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Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch3
1.
Criminology Today An Integrated
Introduction CHAPTER Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classical and Neoclassical Thought 3
2.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Introduction • Majority of crimes are likely to be planned, at least to some degree. • This chapter looks at perspectives based on the believe that at least some crime is the result of rational choices by offenders.
3.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 3-1 Key Principles of Classical and Neoclassical Criminology Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
4.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Forerunners of Classical Thought • All human societies had notions of right and wrong. • William Graham Sumner Behavior is governed by: • Mores • Proscriptions covering potentially serious violations of a group's values • Folkways • Customs whose violation is less likely to threaten group survival continued on next slide
5.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Forerunners of Classical Thought • William Graham Sumner Behavior is governed by: • Laws • Codified into formal structures for enforcement purposes continued on next slide
6.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Forerunners of Classical Thought • Mala in se Acts said to be fundamentally or inherently wrong regardless of time or place • Mala prohibita Acts said to be wrong only because they are prohibited
7.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Demonic Era • Humans always preoccupied with good vs. evil • Some forms of evil appear cosmically- based (plague, Holocaust). Explanations include divine punishment, karma, fate, vengeful activities of offended gods. continued on next slide
8.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Demonic Era • Some evil is due to individual behavior (crime, deviance). Explanations include demonic possession, spiritual influences, temptation by fallen angels.
9.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Early Sources of Criminal Law • Code of Hammurabi Emphasis on retribution • Early Roman Law Twelve Tables Justinian Code continued on next slide
10.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Early Sources of Criminal Law • Common Law Based on shared traditions supported by court decisions Major source of modern criminal law • Magna Carta Individual rights Due process
11.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Enlightenment • Thomas Hobbes Social contract • John Locke Humans born as blank slates Expanded social contract concept Checks and balances continued on next slide
12.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Enlightenment • Jean-Jacques Rousseau Humans intrinsically good Natural law • Natural law and natural rights Thomas Paine • Only democracy can guarantee natural rights. U.S. Constitution built around understanding of natural law
13.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Classical School • Enlightenment led to view of humans as self-determining entities with freedom of choice. • Led to Classical School of criminological thought Explained crime as resulting from the exercise of free will Moral wrongdoing fed by personal choice
14.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Cesare Beccaria • Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764) • Philosophy of punishment Purpose of punishment • Deterrence, prevention Swift, certain Only severe enough to outweigh personal benefits derived from crime • Opposed to capital punishment, torture
15.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Jeremy Bentham • Introduction to the Principles of Moral Legislation (1789) • Hedonistic calculus/utilitarianism People act to maximize pleasure, minimize pain. Therefore, pain from punishment must exceed pleasure from crime. • Panopticon Model prison
16.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Neoclassical Criminology • Positivism began to dominate in 20th century. Use of scientific method to study crime Based on hard determinism • Belief that crime results from forces beyond individual's control
17.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 3-2 Classical Criminology versus Positivism—The Role of Free Will Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
18.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Neoclassical Criminology • Assumptions undermined in 1970s Studies suggesting failure of rehabilitation Fear of crime • "Get tough on crime" policies Reaffirmation of belief in rationality continued on next slide
19.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Neoclassical Criminology • Resurgence of classical ideals in 1970s Middle ground between total free will and hard determinism • Key influences Robert Martinson • "Nothing-works doctrine" continued on next slide
20.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Neoclassical Criminology • Key influences James Q. Wilson • Crime not result of social conditions, not affected by social programs David Fogel's justice model • Criminals deserve punishment because of their choices.
21.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Rational Choice Theory (RCT) • Criminals make a conscious, rational choice to commit crime. • Cost-benefit analysis Behavior result of personal choices made after weighing costs and benefits Crime will decrease when opportunities, limited, benefits reduced, costs increased.
22.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 3-3 Rational Choice and Crime Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
23.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Situational Choice Theory • Ronald V. Clarke and Derek Cornish • Soft determinism Crime is a function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities Crime requires motivation and opportunity. continued on next slide
24.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Situational Choice Theory • Reduce crime by changing the environment.
25.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Situational Crime Control Objectives • Increase the effort involved in crime. • Increase the risks associated with crime. • Reduce the rewards of crime. • Reduce the provocations for crime. • Remove the excuses that facilitate crime.
26.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Seductions of Crime • Jack Katz explains crime as the result of positive attractions of the experience of criminality. Crime is often pleasurable for offenders, which is a major motivation behind crime. Crime is sensually compelling. continued on next slide
27.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Seductions of Crime • Redirect criminology to situational factors that directly precipitate crime and reflect crimes' sensuality.
28.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Situational Crime-Control Policy • Situational crime prevention shifts the focus away from the offender and onto the context in which crime occurs. • Begins with opportunity structure of crime Reduce opportunities to reduce crime. • Focus on context of crime as alternative to traditional offender-based crime prevention policies
29.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Critique of Rational Choice Theory • Overemphasis on individual choice, relative disregard for the role of social factors in crime causation • Assumes everyone is equally capable of making rational decisions • Displacement may occur as a result of situational crime prevention strategies.
30.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Punishment and Neoclassical Thought • Classical School emphasizes deterrence as purpose of punishment. • Neoclassical view adds retribution. Someone who chooses to violate the law deserves to be punished. Criminals must be punished to curtail future crime.
31.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Just Deserts • Just deserts model of sentencing Offenders deserve the punishment they receive and punishments should be appropriate to type/severity of crime. • Justice is what the individual deserves when all circumstances are considered.
32.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Deterrence • Types of deterrence Specific • Seeks to prevent offender from engaging in repeat criminality General • Seeks to prevent others from committing similar crimes continued on next slide
33.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Deterrence • For punishment to deter, it must be swift, certain, and sufficiently severe. • High recidivism rates suggest specific deterrence does not prevent repeat crime.
34.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 3-5 The Crime Funnel Note: Includes drug crimes. Source: Pearson Education, Inc.
35.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Capital Punishment • Brings together notions of deterrence, retribution and just deserts Considerable disagreement over the efficacy of death as a criminal sanction Much research into efficacy, fairness of capital punishment continued on next slide
36.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Capital Punishment • Capital punishment and race Opponents cite research suggesting it has been imposed disproportionately on racial minorities. Advocates more concerned with whether penalty is fairly imposed
37.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Policy Implications of Classical and Neoclassical Thought • Determinate sentencing Mandates a specific and fixed amount of time to be served for each offense category • Truth in sentencing Requires judges to assess and make public the actual time an offender is likely to serve continued on next slide
38.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Policy Implications of Classical and Neoclassical Thought • Incapacitation The use of imprisonment to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be able to commit future crimes
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Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger A Critique of Classical Theories • Represents more a philosophy of justice than a theory of crime causation • Lacks explanatory power over criminal motivation Does not really explain how choices for/against crime are made • Little empirical scientific basis for claims of Classical School
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