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- 2. 現 代 日 本 社 会
- 3. DEFINING ‘SOCIETY’ ! a geographical, political and cultural entity of a group of people ! geographical – occupying a particular geographical space ! political – organized by political institutions ! cultural – sharing a culture(s) ! a group of people – or groupS of people
- 4. SOURCES ! sociology – how Japan is structured e.g. gender, class, families ! anthropology – Japanese cultural practices e.g. communication, socialization & enculturation, relationships i.e. a more holistic explanation of Japanese culture ! economics – how the market for goods and services (including labour) affects Japanese people’s lives i.e. how it structures their interactions ! geography – how the geography of the Japanese archipelago affects and shapes people’s lives ! psychology – how the individual Japanese person thinks, feels, decides ! literature – how Japanese people represent themselves
- 5. DISCUSSION ! What is your image of the ‘typical’ Japanese teenager? ! What is your image of the ‘typical’ adult Japanese person? ! How diverse do you think that Japan is as a society? Why do you think that? ! In what ways is Japan a ‘diverse’ country?
- 6. AVOID … ! stereotyping – reducing Japanese society to formulaic, oversimplified images, concepts or statements ! marginalizing – ignoring Japan’s cultural diversity ! essentializing – assuming that all Japanese people are exactly the same, and act and think in the same way ! masculinizing – only looking at Japan through men’s perspectives and experiences ! being ahistorical – assuming that Japan has always been the way that it is now, and that it always will be ! orientalizing – assuming that Japan is completely unique
- 7. DEFINING CULTURE ! “Culture is the learned, shared understandings among a group of people about how to behave and what everything means.” ! learned: it is not instinctual. People teach each other, imitate each other, correct each other, and so come to share a culture. ! shared: not just what one person does, but what a group of people does. ! understandings: culture is in people’s minds, and includes both explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge. ! a group of people: can be small (a family) or large (a nation). ! how to behave: culture guides our actions, sometimes as rules and knowledge that you’re conscious of, and sometimes as habits that you’ve picked up unconsciously by imitating those around you. ! what everything means: about what is good or right to do and to be, as well as what is bad and wrong – which shapes how people behave.
- 8. DEFINING CULTURE ! From this perspective, culture means: ! communities (groups of people, which are constantly changing) … ! made up of individual people (similar in some ways, unique in some ways) … ! using and constructing cultural products (things) … ! while engaged in existing and emerging cultural practices (ways of doing). ! These new practices and products develop from and contribute to the development of cultural perspectives (ways of understanding the world).
- 13. COMMUNITIES ! COMMUNITIES, or groups, vary in size: ! broad, amorphous communities – national culture, language, gender, race, religion, socio-economic class, or generation ! more narrowly defined groups – a local community group, a university club, a company, a family ! Communities are not isolated, but co-exist with other communities. They are in different relationships with one another: separation, cooperation, collaboration, conflict – and these change over time. CULTURE PRODUCTS PRACTICES PEOPLE PERSPECTI VES COMMUNI TIES
- 17. PEOPLE ! PEOPLE are the individual members who embody the culture and its communities in unique ways. ! Each person is a distinct mix of having individual experiences on the one hand and belonging to a number of communities on the other. ! Culture resides both in the individual members of the culture and also in the various social groups or communities that people form. That is, culture is both individual and collective – it is both psychological and social. CULTURE PRODUCTS PRACTICES PEOPLE PERSPECTI VES COMMUNI TIES
- 23. PRODUCTS ! PRODUCTS are things used by the people of the culture. ! Products can include …: ! … more tangible, physical things (called ‘material culture’): ! the things we wear e.g. clothes, accessories ! the tools we use to live and work e.g. iPads, computers ! the spaces we live and work in e.g. homes, shops, offices ! the things we use for entertainment e.g. cards, iPods ! … to less tangible things, like: ! music ! language ! art CULTURE PRODUCTS PRACTICES PEOPLE PERSPECTI VES COMMUNI TIES
- 28. PRACTICES ! PRACTICES are actions and interactions that members of the culture carry out, individually or with others. ! Practices focus on what people do, how people interact with each other, and what language (verbal and non- verbal) people use to do so. ! Some practices are considered appropriate, and some are considered inappropriate (including taboos). Knowing how to behave appropriately marks membership of particular communities. ! Some practices change over time, but some do not. CULTURE PRODUCTS PRACTICES PEOPLE PERSPECTI VES COMMUNI TIES
- 30. THE ICEBERG OF CULTURE
- 31. THE ICEBERG OF CULTURE CULTURE PRODUCTS PRACTICES PEOPLE PERSPECTIVES COMMUNITIES VISIBLE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INVISIBLE
- 36. PERSPECTIVES ! PERSPECTIVES represent: ! perceptions ! values and beliefs ! and attitudes ! … that underlie cultural products, and guide people and communities in the practices of their culture(s). ! Perspectives can be explicit, but they are often implicit, even outside conscious awareness. ! Perspectives provide meaning to people’s lives, and constitute a unique outlook or orientation toward life – a worldview. CULTURE PRODUCTS PRACTICES PEOPLE PERSPECTI VES COMMUNI TIES