Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that are maintained as an epitome or extra chromosomal DNA molecules , inside a cell.

2. Contents:
 Introduced
 DNA vectors
 Cloning vectors
 Types of Plasmid
 Positive side
 Recombination DNA
 Modern use of Plasmid
 Problems
 Solution

3. Joshua Lederberg:
American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in
1952.
He won the 1958 Nobel Prize.
1925-2008

4. What is Plasmid ?
 Plasmids are circular DNA
molecules that are maintained as
an epitome or extra chromosomal
DNA molecules , inside a cell.

5. Plasmids Are DNA Delivery Vectors:
 Scientists can force bacteria to keep them
 They are copied independently
 They are circular

6. Types of Cloning Vectors:
 Plasmid
 Bacteriophage
 Cosmic
 Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
 Yeast Artificial Chromosome
 Human Artificial Chromosome

7. Types of Plasmids:
 General Types
 Conjugative and Non-Conjugative
 Incompatibility
 Specific Types
 Fertility F-plasmids
 Resistance plasmids
 Virulence plasmids,
 Degradative plasmids and
 Col plasmids.

8. The Positive Side:
 Although plasmids can carry genes that
make antibiotics ineffective, we can use
them for research in a positive way.
 This is when we use what is called
recombinant DNA.

9. Recombinant DNA:
 Recombinant DNA is a plasmid that has had
foreign genes added to it.
 Recombinant DNA can be used to create
massive amounts of proteins for research, and
has also been used to add genes to
organisms or cells.

11. Modern Use Of Plasmids:
 Cardio myocytes – heart muscle cells that allow your
heart to beat.
 Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions have
created these cells with plasmids.
 Cardio myocytes can be used in transplants and for
testing heart drugs, which is much needed in today’s
popsci.com world.

12. Problems:
 Proteins are often being studied by researchers.
 However, before genetic engineering, they were
produced in insufficient quantities and researchers had
to dig through tons of biomass to get a usable quantity.
 Even with proteins in such small amounts, the purity of
the proteins was still very poor.

13. Solution With Plasmid:
 To get mass quantities of a protein, a scientist can do the
following
 Get the gene for a protein from an animal that produces
it naturally.
 Use restriction enzymes to cut the plasmid and splice the
gene into place.
 Insert the plasmid into an E.coli bacteria and let it
multiply.