.
19) Draw a labeled histological diagram of a mature Graffian follicle.
20) Mention the site, function of interstitial cells of leydig.
21) Give an account on the structures in the spermatic cord.
22) Give an account on the podocyte.
23) Describe briefly the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
24) Mention the function of the cells lining fallopian tube.
25) Give short account on the process of spermiogenesis.
26) Draw a histological labeled diagram for a section in the fallopian tube.

6. Physiology
1) Give an account on the ovarian cycle.
2) Give short account on the cyclic changes in the endometrium .
3) Which hormone mainly controls the proliferative phase of uterine cycle?
4) Mention:
- Role of corpus luteum in pregnant and non-pregnant female.
- Role of kidney in acid-base balance.
- Juxta-glomerular hypothesis for autoregulation of RBF.
- Functions of sertoli cells.
- The concentrating mechanisms of the kidney.
- Water balance control mechanisms.
- Functions of PCT.
- Placental hormones and action of 2 of them.
- Actions of progesterone in pregnant and non-pregnant female.
- Estrogen actions in non-pregnant female.
5) Discuss:
- GFR and factors affecting it.
- Hormonal regulation of mammary gland development and lactation.
- Role of bicarbonate buffers in the tubular fluid in buffering excess hydrogen
ions.
6) Explain the hormonal regulation of male reproductive functions.
7) Mention the causes of metabolic acidosis and explain the mechanism of
compensation.
8) Explain the role of non-bicarbonate buffers in tubular fluid in buffering excess
H ions.
9) Discuss the causes of renal medullary interstitial hyperosmolality and the role of
vasa recta in its maintenance.
10) Mention the functions of testosterone hormone.
11) Draw a diagram representing the role of the kidney in acid-base balance.

7. Microbiology
1) Describe the bacteriological diagnosis of a case of urinary TB in man.
2) Discuss the lab diagnosis of a case of syphilis in the primary stage.
3) Give an account on:
- Urogenital mycoplasma.
4) Enumerate the five sexually transmitted bacterial diseases, the causative
organism of each and discuss the lab diagnosis of a case with chronic gonorrhea.
5) As regard Spirochetes, give an account on the different methods for treponema
pallidum demonstration.
6) How would you diagnose in a lab a suspected case of chancroid.
7) Enumerate the members of the Herpes viruses. Mention the common properties
of this group.
8) A 25-year-old male has several enlarged lymph nodes and a macula-papular
rash. 2 months ago he had a painless penile ulcer that resolves spontaneously.
Secondary syphilis was suspected.
- What are the microscopic examinations needed to reach a diagnosis?
- Name the cardiolipin antibody tests. Why is it necessary to confirm a positive
test by a treponemal antibody test?
- Write briefly about: Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test.
9) Name 2 bacteria that cause non-gonococcal urethritis. Discuss briefly the lab
diagnosis of a case caused by one of them.
10) Differentiate between HSV-1 and HSV-2 as regards: their properties and
the disease they produce.
11) Outline the lab diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis.
12) Discuss the cultural characters of enterococcus faecalis.

8. Parasitology
1) Mention one use for metronidazol (flagyl).
2) Mention the infective stage and mode of infection of Schistosoma haematobium.
3) Mention the infective stage and mode of infection of Trichomonas vaginalis.
4) Give reasons: acidic vaginal douches are used in treatment of Trichomonas
vaginalis.
5) Name the stage of Schistosoma haematobium seen in urine samples of
bilharziasis patients.
Pharmacology
1) Mention 2 pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses and side effects of anabolic
steroids. Give one example.
2) Mention the therapeutic use and side effects of spironolactone.
3) Give reasons: estrogen must be given with progesterone in contraceptive pills.
4) Write what you know about:
- Loop diuretics.
5) Differentiate between:
- Physostigmine and neostigmine.
6) Mention the pharmacological actions of:
- Furosemide.
- Combined oral contraceptive pills.
7) Complete:
- ………. Is used to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
8) True or false:
- Tamoxifen is a central estrogen antagonist used in breast cancer.
- Nandrolone abuse by atheletes lead to decreased spermatogenisis.
9) List six side effects of combined contraceptive pills.
10) Discuss: potassium sparing diuretics (mechanism, uses, side effects, one
example).

9. Pathology
1) Discuss the pathology of:
- Fibrocystic disease of the breast
- Ductal carcinoma of the breast
- Endometrial hyperplasia
- Benign tumors of the breast
- Membranous glomerulonephritis
- Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
2) Enumerate epithelial ovarian tumors and discuss the pathology of the
commonest one.
3) Give an account of the complications of senile prostatic hyperplasia.
4) Give the pathology and complications of leiomyoma.
5) Give an account of seminoma.
6) Enumerate the clinical manifestations of nephritic syndrome and explain their
pathogenesis.
7) Compare between carcinoma of cervix uteri and carcinoma of the uterine body.
8) Give short account on testicular atrophy.
9) Classify serous tumors of the ovary and describe their gross and microscopic
features.
10) Give an account of painful breast masses.
11) Give an account on grading and staging of prostatic carcinoma.
12) Enumerate prognostic factors in breast carcinoma.
13) Classify: golmerular diseases.
14) Give an account on cryptorchidism.
15) Give an account on:
- Post-streptococcal diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis.
- Cervical carcinoma.
- Differences between non-proliferative and proliferative changes of
fibrocystic disease of the breast.
16) Enumerate the causes of uterine bleeding at reproductive period of life.

10. 17) Tabulate the difference between endometrial carcinoma and endocervical
carcinoma (incidence, risk factors, morphology, and staging).
18) Describe the morphology of chronic pyelonephhritis.
19) Determine the risk factors of carcinoma of female breast.
20) List the complications of uterine leiomyoma.
21) Give an account on acute pyelonephritis (pathogenesis and
complications).
22) Discuss the role of tumor markers in diagnosis of malignant tumors of
male genital system.
23) Discuss the morphological types of carcinoma of the UB.
24) List the causes of chronic glomerulonephritis and describe its morphology.
25) Determine sites, morphology and complications of endometriosis.
26) Give an account on:
- Renal cell carcinoma (morphology and spread)
- Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (predisposing factors, morphology
and spread)
- Teratoma of the ovary
27) Tabulate the difference between:
- Seminomatous and non-seminmatous tumots of the testis
- Nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
28) Describe the gross features characteristic of the different types of
infiltrating breast carcinoma and the possible skin changes.
29) Discuss urolithiasis as regards predisposing factors, types, effects and
complications.