ETHICAL ISSUES IF biotechnology bioethics ethics GMO rDND

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Sadeeq ur Rehman BS Botany

2. SADEEQ UR REHMAN
BS BOTANY
8TH SEMESTER
ROLL NO 1083
GOVT. Post Graduate College
Charsadda
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3. ASSIGMNENT
Chp # 10
Bioethics: Moral, Religious and ethical concerns.
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4. Bioethics
Meaning
Bio-
Life or Living
Ethics-
Principles of honor and morality or
Set of moral principles governing an
individual’s action.
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5. Definition
• Ethics relating to biology and medicine.
– “…ethical analysis of normative problems in the
biomedical sciences, medical practices, and health care
management.”
• Moral issues brought about by biological
advances.
• It is the applied branch of ethics which study
social philosophical and legal relationship
between human and life science medicine or
genetic engineering.
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6. History
• During World War II
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt assembled a
committee to improve
medical scientists’
coordination in addressing
the medical needs of the
military.
• August 19, 1947: The
Nuremberg trials of Nazi
doctors who conducted
heinous medical
experiments during World
War II began.
• Between 1945 and 1965,
antibiotic, antihypertensive,
antipsychotic, and cancer
drugs came into common
medical use; surgery entered
the heart and the brain;
organ transplantation was
initiated; and life-sustaining
mechanical devices, the
dialysis machine, the
pacemaker, and the
ventilator were invented.
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7. Ethical Arguments About
Biotechnology
• Intrinsic: Biotechnology is good/bad in itself
• Extrinsic: Biotechnology is good/bad because of:
– its consequences
– the motivations behind:
• advocacy of biotech or
• opposition to biotech
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8. Bioethics in the field of
Biotechnology
• Some of the bioethical phenomena's are:
 Cloning
 rDNA technology
 Genetic engineering
 Organ donation
 Transgenic organisms or
Genetic modified organisms(GMO)
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9. Reproductive Cloning
• Creating a genetically identical organism
It may be:
a) Animal cloning.
b) Human cloning.
c) Therapeutic Cloning
a) Animal cloning
Many animals have been successfully cloned.
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11. • For example
Dolly sheep etc.
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12. b) Human cloning:
Clonaid claims that they have the ability to
clone humans
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14. c) Therapeutic Cloning:
 Cloning Individual Human Cells
Involves Stem cells – precursor cells that give
rise to specialized cells/multiple tissue types
Allows for the generation of human tissue and
organs
Enhances our understanding of human
development and serious medical conditions
(cancer, birth defects, etc)
Embryonic vs Adult Stem Cells
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16. Issues of reproductive cloning
Religious issues
 some people believe that cloning is
similar to playing God. They believed that God
should be the creator of all living and nature
things.
Some religious people believed that if you
clone a human beings it has no soul.
So according to religious human cloning
produce many issues morally and ethically.
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17. Issues of reproductive cloning
• Medical issues
Cloning animal through somatic cell
nuclear transfer is simply inefficient. The
success rate ranges from 0.1% to 3% .
Some other issues are:
 Problem during later development
 Abnormal gene expression pattern
 Telomeric difference
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18. Issues of reproductive cloning
• World views
Australia
Australia has prohibited human cloning,
therapeutic cloning is now legal in some part of
Australia.
Canada
Canadian law prohibits the following cloning:
human cloning, cloning stem cell, growing human
embryo for research purposes, buying and selling
of embryos, sperm eggs, and other human
reproductive materials.
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19. Issues of reproductive cloning
India
India does not have specific law regarding,
cloning but has guidelines prohibiting whole
human cloning or reproductive cloning. India
allows therapeutic cloning and the use of
embryonic stem cell for research purposes.
Argentina
Prohibits: experiments concerning cloning of
human cell in order to generate human beings.
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20. Recombinant DNA technology
• Recombinant DNA technology is an
important development in science that has
made the human life much easier. In recent
years, it has advanced strategies for biomedical
applications such as cancer treatment, genetic
diseases, diabetes, and several plants disorders
especially viral and fungal resistance.
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22. Ethical value of recombinant DNA
technology
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Genetic engineering
 The genetic engineering of animals has increased
significantly in recent years, and the use of this
technology brings with it ethical issues;
 These issues need to be considered by all
stakeholders, including veterinarians, to ensure that
all parties are aware of the ethical issues at stake and
can make a valid contribution to the current debate
regarding the creation and use of genetically
engineered animals.

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25. Xenotransplantation
Also known as organ transplantation
Harvesting organs from animals for organ
transplantation into humans
Severe Organ donor shortage
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27. Issues of Xenotransplantation
 Dangers of Creating New Human Viruses.
issues concerning xenotransplantation include
animal rights, allocation of resources, and
distributive justice. In addition to obtaining
consent for xenotransplants from individual
patients, consent is also necessary from the
populace, given the public health risks.
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30. Transgenic organisms
• Pest Resistance: Bt Corn
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31. Herbicide Tolerance
• Herbicide tolerant crops are designed to
tolerate specific broad-spectrum herbisides
which kill the surrounding weeds.
“Roundup Ready”
1st time introduce in
1996
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32. Enhanced Nutrition
• Golden rise is a variety of rice produced
through genetic engineering to biosynthesized
beta-carotene which is the precursor of vitamin
A.
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34. Issues of plant GMOs
GM crops may have adverse effects on
human consumers
Modified DNA from GM crops may
spread to non-modified crops with bad
consequences
Weeds and pests may adapt and mutate to
attack the GM crops, leading to more
vicious weeds and pests.
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36. Genetic Modified Animals
• Genetically modified animals are animals
that have been genetically modified for a
variety of purposes including producing
drugs, enhancing yields, increasing
resistance to disease, etc.
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38. Fast-growing salmon
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39. Issues about transgenic animals
• GM animals may damage wild
populations
• GM animals may disrupt the ecological
balance
• GM animals may have adverse effects on
human consumers.
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42. Ethical Arguments About
Biotechnology
• Intrinsic: Biotechnology is good/bad in itself
• Extrinsic: Biotechnology is good/bad because
of:
–its consequences
–the motivations behind:
• advocacy of biotech or
• opposition to biotech
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43. PRINCIPLE-BASED BIOETHICS
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
• AUTONOMY
– Right to freely participate in/decide on a course of action (no undue
influence)
• BENEFICENCE
– Promote the wellbeing of others (e.g. in the best interest of the client)
• NONMALEFICENCE
– Avoiding harm
• JUSTICE
– Fairness and equality
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44. Application of bioethics
• Production of recombinant bimolecules.
• Antibody production.
• Production of organ for transplant.
• Surgical techniques.
• Mode of infection.
• GMO production.
• Avoid unethical techniques.
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