Chapter 21 - Sweeteners

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Understanding Food Principles and Preparation • Fifth Edition
AMY BROWN
© Cengage Learning 2015
Sweeteners
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Sweeteners

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• Sugars
• Syrups
• Sugar alcohols
Natural Sweeteners

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Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Sugars
– Sucrose
• Sucrose extraction
• Forms of sucrose
– Glucose
– Fructose
– Lactose
– Maltose
Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Forms of sucrose
– Raw sugar
– Turbinado sugar
– White sugar
– Powdered sugar
– Invert sugar
– Fruit sugar
Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Forms of sucrose (cont’d.)
– Baker’s special
– Sanding sugar
– Liquid sugar
– Brown sugar
– Muscovado sugar
Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Syrups
– Corn syrup
• Corn syrup production
• Dextrose equivalents
– High-fructose corn syrup
• The HFCS and obesity controversy
Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Syrups (cont’d.)
– Honey
• Honey composition
• Removing honey from the comb
• Whipped, creamed, granular, and infused honey
• Storing honey
• Substituting honey for sugar in recipes
Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Syrups (cont’d.)
– Molasses
• Foods made with molasses
– Maple syrup
• Maple syrup colors
• “Real” vs. blended maple syrups
• Maple sugar
– Invert sugar
• Icings and confectioneries
Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Sugar alcohols
– Erythritol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol,
polyglycitols (hydrogenated starch
hydrolysates), sorbitol, and xylitol
– What are some sugar alcohols in foods?
– What are some problems with sugar
alcohols?
Natural Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Saccharin: some concerns
• Aspartame: side effects
• Acesulfame-K
• Sucralose
• Neotame
• Stevia and derivatives: are they safe?
• Luo Han Guo
• Cyclamates and others
Nonnutritive Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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Nonnutritive Sweeteners (cont’d.)

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• Sweetness
• Solubility
• Crystallization
• Browning reactions and caramelization
• Moisture absorption (hygroscopicity)
• Texture
• Fermentation
Functions of Sugars in Foods

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• Preservation
• Leavening
• Other uses
Functions of Sugars in Foods (cont’d.)

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• From earliest times, sweet tastes have
attracted people and led them to search
for new ways to obtain sweeteners
– Sugars represent the number-one food
additive, by weight, in the United States
• Be knowledgeable about:
– Natural sweeteners
– Nonnutritive sweeteners
– The functions of sugars in foods
Chapter Summary