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Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch4
1.
Criminology Today An Integrated
Introduction CHAPTER Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior 4
2.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Traditional Biological versus Modern Biosocial Theories • Criminology has been slow to give credence to biological theories. • Roots grounded in the social sciences • Criminology today is interdisciplinary and recognizes contributions from many disciplines.
3.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Principles of Biological Theories • Early biological theorists focused mainly on physical features and heredity. • Contemporary biosocial theorists take a more in-depth look at human biology. • Major distinction is the emphasis placed on the interplay between biology and the social and physical environments.
4.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 4-2 Fundamental Assumptions of Biological Theories of Crime Causation Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
5.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Early Biological Theories • Built on scientific tradition of positivism • Positivism Associated with the belief that all valid knowledge is acquired only through observation • Key principles Social determinism Application of scientific techniques to the study of crime
6.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Physical Features and Crime • Phrenology The study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior Franz Joseph Gall located the roots of personality in the brain. Johann Gaspar Spurzheim brought phrenology to the U.S.
7.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Italian School • Cesare Lombroso Atavism • Criminality is the result of primitive urges that survived the evolutionary process. Stigmata of degeneration – physical features indicative of criminality continued on next slide
8.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Italian School • Lombroso's work contributed to field of criminal anthropology. Scientific study of relationship between physical characteristics and criminality continued on next slide
9.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Italian School • Lombroso's categories of offenders Atavists, or born criminals Insane Criminaloids • "Occasional criminals" led into crime by environmental influences Criminal incited by passion continued on next slide
10.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Italian School • Masculinity hypothesis Criminal women exhibited masculine features and mannerisms.
11.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Evaluations of Atavism • Charles Buckman Goring Failed to find support for thesis of atavism • Earnest A. Hooton Criminals are physiologically inferior to the general population. continued on next slide
12.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Evaluations of Atavism • Canadian study (2000) found subtle physical abnormalities were associated with an increased risk of behavioral and psychiatric problems among boys.
13.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Constitutional Theories • Explain criminality by reference to: Offenders' body types Genetics External, observable physical characteristics continued on next slide
14.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Constitutional Theories • Ernst Kretschmer Proposed relationship between body build and personality type • William H. Sheldon Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph
15.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 4-3 Sheldon’s Body Types Source: Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
16.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Criminal Families • Sir Francis Galton Systematic study of heredity contributed to field of behavioral genetics • Criminal families The Juke family • Richard L. Dugdale The Kallikak family • Henry H. Goddard continued on next slide
17.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Criminal Families • Eugenic criminology Root causes of criminality were passed down in the form of "bad genes." • Genetic determinism Genes are the major determining factor in human behavior. • Buck v. Bell (1927) Supported Virginia statute permitting sterilization
18.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The XYY Supermale • Research in 1965 led to concept of "supermale" with XYY chromosome. Considered potentially violent Led to attempted use of chromosome- based defense in court • Recent research has concluded that XYY males are not predictably aggressive.
19.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Twin Studies and Heredity • Twin studies compare MZ and DZ twins to examine role of heredity in crime causation. • Research supports relationship between heredity and risk of criminality. • Minnesota Twin Family Study found MZ twins reared apart are about as similar as those reared together.
20.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Biological Roots of Human Aggression • Charles Darwin Interspecies aggression favors the strongest and best animals in the reproductive process continued on next slide
21.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Biological Roots of Human Aggression • Konrad Lorenz On Aggression (1966) Human aggression serves other purposes but takes on covert forms (drive to acquire wealth and power). Human behavior is adapted instinctive behavior.
22.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Sociobiology: The New Synthesis • Introduced by Edward O. Wilson in 1975 • Systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior • A new paradigm in criminological theories Brought renewed attention to biological theories in social sciences continued on next slide
23.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Sociobiology: The New Synthesis • The main determinant of behavior is the need to ensure the survival and continuity of genetic material throughout generations. • Altruism facilitates the continuity of the gene pool. continued on next slide
24.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Sociobiology: The New Synthesis • Territoriality explains much human conflict. Explain both intergroup aggression (tribalism) and intragroup aggression
25.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Criticisms of Sociobiology • Fails to consider significance of culture, social learning, individual experiences • Fundamentally wrong in its depiction of basic human nature • Rationalizes labeling, stigmatization of minorities • Humans are too different from other animal species to apply findings from animal studies to human behavior.
26.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Critique of Early Biological Theories of Human Behavior • Disregard the role of free will in human behavior • Crime is a social construct and its meaning varies over time and place. • Unlikely that any biological feature or combination of features could explain the wide variety of crime today
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