Test 2

1. Cells and Tissues
Name the parts of the cell: The three main parts of the cell are Plasma
Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus.
Interstitial Fluidor Tissue Fluid: separates thecell contents fromthe dilute salt
water solution that bathes every cell in the body.
Plasma Membrane: is the membrane that encloses the cytoplasmand forms the
outer boundary of the cell. Ithas three functions which are a communication
device, identifies the cell, and is a well-guarded gateway. Itallows certain
substances into the cell while keeping others out.
Two layers of phosphate – containing fat molecules: Phospholipids forms a fluid
framework for the plasma membrane and Cholesterol the second kind of fat
molecule helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules to preventbreakage of the
plasma membrane.
Tissue Typing: the plasma membrane surfaceproteins serveas positive
identification tags, they occur only in the cells of that individual. Tissue Typing is a
procedureperformed before an organ fromone individual is transplanted into
another.
Cytoplasm: is the fluid inside the cell. Itfills the spacebetween the plasma
membrane and the nucleus.
Ribosomes “Protein Factories”: they makeenzymes and other protein
compounds; this is why they get the nick name protein factories.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: is a systemof membranes forming a network of
connecting sacs and canals that wind back and forth through a cell’s cytoplasm,
fromthe nucleus almost to the plasma membrane. There are two types.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: gets its name because many ribosomes are
attached to its outer surface, giving it a rough texture like sandpaper. Rough ER
receives folds, and transports newly made proteins.

2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: The absenceof attached ribosomes gives it a
smooth texture. Smooth ER manufactures new membrane.
Golgi Apparatus: consists of tiny, flattened sacs stacked on one another near the
nucleus. Sacs break off the smooth ER and carry new proteins and other
compounds to the sacs of the Golgi apparatus.
Mitochondria: in a mitochondria’s walls complex energy releasing chemical
reaction occurs continuously, becauseof these reactions supply mostof the
power for the cellular work they have been nicknamed the cell’s “power plants”.
Each mitochondrion has its own DNA molecule, sometimes called mitochondrial
chromosome.
Lysosomes: look like small sacs often with tiny particles in them. Because
lysosomes contain enzymes that can digest food compounds they havebeen
nicknamed “digestive bags”.
Centrioles: arepaired organelles. Two of these rod shaped structures exist in
every cell. Each centriole is composed of fine tubules that play an important role
during cell division.
Microvilli: aresmallfinger like projections of the plasma membrane of some cells.
These projections increasethe surfacearea of the cell and increase its ability to
absorb substances.
Cilia:are fine hair-likeextensions on the exposed or free surfaces of somecells.
Cilia are organelles capable of movement.
Flagella: is a single projection extending fromthe cell surface. Oneexample of
flagella is the tail of the male spermcell. Movements of the flagellum allow the
spermto swimto the ovum for fertilization.
Nucleus: controls every organellein the cytoplasmand process of cell
reproduction. The nucleus mustfunction properly for a cell to be able to duplicate
itself.

3. Nucleolus: is a denseregion of the nuclear material that is critical in protein
formation because it programs theformation of ribosomes in the nucleus.
ChromatinGranules: are in the nucleus, they are thread like structures made of
proteins and hereditary molecules called DNA.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Theenergy for active transportprocessing is from
ATP. However, for active transportprocessing to occur, the breakdown of ATP
and the use of the released energy are required.
Diffusion: is the process by which substances scatter themselves evenly
throughoutan available space.
Osmosis: is the diffusion of water, but not solutes (substances dissolved in the
water), across a selectively permeable membrane.
Filtration: is the movement of water and solutes through a membraneas a result
of pushing forcethat is greater on one side of the membranethan on the other
side. This force is called hydrostatic Pressure, which is the forceor weight of a
fluid pushing against somesurface.
Cystic Fibrosis: Severalseverediseases resultfromdamageto cell transport
processes. CF is an inherited condition in which chloride ion pumps into the
plasma membrane are missing.
Interphase: when a cell is not dividing but instead going about its usualfunctions.
Metaphase: thenuclear envelope has disappeared. The chromosomes have
aligned themselves across thecenter of the cell.
Anaphase: chromosomes moveaway fromthe center of the cell. Movement of
the chromosomes occurs along spindlefibers toward the centrioles the
chromosomes arebeing pulled to oppositeends of the cell. Cleavage Furrow
begins to divide the cell into two daughter cells can be seen for the first time at
the end of anaphase.
Telophase: cell division is complete. Two nuclei appear, and chromosomes
become less distinct and appear to break up. As the nuclear envelope forms

4. around the chromatin the cleavage furrow completely divides the cell into two
parts.
Hypertrophy: an increase in cell size.
Atrophy: decreasein cell size.
Hyperplasia: a cells responseto changes in the internal environmentby
increasing their rate of reproduction.
Epithelial Tissue: covers thebody and many of its parts. They are packed close
together with little or no intercellular material between them; they form
continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels. Theselarge groups of tissues can
be subdivided according to the shape and arrangement of the cells found in each
type.
Squamous: flat and scale-like
Cuboidal: cube shaped
Columnar: more tall than wide
Transitional: varying shapes thatcan stretch.
Connective Tissue: is the mostabundant and widely distributed tissuein the
body. Itexists in more varied forms than any other tissue types.itis different from
epithelial tissuein the arrangementand variety of its cells and in the amount and
kinds of intercellular material called matrix, found between its cells.
Muscle Tissue: musclecells are the movement specialists of the body. They have
a higher degree of contractility than any other tissuecells.
Nervous Tissue: a rapid communication between body structures and control of
body functions. Nervous tissueconsists of two kinds of cells: nerve cells or
neurons which are the functionalor conducting units of the systemand special
connecting and supporting cells called glia.

5. Regeneration: tissueusually repairs themby allowing the phagocytic cells to
remove dead or injured cells, then filling in the gaps that are left. Epithelial and
connective tissues have the greatest capacity to regenerate.
Keloid: is an unusually thick scar that develops in the lower layer of the skin.
Gene:a specific segment of basepairs in a chromosome.
Pinocytosis: is an active transportmechanismused to incorporate fluids or
dissolved substances into cells by trapping them in a pocket of plasma membrane
that pinches off inside the cell.
Phagocytosis: this process permits a cell to engulf and eat foreign material.
Certain white blood cells destroy bacteria by phagocytosis.
Active Transport: is the uphill movement of a substancethrough a living cell
membrane.