1. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 1
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Knowledge StructureKnowledge Structure
Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence
Version 2.oVersion 2.o
2. Rushdi Shams, Dept of CSE, KUET, Bangladesh 2
Nature of Knowledge
Human knowledge is encoded in internal
neurological structures, which is usually
inaccessible.
When externalized, knowledge becomes
embedded in language.
With the ambiguities associated with natural
language, such knowledge becomes
inaccessible to machines
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Knowledge
Using such phrase structures, it is
possible to capture knowledge in small
atomic units.
Such atomic units can hold various
types of knowledge e.g. declarative,
procedural etc.
It is possible to operate on these units to
deduce new knowledge from given facts
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Some examples
1- Travel directions
Atomic units (given facts)
Deane Rd connects Uni to Sesame Rd
Sesame Rd is west of Uni
Sesame Rd connects Deane Rd to Derby St.
Railway station is on Derby St.
Railway station is east of Uni
Derby st. connects Uni to Long Rd.
Query: how to get from Uni to Railway Stn.
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Some examples
2- Family relations
Atomic units (given facts)
Ahmad is married to Sarah
Sarah is the mother of Sam
Sam is the brother of Mariam
Query: is Ahmad the father of Mariam.
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Some examples
3- Employment
Atomic units (given facts)
John works for Big Company
John’s contract will end in April
Big Company has been awarded a new project
Query: Will John be working for Big Company during
May.
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Knowledge Base Structure
Knowledge Units
KB of facts and rules
Inference Engine
World
Seek new
knowledge
Query
Answer
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Domain Model
How the real world domain is described
Ontology: to capture the conceptual structure that
underpins the real-world domain
Domain Instances: the real-world objects, subjects
and relations that make up the domain
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Domain Model
One simple DC circuit consists of a voltage source
(battery or voltaic cell) connected to a resistor
1. DC circuit has voltage source as its component.
2. Battery and voltaic cell are voltage sources.
3. Battery and voltaic cell have similarity.
4. Voltage source can be connected to resistor.
5. DC circuit has resistor as its component.
6. As they all are satisfying the properties of a circuit,
DC circuit is a type of circuit.
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Ontology
After developing the semantic net, we need to make a
hierarchy of the concepts
The top level of the hierarchy is the domain itself-
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Ontology
Next, we need to place something more conceptual
that comes straight from human mind when he thinks
about this domain. The most conceptual level.
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Ontology
Next, find out more concepts and relate them
This level is much more less conceptual, more
elaborative
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Ontology
So, now you can see that the more you go, the more
concepts are there and they are less conceptual (easy
to understand)
In the end, you will only find the instances (names,
numbers… no concepts, only instances). And we will
find the semantic net we developed at first.
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References
Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org
“Development of a Conceptual Structure for a
Domain-specific Corpus” by Rushdi Shams and Adel
Elsayed, 3rd
International Conference on Concept
Maps (CMC 2008), Finland and Estonia, 2008
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Acknowledgement
Dr. Adel Elsayed
Research Leader, M3C Lab, University of Bolton, UK
Weiqiang Wei
PhD Student, University of Bolton, UK