Chapter 6 - Energy, Balance, and Body Composition

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition
DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014
Energy Balance and
Body Composition
Chapter 6

Energy Imbalance
• Feasting
– More energy consumed than expended
• Excess: stored as fat
– Alcohol
• Slows the body’s use of fat for fuel
– Excess carbohydrate
• First stored as glycogen: limited capacity
• Beyond storage capacity: used for energy
displacing use of fat

Energy Imbalance (cont’d.)
• Feasting
– Dietary fat
• Immediately routed to adipose tissue: stored until
needed for energy
– Excess protein
• Nitrogen atoms removed and converted to
triglycerides and stored in fat cells

• Fasting
– Glycogen stores and fatty acids from adipose
tissue: used initially to fuel the body
• Glycogen exhausted within one day
– Nervous system
• Glucose is required for energy
– Protein breakdown
• Provides glucose to fuel the brain

• Fasting
– Ketone body production as fast continues
– Glycogen stores and fatty acids from adipose
tissue: used initially to fuel the body
• Glycogen exhausted within one day
– Nervous system
• Glucose is required for energy

• Fasting
– Protein breakdown
• Provides glucose to fuel the brain
– Ketone body production as fast continues

• Fasting
– Metabolism slows
• Conserves fat and lean tissue
– Hazards
• Wasting away of lean tissue
• Impairment of disease resistance
• Lower body temperature
• Disruption of body’s fluid and electrolyte balances
– Why is fasting non-optimal for weight loss?

Energy Balance
• Change in energy stores =
energy in (kcal) – energy out (kcal)
• Energy in food and beverages
(Appendix A)

Energy Balance (cont’d.)
• Energy out
– What is basal metabolism?
• Measurements: basal metabolic rate (BMR) and
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
• Factors that raise and lower the BMR: age, height,
growth, body composition, etc. (Table 6-1)

• Energy out
– Voluntary activities: factors influencing
kcalories spent
• Muscle mass
• Body weight
• Activity: duration, frequency and intensity
– Energy spent on various activities (Table 6-2)
– What is the thermic effect of food?

• Factors influencing energy expenditure
– Gender: higher BMR for men
– Growth: increased BMR with growth
– Age: BMR declines during adulthood
– Physical activity: energy needs vary by activity
– Body composition and body size: higher BMR
for tall persons

• “How To” estimate energy requirements
– Equations for estimated energy requirements
• Dependent upon age, weight, height, and physical
activity

Body Weight and Body Composition
• What should be the primary focus of
weight management efforts?
• Healthy body weight criterion
– Fashion: unrealistic ideals
• Accept a healthy body weight (Table 6-3)

(cont’d.)

(cont’d.)
• Obesity or overweight diagnosis
– Requires a BMI value plus some measure of
body composition and fat distribution
• Fat distribution
– Central obesity: visceral fat
– What are the health concerns associated with
central obesity?

(cont’d.)
• Fat distribution
– “Apple profile”: central obesity
• Common in post menopausal women and even
more common in men
• Influential factors: alcohol consumption and
physical activity
– Waist circumference (Appendix E)
• Associated health problems
Men: > 40 inches Women: > 35 inches

(cont’d.)
• Skinfold measures
– Accurate estimate of total body fat and a fair
assessment of the fat’s location
• Ideal amount of body fat: depends partly
on the person
– Man within recommended BMI: 18 to 24
percent fat composition
– Women athletes: 15 to 20 percent

Health Risks of Underweight and
Obesity
• Health risks of being underweight
– Inability to preserve lean tissue when fighting
a wasting disease, e.g., cancer
– Menstrual irregularities and infertility
– Osteoporosis and bone fractures
– Anorexia nervosa

Obesity (cont’d.)
• Health risks of being overweight or obese
– Hypertension
– Type 2 diabetes
– Other risks:
• High blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, sleep
apnea, osteoarthritis, abdominal hernias, some
cancers, varicose veins, gout, gallbladder disease,
kidney stones, respiratory problems, etc.

Obesity (cont’d.)
• Identifying those at risk from obesity
– BMI
• Overweight: 25.0 through 29.9
• Obesity: greater than 30
– Waist circumference
• Women: greater than 35 inches
• Men: greater than 40 inches
– Individual’s disease risk profile

Obesity (cont’d.)
• Social and economic costs of obesity
– Social stigma
– Increased costs
• Insurance premiums
• Clothing

Chapter 6 - Energy, Balance, and Body Composition

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (15)

Similar to Chapter 6 - Energy, Balance, and Body Composition

Similar to Chapter 6 - Energy, Balance, and Body Composition (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter 6 - Energy, Balance, and Body Composition