1. LIFE WORKS AND WRITINGS OF
DR. JOSE RIZAL
Lecturer :
ANALIZA M GONZALES MAEd, MAN
2. Rizal Law Republic Act No. 1425, known
as the Rizal Law, mandates all
educational institutions in the
Philippines to offer courses
about José Rizal. The full name
of the law is An Act to Include
in the Curricula of All Public
and Private Schools, Colleges
and Universities Courses On
the Life, Works and Writings
of Jose Rizal, Particularly His
Novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
3. Section 1 mandated that the students were
to read the novels as they were written
in Spanish, although a provision ordered
that the Board of National Education create
rules on how these should be applied.
Section 2 mandated the schools to have
"an adequate number" of copies in their
libraries.
Section 3. ordered the board to publish the
works in major Philippine languages
5. The Birth of a Hero
Jose Rizal
Jose Protacio Rizal
Mercado y Alonzo
Realonda
June 19, 1861, between 11 &
midnight a few days before the
full moon.
Calamba, Laguna
His mother almost died
during the delivery
because of his big head
6. The Surname Rizal
The real surname of Rizal family was
Mercado which was adopted in 1731 by
Domingo Lamco (paternal great-great
grandfather of Jose Rizal) who was a full
blooded Chinese.
The second surname – RIZAL – was given
by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor of Laguna,
who was a family friend.
7. Baptized in the Catholic church on June 22,1861
aged 3 days old
Father Rufino Collantes (parish priest) – a
Batangueño
Father Pedro Casanas (ninong) – Rizal’
godfather – close friend of Rizal’s family
“Jose” his name was chosen by his mother who was
a devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St.
Joseph)
Father Collates was impressed by the baby’s big
head and told:
“Take good care of this child, for someday he
will become a great man.”
12. Francisco Mercado Rizal
Francisco, the father, was a
serious looking man of sturdy
build. He was born in Biñan,
Laguna on May 11, 1818.
He studied Latin and
Philosophy at the College of
San Jose in Manila.
A tenant-farmer of the
Dominican-owned hacienda.
Died in Manila on Jan. 5,
1898 at the age of 80.
13. Doña Teodora Alonzo Realonda
A vigorious and
persevering woman with a
benevolent heart and a
likable personality.
Born in Manila on Nov. 8,
1826.
Educated at College of
Santa Rose, well known
college for girls.
Died in Manila on Aug.
16, 1911 at the age of 85.
14.
15. 1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
Eldest of the Rizal
children.
Became the wife of
Manuel T. Hidalgo of
Tanawan, Batangas.
Neneng
Died at the age of 63
16. 2. Paciano (1851-1930)
The second child in the
family and Rizal's only
brother.
Died an old bachelor
aged 79.
He had two children (a
boy and a girl) by his
mistress (Severina
Decena).
17. 3. Narcisa (1852-1939)
Her pet name was
Sisa
Was married to
Antonio Lopez of
Morong, Rizal.
Died at the age of 87
18. 4. Olimpia (1855-1887)
Ypia was her pet
name.
Married to Silvestre
Ubaldo.
She died of
childbirth in 1887 at
the age of 32.
19. 5. Lucia (1857-1919)
Was the wife of Mariano
Herbosa, who was a
nephew of father
Casanas.
Herbosa died of cholera
and was denied
Christian burial because
he was a brother-in-law
of Dr. Rizal.
Died at the age of 62
20. 6. Maria (1859-1945)
Biang was her nickname
Became the wife of
Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna.
Died at the age of 86
21. 7. Jose (1861-1896)
The national hero of the
Philippines.
His nickname was Pepe
In Dapitan, he lived with
Josephine Bracken , Irish girl
from Hong Kong.
Had a son with her but died
few hours after birth.
Named the son as Francisco.
Rizal died at the age of 35
26. 11. Soledad (1870-1929)
The youngest Rizal
child
Pet name Choleng
Became the wife of
Pantaleon Quintero.
Died at the age of 59
27. Sibling relationship among the Rizal children
was affectionately cordial.
As a little boy, Rizal play games with his
sisters.
When he grew to manhood, he called them
Doña or Señora (if married) and Señorita (if
single).
Paciano was a second father to him (10 years
senior)
He immortalized him in his first novel as the
wise Pilosopo Tasio
28. Rizal’s Ancestry
Rizal was a product of mixture of races both east
and west.
Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and
Spanish
His great-great grandfather (father side) was a
Chinese Immigrant named Domingo Lamco
He was from Fukien city who arrived in Manila
about 1690
Doña Teodora’s family descended from Lakan
Dula (King of Tondo)
His great-great maternal grandfather was of
Japanese ancestry
32. The Rizal Home
Two storey building,
rectangular in shape
Built in adobe stones and hard
wood and roofed with red tiles
Describe by Dr. Rafael Palma
(biographer) as:
- solid and massive
earthquake proof
structure
- Thick walls of lime and
stone on the first floor.
- the second floor was made
33. entirely by wood except for the roof
which was of red tiles
- the back there was an azotea and a wide,
deep cistern to hold rain water for home
use
Behind the house was a poultry yard full of
turkeys and chickens and a big garden of
tropical fruits like – atis, balimbing, chico,
macopa, papaya, santol, ect.
It was a happy home.
35. A Good Middle-Class Family
The Rizal family belonged to the Principalia
A town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines
One of the distinguished families in Calamba
From the farms, which were rented from
Dominican Order, they harvested rice, corn and
sugarcane.
The owned a carriage, which was a status symbol
of the illustrados in Spanish Philippines
A private library (the largest in Calamba which
consisted of more then 1,000 volumes.)
36. Home Life of Rizal
The Rizal family had a simple, contented, and happy
life.
Both parents never spoiled their children.
They were strict parents and they trained their
children to love God, behave well, to be obedient,
and to respect people especially old folks.
They believed in the maxim: “Spare the rod and spoil
the child”
They heard Mass in the town church particularly
Sundays
They prayed together daily at home then after the
prayer all the children kiss the hands of their
parents.
37. CHAPTER:2 CHILDHOOD YEARS IN
CALAMBA
The happiest period of Rizal’s life was spent in the
lakeshore town, a worthy prelude in his Hamlet-like
tragic manhood.
At age 8, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native
language entitled Sa Aking Mga Kababata ( To My
fellow children).
At same age (8) he wrote his first dramatic work
which was a Tagalog comedy
He loved Calamba with all his heart and soul. In 1876,
when he was 15 years old and a student in Ateneo de
Manila, he wrote a poem Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
( In Memory of My Town)
38. What are the memories of Rizal’s
childhood?
1. Happy days in the family garden when he
was three years old with aya (nurse maid)
2. In his boyhood by age three, he watched
from his garden cottage, the caliauan, the
maya maya, the maria capra, the martin,
the pipit and other birds and listened
“with wonder and joy” to their twilight
songs.
39. 3. The daily prayer of angelus with family
members
4. Happy moonlights nights at the azotea after the
nightly rosary. The imaginary tales told by the
aya aroused in Rizal an enduring interest in
legends of folklore.
5. Nocturnal walk in the town, especially when
there was moon
40. The Hero’s First Sorrow was when her
younger sister Concha died at age 3. “When I
was 4 years old, he said, “ I lost my little
sister Concha, and then for the first time I
shed tears caused by love and Grief.
Devoted Son of the Church. He loved to go
to church, to pray, to take part in novenas
and to join the religious processions.
He was laughingly called Manong Jose by
Hermanos and Hermanas Tercera
41. Pilgrimage to Antipolo.
On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left
Calamba and go to Antipolo for pilgrimage,
in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was
made when Jose was born.
After the pilgrimage they went to manila to
visit Saturnina, who was then a boarding
student at La Concordia College in Santa Ana.
42. The Story Of the Moth as told by Dona Teodora
to her favorite son, Jose.
That the young moth made a profound
impression on him.
And so he wrote the incident. The tragic fate
of the young moth, which “died a martyr to
its illusions,” left a deep impress on Rizal’s
mind.
He justifies such noble death, asserting that
“to sacrifice one’s life for it,” is worthwhile.
43. What influences on the Hero’s
Boyhood
1. Hereditary Influence
- Malayan ancestors Rizal inherited love for
freedom, innate desire to travel, and his
indomitable courage.
- Chinese ancestors, He derived his serious
nature, frugality, patience and love for
children.
44. - Spanish ancestors, he got his elegance of
bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry
to ladies.
- From his father, he inherited profound sense
of self respect, and love for work, and the
habit of independent thinking.
- From his mother, he inherited religious
nature ,spirit of self sacrifice and passion
for arts and literature
45. 2. Environmental Influence.
According to psychologist, environment, as well
as heredity, affects the nature of a person. This
includes places, associates, and events.
a. The scenic beauty of Calamba and the
beautiful garden of the Rizal family –
stimulated the inborn artistic and literary
talents of Jose Rizal
46. b. The religious atmosphere at his home –
fortifies his religious nature
c. His brother, Panciano, instilled in his mind
the love for freedom and justice
d. From his sisters, he learned to be courteous
and kind to women
47. e. The fairy tales told by his aya during his early
childhood, awakened his interests in folklore
f. Father Leoncio Lopez, the old and learned
priest of Calamba, fostered Rizal’s love for
scholarship and intellectual honesty.
g. The sorrow in the family such as the death of
Concha in 1865 and the imprisonment of his
mother in 1871-74, contributed to strengthen his
character, enabling him to resist the blows of
adversity in later years.
48. h. The spanish abuses and cruelties, brutal act
of lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and the
alcalde, the unjust tortures inflicted in innocent
filipinos, and the execution of Fathers Gomez.
Burgos, and Zamora in 1872, awakened his spirit
of patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his
life and talents to redeem his oppressed people
49. 3. Aid of Divine Providence. Greater
than heredity and environment in the
fate of man is the aid of divine
providence.
- Rizal was providentially destined to
be the pride and glory of his nation.
- God had endowed him with versatile gift
of a genius, the vibrant spirit of a
nationalist, and the valiant heart to
sacrifice for a noble cause.
50. CHAPTER 3: THE EARLY EDUCATION
IN CALAMBA
The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, a
remarkable woman of good character and
fine culture.
On her lap, he learned at the age of 3:
• Alphabet
• Reading
• Prayers
51. As a tutor , Dona Teodora was , patient,
conscientious, and understanding.
She discovered that her son had a talent in
poetry
As Jose Rizal grew old, his parents employed
private tutors to give him lessons at home.
They were:
1. Maestro Celestino
2. Maestro Lucas Padua
3. Leon Monroy
52. Jose Goes to Binan
In June, 1869, Rizal left Calamba for Binan
He was accompanied by Paciano, who acted as
his second father
Upon arriving Binan, they went to their aunt’s
house, where Jose was to lodge.
That night Rizal and his cousin Leandro, went
sightseeing in the town, but became
depressed because of homesickness.
53. The next morning (Monday), Paciano
brought Rizal to the school of Maestro
Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
The school was in the house of the teacher.
A small nipa hut about 30 meters from the
house of Jose’s aunt.
Paciano knew the teacher quite well because
he had been a pupil under him before.
54. Immediately, Jose was assigned his seat in the
class. The teacher asked him:
"Do you know Spanish?"
"A little, sir," replied the Calamba lad.
"Do you know Latin?"
"A little, sir.“
The boys in the class, especially Pedro, the
teacher’s son laughed at Jose’s answers.
The teacher sharply stopped all noises and
begun the lessons of the day.”
55. • Rizal beat up the teacher’s son, who was a
bully
• Not violent in nature, but doesn’t run from
a fight
• Rizal spent his free time with his old
teacher’s father-in-law, a master painter
Juancho, impressed by the artistic talent
of the Calamba lad.
56. • Excelled in Spanish, Latin, and other
subjects
• Other kids were jealous of his intellectual
superiority
• They wickedly squealed to the teacher when
ever Jose had a fight outside the school.
• The teacher had to punish Rizal.
• Thus Rizal said that “in spite the reputation I
had of being a good boy, the day was unusual
when I was not laid out on a bench and
given five or six blows
57. The execution of Gom-Bur-Za and the
200 soldiers and their martyrdom in 1872
inspired Rizal to fight the evil of
Spanish, and tyranny and redeemed his
oppressed people.
Because of this tragic incident he write the
Noli Me Tangere.
Later in 1891 he dedicated his second novel,
El Filibusterismo, to Gom-Bur-za.
58. Injustices to Hero’s Mother
Before June, tragedy struck the Rizal
Family:
- Dona Teodora was suddenly arrested
on a malicious charge that she and her
brother Jose Alberto, tried to poison the
latter’s perfidious wife. Imprisoned for 2
years and a half until Supreme court
acquitted her of the alleged crime
59. Recounting this incidence of his mother’s
imprisonment, Rizal said in his student
memoirs:
“Our mother was unjustly snatched away
from us and by whom? By some men who
had been our friends and whom we treated
as honor guests.”
60. “We learned later that our mother got sick,
far from us and at advanced age. “
“My mother was defended by Messrs.' Francisco
del Marcaida and Manuel Marzan, the most
famous lawyers of Manila.”
“She finally succeeded to be acquitted and
vindicated in the eyes of her judges, accusers,
and even her enemies, but after how long? After
two and a half years.””
61. Four months after the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za and
Dona Teodora still in prison, Jose, who has not yet
celebrated his 11th birthday, was sent to Manila.
He studies in Ateneo Municipal, a college under
the supervision of the Jesuit
College was a rival of the Dominican –owned
College of San Juan de Letran Charity school a
school for poor boys in Manila, established by
city government in 1817.
CHAPTER 4: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo
de Manila 1872-1877
62. When the Jesuits had been expelled
from the Philippines in 1768, returned to
Manila in 1859, they managed Escuela
Pia whose name was changed to Ateneo
Municipal and later became Ateneo de
Manila.
Rizal Enters Ateneo. On June 10, 1872,
accompanied by Paciano, Took the
entrance exam on christian doctrines,
arithmetic and reading at College of
San Juan de Letran.
63. When he returned home, his father decided to
send Rizal at Ateneo.
At first the registrar Fr Magin Fernando
refused to admit him for 2 reasons
1. Late registration
2. Sickly and undersized
With the help of Manuel Xeres Burgos,
nephew of Fr. Burgos, he was admitted.
Rizal studied in Ateneo Municipal at age 11
under the supervision of Spanish Jesuits
64. He took a 5 yr curriculum leading to the
degree of AB or Bachelor of Arts
Stayed at Calle Carballo in Santa Cruz, 25
minutes walk from the college. Landlady’s
name- Titay
Later after vacation he boarded inside
intramuros at Magallanes Street with landlady
Dona Pepay with widowed daughter and 4
sons.
When Rizal was admitted in Ateneo Municipal,
He used his Surname Rizal for the 1st time
65.
66. Jesuits System of Education
System of education was more
advanced than that of other
colleges in that period.
It trained the character of the
students by rigid discipline
and religious instructions.
Aside from academic courses
leading to Bachelor of Arts, it
offered vocational courses in
agriculture, commerce,
mechanics, and surveying
67. Class was divided into 2
sects:
1.the Roman empire
consisting of the
internos (boarders)
2. Carthaginian empire
(externos) non-
boarders.
- Sects had ranks Emperor,
tribune, decurion,
centurion, and
standard bearer.
68. Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo 1872-73
Rizal’s 1st professor was Fr. Jose Bech
Being new comer and knowing little Spanish,
he was placed at the bottom of the class.
He was an externo, hence he was assigned to
the Carthaginians, occupying the end of the
line.
69. After the 1st week, he progressed rapidly and
at the end of the month, he became
“emperor”
He was the brightest pupil in the whole
class, and he was awarded a prize
To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private
lessons in Santa Isabel College during the
noon classes.
70. Succeeding years
2nd year(1873-74) – he moved to calle
magallanes and he earned a gold medal with
scholastic honors
3rd year(1874-75) – Won only 1 medal (Latin).
4th year – Became an interno in ateneo.
- His professor Fr. Francisco De Paula
Sanchez inspired young Rizal to study harder
and write poetry
71. - Rizal described this Jesuit Professor as “model
of uprightness, earnestness, and love for
the advancement of his pupil.”
- Inspired by Fr. Sanchez, Rizal topped all his
classmates in all subjects and won 5 medals at
the end of the school term.
5th year – Rizal finish his last year at the Ateneo
in a blaze of glory. He obtained the highest
grades in all subjects
72. Graduation
Pepe graduated at March
23, 1877 (16 years old)
Had very high scholastic
records
He graduated as one of the
nine Sobresalientes
(outstanding students) in
his class.
He Received the Degree
of Bachelor of Arts, with
highest honors
73. POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO
First Poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in
Ateneo was Mi Primera Inspiracion (My first
Inspiration) which was dedicated to his mother on her
birthday.
In 1875, inspired by Fr. Sanchez, he wrote more poems
such as:
1. Felicitacion (Felicitation)
2. El Embarque: himno, a la Flota de Magallanes (The
Departure: Hymn to Magellan’s Fleet
3. Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al
Mundo( And He is Spanish: Elcano , the First to
Circumnavigate the World)
74. 4. El Combate: umbiztondo, Terror de Jolo ( The Battle:
Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)
In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics- religion,
education, childhood memories, and war.
1.Un Recuedo a Mi Pueblo ( In Memory of My Town)
A Poem in honor of Calamba, The hero’s natal town.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion
(Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good
Education)
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria ( Through
Education the Country receives light)
75. 4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prison
de Boabdil ( The Captivity and the Triumph:
Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of
Boabdil). This Martial Poem describes the defeat
and capture of Boabdil, Last Moorish sultan of
Granada.
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en
Granada
( The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Monarch
into Granada). This poem relatesw the victorious
entry of king Ferdinand and Queen Isabel into
Granada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain.
76. A year later, in 1877, he wrote more poems. It was
his last year in Ateneo.
1. El Heroismo de Colon ( The Heroism of
Columbus). This poem praises Columbus,
the discoverer of America.
2. Colon y Juan II.( Columbus and John II).
This poem relates how King John II of
Portugal missed fame and riches by his failure
to finance the projected expedition of
Columbus to the New World.
77. 3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha
(Great Solace in Great Misfortune).
This is a legend in verse of the tragic life
of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los
Colegiales.
(A Farewall Dialogue of the Student).
This was the last poem written by Rizal in
Ateneo; it is a poignant poem of farewell to
his classmates.
78. First Dramatic work of Rizal.
He was requested by Fr. Sanchez to write a
drama on the prose story of St. Eustace the
Martyr, which he did on summer vacation of
1876.
When Rizal submitted the finished manuscript,
the good priest felicitated the young Atenean for
work well done.
It is entitled San Eustacio, Martir (St.
Eustace, The Martyr)
79. First Romance of Rizal.
After his graduation from Ateneo, Rizal who
was then 16 years old, experienced his first
romance- “that painful experience which
comes to nearly adolescents.”
The girl was Segunda Katigbak, a pretty 14
year old Batanguena from Lipa.
80. In Rizal’s own words:
“She was rather short, with eyes that were eloquent
and ardent at times and languid at others, rosy-
cheeked, with an enchanting and provocative
smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the
air of a sylph; her entire self diffuse a mysterious
charm.”
His first romance was ruined by his shyness and
being reserved.
81. Three years later, Rizal, recording his first tragic
romance, said:
“ Ended, at an early hour, my first love! My
Virgin heart will always mourn the reckless
step it took on the flower-decked abyss. My
illusions will return, yes, but indifferent,
uncertain, ready for the first betrayal on the
path of love.”
83. Mother’s Opposition to Higher
Education
After graduating with highest honors from Ateneo,
Rizal had to go to UST for higher studies.
The Bachelor of Arts course during the Spanish time
was equivalent only to the high school and junior
college courses today.
Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to
pursue higher learning in the university.
Doña Teodora , who knew what happened to Gom-
Bur-Za , vigorously opposed the idea.
84. Rizal himself was surprised why his mother, who was a
woman of education and culture should object for his
desire for a university education.
Years later he wrote in his journal: Did my mother
perhaps have a foreboding of what could happen to
me? Does a mother’s heart really have the second
sight?”
Rizal Enters the University. In April 1877, Rizal who is
nearly 16 years old, enrolled at UST taking the course of
Philosophy and Letters. He enrolled in this course for 2
reasons: 1. his father liked it. 2. He was still uncertain
on what career to pursue.
85. He had written Father Pablo Ramon Recto of Ateneo to
ask for advice on the choice of a career, but unable to do
so because Father Recto is in Mindanao.
During his first-year term (1877-78) in the UST, Rizal
studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History
of Philosophy.
It was during the second term (1878-79), When Father
Recto advised Rizal to study Medicine. Rizal took the
medical course, enrolling simultaneously in the
preparatory medical course and regular first year
medical course.
Another reason why he choose medicine for a career was
to be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness
86. Finishes Surveying Course.
During his first school term in UST (1877-78),
Rizal also studied in the Ateneo. He took
vocational course leading to the title of perito
agrimensor ( Expert Surveyor)
Rizal completed his surveyor's training in 1877,
and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but
could not receive a license to practice because
he was only 17 years old. (He was granted a
license in November 15, 1881, when he reached
the age of majority.)
87. Romances with Other Girls.
Shortly after losing Segunda Katigbak, he paid
court to a young woman in Calamba whom he
called “Miss L”.
After visiting her to her house several timed,
Rizal suddenly stopped wooing, and the
romance died a natural death.
Several Months later during his sophomore
year at UST, Rizal boarded in the house of
Doña Concha Leyna in Intramuros.
88. The Next door neighbor of Doña Concha were
Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Villanueva
from Pagsanjan Laguna, who had a charming
daughter Leonor.
Rizal courted Leonor, sending her love notes
written in invincible ink. The ink consisted of
table salt and water..
89. Rizal taught Orang (Pet name of Leonor)
the secret of reading any note written in
invincible ink by heating it over the candle
or lamp so that words may appear.
Rizal’s next romance was with another
Leonor—Leonor Rivera – his cousin from
Camiling, Tarlac, born on April 11, 1867.
Student at La Concordia where his youngest
sister Soledad was then studying
90. Leonor was the daughter of Rizal’s uncle
Antonio Rivera who was then his landlord.
Between Jose and Leonor sprang a beautiful
romance. They became engaged. In her letter to
Rizal, Leonor signed her name as ‘Taimis” in
order to camouflage their intimate relationship
from their parents and friends.
91. VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER’S BRUTALITY
Setting: Dark night, summer vacation 1878.
Calamba
- He passed by a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil
but failed to recognize the latter
- Insulted, the lieutenant slashed Jose’s back with
his sword
- Jose reported to General Primo de Rivera,
Spanish governor general, but no resolution was
done because of racial discrimination
92. TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH (1879)
-Literary contest by Artistico-Literario (Artisitic-
Literary Lyceum)
- Rizal, 18 years old, submitted his poem entitled A
La Juventud Filipina(To the Filipino Youth)
- He won the first prize, a feather shaped, gold
ribbon decorated silver pen was given to Rizal
93. - In the poem, Rizal beseeched the Filipino to
rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter
than the wind and descend with art science to
break the chains that have long bound the spirit
of the people.
- The poem is a classic. Two reasons: It was the
first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino
whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary
authorities. It expressed for the first time the
nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not
the foreigners were the “fair hope of the
Fatherland.”
94. THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS (1880)
Another literary contest by the Artistic-Literary
Lyceum to commemorate the fourth centennial of
the death of Cervantes, Spanish and author of
Don Quixote. Manuel De Cervantes – Spain’s
glorified man of letter
-Rizal submitted an allegorical drama,El Consejo
de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods)
95. - The allegory was based on Greek classics
- Rizal was aided by Father Rector of the Ateneo in
securing the needed reference materials
- The contest was participated by priest, laymen,
professors of UST, newspapermen and scholars.
- Rizal won the first price; he received a gold
ring engraved with bust of Cervantes.
- D.N. Del Puzo – a Spanish writer won the 2nd
price
96. OTHER LITERARY WORKS1879:
1. Abd-el-Azis y MahomaA poem, declaimed by an
Atenean, manuel Fernandez on December 8, 1879 in
honor of the Ateneo’sPatroness 1880
2. Junto al Pasig(Beside the Pasig) A zarzuela, staged by
the Ateneans on December 8, 1880 on the Feast Day of
the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo.
Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of Spanish
Literature1880
3. A Filipinas A sonnet, for the album of the Society of
Sculptors Rizal urged all Filipino artist to glorify the
Philippines1881
4. Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon A poem, an expression of
affection to Father Pablo Ramon, the Ateneo rector
who has been so kind and helpful to him.
97. RIZAL’S VISIT TO PAKIL AND PAGSANJANMay 1881
- Jose, along with his sisters Saturnina, Maria, and Trinidad
and female friends went on a pilgrimate to Pakil, famous
shrine of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores.
- They boarded a casco(a flat-bottom sailing vessel) from
Calamba to Pakil, Laguna- They stayed at the home of Mr.
and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, parents of Nicolas, Rizal’s friend
in Manila
- The company witnessed the famous turumba, the people
dancing in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los
Dolores
- Rizal was infatuated by VicentaYbardolaza. She was skillful in
playing the harp at the Regalado home
- Rizal and his party then went to Pagsanjan for two reasons: 1.
It was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela 2. To see the
world famed Pagsanjan Falls
98. CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS
There were frequent student brawls between the
Filipinos and the Spaniards 1880:
- Rizal founded Companerismo(Comradeship), a
secret society of Filipino UST students. The
members were called “Companions of Jehu”.- He
was the chief of the society.
- His cousin, Galicano Apacible was the secretary.
- In one of the skirmishes, Rizal was wounded on
the head. His friends brought him to Casa
Tomasina where Leonor Rivera took care of him.
99. UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST
Rizal was unhappy in the Dominican
institution because:
1. The Dominican professors were hostile to
him.
2. The Filipino students were racially
discriminated against by the Spaniards
3. The method of instruction was obsolete and
repressive.
4. He failed to win high scholastic honors due
to the attitude of his professors.
100. In his novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the
Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by the
Dominican professors and how backwards the method of
instructions was, especially in the teaching of natural
sciences.
Because of the unfriendly attitude of his professors, Rizal,
the most brilliant graduate of the Ateneo, failed to win
high scholastic honors.
Although his grades in the first year of the philosophy
course were all “excellent”, they were not impressive in
the four year of his medical course.
101. DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD
Rizal decided to study in Spain after finishing the fourth
year of his medical course.
The people who approved this are the following:
1. His older brother Paciano
2. His sisters Saturnina (Neneng) and Lucia
3. Uncle Antonio Rivera
4. The Valenzuela family, Some friends
The people who did not know of his decision are the
following:
1 Rizal’s parents
2. Leonor Rivera
3. Spanish authorities
102. CHAPTER V1:IN SUNNY SPAIN
Secret Departure for Spain.
Reason: To avoid detection by the Spanish
authorities and the friars.
Even his parents did not know the plan of Rizal
His older brother Paciano, his uncle Antonio Rivera,
his sisters Neneng and Lucia, the Valenzuela Family
(Capitan Juan, Capitana Sanday, and daughter
Orang), Pedro A.Paterno, his Compadre Mateo
Evangelista, the Ateneo Jesuits Fathers, and some
intimate friends including Chengoy ( Jose M.
Cecilio)
103. Panciano gave Rizal Php 700.00 with diamond
ring
Php 35.00 – allowance per month to be send by
Paciano and his uncle Antonio
Manuel T. Hidalgo– sender of telegram tells that
the Spanish steamer Salvadora was scheduled to
sail to Singapore MAY 3, 1882
Rizal left Calamba by Carromata, reaching
Manila after 10 hours
Rizal attended a mass at Sto. Domingo Church
with close friend Chengoy who know his
departure.
104. The kind Jesuit priest gave him letters of
recommendation to the members of their
society in Barcelona.
He used the name Jose Mercado, a cousin from
Biñan
Before his secret departure, he wrote a farewell
letter to his beloved parents and one for his
sweetheart Leonor Rivera.
MAY 3, 1882 – Rizal departed on board the
Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for
Singapore
105. SINGAPORE.
On May 8, 1882, while the steamer Singapore,
Rizal saw a beautiful island. Fascinated by its
beauty, he remembered “Talim Isla with the
Susong Dalaga”
The Salvadora reached the English colony of
Singapore on May 9, 1882.
Rizal logged in Hotel Dela Paz and spent for 2
days on a sightseeing soiree at the city- colony of
England .
He saw the famous Botanical Garden, beautiful
Buddist Temples and statue of sir Thomas
Stanford Raffle (Founder of Singapore)
106. From Singapore to Colombo.
In Singapore Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah-
French steamer which left Singapore for Europe on May 11,
1882.
He delightfully scribbled on his diary ”Colombo is more
beautiful, smart, and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle,
and Manila.
FIRST TRIP TO SUEZ CANAL. The Djemnah continued the
voyage
Rizal sighted the barren coast of Africa, which he called an “
inhospitable land but Famous”
It took Djemnah 5 days to transverse the Suez Canal, built
by Ferdinand de Lesseps (French Diplomat-engineer),
inaugurated on November 11, 1869.
107. NAPLES AND MARSEILLES
JUNE 11 – Rizal reached Naples, an Italian city Rizal was
fascinated by MOUNT VESUVIUS and CASTLE OF ST.
TELMO.
He visited CHATEAU d’IF, where Dantes, hero of the
Count of Monte Cristo was imprisoned. Rizal stayed there
for 2 ½ days.
BARCELONA. June 16, 1882 – he reached BARCELONA;
the greatest city of CATALUÑA and Spain’s 2nd largest
city LAM RAMBLAS – famous street in Barcelona
Welcome party for Rizal was made by Rizal’s
schoolmates at Ateneo , at their favorite café in Plaza
Cataluña
108. “AMOR PATRIO” (Love of Country)
– he wrote it in Barcelona, a nationalistic essay written in
Spanish soil
- He sent his article to his friend in Manila, Basilio Teodoro
Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog, the first Manila
bilingual newspaper (spanish and tagalog)
Rizal’s “Amor Patrio”, under his pen name Laong Laan,
appeared in print in DiariongTagalog on Aug. 20, 1882.
The spanish text was the originally written by Rizal and
the tagalog translation made by M. H. del Pilar
The article caused quite a sensation among the readers in
the Philippines because of its nationalistic flavor.
As in his prize-winning ”Juventud Filipina”, Rizal in his
“Amor Patrio”, urged his compatriots to love their
fatherland , the Philippines.
109. Publisher Basilio Teodoro Moran deeply
impressed by “Amor Patrio”, congratulated
Rizal, and requested for more articles.
In response to his request, Rizal wrote the
second article for Diariong Tagalog entitled
“Los Viajes” (Travels).
His third article entitled “ Revisa de Madrid”
(Review of Madrid) which he wrote in Madrid
on Nov, 29, 1882.
The third article was returned to him because
the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication
for lack of funds.
110. SAD NEWS FROM HOME.
1.Spread of Cholera that was ravaging Manila and
other provinces .Many people had died and more
were dying daily.
According to Paciano’s letter , dated Sept. 15, 1882,
the Calamba folks were having afternoon novenas
to San Roque and Nocturnal procession and prayers
so that God may stop the dreadful epidemic, which
the spanish health authorities were impotent to
check.
2. Another sad news from the Philippines was the
chatty letter of Chengoy- unhappiness of Leonor
Rivera who was getting thinner because of the
absence of a loved one.
111. LIFE IN MADRID- He enrolled at UNIVERSIDAD
CENTRAL DE MADRID (Central University of
Madrid) on Nov. 3, 1882
Enrolled in two courses –Medicine and Philosophy
& Letters
Took lessons at the Academy of Fine Arts of San
Fernando -Painting & Sculpture
He also took private lessons in German, French &
English
Rizal rigidly budgeted his money on Food, clothing,
lodging and books, never wasting peseta for
gambling, wine and women.
His only extravagance was investing a few peseta for
lottery ticket in every draw of the La Madrid Lottery.
112. Rizal visited the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey who
lived with his son Rafael and daughter Consuelo. Don
Pablo had been city mayor of Manila during the
administration of the liberal governor general Carlos
Ma. De la Torre (1869-1871) and was promoted vice
president of the council of the Philippines in the
Ministry of Colonies (Ultramar)
Romance with Consuelo.
Rizal being lonely in foreign country, far from his natal
land, was attracted by Consuelo’s beauty and vivacity.
He composed a poem on Aug. 22, 1883 dedicated to
her, entitled A La Señorita C.O.y.P. (To Miss C.O.y.P),
he expressed his admiration for her. H found solace
and joy in her company.
113. Before his romance with consuelo blossom into a
serious affair, he suddenly backed out for 2 reasons:
1. He was still engaged to Leonor Rivera
2. His friend and co-worker in the propaganda
movement, Eduardo de Lete, was madly in love with
consuelo and he had no wish to break their
friendship because of a pretty girl.
In 1882 shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal
joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-
Philippine Circle), a society of Spaniards and
Filipinos.
114. Upon the request of the members of this society, he wrote
a poem entitled “Me Piden Versos” (they ask me for
verses) which he personally declaimed during the new
year’s eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in the
evening of Dec. 31, 1882. In this sad poem, he poured out
the cry of his agonizing heart.
Rizal as Lover’s of Book.
Rizal economized his living expenses, and purchased
second hand books. He was able to build a fair-sized
private library.
Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s
Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The wandering Jew.
These two books aroused his sympathy for the oppressed
and unfortunate people.
115. Rizal’s First Visit to Paris(1883).During his
first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to
Paris.
Rizal was mistaken by the Parisians as a
Japanese.
The prices of food, drinks, theatre tickets,
laundry, hotel accommodations were too high
for his slender purse so that he commended in
a letter to his family” Paris is the costliest
capital in Europe”
116. Rizal as Mason.
In Spain Rizal came close contact with prominent Spanish
liberal and republican Spaniards, who were mostly Masons.
He was impressed by the way the Spanish Masons openly and
freely criticized the government policies and lambasted the
friars, which could not be done in the Philippines.
In March 1883, he joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in
Madrid.
His reason for becoming Mason was to secure Freemasonry's
aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines.
Later in transferred to Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) where he
became Master Mason on Nov. 15, 1890.
On Feb. 15, 1892, he was awarded the Diploma as Master
Mason by Le Gran Orient de France in Paris.
His only Masonic writing was lecture entitled: ‘Science,
Virtue, and Labor’ which he delivered in 1889 in Madrid.
117. Financial Worries.
Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of
Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times
when they never arrived, causing much suffering to him.
At one time Paciano was forced to sell his younger
brother’s Pony in order to send money to Madrid.
June 24,1884, because he was broke, he was unable to take
breakfast that day.
With an empty stomach, he attended his class at the
University, participated in the contest in Greek language
and won the gold medal.
In the evening of the same day he was able to eat dinner,
for he was a guest speaker in the banquet held in honor of
Juan Luna and Felix Resurrection Hidalgo at Restaurant
Ingles, Madrid.
118. Studies Completed in Spain.
Rizal completed his medical course in Spain.
He was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by
Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884.
The next academic year (1884-1885) he studied and
passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of
Medicine.
Because he did not present the thesis required for
graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not
awarded his Doctor’s Diploma.
He also obtained the degree of Licentiate in philosophy
and Letters. He became qualified to be a professor in
Humanities in any Spanish University.
119. By receiving his degree as Licentiate in Medicine, he
became full-pledge physician, qualified to practice
medicine.
He did not bother to secure the post graduate degree
of Doctor of Medicine because it was, together with
the licentiate in Philosophy and Letters, good only for
teaching purposes.
On Nov. 26, 1884, Rizal wrote to his Family “ My
doctorate is mot of very much value to me…because
although it is useful to a university professor, yet I
believe they ( Dominican Friars) will never appoint me
as such in UST. I say the same thing of philosophy and
letters, which may serve also for a professorship, but I
doubt if the Dominican Fathers will grant it to me”.
121. IN GAY PARIS (1885-86)
Shortly after terminating his studies in Central University
in Madrid, Rizal who was then 24 y.o. and already a
physician, went to Paris to acquire more knowledge in
ophthalmology.
On his way to Parish, he stopped at Barcelona to visit a
friend, Maximo Viola, a medical student and a member of
rich family of San Miguel Bulacan.
He stayed there for a week and befriended Señor Eusebio
Corominas, editor of the newspaper La Publicidad.
Don Miguel Morayta, owner of La Publicidad.
122. In November 1885, rizal was living in Paris, where he
sojourned for about 4 months.
He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, from
November 1885- February 1886, where he rapidly increased
his knowledge of ophthalmology.
Rizal as a Musician.
Rizal can play the flute fairly well. He was the flutist in
various impromptu reunions of Filipinos in Paris.
He composed some songs, especially Alin Mang Lahi ( Any
Race), a patriotic song with asserts that any race aspires for
freedom, and a sad danza, La Deportacion (Deportation),
which he composed in dapitan during his exile.
123. In Historic Heidelberg
After acquiring enough experience as an ophthalmologist
in Dr. Weckert’s clinic, Rizal left Gay Paris on February 1,
1886 for Germany.
On February 3, 1886, he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic
city in Germany, famous for its old university and
romantic surroundings.
In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by the
blooming flowers along the cool banks of the Nectar
River. Among them was his favorite flower – light blue
“forget- me-not”.
124. The beautiful flowers reminded him of the blooming
flowers at the garden of his home in Calamba.
In his mood of homesickness, he wrote on April 22, 1886, a
fine poem, “A Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of
Heidelberg)
Rizal also stayed with Pastor Ullmer at Wilhelmfed, which
he appreciated most, of the family’s kindness and
hospitality
On July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote his first letter in German
(which he had improved after his stay with the Ullmers) to
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of the Ateneo of
Leitmeritz, Austria. He had heard
Rizal sent the book he mentioned, entitled Aritmetica
(Arithmetic), in Spanish and Tagalog by UST Press, author
was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez, native of Sta Cruz, Laguna
125. Rizal’s letter from Heidelberg impressed Blumentritt, who
reciprocated by sending Rizal a gift of two books.
It marked the beginning of their long and frequent
correspondence, also of their friendship that lasted all
their lives. Blumentritt, the Austrian, became the best
friend of Rizal, the Filipino.
On August 9, 1886, three days after the fifth centenary
celebration of the University of Heidelberg, Rizal left the
city.
He arrived Leipzig on August 14, 1886.
In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schiller’s William Tell from
German to Tagalog so that the Filipinos might know the
story of the champion of Swiss independence
He also translated Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy Tales
for his nephews and nieces.
126. On october 29, he left Leipzig for Dresden, where he met
Dr Adolph B, Meyer , Director of the Anthropological anf
Ethnological bMuseum
He heard mass in a Catholic church, he was impressed by
the music and he wrote in hid diary,” Truly I have never in
my life heard a Mass whose music had greater sublimity
and intonation”.
In the morning of November 1, 1886, Rizal left Dresden by
train reaching Berlin in the evening.
Rizal came in contact with great scientist like Dr. Feodor
Jagor, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, and his son, Dr. Hans Virchow.
Rizal also met Dr. Joest, noted German geographer
Rizal also worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Earnest
Schweigger, a famous German Opthalmologist.
127. Dr. Virchow, who recognized Rizal genius invited him to
lecture before the Ethnographic Society of Berlin.
Rizal wrote a scholarly paper in German, entitled
Tagaliche Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art), which he read
before the society in April 1887. This paper was published
by the society in the same year and elicited favorable
comments.
Rizal’s life in Berlin.
Rizal lived in Berlin for 5 reasons:
1. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
2. To further his studies in sciences and languages
3. To observe the economic and political condition of the
German nation
128. 4. To assocoate with famous German scientist and scholars
5. To publish the novel Noli Me Tangere.
Rizal on German Women.
One of the most important letters written while he was in
Germany was that addressed to his sister Trinidad, dated
March 11, 1886. In his letter, Rizal expressed his high
regards and admiration to German womanhood.
The German woman, is serious, diligent, educated, and
friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome like
the Spanish woman. She is not particular of beautiful
dresses and expensive jewelry, though she could dress
nicely like any other woman in the world.
129. Rizal regretted that in the Philippines, women are more
interested in how they dress than in how they know.
He praised however, the delicacy of feeling, the fine
manners, devotion, and hospitality of the Filipino women,
especially those in the provinces who are not yet
sophisticated.
If only they can cultivate their intellect by education, and
by taking more interest in worldly affairs, they can
command the respect of all men.
He advised her sister Trinidad: “ Now that you are still
young, you should strive to read, read, and learn. You
must not allow yourself to be conquered by indolence
because it costs so little to cast it off”.
130. German Customs.
Rizal admired the German customs which he observed
well.
1. Yuletide Custom- Christmas Tree. They take from the
bushes a pine tree, must be straight, with leaves that do
not fall on spring, adorned with lanterns, papers, lights,
dolls, candies, fruits, etc.
2. Self introduction to strangers in a social gathering- he
bows his head to the guest, introduce himself and
shakes the hands of everyone in the room.
131. Rizal’s Darkest Winter
The winter of 1886 was the darkest winter in Berlin.
No money arrived from Calamba
He could not pay his landlord.
He washed his own clothes, he could not pay for laundry
He eats only once a day, with bread and water or some
cheap vegetable soup
Rizal starved in Berlin shivered with wintry cold
His health broke down due to lack of proper nourishment.
He began to cough, and he feared that he was going to be
sick with tuberculosis
Never had he suffered such physical blows of penury, so
that his soul cried out in despair.
132. CHAPTER 8: NOLI ME TANGERE
PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887)
The bleak winter of 1886 was memorable in
the life of Rizal for two reasons:
1. It was painful episode for he was hungry, sick
and despondent in a strange city.
2. It brought him great joy, after enduring so
much sufferings, because his first novel Noli
Me Tangere came off the press in March,
1887.
133. Like the legendary Santa
Clause, Dr. Maximo Viola, his
friend from Bulacan, arrived in
Berlin at the height of his
despodency loaned him the
needed funds to publish the
novel.
134. IDEA OF WRITING ON PHILIPPINES:
The reading of Harriet Beecher
Stowes“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”- which
portrays the brutalities of American slave-
owners and the pathetic conditions of the
unfortunate Negro, Slaves, inspired Dr.
Jose Rizal to prepare a novel on the
Philippines.
135. Rizal was a student in the Central
University of Madrid. Rizal
proposed is writing of a novel
about the Philippines during the
reunion of Filipinos in the house of
the Pateros in Madrid on January
2,1884.
136. His proposal was unanimously approved by:
Pedro Maximo Antonio .
They were Paternos. Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Evaristo Aguirre, Julio Llorente, Valentin
Ventura, Eduardo De Lete
The end of 1884-Rizal began writing the
novel in Madrid and he finished one half
of it-1885.
137. He went to Paris for completing his
studies in the Universidad Central De
Madrid.
He continued writing the novel,
finishing the one half of the second
half in GERMANY 1886.
During the dark days while his spirit
was at its lowest ebb, he almost threw
the manuscript into the fire, the novel
was almost finished.
138. He was desperately desponded because he
saw no hope of having it to published for he
was utterly penniless
Fernando Canon- friend of Rizal, to whom he
ventilated hid feelings.
Rizal received a telegram from Dr. Maximo
Viola who was coming to Berlin.
139. When Viola arrived in Berlin shortly
before Christmas Day of 1887, he was
shocked to find Rizal living in poverty and
deplorably sickly to lack of proper
nourishment.
Upon seeing his talented friend’s
predicament, Viola, being loaded with
funds, gladly agreed to finance the
printing cost of Noli.
He also loaned Rizal some cash for living
expenses
140. Rizal and Viola celebrated the
Christmas of 1886 in Berlin with
sumptuous feast.
After Christmas season, Rizal put the
finishing touches on his novel. To save
printing expenses, he deleted certain
passage sin the manuscript, including
the whole chapter- Elias and Salome
141. The first edition of Noli Me Tangere was
printed in Berlin in 1887
P300.oo cost of printing for 2000 copies.
March 29,1887, Rizal gave the Galley Proofs
of the Noli. A significant date for it was the
date when the Noli Me Tangere came off
the press.
NOLI ME TANGERE - a Latin phrase which
means “Touch me not”, from the bible
142. Rizal writing to Felix R. Hidalgo in
French on March 5, 1887, said:
“Noli Me Tangere” words taken
from the gospel of St. Luke signify
“do not touch” Rizal made a
mistake.
143. It should be the gospel of St. John, on the
first Easter Sunday St. John(chapter 20:13-17)
St. Mary Magdalene - visited the Holy
Sepulcher, and to her our Lord Jesus, just
arisen from the dead said: “Touch me not; I
am not yet ascended to my Father, but go
to my brethren, and say unto them, I
ascend unto my Father, and your Father;
and to my God and your God.”
144. The author’s dedication.
Rizal dedicated the Noli Me Tangere to the
Philippines “to my country” his dedication
runs as follows:
Recorded in the history of human sufferings is
a cancer so malignant a character that the least
touch irritates it and awakens in it the sharpest
pains. Thus, how many times, when in the
midst of modern civilization i have wished to
call thee before me, now to accompany me in
memories
145. Now to compare thee with other
countries, hath thy dear image presented
itself showing a social cancer like a to
that other! Desiring thy welfare which our
own, an seeking the best treatments, I will
do with thee what the ancient did with
their seek exposing them on the steps of
the temple so that everyone who came to
invoke the divinity might offer them a
remedy.
146. And to this end, I will strive to reproduce
thy condition faithfully, without
discrimination, I will raise a part of the
veil that covers the evil, sacrificing to
truth everything, even vanity itself. Since,
as thy son i am conscious that I also
suffer from thy defects and weaknesses.
147. Synopsis of the “Noli”.
NOLI ME TANGERE contains 63 chapters
and an epilogue.
It begins the reception given by Captain Tiago
(Santiago De Los Santos) at his house in Calle
Analogue (Now Juan Luna Street) on the last
day of October.
CRISOSTOMO IBARRA, a young and rich
Filipino who had just turn after 7 years of
study in Europe.
148. The reception or dinner was given in honor of
Crisostomo Ibarra, the only son of Don Rafael
Ibarra, friend of CapitanTiago and fiancé of
beautiful Maria Clara supposed daughter of
Capitan Tiago.
GUEST DURING RECEPTION.
Padre Damaso- a Franciscan Friar who had
been priest of San Diego( Calamba), Ibarra’s
native town for 20 years
149. Padre Sibyla-a young dominican parish priest
of Binondo
Senor Guevara - an elderly and kind
lieutenant of the GuardiaCivil
Don Tiburcio de Espadaña - a bogus Spanish
Physician , lame, and henpecked husband of
Dona Victorina and several ladies.
Padre Damaso - was in a bad mood because he
got a bony neck and hard wing of the chicken
Tinola.- he tried to discredit Ibarra’s remarks.
150. AFTER DINNER
Ibarra left captain Tiago’s house to return to
his hotel. On the way, the kind lieutenant
Guevarra told him the sad story of his father’s
death in San Diego.
Don Rafael – his father, was a rich and brave
man. He defended a helpless boy from the
brutality of a illiterate Spanish tax collector,
pushing the latter and accidentally killing
him. He was thrown in prison, where he died
unhappily.
151. He was buried in consecrated ground
but his enemies, accusing him of
being a heretic, had his body removed
from the cemetery.
On hearing his father’s sad story,
Ibarra thanked the kind Spanish
lieutenant and vowed to find out the
truth about his father’s death
152. THE FOLLOWING MORNING
Ibarra, visited Maria Clara, his childhood
sweetheart. Maria Clara teasingly said that he
had forgotten her because the girls in Germany
were beautiful, then Ibarra replied that he had
never forgotten her.
After the romantic reunion with Maria Clara,
Ibarra went to San Diego to visit his father’s
grave. It was All Saint’s Day,at the cemetery, the
grave –digger told Ibarra that the corpse of Don
Rafael was removed by order of the parish
priest to be buried in the Chinese cemetery.
153. But the corpse was heavy and it was a
dark rainy night so that he simply threw
the corpse into the lake.
Ibarra was angered by the grave-diggers
story. He left the cemetery.
On the way, he met Padre Salvi
Franciscan parish priest of San Diego. In a
flash, Ibarra pounced on the priest ,
demanding redness for desecrating his
father’s mortal remains.
154. PADRE SALVI- told him that he had
nothing to do with it, for he was not the
parish priest at the time of Don Rafael’s
death.
It was Padre Damaso, his predecessor,
who was responsible for it. Convinced of
Padre Salvi’s innocence, Ibarra went away
155. In his town, Ibarra met several interesting people,
such as the wise old man Tasio the Sage, whose
ideas were too advanced for his times so that the
people, who could not understand him, called him
“Tasio the Lunatic”.
The progressive school teacher, who complied to
Ibarra that the children were losing interest in their
studies because of lack of a proper schoolhouse and
discouraging attitude of the parish priest toward
teaching of Spanish and the use of modern method
of PEDAGOGY.
156. Don Filipo Lino - the teniente mayor and
leader of the liberal function in the town,
the spineless gobernadorcillo, who
catered to wishes of spanish priest
Don Melchor- the captain of the
cuadrilleros(town police).
Don Basilio, Don Valentin, former
gobernadorcillo who were prominent
citizens
157. Most tragic story in the novel is the tale of
Sisa, who was formerly a rich girl but
became poor because when she married a
gambler.
SISA- became crazy because she lost her
two boys.
BASILIO AND CRISPIN - only joys of
her wretched life.
158. These boys were sacristans(sextons) in the
church, working for a small wage to support
their poor mother.
CRISPIN- the younger of the two brothers, was
accused by the brutal sacristan mayor(chief
tortured) in the convent and died
BASILIO- with his brother’s dying cries ringing
in his ears, escaped.
159. when the two boys did not return home, Sisa
looked for them everywhere and in her great
sorrow, she became mad.
Capitan Tiago’s cousin who took care of Maria
Clara, (after her mother’s death) arrived in San
Diego.
Ibarra and his friends gave picnic at the lake.
Among those present in the picnic were
Maria Clara and her four girl friends. the merry
Sinang, the grave Victoria, the beautiful Iday,
the thoughtful Neneng.
160. AUNT ISABEL - chaperon of Maria Clara
CAPITANA TIKA - mother of Sinang
ADENG- foster-sister of Maria Clara
ALBINO- the ex-theological student who was in love
with Sinang and Ibarra and his Friends.
ELIAS - one of boatmen was a strong silent, pleasant
youth.
An accident of the picnic was the saving of Elias
life by Ibarra.
ELIAS- bravely grappled with the crocodile which
was caught in the fish corral, but crocodile struggled
furiously so that Elias could not subdue it.
161. Ibarra jumped into the water and killed the
crocodile, thereby saving Elias.
Another accident, which preceded the above-
mentioned neat-tragic culture incident, was the
rendering of a beautiful song by Maria Clara
who had a sweet voice. Upon the insistent request
of her friends, she played the sharp and sang.
The Song of Maria Clara, “Sweet are the hours in
one’s native land, Where all is dear the sunbeams
bless; Life-giving breezes sweep he strand.
162. And death is softened by Love’s
cares “Warm kisses play on mother
Lip’s ,On her fond, tender breast
awakening; When round her neck
the soft arm slips .And bright eyes
smile, all love partaking “Sweet is
death for one’s native land, Where
all is dear the sunbeans bless:
163. AFTER MARIA CLARA’S SONG AND THE CROCODILE
INCIDENT, THEY WENT A SHORE THEY MADE
MERRY IN THE COOL,WOODED MEADOWS.
Padre Salvi, Capitan Basilio(former
gobernadorcillo and Sinang’s father),
Alferez(lieutenant of guardia civil)Town officials
were present.
THE MEAL OVER
Ibarra and Capitan Basilio played chess.
Maria Clara and friends played the “Wheel of
Chance”(game based on a fortune telling book).
164. AFTER, A SEARGENT AND FOUR SOLDIERS OF THE
GUARDIA CIVIL SUDDENLY ARRIVED, LOOKING FOR
ELIAS, WHO HAS HUNTED FOR Assaulting Padre
Damaso, Throwing the Alferez into the
mud hole
.Fortunately, Elias has disappeared and the
Guardia civil went away empty handed.
During the picnic also, Ibarra received a
telegram from the Spanish authorities
notifying him of the approval of his
donation of a schoolhouse for the children
of San Diego.
165. The next day Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult
him on his pet project about the schoolhouse.
He saw the old man’s writings were written in
hieroglyphics.
Tasio explained to him that he wrote
hieroglyphics because he was writing for the
future generations who would understand
them and say: NOT ALL WERE ASLEEP IN
THE NIGHT OF OUR ANCESTORS.
NOR JUAN - an architect continued the
construction of school house.
166. San Diego was preparing for its annual fiesta, in
Honor of its patron saint San Diego de Alcala
who’s feast day is the 11the of November.
On the eve of the fiesta, hundreds of visitors
arrived from nearby towns, and there were
laughter, music, exploding bombs, feasting and
moro-moro.
The music was furnished by:5 brass
bands(including the famous Pagsanjan Band
owned by escribano Miguel Guevarra.)
3 orchestras
167. In the morning of the fiesta there was a high mass in
the church; officiated by Padre Salvi. Padre Damaso
gave the long sermon, in which he expatiated on the
evils of the times that were caused by certain men
who having tested same education.
After Padre Damaso’s sermon, the mass was
continued by Padre Salvi.
Elias quietly moved Ibarra, who was kneeling and
praying my Maria Clara’s side, and warned him to
be careful during the ceremony of the lying of the
cornerstone of the school house because there is a
plot to kill him.
168. Elias- suspected that the yellowish man built the
derrick, was a paid stooge Ibarra’s enemies.
True to his suspicion , later in the day when
Ibarra in the presence of a big crowd, went down
into trench to cement the cornerstone, the
derrick collapse.
Elias quick as a flash pushed him aside, saving his
life. the yellowish man was the one crushed to
death by the shattered derrick.
169. At the dinner that night. The arrogant Padre
Damaso, speaking in the presence of many guest,
insulted the memory of Ibarra’s father. Ibarra
jumped from his seat, knocked down the fat friar
with his fist and then seized with sharp knife. He
would killed the friar, were it not far the timely
intervention of Maria Clara.
Ibarra’s attack on Padre Damaso produced 2
results:
1. His engagement to Maria Clara was broken.
2. He was excommunicated.
170. THE FIESTA OVER
Maria Clara - became ill - treated by the
quack physician “Tiborcio de Espadana”.
DOCTORA DONA VICTORINA de LAS REYES De
ESPADANA,wife of Tiburcio de Espadana, a
vain, frustrated native woman, a
frequent visitor on Capitan Tiago’s house
This woman had:
halucinations of being superior
Castillan
171. She looked down on her own people as inferior
being.
She added another “de” to her husband to
become more spanish. DON ALFONSO
LINARES DE ESPADANA cousin of Don
Tiburcio de Espadana, Godson of Padre
Damaso’s brother in law.
A touch of comedy in the novel was the fight
bet. Dona Consolacion - the vulgar mistress of
the Spanish alferez
172. Dona Victorina- flam-boyantly dressed wife of
a henpecked Spanish quack doctor.
Story of Elias like that of Sisa was a tale of
pathos and tragedy.
He related it to Ibarra some 60 years ago his
grandfather. His grandfather who was a young
bookkeeper in a Spanish commercial firm in
Manila, was wrongly accused of burning the
firm’s warehouse.
173. Was a flogged in public and was left in
the street, crippled and almost dead.
His wife Who was pregnant begged for
alms become a prostitute in order to
support his sick husband and son.
After giving birth to her second and the
death of her husband, she fled with her
two sons to the mountain.
174. YEARS LATER
FIRST boy became a dreaded tulisan named
Balat.
He terrorized the provinces. His head was cut off
and was hung from the tree branch in the forest.
YOUNG brother who was by nature kind-
hearted. Fled and became a trusted laborer in
the house of a rich man in Tayabas. He fell in
love with the Master daughter
175. Unfortunate lover(Elias Father)was
sent to jail while the girl gave birth to
twins a boy(Elias) and a girl.
Elias educated in the Jesuit College in
Manila
His sister studied in La Concordia
College
176. They lived happily until one day, over money
matters; distant relatives exposed their shame
full birth. They were disgraced.
An old male servant whom they used to abuse,
was forced to testify in court and the truth
came out that he was their real father.
Elias and his sister left Tayabas to hide their
shame in another place. One day his sister
disappeared. Elias roamed from place to place
looking for her.
177. He heard later that a girl answering to
his sister’s description, was found on
the beach of San Diego.
Elias, learning of Ibarra’s arrest, burned
all papers that might incriminate his
friends and set Ibarra’s house on fire.
178. Then he went to prison and helped Ibarra escape.
He and Ibarra jumped into a BANCA loaded with
ZACATE (grass).
Ibarra stopped to Capitan Tiago to say goodbye to
Maria Clara. After bidding Maria Clara farewell,
Ibarra returned to the Banca
He and Elias paddled up the Pasig river toward
Laguna de Bay.
A police boat with the Guardia civil on board
pursued them as the banca reached the lake
Elias told Ibarra to hide under zacate.
179. Elias jumped into the water and swam
swiftly toward the shore.
He diverted the attention of the soldiers
on his person giving Ibarra a chance to
escape.
Elias seriously wounded, reached the
shore and went into the forest.
180. He met a boy Basilio, weeping over his mother’s
body.
He told Basilio to make a pyre on which their
bodies were to burned to ashes.
It was Christmas eve and the moon gleamed
softly in the sky.
Basilio prepared the funeral pyre.
181. Elias looked toward the east and murmured “I die
with out seeing the dawn brighten over my native
land. You who have it to see, welcome it and forget
not those who have fallen during the night.”
The novel was an epilogue which recounts what
happened to the other characters.
Maria Clara -entered the Santa Clara nunnery
Padre Salvi- left parish San Diego and became a
chaplain of the nunnery.
182. Padre Damaso - transferred to remote province
but he was found dead in his bedroom.
Capitan Tiago - became an opium addict and a
human wreck.
Dona Victorina - still henpecking poor
Don Tiburcio. - wearing eye glass because
weakening eyesight.
Linares - died of dysentery. -buried in Paco
cemetery.
Alferez -was promoted Major. -he returned to
Spain -leaving his shabby mistress Dona
Consolacion
183. THE NOVEL ENDS WITH MARIA CLARA,
UNHAPPY IN STA CLARA NUNNERY.
FOREVER LOST IN THE WORLD.
Noli Me Tangere. A True story of Philippine
conditions during the last decades of
Spanish rule.
Places, character and situation really exist
184. THE CHARACTERS
MARIA CLARA- was Leonor Rivera
IBARRA and ELIAS- represented Rizal himself
TASIO the SAGE- was his elder brother
(Paciano).
PADRE SALVI- identified by Rizalist as Padre
Antonio Piernavieja.
185. CAPITANTIAGO- was Capitan Hilario Sunico of San
Nicholas.
DONA VICTORINA- was Dona Agustina Medel
BASILIO and CRISPIN- were Crisostomo brother of
Hogonoy.
PADRE DAMASO- was typical of a domineering friar
during the days of Rizal, who was arrogant,
supercilious and Anti-Filipino.
186. RIZAL FRIENDS PRAISE THE NOLI
Friends of Rizal hailed the novel, praising it in
glowing colors.
Rizal anticipated the vitriolic attacks of his
enemies, who were sore to be told the truth of the
evil ways.
As he told Blumentritt:” The government and the
friars will probably attacking on the work, refusing
the statement, but the trust in the God of Truth and
in the persons who have actually seen our
sufferings.”
187. COPIES OF NOLI WERE SENT BY RIZAL TO...
Blumentritt, Regidor Hidalgo, Mariano
Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena Aguirre
MORE COPIES WERE CRATED AND SENT
TO...=BARCELONA,MADRID,HONGKONG
