childhood diseases

2. COMMON
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
IN CHILDHOOD
Ms.Ann Mariam George
MSc.Nursing IInd year
KIMS CON

3. INTRODUCTION

4. DEFINITION
•A communicable disease is an illness caused
by a specific infectious agent or its toxic
products through a direct or indirect mode of
transmission of that agent from a reservoir.
Wikipedia

5. Common communicable diseases in
childhood
•Chickenpox
•Diphtheria
•Erythema infectiosum
•Measles

6. • Scarlet fever
• Pertussis (whooping cough)
• Mumps
• Poliomyelitis
• Rubella (german measles)
• Tuberculosis
• Scabies

7. Chickenpox
• Agents: varicella-zoster virus
• Source: primary secretions of respiratory tract of
infected persons; to a lesser degree, skin lesions
(scabs not infectious).
• Transmissions: direct contact, droplet spread and
contaminated objects.
• Incubation period: 2-3 weeks, usually 14-16 days.
• Period of communicability: probably 1 day before
eruption of lesions to 6 days

8. • Clinical manifestations:
• Prodromal stage
• Constitutional signs and symptoms
• Distribution: centripetal, spreading to face and proximal
extremities but sparse on distal limbs and less on areas not
exposed to heat
• Management:
• Complications:

9. DIPHTHERIA
• Agent: corynebacterium diphtheria
• Source: discharges from mucous membranes of nose
and nasopharynx, skin and other lesions of infected
person.
• Transmission: direct contact with infected person,
carrier or contaminated articles.
• Incubation period: usually 2-5 days, possibly longer
• Period of communicability: usually 2 week but as long
as 4 week.

10. • Clinical manifestations:
Nasal
Pharyngeal
Laryngeal
Management:
Complications:

11. ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM
• Agent: human parvovirus B19(HPV)
• Source: infected persons
• Transmission: possibly respiratory secretions
(droplet infections) and blood
• Incubation period: 4-14 days
• Period of communicability: uncertain but before
onset of symptoms in children with aplastic crisis.

12. • Clinical manifestation:
• Therapeutic management:
• Nursing management:

13. MEASLES (RUBEOLA):
• Agent: Myxo virus
• Source: respiratory tract, secretions, blood, and
urine of infected persons.
• Transmission: usually by direct contact with droplets of
infected person.
• Incubation period: 10-20 days
• Period of communicability: from 4 days before to 5 days
after rash appears, but mainly during prodromal stage.

14. • Clinical manifestation:
• Prodromal stage: fever, malaise followed in
24 hours by coryza, cough, conjunctivitis, koplik spot
(small irregular red spots with a minute bluish
white center first seen on the buccal mucosa
opposite the molars) 2 days prior to rash;
symptoms gradually increase in severity.
• Rash: appears 3-4 days after onset of prodromal
stage, begins as a maculopapular eruption on face and gradually
spreads downwards.

15. •Constitutional signs and symptoms:
anorexia, malaise, generalized
lymphadenopathy.
•Therapeutic management:
•Nursing management:

16. MUMPS
• Agent: rabula virus
• Source: saliva of infected persons
• Transmission: direct contact with or
droplet spread from an infected person
• Incubation period: 14-21 days
• Period of communicability: most communicable
immediately before and after swelling begins.

17. •Clinical manifestation:
•Management:

18. • PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH)
• Agent: bordetella pertussis
• Source: discharge from respiratory tract of infected persons
• Transmission: direct contact or droplet spread from infected
person, indirect contact with freshly contaminated articles.
• Incubation period: 5-21 days, usually 10 days.
• Period of communicability: greatest during catarrhal stage
before onset and may extend to 4th week.

19. • Clinical manifestation:
• Catarrhal stage: begins with symptoms of upper respiratory
infection- coryza, sneezing, lacrimation etc. symptoms
continue for 1-2 weeks, when dry hacking cough becomes
severe.
• Paroxysmal stage: short, rapid coughs mostly occurs at
night, followed by sudden inspiration associated with a
high pitched crowing sound or whoop during paroxysms,
cheek becomes flushed or cyanotic, eyes bulge and tongue
protrudes.
• Management

20. POLIOMYELITIS
• Agent: enterovirus, 3 types: type 1-most frequent
cause of paralysis, type 2 -least frequently associated
with paralysis, type 3- second most frequent.
• Source: feces and oro-pharyngeal secretions of
infected persons, especially young children.
• Transmission: direct contact with apparent or
inapparent active infection, spread is via fecal-oral
and pharyngeal-oropharyngeal routes.

21. Virus enters the alimentary tract (alimentary phase)
Virus multiplies and get into the blood stream
Reaches CNS and causes meningeal symptoms and paralysis
• Incubation period: usually 7-14 days
• Period of communicability: The cases are most infectious 7-10
days before and after onset of symptoms. In th efeces the virus is
excreted commonly for 2-3 weeks ,sometimes as long as 3-4
months.

22. • Clinical manifestation:
 Inapparent infection: Occurs approximately in 91-96 % of
poliovirus infections .There are no presenting symptoms.
 Abortive polimyelitis- the child is asymptomatic during abortive
phase, produces fever in viremic phase.
 Non-paralytic polimyelitis- meningeal irritation (headache,
vomiting, neck pain, stiffness), no paralysis.
 Paralytic polimyelitis- paralysis involving spinal cord and
sometimes brain stem, muscle pain, tenderness, retention of
urine, constipation, spinal and abdominal muscles are also
involved.

23. •Management
• Therapeutic
Nursing

24. RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES)
• Agent: RNA virus of togavirus family
• Source: nasopharyngeal secretions of persons with apparent
or inapparent infection, virus also present in blood, stool and
urine.
• Transmission: direct contact and spread via infected person,
droplet infection, through feces or urine.
• Incubation period: 14-21 days
• Period of communicability: 7 days before to about 5 days after
appearance of rash.

25. •Clinical manifestation:
• Fever
• Pain in joints
• Posterior cervical and posterior auricular lymphadenopathy
• Maculo-papular rash (rapid progression from face to extremities)
• Infant borne to mother exposed to rubella- growth retardation,
macula-papular rash, heart murmurs, cataracts, visceromegaly,
microcephaly, mental retardation etc.

26. SCARLET FEVER
• Agent: group A beta hemolytic streptococci virus
• Source: nasopharyngeal secretions of infected persons and
carriers
• Transmission: direct contact with infected person or droplet
spread, ingestion of contaminated milk or other food.
• Incubation period: 2-4 days
• Period of communicability: during incubation period and
clinical illness approximately 10 days.

27. • Clinical manifestation:
• Prodromal stage: abrupt high fever, increased pulse, vomiting,
headache, chills, malaise, abdominal pain.
• Enanthema: enlarged tonsils, edematous, reddened and covered
with patches of exudates, pharynx is edematous and beefy red, red
and swollen papillae, and palate is covered with erythematous
punctate lesions.
• Exanthema: rash appears within 12 hours after prodromal signs,
red pin-head sized punctate lesions rapidly become generalized but
are absent on face, rash is more intense on folds of joints.

28. TUBERCULOSIS
• Agent: mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Source: respiratory secretions of actively infected persons
• Transmission: direct contact with infected persons
• Incubation period: from infection to primary lesion, about
4-6 weeks
• Period of communicability: as long as bacilli are
discharged

29. • Clinical manifestations:
Usually asymptomatic
Demonstration of bacilli in sputum or
gastric aspirates.
In advanced cases, fever, pallor,
weakness, weight loss, cough, hoarseness, and
tachypnea.
Treatment:

30. SCABIES
Agent: Sarcoptes scabiei or Acarus scabiei
Source: actively infected persons
Transmission: direct contact with infected
Persons and contaminated clothes
Site of leisions: Hands and wrist(63%); the extensor aspect of
elbows(10.9%); axillae,buttocks,lower abdomen, feet and ankles.
Control measures: Treat with Benzyl Benzoate (25%) weekly twice
HCH:0.5 -1.5% ,2-3 Days of interval
Tetmosol: thrice a day application
Sulphur ointment: 2.5 to 10% daily for 4 days

31. NURSING MANAGEMENT

33. SUMMARY
What disease is this?

35. •Good job
everyone!

36. ASSIGNMENT
DOTS THERAPY FOR
TUBERCULOSIS

37. CONCLUSION