Epidemiology – HPRO 7712 Fall, 2018 Final Examination Part B Name: Date: 12/5/2018 Please perform calculations and respond to the following questions. 1. One hundred and eight (108) cases of staphylococcal food poisoning were reported in a rural community in August 1989. Incubation period was 2-6 hours. First case occurred at 8:00 p.m., August 6 and last case occurred at 4:00 a.m., August 7, 1989. Peak of cases was at 10:00 p.m. Based on the information provided above, what was the most likely period of exposure to the source of epidemic among the cases? (5 points) 1. An outbreak of 110 cases of gastroenteritis occurred at a liberal arts college with a student enrollment of 1164. Having identified the meal to which the students most probably were exposed, and knowing each student’s time of onset of symptoms, it was possible to calculate incubation periods for 101 students. From a summary line listing of incubation periods (in one-hour intervals) and number of cases, calculate the median incubation period of cases in hours. (6 points) Incubation Period (in hours)Number of Cases 1. (fi) _____________________________________ 822 911 1018 11 8 1. 42 ______________________________________________________ Total 101 1. The Second Avenue School of the Tiller County School District has an enrollment of 271 pupils. During October and November, 71 of these pupils were absent with measles. 2. What was the attack rate for measles in the Second Avenue School during October and November? (4 points) 2. The 71 pupils with measles had 93 brothers and sisters at home. Of the 93, 21 developed measles. What was the secondary attack rate in the brothers and sisters? (4 points) 1. During the evening of July 4, a total of 17 persons were given emergency treatment at a suburban community hospital for a condition diagnosed as staphylococcal intoxication. Interviews with these persons led to the identification of an additional 39 people who were ill with signs and symptoms compatible with staphylococcal intoxication but who did not seek medical attention. Further investigation revealed that all the ill persons and 42 others who did not become ill had attended an all-day picnic on July 4. What is the attack rate of staphylococcal intoxication among the group that attended the picnic? (5 points) 1. Using the information in situation #4 above, 14 of the cases and 37 of the well persons were females (a). Calculate the sex-specific attack rates. (10 points) (b). Calculate the ratio of the rate in males to the rate of females. Interpret the ratio. (5 points) 6.Again, using the information in situation #4 above, upon further investigation, 53 of the ill persons and 3 of the well persons could definitely remember they had eaten potato salad that had been prepared at the home of one of the families attendi.

1. Epidemiology – HPRO 7712
Fall, 2018
Final Examination
Part B
Name: Date: 12/5/2018
Please perform calculations and respond to the following
questions.
1. One hundred and eight (108) cases of staphylococcal food
poisoning were reported in a rural community in August 1989.
Incubation period was 2-6 hours. First case occurred at 8:00
p.m., August 6 and last case occurred at 4:00 a.m., August 7,
1989. Peak of cases was at 10:00 p.m.
Based on the information provided above, what was the most
likely period of exposure to the source of epidemic among the
cases? (5 points)
1. An outbreak of 110 cases of gastroenteritis occurred at a
liberal arts college with a student enrollment of 1164. Having
identified the meal to which the students most probably were
exposed, and knowing each student’s time of onset of
symptoms, it was possible to calculate incubation periods for
101 students.

2. From a summary line listing of incubation periods (in one-hour
intervals) and number of cases, calculate the median incubation
period of cases in hours.
(6 points)
Incubation Period (in hours)Number of Cases
1. (fi)
_____________________________________
822
911
1018
11 8
1. 42
_____________________________________________________
_
Total 101
1. The Second Avenue School of the Tiller County School
District has an enrollment of 271 pupils. During October and
November, 71 of these pupils were absent with measles.
2. What was the attack rate for measles in the Second Avenue
School during October and November? (4 points)
2. The 71 pupils with measles had 93 brothers and sisters at
home. Of the 93,
21 developed measles. What was the secondary attack rate in

3. the brothers
and sisters? (4 points)
1. During the evening of July 4, a total of 17 persons were given
emergency
treatment at a suburban community hospital for a condition
diagnosed as staphylococcal intoxication. Interviews with these
persons led to the identification of an additional 39 people who
were ill with signs and symptoms compatible with
staphylococcal intoxication but who did not seek medical
attention. Further investigation revealed that all the ill persons
and 42 others who did not become ill had attended an all-day
picnic on July 4.
What is the attack rate of staphylococcal intoxication among the
group that attended the picnic? (5 points)

4. 1. Using the information in situation #4 above, 14 of the cases
and 37 of the well
persons were females
(a). Calculate the sex-specific attack rates. (10 points)
(b). Calculate the ratio of the rate in males to the rate of
females. Interpret the
ratio. (5 points)
6.Again, using the information in situation #4 above, upon
further investigation, 53
of the ill persons and 3 of the well persons could
definitely remember they had
eaten potato salad that had been prepared at the home of
one of the families
attending the picnic. All other persons at the picnic
denied having eaten any
potato salad.

5. Calculate the attack rate among those persons who claimed not
to have eaten any
of the potato salad. (5 points)
7.According to a census data (1970), 4,648,377 persons lived in
a rural town in West Malaysia. During the same year, census
data showed that 3,409,169 persons were residing in
Washington State, U.S.A., a predominantly industrialized
society. Mortality data indicated the age-specific death rates for
Malays in West Malaysia exceeded those for residents of
Washington State for every age group by substantial margin.
Yet the overall crude death rate for Washingtonians exceeded
that for Malays (8.8 per 1,000 vs.7.6 per 1,000).
From the data in the table below, perform calculations and
answer the following questions:
1. Calculate the age-adjusted death rate for Malays, using the
population of Washington State as the standard population. (8
points)

6. (b) In contrast to the crude death rate for Malays, how does
the adjusted Malay rate
compare with the crude rate for Washington State? (8
points)
Age Standardization Computation
Age Groups Mortality RatesWashington StateExpected
(Years) (Malays) Population Deaths
_____________________________________________________
__________________
0-415.0280,472
5-141.6677,339
15-241.6625,867
25-342.7432,102
35-444.3373,848
45-549.9392,654
55-6424.9304,906
65+70.1322,061
The human problem
Chapter 10

7. Cosmogonies:
Origins of the Natural
and Social Order
Concept of the Divine
How we perceive the
divine (polytheism, monotheism,
dualism, pantheism,
panentheism) informs the
stories of creation, which in turn,
influence the narrative of the
human problem.
=
=
=
The Human
problem
We are
often
overwhelmed by
a sense of

8. alienation
our own weakness and
inadequacy
hostility
estrangement
shame
moral guilt
failure
We seek:
enlightenment
reconciliation,
forgiveness
peace
order
progress
Every movie/
story presents a human
problem…Can you
think of any?
Problem and
solution
according to
Freud and Marx?
https://youtu.be/

9. 7P3TrGCMHNU
–Marco Rubio
"Welders make more
money than
philosophers. We need
more welders and less
philosophers."
Outline:
The Sacred
Pharmacy
• Plato
• Confucianism
• Buddhism
• Each tradition will propose a particular view of the
root of the problem + solution= proscribe its cure
(how to overcome the problem and reach the ideal
reality according to its view)
There is but one truly serious
philosophical problem, and that is
suicide. Judging whether life is or is not
worth living amounts to answering the

10. fundamental question of philosophy.
The Pharmacists
Plato
The Cave Illness
Plato (c.429 - c.347 BC)
• How? Proscription: Exercise the
Intellect = Rationalism
• The Republic: Proposes that only highly
educated people should be allowed to
rule since they can discern truth from
opinion, and have true knowledge.
• “There would be no end to the
troubles of states, or of humanity
until philosophers becomes kings in
this world or till those we now call
kings and rulers really and truly
become philosophers.” (Republic,
473).
IGNORANCE
is the problem!
“Most people are not just

11. comfortable in their ignorance,
but hostile to anyone who points
it out.”
https://youtu.be/1RWOpQXTltA
Only rational people
should have the right to
vote and govern.
Did not agree with
Democracy
Redemptive
Rationalism
Relative=
opinions, self-serving info.
Eternal-
unchanging truth
Capable of
discerning
Solution
: Gain
knowledge-
Philosophy.

12. https://youtu.be/1RWOpQXTltA
Our everyday
“caveness”(ignorance)
Sunglasses - They Live
Fight the light - They Live
https://youtu.be/JI8AMRbqY6w
https://youtu.be/c9rrgJXfLns
Confucianism
The Sociologist - The Golden Rule
Life of Confucius
• Given name was Kung.
• Born in the sixth century B.C.E. in 551 B.C.E. in the state of
Lu (now

13. modern Shantung). Died 479 BC.E.
• From an aristocrat family that had lost its wealth and position
in the decline
of the feudal states of China. Reared in poverty by his widowed
mother.
• He had access to education and was interested in the workings
of society
and government from an early age.
• After becoming a revered teacher he was referred as K’ung
Fu-Tzu (Kung
the Master). After contact with Western missionaries and
scholars, the
name was latinized to “Confucius.”
• At the age of 50, he successfully implemented his teachings
after joining
the government of Duke of Lu as its prime minister. According
to
Confucian legends, his government was ideal. Crime rate
dropped and
safety reigned in his city. However, he was forced to retire five
years later.

14. • Earliest and most authentic material about Confucius is
contained in the
Analects of Confucius. He is also mentioned in Taoist and
Mohists
writings.
• Collection of his teachings compiled about 70 years after his
death.
Confucianism
• Not a “religion” from our western perspective. No word in
China for religion — rather there is
term for nature or virtue.
• Reaction of XIX century Christian missionaries.
• Non-theistic, no priesthood, rejects monasticism and
asceticism, and it proposes no afterlife.

15. • Focuses on community. Seen as a social ritual. Concerned
with the order of society and the
relationship between the government and its people and
relations within family members.
• A way of ordering society
• Concerned with proper social roles.
• Introduced the Golden Rule .
• Known in China as the “Way of the ancients” or the “way of
the sages.” —- Importance of
memory and cultural heritage = Identity.
• Lived during the disintegration of the feudal system which led
to chaos and internal conflict
from 8th century to 3rd century BCE.

16. Central themes: Li and Jen
• Human nature as an inherently good arrangement, including
the
wayward inclinations.
• Li: originally meant “to sacrifice” in a religious context.
Later, the word
came to mean “ceremonious activity on special secular
occasions.” It
was lastly associated with the “social propriety” or decorum
expected in
all human relationships.
• translated as “propriety,” “rites,” “ceremonies,”or “courtesy.”
Social rite
or ceremony or “The rules of social propriety”
• Originally it may have meant the grain in wood or the pattern
in jade.
• In other words: “The course of life as it is intended to go.”

17. • Rituals -> behavior -> character -> action
• Identity- Belonging, sense of responsibility.
• Jen: “Love,” “kindness,” “human-heartedness.” People should
love one
another in their daily lives.
• Golden Rule.
• Shu: Society was best served when people acted with
reciprocity
(shu) toward each other.
• Super human!
• He understood the psychological response to order and unity.
“It is humaneness which is the attraction
of a a neighborhood.
If from choice a man does not
dwell in the midst of humaneness, how
can he attain to wisdom?

18. Also!
“Man is what he does” So “In the
presence of a worthy man, think of
equaling him. In the presence of a
worthless man, turn your gaze within.”
Rituals—> Humanize our
relationships.
Fragmentation effects?
Goal: Exemplary Leaders can shape
“Super Humans” and Virtuous Societies
• Humanity as inherently good.
• Including our “irreducible rascality”
• Mature view of humanity, even humorous “boys will be boys
attitude”

19. • Perfectibility of human kind was possible: Every human had
the
natural potential of becoming virtuous.
• There is a map for virtue and it is found in the loyal practice
of Li or
rituals, which allow people to face change without falling into
chaos
because everyone knows the role they must play.
• The most powerful role model, however, is the ruler. It has the
power to continue or destroy a community.
The problem: Poor
Government
• “the ruler is the model from whom others are their cue.” (229
Livingston)
• The problem or the root of evil for Confucius was poor

20. government or poor leadership (models). A government
with bad laws caused people to do evil, and that a
generation of good rulership could cure most of the moral ills
of people.
• Te: The power of charisma. (pg. 231)
• Preached that people were not inherently evil, rather, that
under the proper circumstances it was possible for
individuals to achieve the status of the superior human.
• Humanity is naturally moral and should not be offered
rewards or punishment for its conduct.
• People should not understand morality as an external
duty, but as an intrinsic human quality. The rewards is a
good life here and now, not in the afterlife as religions would
propose.
• i.e. Education- Getting A’s- distracting from real learning.
• The chance to become a “Superior Man [person]” was
immediate and tangible.
Corrupted

21. leadership
I want to
be like him when
I grow up!
We emulate
the elite-
Modern
Heroes!
Because
everyone has the
capacity of learning= since
learning is the source of virtue=
everyone can become a
virtuous person/ a sage=
therefore contribute to a
harmonious