this PPT have a deep knowledge mostly at the last part . bilirubin is the most and knowledge full part . its good for medicine students

1. SHISODIA HARSH VARDHAN SINGH
UNIVERSITY OF PERRPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

2.  INTRODUCTION OF LEVER
 PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE LIVER
 HEPATIC VASCULAR AND LYMPH SYSTEM
 METABOLIC FYUNCTION OF THE LIVER
 MEASUREMENT OF BILIRUBIN IN THE BILE AS A CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC
TOOLS

3.  The liver is an organ only found in vertebrates
 large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the belly.
 Weighing about 3 pounds
 reddish-brown in color and feels rubbery to the touch

4.  liver has two large sections –
- RIGHT LOBE
- LEFT LOBE
 The liver is an accessory digestive organ that produces bile
 liver's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes
 The liver is connected to two large blood vessels
- HEPATIC ARTERY
- PORTAL VEIN

6.  Lobules are the functional units of the liver
 made up of millions of hepatic cells (hepatocytes)
 lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue

8.  The liver receives approximately 30% of resting cardiac output
 hepatic vascular system is dynamic
 functions as a reservoir within the general circulation.
 The Liver Has High Blood Flow and Low Vascular Resistance
 About 1050 milliliters of blood flows from the portal vein into the liver

9.  The pressure in the portal vein leading into the liver averages about 9mm hg
 pressure in the hepatic vein leading from the liver into the vena cava normally
averages almost exactly 0mm Hg.
 Cirrhosis of the Liver Greatly Increases Resistance to Blood Flow.
 High Hepatic Vascular Pressures Can Cause Fluid Transudation into the
Abdominal Cavity from the Liver and Portal Capillaries—Ascites.

10.  The Liver Has Very High Lymph Flow

11.  Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Storage of large amounts of glycogen
2. Conversion of galactose and fructose to glucose
3. Gluconeogenesis
4. Formation of many chemical compounds from intermediate products of
carbohydrate metabolism

15.  Fat metabolism -
1. Oxidation of fatty acids to supply energy for other body
functions
2. Synthesis of large quantities of cholesterol, phospholipids,
and most lipoproteins
3. Synthesis of fat from proteins and carbohydrates

17.  Protein metabolism –
1. Deamination of amino acids
2. Formation of urea for removal of ammonia from the body
fluids
3. Formation of plasma proteins
4. Interconversions of the various amino acids and synthesis
of other compounds from amino acids

19.  The Liver Is a Storage Site for Vitamins.
 The Liver Stores Iron as Ferritin.
 The Liver Forms the Blood Substances Used in Coagulation.
 The Liver Removes or Excretes Drugs, Hormones, and Other Substances.

20.  Bilirubin is useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver disease
and hemolytic anemia
 A patient is generally visibly jaundiced if the bilirubin level is higher than 2
mg/dL.
 Alkaline phosphatase level is elevated in biliary cirrhosis, cirrhosis, and
intrahepatic bile duct disease.
 Direct bilirubin is water-soluble conjugated posthepatic bilirubin. It is increased
in biliary disease

21.  Delta bilirubin is albumin-bound conjugated bilirubin. The level of delta bilirubin
is a calculated value
([delta bilirubin = total bilirubin – (unconjugated bilirubin + conjugated bilirubin)].
 Indirect bilirubin is unconjugated bilirubin. Its level is increased in hemolytic
anemia (rapid, severe hemolysis) and some liver disease.
 Total bilirubin is the sum of all three forms of bilirubin (direct bilirubin, indirect
bilirubin, and delta bilirubin). Total bilirubin is increased in hepatic and hemolytic
diseases.