Public Health Surveillance Systems

Public Health Surveillance Systems
Discuss the public health surveillances system in terms of: 1. What are the requirements; 2. Its
potential functions; 3. Potential ethical issues; and 4. Its application/ usefulness in public health
practices/ investigations.
Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of
health–related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health
practice (WHO. n. d.). the following context will separately describe the system in terms of
requirements, potential functions, potential ethical issues and the application in public health
investigations.
 The requirements
Organized surveillance requires collection of data, analysis of data, interpretation, dissemination of
data and link to public health action.
 The potential functions
The function of surveillance are describing and supervising health events, priorities setting, planning
assistance, implementation and evaluation of public health interventions and programs.
 The potential ethical issues
The origin of significant potential ethical issues should be data collection and usage of surveillance
and registry data, including loss of secrecy and the harm result of violation of confidentiality.
 The application in public health investigation
There are three main applications in public health investigation. Firstly, supervising health events
include detecting sudden changes in disease incidence and distribution, following long–term trends
and factors
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The Necration Of Mass Information : Metadata, And The Use...
Government organizations, as revealed by Edward Snowden, are routinely recording the metadata of
its patrons and international communications. Metadata is the accumulation of mass information
most likely done by intelligence agencies which collect raw data about all individuals in an
indiscriminate manner. The agencies must use algorithms or social sorting techniques to filter the
patterns of information into meaningful data. Social sorting is the review of data for desirable and
undesirable characteristics. It is a filtration aimed to collect information that can be used for finding
desirable and undesirable information. Further, the NSA utilized a system called PRISM which
enabled them to decrypt communication information for their ... Show more content on
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The privacy of individuals is infringed upon by their own governments with many people unaware
that they are being ruled, rather than ruling themselves. The actions of individuals or organizations
are being pre–determined for advantages toward the state using a covert panoptical surveillance.
Conclusion
This research has focused on the disciplinary powers relative to the use of panopticon surveillance
through CCTV and metadata technologies. Discipline amongst the masses has been of interest for
governments since early societal developments. With the growth of technology, we may argue that
the disciplinary society has gone too far with the development of new technologies which is now
infringing on our personal privacy. These technologies have panoptic properties since it is the
relatively few, watching the many. The first technology examined is the use of CCTV cameras.
CCTV cameras utilize both covert and overt operations of vertical surveillance that contribute to the
panoptical gaze when we leave the comfort of our private space. CCTV cameras have been justified
within society since there is an increasing need for them in solving crimes, and for internal business
use. We found that the best way to enforce discipline among the usage of CCTV cameras is within
the strategic placement of the device along with signage

The CPHS Surveillance System
CPHS operates and participates in a surveillance system that is compliant with Public health
Information Network (PHIN) Guidelines and Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA). This surveillance system monitors health problems and identify health threats (i.e.
infectious diseases, chronic diseases, environmental hazards, bioterror threats) and the changes in
the occurrence of health problems and hazards. Reportable information is submitted in a timely
manner. All activities in regards to surveillance and investigation is supported by appropriate
resources such as epidemiologists to assess, investigate, and analyze.
Standard protocols for case finding, contact tracing, source identification, and containment for
communicable

Human Behavior Analysis On Video Surveillance Systems
ABTRACT
Human behavior analysis plays a vital role in video surveillance systems. In this paper review the
steps processing for identify human in video comprise video segmentation, motion and object
detection, object tracking, object classification, action and activity recognition. A few methods,
techniques and approaches are reviewed with pros and cons. Finally, literature review of human
behavior analysis is explained. This review gives an overview of human behavior analysis.
Keywords:
Human behavior analysis, video segmentation, object tracking, object classification
INTRODUCTION
Human behavior analysis in video surveillance is an emerging research domain and much research
is being done in areas such as image processing [1], ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Devices and technologies like Charge–Coupled Devices (CCDs) camera, Closed Circuit Television
(CCTV), thermal camera, High Definition (HD) camera and night–vision are widely used in video
surveillance to gather information and to observe people, events and activities [10]. At present there
is an increased desire and need in automated video surveillance application intended for evaluating
human behaviors.
Human detection in video is complicated due several factors such as variable appearance of people,
camera positions, and wide range of person poses, illumination variation, brightness, backgrounds,
contrast level and human occlusions [ ]. Different people perform the same action differently and the
same person performs the same action differently at different times. Due to huge diversity of human
body size, appearance, shape and human actions to perform automatically recognize actions are very
challenging [12]. Steps for processing a video are video segmentation, motion detection,
background modeling, foreground segmentation, object classification, motion tracking, activity
recognition, and camera handoff and data fusion [].
The main objective of this paper is to provide a review of human behavior analysis in video
surveillance. The review is not exhaustive, but gives an overview of the major steps involved in
human behavior analysis and some of the techniques which are used in these steps. The rest of this

Youth Surveillance System
According to the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 13.9 percent of high
school students were obese, and an additional 16.0 percent were overweight ("Study of High"). As
you look around your local community you see a lot of adults and children that are overweight or
obese. Gym classes are important in schools because they provide physical activity, coordination
balance and flexibility, and socialization. Physical exercise is a necessity in schools because children
and young adults need the physical exercise and the endorphin production. "Gym classes provide
students with physical exercise on a consistent basis. It is particularly important for the physical
well–being of children who do not engage in physical activities

An Automated Video Surveillance System For Public Places
Although tremendous progress has been made in past decade to detect the unattended objects
especially in public places namely railway stations, shopping malls etc but still fails to meet the
desired requirement. An automated mechanism with robust approach for detecting objects left
unattended in consumer world resulted in successful commercialization. The successful detection of
object detection mainly relies on object extraction and objects classification and based on this
approaches a novel algorithm namely intelligent vision based analyzer for semantic analysis is
proposed for unattended object analyzer. Finally experimental results show good efficiency and
better performance over near competitors for real–time consumer video surveillance system for
public safety application in big cities.
Keywords: consumer video surveillance, intelligent analyzer, unattended object, multiple
background model, object extraction.
1. INTRODUCTION
Visual surveillance for human–behaviour understanding has been investigated worldwide as an
active research topic. In particular, an automated video surveillance system for robustly and
effectively detecting of unattended objects is increasing the worldwide attention in many contexts,
especially, in the consumer world of applications. In these systems, it should be a sufficiently high
accuracy enabling a real–time performance. Thus, a prime goal of automated visual surveillance is
to obtain a live description of what is happening in a monitored

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Essay
Methods One major method that will be used will be the statistics taken from the Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provided by the NC department of health. Also, data will be
used for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Trust for America's Health study, done for the
year 2015. Both of these will give pertinent data on what factors may increase obesity over the
target population. While the method of this surveillance may use the BRFSS, there can be many
more other methods that can be used. In evaluating a financial project, majority of the times the
methods used during the evaluations will be quantitative, in order to prove financial gain (Makarova
& Sokolva, 2014). The same quantitative method can also be used in two different ways within this
project. The first method used for quantitative reporting, would be as the same as Makarova &
Sokolva mentioned, which would be using it as a financial indicator of the overall success of the
project (Makarova & Sokolva, 2014). As stated earlier, obese individuals spend about 1,429 dollars
more on health care than a normal individual (Finkelstein, Trodgdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). If an
analyst wanted to take this quantitative method, they would use the amount of money saved per
year, over the course of an individual's life, as a way to show that the evaluation of a plan was
successful. To further this, if the surveillance saw one person stay below obese for 25 years, this
would yield a total savings of around

The Surveillance System Of Egypt
Since 2013, including president El Sissy's first year in power, there have been no real political or
security reforms. The current regime continued to work without a legislative body for more than two
years, with the president issuing hundreds of legislative bills without any real community or
political dialogue (Abd Rabou 2015) . The surveillance system in Egypt simply does not work while
the presidency and other security services have a strict hold on power and while human rights
violations are made by police officers in police stations, prison cells, and even on the streets. All of
which is a continued replay of Mubarak's security policies. The constitution has been violated many
times by the regime and the president declared it to be "too ambitious" .
Moreover, with the continuing distrust of the judicial system and its bias against most opponents of
the regime including youth, Islamists and non–Islamists; and also with the traumatisation and
nationalisation of most of media platforms, terrorism has continued to hit Egypt. ISIS and other
terrorist groups are able to recruit more members who are angered and frustrated by the regime.
Shutting out many political forces from politics in particular and the public space in general has led
to an increase in political violence.
The current regime's fiscal and economic policies, therefore, are not productive and are lacking
transparency, accountability, and feasibility –not to mention distributive mechanisms. As El–
Sheneity

Intelligent Traffic Surveillance System Essay
Abstract– Due to the traffic accidents over the last few years; the development of surveillance
systems with multifunctional techniques has received increasing attention. The use of the smart
camera is one solution to solve the traffic problems, Smart cameras are cameras that can perform
tasks far beyond simply taking photos and recording videos. Intelligent Traffic Surveillance System
(ITSS) is used to monitor the roads in preventing accidents at the same time finding what causes the
accidents. This is done by implementing some image vision protocols as that of Gaussian and
Canny. This paper will discuss about the camera–video–surveillance capabilities of tracking across
different and varied road environments including detection of moving ... Show more content on
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Thus, vehicles detection in cluttered environment is an open problem. The major difficulties lie in:
Vehicles are a non–rigid object. In other words, the shape and size of vehicles vary greatly, and
therefore the models of vehicles are much more complex than that of others objects.
In the case of the clutter background. It does not matter if we are analyzing images from a typical
city or from a country traffic environment or highways; the background formed by trees, wire poles,
and billboards is much cluttered. Most of these backgrounds can be taken for vehicles, due to their
similar shapes.
Illumination and weather conditions vary greatly. The on–vehicle vision systems must be able to
deal with the different illumination conditions [2].
One of the goals is to develop a system that can be used to Monitor the highways and prevent
accidents by implementing an algorithm program in OpenCV (Intel® open–source computer vision
library), Real time tracking objects will be achieved by using a smart camera which captures the
frames and sends the image signals to the main server
The system will be a replacement of human for triggering alarms which if something dangerous has
happened or potential horrific scenario (potential accidents) is about to happen. In general this
project consists of a smart camera system interconnected with wireless technology for traffic
surveillance which

Public Surveillance Pros And Cons
Public surveillance is a commonly debated topic, with its benefits weighed against it risks. Though
it can be to be beneficial in some cases, there are risks to surveillance that make it dangerous.
Governments should not trust public surveillance as their main form of public security, as there are
negative effects on law enforcement, issues with publicity and privacy, and a lack of laws on
surveillance.
There are many arguments that one might hear from those who support widespread public
surveillance. It is said that surveillance is beneficial for public security, as a counter–terrorism
measure and as security for many public places. One may also hear arguments supported by the fact
that there is more knowledge of the goings on of the world, which is beneficial for companies ...
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Lastly, it is common to hear arguments that those being watched are less likely to do wrong as they
may be caught. Even if these benefits are actually such, there still exists more issues with
surveillance than are excusable.
Firstly, public surveillance does not always have positive effects of law enforcement and on
apprehending those who do break the law. There is evidence that sometimes police officers will have
a deal with closed circuit television (CCTV) operators in which specific arm motions will allow the
camera operators to change the focus of the camera before the officer enters "a potentially sensitive
or embarrassing situation." (Goold, 2003, p.199). Goold also cites findings of officers demanding
and destroying or stealing any footage that may be incriminating, due to possible allegations of
police misconduct (p.200). There are

Community Drug Surveillance System: A Case Study
The following is excerpted from an online article in a regional newspaper headquartered in San
Diego, California.
While several medications have the potential for abuse, the most common fall into one of three
categories:
Those used to treat pain – opioids such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, morphine and codeine.
Drugs used for attention deficit disorders – stimulants that include Ritalin and Adderall.
Medications for anxiety and panic disorders – central nervous system depressants such as Valium,
Xanax and Ativan.
When taken as prescribed, McAlister said such medications can be used safely to treat a variety of
conditions. When abused, however, even a single large dose can be fatal, while repeated abuse can
lead to a host of consequences that can range from seizures to psychosis and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Prescription Behavior Surveillance System (PBSS) collects and analyzes de–identified PDMP
data from multiple states to track trends in prescribing, doctor shopping and problematic
prescribing. Analyzes can identify longitudinal and geographic patterns in prescription behavior, as
well as the characteristics and demographics of those most at risk for prescription drug abuse. Such
surveillance can help state and community drug abuse prevention organizations target their
interventions for maximum impact.
Physicians express support for PDMPs
"This has been a huge benefit for our clinic and managing patients' narcotic use. It has improved our
clinic and our time required for calling all the pharmacies in the area to find out if our patients are
being compliant with medications and weed out those who are not, to provide for those patients who
really need our care." – Mississippi Pain Management

Mass Surveillance and the Panopticon Analysis Essay
In Michael Foucault's "Discipline and Punish", the late eighteen century English philosopher Jeremy
Bentham's model of Panopticon was illustrated as a metaphor for the contemporary technologies of
mass surveillance. Originally derived from the measures to control "abnormal beings" against the
spreading of a plague, the Panopticon is an architecture designed to induce power with a permanent
sense of visibility. With a tower in the center, surrounded by cells, the prisoners can be monitored
and watched at any given time from the central tower. The goal of this architectural plan was to strip
away any privacy and therefore create fear induced self–regulation amongst the prisoners, with an
unverifiable gaze – The prisoners can never ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just a gaze. An inspecting gaze, a gaze which each individual under its weight will end by
interiorising to the point that he is his own overseer, each individual thus exercising this surveillance
over, and against, himself. A superb formula: power exercised continuously and for what turns out to
be a minimal cost. (Foucault) " Despite the dehumanizing effect of Panopticon as an disciplinary
mechanism based on constant observation and examination with every movement supervised and all
events recorded. The Panopticon system as one of the most effective and economic models of
exercising power and control over an constantly increasing population, soon became a formula,
wide spread throughout our society. Along with the growing ethnology and capitalist economy,
various methods of Panopticon through mass surveillance soon earned it's place in numerous
regimes, becoming one of the most infinitely expandable Panopticon of the contemporary society.
Schools, factories, hospitals and prisons today resemble each other, they are fit into the format of a
panopticon structure, examining pupils, workers, patients and prisoners at any given time. When we
enter a building, make a phone call, purchase with a credit card, or visit a website, we are being
watched, if not recorded, analyzed. The increasing use of surveillance by commercial and
government entities caused the technology to become omnipresent in our lives. With the name of

Underestimated Due With An Inadequate Surveillance System
underestimated due to an inadequate surveillance system. Though this was partially a result of basic
failures of the surveillance system (such as a lack of timely reporting and a lack of laboratory
confirmation or serotyping), it was also due to a lack of economic interest. In the 1990s, increases in
tourism (driven by cruise ship lines, etc.) stimulated interest in identifying and preventing outbreaks,
which could be bad publicity and thus economically devastating. Likewise, although Ebola
hemorrhagic fever (EHF) has ravaged communities in West Africa since the 1970s, only recently has
the disease captured the attention of Western mass media (CDC, "Outbreaks," 2014). A lack of
mobility in the impoverished rural areas typically affected by ... Show more content on
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As a result of this, American economic stimulation in the Caribbean demanded surveillance
increases; the possibility of travel by EHF victims/contacts from West Africa caused hysteria in the
Western world and stimulated intervention from world and American health care authorities.
2. A case study outline for salmonellosis involves the identification of the source and the
surveillance of the disease. Then, a study method is chosen (here, a retrospective case–control study)
to determine risk factor and more. Data is collected and assessed to aid officials in introducing
measures to prevent the spread and correct the behavior that causes it (ranging from improper egg
handling to improper farming techniques). A case study outline for EHF would begin similarly. EHF
has its origins in the jungle, but it is still key to identify a source. After a source is found, all contacts
must be identified. Thus, we see that the case study for EHF is more human–centric. A case–control
study would be the practical study design, as it is less intensive and less expensive. Treating EHF
requires a large amount of money and resources (medical personnel, PPE, etc.). In contrast,
individuals with salmonellosis require adequate fluids to heal and little else. A salmonellosis
outbreak would have a case study outline very similar to that of a norovirus outbreak. One major
difference is person–to–person transmission is possible with norovirus but not

Should The Government Surveillance Systems Affect Personal...
According to "A Surveillance Society" by William E. Thompson and Joseph V. Hickey, cameras are
becoming more common to people nowadays. They are everywhere – in almost all government and
corporate offices, and many social and public places like malls and stores. Britain has been the most
active in this trend; putting cameras in some "trouble spots" for public safety. Additionally, since the
9/11 terrorist attacks, the United States has been trying to catch up. The government then passed the
USA PATRIOT Act which expanded its authority to "spy" on private citizens. Furthermore, the new
surveillance systems became more advance; it can not only scan places, but also analyze the scene,
thus, it can now record, store, and index images. High–tech surveillance devices are growing in
number and use across urban places – to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discussions were formed about how much personal privacy people were willing to give for the
promise of safety from terrorists. However, surveillance devices such as high quality cameras and
mobile devices are also available to the public and can be easily ordered from retailers – this could
potentially make everyone part of the security system. According to sociologist David Lyon, new
surveillance systems have become a major social institution that affects social relationships, people's
identities, personal space, freedom, and dignity. Data images are considered as the "looking glass"
that provides social judgements about "who we are". Finally, despite of increasing identity theft,
spying, selling of personal information, and other technological invasion many people see the
benefits of surveillance outweighing the risks. Although it is unequally distributed, new
surveillance, in fact, both have its positive and negative

Cctv Camera Surveillance System For Image Detection
Abstract–The proposed work is Smart CCTV camera surveil–lance system. CCTV camera can be
wirelessly monitored and control with the help of the RF module . In the monitoring site, the system
captures the video through the embedded multitask operating system. The digital video has been
compressed by the MJPEG algorithm. By the TV the users can view the monitors video directly, by
the common Gateway interface, the users who are authorized can also control the camera and
observe the motion detection.
I. KEYWORDS–
ARM7, wireless sensors, RF module, PIR sensor, IR Sen–sors, stepper motor,TV, relays, Wireless
camera.
II. INTRODUCTION
The project Smart CCTV camera surveillance system is to enhance the CCTV camera based security
systems, which presently exist in different places. The Project Security System by using CCTV
Camera is designed using wireless technology. The use of a surveillance system for image detection
is becoming more important. An embedded surveillance system is frequently used in the home,
office or factory for image processing of the surveillance system and also for traffic moni–toring but
this configuration requires a high performance core, which works against some advantages of
embedded systems, such as low power consumption and low cost. Some designs propose the use of
different sensors to track the sequence of the human body movement. Other researchers construct an
external signal to trigger the embedded surveillance system by means of a PIR sensor, which

Summary: The Rapid Surveillance System
System Overview
The Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System (RRFSS) is a survey carried out by the Institute of
Social Research (ISR), at York University (Region of Peel, n.d; RRFSS, 2018a). Various public
health units, located in Ontario, can enroll into the RRFSS to have IRS collect public health related
data on their behalf (RRFSS, 2018b). The telephone survey involves IRS randomly contacting
Ontarians, who are a minimum of 18 years of age residing in the participating health unit regions, to
collect data on various health topics that is of interest to the local public health unit (York Region,
2004). The IRS uses Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system and delivers data to each health
unit in the Statistical Package for the Social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surveys are completed in 3 cycles with each cycle lasting 4 months (Jan– Apr; May–Aug; Sept–
Dec) (White, Steven, McGIll, & Russel, 2014). Health units receive the data two months after the
completion of each cycle (RRFSS, 2018b). Each survey is 20mins long and completely voluntary.
The respondents are selected randomly through "random digit dialing" (White et.al, 2014).
Each survey questionnaire includes 6 mandatory core modules and various health unit specific
optional modules (RRFSS, 2015; White et al., 2014). The mandatory modules are selected yearly by
each health unit and include socio–demographic concepts such as age, sex, tobacco use, income and
others whereas the optional modules are custom selected by each public health based on their
specific needs/interest such as breastfeeding awareness or oral health and many others (White et al.,
2014). The RRFSS include questions from the CCHS and National Population Health Surveys since
these questions have already been tested for reliability and validity (White et al.,

Why Is Domestic Surveillance Important
Domestic Surveillance and its Importance in Society
In recent years, terrorism in the United States has increased exponentially, causing the apparent need
for domestic surveillance. Domestic surveillance, a subsection of intelligence gathering, assists in
obtaining critical information regarding terrorism in the United States and other countries. It allows
the government to monitor and access private information, such as call logs, of American citizens.
The surveillance of data also aids government divisions, such as the National Security Agency
(NSA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in investigations concerning possible terror
threats within the United States. While some people might argue that domestic surveillance is a
major violation of privacy and the Fourth Amendment (the right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures), most fail to
recognize the fact that domestic surveillance helps to improve the United States by hindering
terrorist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Domestic surveillance follows strict rules when apprehending public information in order not to
violate privacy. The Intelligence Community operates within a robust frame of regulations and
rigorous oversight. Under the Section 702 program, the government can only obtain foreign
intelligence information as defined by law. This authority cannot be used to intentionally target
American citizens or anyone inside of the United States (Joel). The program lowers the opportunity
for corruption. Domestic surveillance is also involved with all three branches of government–
executive, legislative, and judicial. This allows safeguards to be put in place in order to minimize the
amount of abuse. Enforced by stringent guidelines, surveillance in the United States restricts the
exploitation of personal

Surveillance Systems And Studies That Should Be...
Surveillance Systems and Studies That Should Be Prioritized by the CDC in the Event of a Current
Severe Pandemic Reflecting on the 2009 HINI influenza pandemic discussed in class, if a more
severe pandemic occurred today, then the kinds of surveillance systems that the CDC should invoke
are first and foremost to rely on the existing surveillance systems in place. The famous Eisenhower
quote that "Plans are nothing, planning is everything" (Landesman & Weisfuse, 2014, p. 306) bears
particular relevance to this issue. What President Eisenhower likely meant was that it is not the
particular plans in place during an emergency that are paramount, but the process of preparing and
planning for an event such that all members of the team are aware of their specific task as well as
the overall roles of the others involved and the ultimate goal to be achieved that is most important in
achieving the particular emergency management task, especially given the uncertainty that will
ultimately ensue. In the instant case, by having an existing surveillance system in place that has been
regularly trained upon and exercised, then members have established relationships that they can
draw upon when the unexpected occurs. More particularly, preexisting local, state, and federal
influenza surveillance systems are already in place to provide data on the location and severity of
influenza for each season. Relying on these existing foundations of data collection will help to build
a

STI Surveillance System Analysis
Evaluation of the Summerville County STI Surveillance System Introduction An STI Surveillance
report was recently completed for Summerville County and its subsequent cities, and now, an
evaluation is necessary to examine how well the system operates to meet its purpose and objectives
(Lee et al., 2010). Public health surveillance systems should be evaluated periodically, and
recommendations for improving quality in the system will be provided (Lee et al., 2010). The
purpose of evaluating public health surveillance systems is to ensure that problems of public health
importance are being monitored efficiently and effectively (CDC, 2001). Results that are generated
from surveillance systems are not always free of errors; therefore, an evaluation is essential to
produce a high quality STI surveillance system for Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV–AIDS, and Syphilis
programs. Evaluating these errors and shortcomings will allow for higher accuracy in results and
will further lend a hand in disseminating findings in an efficient and timely fashion. The analysis
being provided, as well as other reports, will drastically play a role in helping Summerville with the
burden of STIs. It is important to assess the quality of the surveillance system in order to maintain
relevant surveillance data, otherwise time, money, and effort will have gone to waste.

Surveillance And Its Effects On America 's Court System
In present day society the concept of surveillance has become a frequently discussed topic as it has
evolved into a catastrophic jumble. Numerous criminals have been convicted of charges where the
court has used surveillance information to prove that the subject is guilty. While there have been
some positives from the use of surveillance, there must be a limit or America may become
overwhelmed by the severe amounts of surveillance. For our safety and security it is ideal to allow
government officials access to surveillance programs within regulations. For example, unless the
person is wholly suspicious for a criminal act there should be no reason for the Federal Bureau of
Investigation to gather personal data. Also, the surveillance must be utterly legal and the FBI may
never attack the convict ergo feeling completely powerless. Lastly, the information gathered from
the surveillance must effectively prove the person guilty of their charges. Without the few of these
regulations in America's court system may become insane and constantly charge us of criminal
actions without the knowledge of personal data being sucked out of us. The usage of surveillance
has become a massive part of the American court system by using it for evidence to convict a felon.
One main concern on American's minds is terrorists living in our country, where surveillance has
been a massive contributor to ending. The terrorist group on the news today is ISIS which everyone
is concerned about. According

Invasion Of Privacy
Say Cheese Surveillance cameras are found in places all around the globe. As these cameras become
more popular, people have become concerned with their own privacy. Some common locations of
these cameras are in stores, restaurants, on streets, and in home security systems. When a crime is
committed, there can be verbal evidence provided by bystanders, but there is not more absolute
proof than the proof that is provided by these cameras. Even though some people argue that
surveillance cameras are an invasion of privacy, they definitely do more help than harm.
In 1986, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act was passed. This gave law enforcement the
power to use video surveillance technology. Ever since this was passed, surveillance cameras have
saved many lives and helped solve many crimes. One example of this is the bombing of the world
trade center. After the event, the FBI was able to use video surveillance to collect the evidence that
was needed to convict someone who was involved in the heinous crime. It is possible that if not for
the use of these cameras, this conviction may have never happened. This is just one of the many
instances where surveillance cameras have been extremely useful in providing proof ... Show more
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This is because they do not want the criminal to come after them for releasing information about
their crime. Luckily, the use of surveillance cameras can help when people are afraid to speak up. In
January 2017, two armed men robbed a jewelry store in San Antonio mall. An innocent shopper in
that store was shot and killed as the two robbers fled the scene. Also, six bystanders were injured by
the robbers during this incident. A surveillance camera in the store recorded the incident and help
the police identify the robbers (Absolutely Senseless). If not for the cameras in that store, the
gunmen could have gotten away with not only attempted robbery, but also with

Joint Surveillance And Target Attack Radar System
Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS/JSTARS)
SSG Koza, David
Class: 16–011
Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS/JSTARS) is a multi–functioning
air asset that is to assist airborne battle management, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. I
will briefly describe the aircraft capabilities and how they are used on the battlefield. I will also
identify significant historic event, how the Joint STARS have influenced Military intelligence, and
the second and third order effects. I will also talk about how Joint STARTS will continue to help the
evolvement and impacts it will have on Military intelligence. Joint STARS came from Army and Air
Force programs to develop, detect, located, and attack enemy forces at a range beyond forward
operating troops. Joint STARS E–8C modified Boeing 707–300 series commercial aircraft. The E–
8C is equipped with a multi–mode radar, commutations, operations and control subsystems, and
antenna. The radar and computer subsystems can display battlefield information on ground troops in
near–real time. The antenna is able to rotate 120–degrees and able to detect targets 155 miles away.
In addition, the antenna is limited to detect helicopters, rotating antennas, and even slow moving
fixed wing aircraft. Joint STARS was deployed during Desert Storm and specifically early on during
the Battle of Khafji. The Battle of Khafji took place during 28January1991 and 02February1991.

Summary: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
The district I decided to analyze was Marysville Joint Unified School District. I have had the
pleasure to teach in this district for almost a year now. As a physical education teacher, it is
important to understand the health habits of my students. If students are not taking care of their
bodies the chances of them living a long time diminishes. After analyzing the survey, I noticed that
in this district there are major signs of drug and alcohol use. Over their lifetime 43% of 11th graders
have used alcohol and 34 % have used marijuana. 29% of the 11th graders have drunk alcohol 4 or
more times and 23% have used marijuana 4 or more times. This made me why these percentages are
so high at such an early age. I wanted to see parent involvement ... Show more content on
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The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six types of health–risk behaviors
that contribute to the leading causes of death and disability among youth and adults. The survey is
given to HS students in public and private schools nationwide. Take a look at the data from one of
the 6 health risk behavior categories. Share what you learned. After reviewing the data about
inadequate physical activity from the survey, I noticed that students are losing the lack of motivation
to be physically active. Nationwide, 48.6% of all students had been physically active doing any kind
of physical activity that increased their heart rate and made them breath hard some of the time for a
total of at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more days during the 7 days before the survey.
Nationwide, students are more focusing on playing with technology rather than going to the park
and playing. It is one of the major reasons why the majority of the nation is not physically active for
5 or more days. One suggestion would be to implement physical activity games. For example, Wii
has designed games where anyone can participate in physical activity games like dancing and tennis.
This is a great way to help motivate students to become more physically active because they are so
use to playing on a game console that they would not realize that its actually bettering their overall

Public Health Surveillance System
Public health surveillance is the continuous systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and
dissemination of data which is used in public health action planning and execution to reduce
morbidity and mortality and to improve health (German R.R., Lee L.M., Horan J.M., Milstein R.L.,
2001). To determine the existence of any prospective disease outbreak, the traditional public health
surveillance system focuses on the collection and monitoring of the confirmed clinical and
laboratory diagnosis data in a retrospective way, such as the daily counts of confirmed laboratory
results of particular disease (R. D. Fricker, 2010; Shmueli & Burkom, 2010). Although these
indicators provide direct evidence of the current disease burden and potential ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The monitored indicators are derived from pre–diagnostic information, such as the emergency
department visit, calls to health line, school/work absenteeism, over–the–counter (OTC) medication
sales, chief complaints of individuals entering hospital emergency department and searches on
medical web sites etc., which do not directly measure the number of the cases of any specific
disease (Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion & Provincial Infectious Diseases
Advisory Committee, 2012). These data track the individual behaviors with the assumptions that
these behaviors should occur following the onset of the disease. Therefore, the indicators from the
syndromic surveillance data do not necessary directly reflect the disease burden or outbreaks (R. D.
Fricker, 2010) . However, assuming that the syndromic data contain sufficiently strong and early
signs of particular disease outbreak (e.g. influenza) when being aggregated across the population
level, this information would provide valuable evidence in the early and timely detection of disease

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
I. Background
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System or BRFSS is a health survey conducted in the
United States. This system uses this health surveys to look at behavioral risk factors within the
United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention is in charged of the BRFSS. The individual state health departments in the United
States also conduct the BRFSS. The health surveys are conducted by telephone. It is considered the
world's largest health survey system (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System uses a cross–sectional telephone survey to determine
risk factors for a chosen health issue (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides technical and methodological assistance but
individual states are able to add their own questions to the health surveys being conducted (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The topics that have health surveys being administrated
includes alcohol consumption, asthma, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol awareness, chronic health
indictors, colorectal cancer screening, demographics, diabetes, disability, exercise, fruits and
vegetables, health care access/ coverage, health status, HIV–AIDS, hypertension awareness,
immunization, injury, oral health, overweight and obesity (BMI), physical activity, prostate cancer,
tobacco use, and women's

Cyber Surveillance And Intrusion Detection System Essay
Abstract
In this era of technology, everything is available at just one click; Security is a big issue when we
talk about networks. Hackers and intruders are getting smarter. There are various methods to secure
the network infrastructure and communication over the Internet, for example firewalls, encryption,
and virtual private networks. Intrusion detection is a relatively new approach to such techniques. By
using intrusion detection, we can collect and use information from known types of attacks and find
out if someone is trying to attack the network/host.
Keywords: intrusion detection system
I. Introduction
Intrusions are the activities that violate the security policy of system. Intruders may be from outside
the network or legitimate users of the network. Intrusion can be a physical, system or remote
intrusion. Intrusion Detection is the process used to identify intrusions i.e. a piece of software that
monitors a computer system or network resources to detect malicious activities unauthorized
attempts to use the system or abuse of existing privileges in a network or on a host system. It
identifies and stops attacks in progress and conducts forensic analysis once attack is over. It detects
intrusions and attacks that were not stopped by preventative techniques (firewalls, packet–filtering
routers, proxy servers. In this whole approach, determining 'who ' is much harder than just detecting
that an intrusion occurred. Figure: The role of Intrusion Detection in network

Persuasive Essay On Surveillance
When people think of surveillance, people think that it consists of spies and hidden cameras.
Surveillance, however, consist of a much wider range of practices and technologies and real
surveillance is subtler as presented in the documentary "An Eye on You" by Alexandre Valenti.
Developments in modern technologies, administrative practices, commerce, and the government
have culminated in surveillance in its various manifestation becoming organizing practice of late
modern society. The film presents information that support the daily surveillance of citizens by the
governments as well as its opposing view. The legality of the non–stop surveillance of innocent
people, and the secretly information collected by the internet companies that passed it to the
business industries that uses this data to promote customized items to be specific for each customer.
No areas of our own lives escape surveillance anymore, the citizens of the world are the focus of
prying eyes, whether they agree to it or not. The government promotes the vigilance of its
constituents for the sake of public safety through a group of organization where mass data collection
and digital espionage programs, surveillance is becoming synonymous with personal and national
security. To watch without being seen is the spirit of surveillance, through the use of all electronic
devises when they connect to the internet, and how easy it is for the government and the internet
companies to access all the information

Computer Surveillance : The Legal Realm, Public Perception...
Computer surveillance refers to the use of computers to track the activity of individuals at the
workplace. It is a common practice especially in industries that have a large number of employees
whom they cannot monitor in person. The research will examine computer monitoring as one of the
methods which the management uses to monitor employee activity at the workplace. The researcher
will examine the advantages of computer monitoring at the workplace in detail in relation to the
legal realm, public perception and criticism. Firms store most of their data in the computer database.
In fact, many companies rely on computer networks to communicate with its employees,
stakeholders and clients.
It has been proved that computers help a business ease its activities such as record keeping,
monitoring employees and word processing among others. However, the use of computers in the
work place breeds concerns such as security threats and privacy issues. Computer systems are not
only prone to hackers but also other security issues that may compromise the company's activities
and social integrity. The research will probe into some of the advantages and disadvantages of
computer surveillance.
Keywords: Surveillance, Computer Surveillance, work place, employer, employee, Monitoring,
Productivity
Definition of the Keywords
Surveillance: a close assessment of an individual's activities especially in suspected cases of
wrongdoing to deter them from engaging in activities prohibited by the

Evaluating The Simplicity And Timeliness Of Sars...
The purpose of SARS–surveillance system includes, early detection and prompt identification of
high risk subjects, super spreaders and disease cases and clusters, without intense laboratory testing
and complete reporting of potential SARS–CoV transmission and outbreak with contact tracing to
contain the disease and prevent the spread. Post epidemic, ongoing surveillance of SARS is useful in
preparedness for future outbreaks, due to potential sources of re–emergence like animal reservoirs,
humans with persistent infection and laboratory exposures or development of novel coronavirus. [4]
The operation is mostly as a syndromic surveillance, which is phased based on the level of
epidemic. Due to globalization and increased travelling and ... Show more content on
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[5] The system complex to be executed, as it was based on syndromic surveillance hence, the
disease identification was delayed until symptoms are exhibited. The patients were classified as
preliminary positive, probable, confirmed or unverifiable [6] with case definition and laboratory
testing that took time to give confirmation. Unnecessary travel to and from china was restricted with
strict travel advisory and data collection for contact tracing of passengers. A combined force of
WHO, GROAN and its partners made up of 115 technical and academic institutions, national health
services and individuals; virtual epidemiologist network, public health institutions, ministries of
health and laboratory network formed the response team for SARS. [4] The Global SARS
surveillance employed the mechanism of daily cases of SARS summary for that country. This in
turn was informed to WHO headquarters in Geneva, by national public health authorities as a report
containing number of incident cases and deaths since last report, cumulative number of probable
cases with the details of their geographical distribution. The local transmission in any area if present
was updated on WHO website daily. [4] Hence, the SARS surveillance was complex requiring
extensive laboratory reporting, multiple levels of reporting, integration of systems requiring special
skills to collect data and perform tests for diagnosis, and required a lot of resources in the form of
money

Human Reliability Analysis And The SWOT Analysis
This essay will be evaluating the strengths and the limitations of the human reliability analysis and
the SWOT analysis in the context of the challenges posed by surveillance technologies to the
privacy of individuals. What this written response aims to discover is which of the two analytical
techniques mentioned above will be better to employ in the context of surveillance technologies.
The strengths that the human reliability analysis technique has in identifying the specific threats on
the selected security challenge is that it is an effective and systematic way of identifying potential
human errors, making sure all credible errors are considered as well as identifying risk control
measures in relation to the reliability on surveillance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In doing this, the organisation would need to examine possible consequences to either avoid or
reduce the impact of a surveillance breach and recommend safeguards and contingency plans to
prevent errors or detect and correct them. Analysts that use this technique can examine historical
data on previous accidents and near miss records in surveillance to find out what happened or what
could go wrong and establish if it is currently under better control. By also using a quantitative
assessment in this technique, analysts are able to estimate the likelihood of such consequences
occurring. What this analytical technique does not cover for organisations in terms of surveillance
technology is the consideration of the privacy of individuals. The data analysts collect is strongly
dependant on the assumptions they make. Analysts must gather and make sure all credible errors are
considered to list all possible predictions. Lack of data can provide a limitation in quantitative
assessment if there is lack of data regarding the performance of surveillance technology. This can
also affect privacy to individuals if analysts do not take into consideration of their

The Case of the Omniscient Organization
Case Analysis: The Case of the Omniscient Organization
Introduction
In this case study, Dominion–Swann (DS) has implemented a "radical restructuring of the work
environment" in order to regain control of its employees. By 1990, DS had been suffering from a
number of business woes. It was not keeping pace with its competition, employee turnover had
increased substantially, health costs and work–related accidents were rising, and employee theft was
at an all–time high. Instead of identifying and addressing the underlying business and management
problems, DS decided to treat the symptoms by turning to SciexPlan Inc. to help radically
restructure the work environment through the use of employee monitoring technology.
Background ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Off–duty conduct may be relevant to employment if the misconduct negatively impacts the
employee 's work performance or the company 's mission. However, the systematic monitoring
employed by DS raises serious privacy concerns. Monitoring all employees' activities, rather than
just the activities of employees under suspicion of specific misconduct, constitutes a blanket search
that brings enormous privacy concerns.
Recommendations
DS would be better off with no employee monitoring rather than scrutinizing its employees ' every
move. Once the employee monitoring creates a morale problem, all of the value it has created will
be diminished. If DS is to continue with employee monitoring systems, it must create and clearly
communicate a monitoring policy for employees.
DS needs to start with human–oriented policies, then use technology to enforce them. As it stands
right now, DS is exerting too much power in its invasion of employee privacy in the workplace. DS
is exploiting the lack of regulation in this area in order to implement extremely invasive methods of
employee surveillance. Until employees are protected by regulation to protect their rights to privacy
in the workplace, DS should assume responsibility to self regulate by limiting the amount of
surveillance, implementing it only when it achieves specific goals for success. Monitoring should be

Impact Of Technology On Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement and Technology
Introduction
Revolutionary progress in the field of information technology has ushered in numerous changes in
the ways police officers and law enforcement agencies use to identify, trail and make cases against
suspects. Throughout the last century, most of the technological advances in surveillance by law
enforcement revolved around establishing and enhancing methods of communication: telephones,
radio calls and other emergency communications. In this century, surveillance has become
technological and is real time. The following are some of the latest surveillance technologies
available to law enforcers.
Surveillance Technologies in Law Enforcement
Drones
Unmanned drones have become arguably the most widely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Stingray is a sophisticated, portable device that is able to trail cell phone signals inside homes,
vehicles and even insulated buildings. In this system, Stingray trackers operate as fake cell towers.
This allows law enforcers to pin down the location of a targeted mobile device by sucking up data
such as emails, text messages and cell–site information. Consequently, when a suspect makes a
phone call, the system will trick the cell into sending its signal back to law enforcers, thereby
preventing the signal from travelling back to the individual's wireless carrier. Stingray is also
capable of extracting data off other cell phone users in that location.
Facial Recognition Software In this surveillance system, law enforcers take a photograph of a
person's face and then compare the biometrics to other pictures stored in a database. If the person's
photograph was in the database, there will be a match. This will enable the officers to identify the
person behind the face. This software has since been incorporated into CCTV surveillance systems
in order to track down suspects in real time. On an individual case, the system can easily be placed
on the back of a smartphone since it weighs only 12.5

1984 And Technology Essay
The technology in today's society is far more advanced than the technology that Orwell describes in
his novel, 1984. In today's society, almost everyone has a cell phone, which is just one of the many
ways that government would be able to keep tabs on someone. In 1984, the main source of
surveillance that the Party used was the telescreen, but today, the government has the technology to
be able to create systems of surveillance far worse than the telescreens. Today's technology would
give the government the possibility to match and surpass the level of surveillance that the Party had.
While this level of surveillance would be possible in today's society, today's governments could
never reach the same level of control and power that the Party had in 1984. In 1984, the Party used
the telescreens to keep a watchful eye on every citizen under their control. The telescreens were a
form of surveillance that had to be implemented in every citizen's home as a way to make sure that
they were not acting out of protocol for the Party. These telescreens were used mainly in the home,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today's government can implement surveillance like in 1984, but the surveillance our government
would do would be nothing like the surveillance in 1984. In 1984 the surveillance was to keep all
citizens within Party protocol, where as today's surveillance would be in place for the safety of the
citizens. Today's security cameras are not used to control people like in 1984, but instead are used to
keep a watchful eye over the citizens and try to protect them or make them feel more safe. In the
article, "Long Beach Police to Use 400 Cameras Citywide to Fight Crime," the author talks about
today's use for security cameras and how they are being used to attempt to keep our cities safe,
rather than being used to spy on the citizens

Surveillance And Notification Systems For Haemolytic...
INTRODUCTION The quality and standard of food and water is a universal objective in food safety
and a public health priority. The advent of globalisation has been chiefly positive, however negative
impacts such as pathogen transmission through exported food can be a risk to population health. The
exponential transmission of Escherichia Coli bacteria can transcend geographical and class barriers,
impacting both high and low income societies. A causal link between Shiga–toxin producing E. coli
and Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome has been established, due to the detrimental health impacts, this
is deemed a high public health priority. Ongoing research, outbreak tracing and other relevant
information needs to be maintained and notified on the syndrome.
Effective surveillance and notification aids stakeholders in policy development, preventive strategies
and funding of treatment programmes. This paper will examine and evaluate attributes of the
surveillance and notification systems for Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome in Australia, drawing on
international literature and best practice guidelines. The scope of this evaluation involves
investigating actions of the key stakeholders such as clinicians, state and federal health agencies and
patients. In particular, the Communicable Disease Network in Australia, and OzFoodNet, will be
assessed alongside the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in America. PATHO–
PHYSIOLOGY Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (hereafter referred to as HUS),

Disease Surveillance Systems
Abstract
Disease surveillance systems, in relation to preparedness, consist of a security that endevors to make
future catastrophic events available for immediate intervention. The primary purpose of the
surveillance system is to assess public health status, define public health priorities, evaluate
programs, and stimulate research. The system offers the opportunity to identify target populations in
need of health services (morbidity surveillance in emergency shelters, for instance), providing
pertinent information to public health representative to detect health topics that educational
programs and media can addressed. The purpose of collecting surveillance data is to monitor disease
trends, detect outbreaks, provide information to plan public health interventions, and stimulate
research. Although specific uses of surveillance data vary depending on organization or agency, at
the State and local levels, agencies might assure accurate diagnosis and treatment of infected
persons, manage exposed people to disease, detect outbreaks, and guide the public. In this paper, the
group will write a literature review on The New York ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, surveillance is an ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, dissemination of
health outcome data to enable health practitioners to take informed actions in investigating,
controlling, and preventing infectious diseases, especially, and illness. The New York State public
health surveillance system has multiple functions. The main tool used to conduct the management of
this public health data locally is the Communicable Disease Electronic Surveillance System
(CDESS) and Electronic Clinical Laboratory Reporting System(ECLRS) (NYS DOH,

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Living in the United States as an international student, one of the notable things for me was the
remarkable number of obese people or I'd rather say people above average weight. Counted among
the people above average weight back home, I was surprised when people considered me slim here.
I came to a conclusion that the concept of relativity is to blame for this. This thing clearly suggests
the growing problem of obesity in the United States which I have been able to observe first
handedly for quite a long time now. Not only my personal observation and experience, but even the
statistics show that the problem of obesity in the United States is at an alarming state. Among the
respondents in Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) conducted by CDC, 28.1%
were obese. State specific obesity ranged from 20.5% in Colorado to 34.7% in Louisiana. While
some people might blame their genes for obesity, I believe that lifestyle is the main cause of obesity.
With the advancement of technology, people have become far too sophisticated, mainly in the
developed country. And that counts for the fact that obesity is prevalent mostly among the developed
countries including the United States of course. For instance, most of the families including mine in
Nepal do not own a washing machine. So, the effort that people put on washing their own clothes
instead of just throwing them into a machine and pushing a button actually helps to burn some
calories. Also, everyone does not

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
One way that national and international agencies are involved with state and local health
departments is the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is a
nationwide collaboration that allows local, state, territorial, federal, and international health agencies
to share information about disease–related issues. Health departments work with healthcare
providers, hospitals, laboratories, and others to increase monitoring, control, and prevention of
diseases which allows for collection, analysis, and sharing of data and works to increase awareness
of potential outbreaks. By interacting with one another, public health agencies are able to provide
up–to–date information for their constituents and can even have ... Show more content on
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Within 48 hours, a team of professionals arrived at the spill location. From there, various health
officials, including those from CDPHE worked to determine the hazards that the water might cause.
The tests found typical mining contaminants and water hardness and pH were also tested. As
determined by a variety of organizations, the Animas River was opened to the City of Durango and
the public water systems were allowed to restart their water intake processes. An article containing
frequently asked questions was released on the CDPHE website on August 14th, letting the public
know where their drinking water came from, if the river was safe to get in based on CDPHE water
and sediment testing, and other general answers to common questions (12). That same day, the La
Plata County Sheriff opened Animas River for public uses with a health advisory attached. The next
day, a press release warned farmers and ranchers against using irrigation ditches until they were
flushed completely and the sediment had left the canals. On August 18th, information was about the
spill impacts and what efforts were being taken to ensure public safety. The latest releases, both on
September 2, 2015 dealt with the safety of the drinking water and provided information about
drinking water safety and what the health agency officials found in the water and that the trout from
the river were deemed safe to eat. Other services that are still in place include free water testing

What Is Red Road Persuasive Essay
Red Road, a 2006 Scottish film directed by Andrea Arnold illustrates Closed–Circuit Television's
(CCTV) usage, operation, and operator Jackie Morrison interacting with society. The following
response, suggests that Jackie Morrison performs unethical usage of CCTV as well as breach of
social norms. Furthermore, this will be accomplished by conducting an analyzation of the main plot
of the film, and relating it to the theoretical discussion on ethical concerns regarding state
surveillance. Additionally, key moments from the film will be used as examples to suggest a relation
between the theoretical discussion and the film. The film is centered around Jackie Morrison, a
CCTV employee who has an existential crisis when she notices a convicted felon, Clyde Henderson
outside of the Red Road flats. Clyde Henderson, we learn later in the film killed her two children
while he was driving on crack cocaine by crashed into them. However, over a course of a week,
Jackie Morrison spends her working shift tracking Clyde Henderson. This is due to the fact, that she
was informed that he was released early for good behaviour, and one simple wrongdoing will send
him straight back. Thus, begins her espionage crusade to discovery Clyde's possible wrongdoing. It
is important to define which form of surveillance occurs in this film, it is the observation of actions
and actives to collect data as well as personal information for law enforcement, and the Scottish
government (Marsh 2011: 633).

Installing A Office Surveillance System
Due to the rapid advancement in technology especially in the security industry, there is a huge surge
in the numbers of company surveillance of the employees and different ways of supervision have
been established. Many companies have installed security cameras in the workplace and have access
to the browsing history and emails of workers. However, there has been an uproar among the
workers lately as they are more exposed to social media and news from different places. More and
more cases of employers overextending their power and control of workers' private lives can be seen
all over the United States. For example, according to the president of Teamsters Local 804, Tim
Sylvester, the metrics–based assault of workers is not anything strange (Bruder, 2015). Indeed, it is
not beneficial to a company to install office surveillance system because it raises privacy concerns
among the workers, causes mistrust between employees and employers, and reduces organizational
commitment. It is argued by some that installing surveillance system in the workplace is
advantageous to the company because the companies need to protect their company assets and trade
secrets. This is because electronic surveillance prevents any intrusion, hacking or negative attempts
to their computer systems. Indeed, Ball (2010) contends that "they want to protect corporate
interests and trade secrets. Email, Internet monitoring and information access control are all
deployed against risks of defamation,

Public Health Surveillance Systems

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