Chapter 11 - Nutrition through the Life Span: Childhood and Adolescence

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Nutrition through the
Life Span: Childhood
and Adolescence
Chapter 11

Nutrition during Childhood
• Age: one year
– Growth rate slows
– Appetite diminishes and fluctuates thereafter
• Provided with nutritious foods
– Energy intake controlled by:
• Internal appetite regulation
– Intake varies from meal to meal
• Total daily energy intake: remarkably constant

Nutrition during Childhood (cont’d.)
• Individual energy needs vary widely
– Dependent on growth and physical activity
– Approximate energy needs
• One-year-old: 800 kcal/day
• Six-year-old: 1600 kcal/day
• Ten-year-old: 2000 kcal/day
• Carbohydrate recommendations
– After one year of age: same as for adults

• Fiber recommendations
– Proportional to energy intake
• Fat intake
– 1 to 3 years old: 30 to 40 percent of diet
– 4 to 18 years old: 20 to 35 percent of diet
• Protein
– Increases slightly with age

• Vitamins and minerals
– Needs increase with age
• Typically met through balanced nutrition
– Iron-deficiency anemia
• Worldwide problem
– What iron-rich foods do children like?
(Table 11-1)

• Supplements
– Infancy and childhood
• Specific recommendations for fluoride, iron, and
vitamin D
– Not needed with balanced nutrition

• What concerns have been raised by the
results of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers
Study (FITS)?
• Promoting healthy food choices
– Meals and snacks: both nutritious and
appealing

• Hunger and malnutrition
– Short-term hunger
• Impairs the child’s ability to pay attention and to be
productive
– Long-term hunger
• Impairs growth and immune defenses
– Iron deficiency
• Affects intellectual performance

• Lead poisoning
– Why are malnourished children more
vulnerable?
– Impairment of balance, motor development,
and nerve messages relay to and from the
brain
– “How To” Protect against Lead Toxicity

• Food allergies
– Typically diminish with age
– Rising peanut allergy prevalence
– Food protein or other large molecule
absorbed in the blood
• Elicits an immunologic response
– Detected by medical testing and food
challenges

• Food allergies
– Immediate or delayed reactions
– Anaphylactic shock
• Prevention after exposure: epinephrine
– Common allergens
• Must be identified on food labels
– How do food intolerances differ from food
allergies?

• Hyperactivity
– Affects behavior and learning
– Some food additives, e.g., food colorings
• May aggravate hyperactivity
– Case Study: Boy with Disruptive Behavior

• Childhood obesity
– United States: 2 to 19 years of age
• Estimated 32 percent: overweight
• 17 percent of these: obese
– Genetic link
– Contributing environmental factors
• Diet
• Physical inactivity

– Physical traits
• Early puberty
• “Stocky” appearance: even following weight loss
– Physical health
• High cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Increased risks of type 2 diabetes and respiratory
diseases

– Psychological development
• Emotional and social problems: discrimination,
poor self-image, negative stereotypes, etc.
– Prevention
• Starting at birth
– Treatment
• Main goal: improve long-term physical health
through permanent healthy lifestyle habits

– Treatment
• Diet, physical activity, psychological support, and
behavioral changes
• Examples of aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and
bone-strengthening physical activities for children
and adolescents (Table 11-6)
• Weight-loss drugs
• Surgery

• Mealtimes at home
– Provide a variety of nutritious foods
• Treat preferences with respect
– Nurture self-esteem and well-being
• Avoid power struggles
• Try some tips for feeding picky eaters (Table 11-7)
– Prevent choking
– Play first

• Mealtimes at home
– Have child participate
• Meal planning and preparation
• Food skills and developmental milestones of
preschool children (Table 11-8)
– Healthful snack ideas: think food groups, alone
and in combination (Table 11-9)
– Prevent dental caries
– Serve as role models

• Nutrition at school
– School Breakfast Program
– School Lunch Program
• School Lunch Patterns for Different Ages
(Table 11-10)

• What nutrition standards have been set by
the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for
meal plans?
• Wellness policies
– Required for participation in USDA’s National
School Lunch Program

• Wellness policies must:
– Set goals for nutrition education, physical
activity, and other school-based activities
– Establish nutrition guidelines for all foods
available on school campuses during the
school day
– Develop a plan to measure policy
implementation

Nutrition during Adolescence
• Growth spurt begins
– Females: age 10 or 11
– Males: age 12 or 13
• What body composition changes occur in
males and females during puberty?
• Energy and nutrient needs vary due to:
– Growth rate, gender, body composition, and
physical activity

(cont’d.)
• Obesity
– Problems in adolescence likely to continue
into adulthood
• Vitamin D
– May require supplementation
• Iron
– Increased needs during adolescence
– Deficiency: most prevalent among teen girls

(cont’d.)
• Calcium
– Crucial for developing bone density
– Teen girls: vulnerable to low intakes
• Food choices and health habits
– Importance of breakfast
– Affected by busy schedules and desire for
freedom
– Adults: serve as gatekeepers

(cont’d.)
• Food choices and health habits
– Snacks
– Soft drinks
• Frequent consumption yields higher energy intake
and lower calcium intake
– Fast-food meals
• Nutritional welfare: enhanced or hindered by food
choices
– Peer influence

Chapter 11 - Nutrition through the Life Span: Childhood and Adolescence

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Chapter 11 - Nutrition through the Life Span: Childhood and Adolescence

Similar to Chapter 11 - Nutrition through the Life Span: Childhood and Adolescence (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter 11 - Nutrition through the Life Span: Childhood and Adolescence