Environmental engineering Q3 Discuss the formal classification of .pdf

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Early mountaineers used boiling water to estimate the height of the mountains they climbed. If they reached a given peak and found that water boiled at 120 degrees F instead of 212 degrees F at sea level, approximately how high (ft) was this mountain? Show all steps. Solution At sea level, water boils at 212 °F. With each 500-feet increase in elevation, the boiling point of water is lowered by just under 1 °F. Total reduction in boiling point=212-120=92oF Let height of mountain be h h/500=92 h=92*500=46000 ft Therefore, height of mountain is approximately 46000 ft.

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Environmental engineering Q3 Discuss the formal classification of pollutants.
Solution
The simplest definition of pollutants is that it is the unwanted particle present in the environment,
in any form, in so much concentration so as to adversely affect any of the existing species.
These pollutants can be classified based on several factors, some of which are discussed below:-
A. Depending upon their existence in nature
i) Quantitative pollutants: These are generally not present in the environment in a quantity that
can adversely affect us rather they get accumulated in the environment due to various human
activities. For example, the presence of CO2 in our environment is necessary for the functioning
of plants, however, it turns out to be a pollutant when it gets accumulated in the environment in
abnormal quantity due to automobile exhaust, industries, etc.
ii) Qualitative pollutants: These are harmful even if present in small quantity in the environment,
like Insecticides, etc.
B.Depending upon the form in which they persist after being released into the environment
i) Primary pollutants: These are the pollutants that persist in the environment in the form in
which they were released from the source. e.g. Ash, Smoke, etc.
ii) Secondary pollutants: These pollutants are formed after the primary pollutants chemically
react with other constituents present in the atmosphere. e.g. Sulphur trioxide, Nitrogen dioxide,
etc.
If a primary pollutant reacts to form another pollutant that is far more toxic than the primary
pollutant itself, then it is called Synergism.
C. From the ecosystem point of view, i.e., according to their natural disposal
i) Bio-degradable pollutants: These are the pollutants that degrade quickly by natural means or
by engineered systems. Domestic sewage, heat and thermal pollution, etc. are kept in this group.
ii) Non-degradable pollutants: These pollutants either do not degrade at all or degrade at very
very slow pace, in the natural environment. e.g. DDT, mercury salts, aluminum cans, etc.

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