The Importance Of Outside And Non Associating Scientists...

The Importance Of Outside And Non Associating Scientists...
1. The hiring of outside and non–associating scientists with recognition in a particular field to
perform the research to assure the safety of a specific product or processes. These services can be
hired to generate controversy about a competing product and debate with scientists and regulatory
bodies on the side effects of dangers of a product. For e.g. pharmaceutical and chemical companies
used this tactic for drugs and household chemicals marketing.
2. The selection and formation of so called 'front' groups of third party scientists/ experts' to support
the scientific position of claims made by the scientists of particular companies. The example of
"scientific advisory boards" or SABs is normally used to defend the companies in court cases and in
general public claims.
3. The creation and utilization of industry groups or associations, including the associations and
organization for an industry, think tanks, and public opinion organizations assist the companies in
proving the claims of companies to be legitimate.
4. The use of media and PR agencies to create and change opinions of general public. For instance,
the development of VNRs or 'video news releases' is relatively a new technique of PR firms used to
relay videos of company claims about products and / or services in easily downloadable formats like
videos shared on YouTube. These videos are available on common media as well in form of paid
segments and public associated the content with the news releases
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Washington's Evergreen State
Washington Imagine a place filled with tall trees, green, rolling, hills, and a clear sunny day. Is that
your dream? No! It's... Washington! Washington was created on November 11, 1889 as the 42nd
state in America. It is nickname is the Evergreen State, by C.T Conover, when he saw the lush green
forests with evergreens. Renowned as one of the best states in America, it's home to many firsts and
creations, such as Starbucks, Microsoft's HQ, largest floating bridge in the world, first soft–serve
machine in the world, the only state named after a president, and many more. Even if it is a young
state, you can see it's a state with a good economy, many natural resources, and unique cultural
features. Washington has a lot of natural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rainier National Park, Mt. St. Helens, and Gum Wall (of course there are way more landmarks). All
of these landmarks have special features, as I would tell you later, and all of these landmarks are
famous. Now for the did you know. Olympic National Park is seventh on the list of "Most visited
US National Parks", with 2,824,908 numbers of visitors per year. It's also pretty huge, covering
1442 mi2, bigger than a lot of National Parks. Mt. Rainier covers 369.3 mi2, and Mt Rainier is the
tallest volcano in the Cascade Range. Gum wall is found in 1993, covered in gum, and one of the
top 5 germiest tourist attractions (all of these found on Google). There are way more landmarks that
are famous, such as Grand Coulee Dam and Mt. Baker, which shows how many natural attractions
there are in Washington. So far, Washington has good landmarks, economy, and

Decomposition Of Salmon Essay
Decomposition of Salmon
The decomposition of salmon and other waste products from salmon farming have a wide array of
environmental impacts. The effects on the environment are seen through nitrogen and oxygen
depletion in the vicinity, remineralization, fish waste, and other waste materials known to thrust the
salmon environment into a zone of stress.
Nitrogen & Oxygen Depletion
The largest impact that decomposition has on natural world in the vicinity of salmon farms is
nitrogen and oxygen depletion. Studies have shown that the decomposition of salmon in fish
farming strategies contributes to the loss of nitrogen and oxygen in the surrounding areas (Brickell
& Goering, 1997). This can be attributed to the chemical process a salmon carcass ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overabundance of these chemicals is toxic to fish and can cause "fish kills" (Genoil, 2012). Fish
carcass remineralization can ultimately block sunlight and choke plants causing the ecosystem to
collapse into a "deadzone" (Genoil, 2012). Farmed fish mortality can reach 30% in shallow waters
(Genoil, 2012). Salmon farms increase organic matter mineralization (Heilskov & Holmer, 2001).
This is caused by enhanced microbial activities because of the presence of "organic–rich faecal
pellets" (Heilskov & Holmer, 2001). The microbial organisms are more active in the fish farms
because the stagnant waters allow certain bacteria from salmon faecal pellets to accumulate and
provide the microbes with a near optimal environment to produce the inorganic substances that are
byproducts of remineralization. The salmon also catalyzed this process by direct ingestion of
detritus (Heilskov & Holmer, 2001). Through the direct ingestion of these decomposers, the salmon
undergo a biotic decomposition where the carcasses are broken down into simpler, organic matter
that undergo remineralization more

Essay On The Impact Of Dams On Salmon
The dams had a negative impact on the ecosystem. From Brad Knickerbocker of the Christian
Science monitor, "Logging near streams causes sediment, which damages gravel beds salmon need
for spawning. Waste from mining and other industries, as well as urban development, pollutes the
water. Farming diverts water and also produces chemical runoffs." That means salmon and others
pieces of fish as well as anything in that habitat is swimming in and/or drinking chemical runoff.
And from the great salmon comprise by Ben Goldfarb, "overfishing and destruction from mining,
logging and development – which bury spawning beds in sediment, strips banks of vegetation and
raise water temperatures – have taken their toll. Still dams are the most visible culprit." River banks
with no vegetation means erosion is more likely, warmer water temperatures hold less oxygen and
salmon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "Great Salmon Compromise, written by Ben Goldfarb" says, "The Dalles and other dams gave
the Northwest some of the cheapest power, but they cut off 55% of the Columbia Basin fish habitat,
with a disastrous result." The loss of territory caused the salmon and other fish species to not be able
to return upstream and lay their eggs. With the salmon not being able to lay their eggs their
population decreased. Brad Knickerbocker said, "The total salmon population has reduced to about
2 million, and some 80% of those are not wild, but hatchery grown. Two million is an astonishing
number and the fact that dams caused this is infuriating, also that most of these salmon aren't wild.
In the article "Dams: Impact on Salmon and Steelhead" written by John Harrison "Reservoirs also
slow the flow of water and, through isolation, can cause it's temperature to rise to levels that are
lethal to salmon and steelhead." The rise of temperature in the water caused the salmon to also lose
available space to live. As you can see dams have had a negative impact on the salmon

Alaskan Salmon Lead The Most Interesting Life From Life
Alaskan salmon lead the most interesting life from birth to death, spending time in both fresh and
salt water. Eggs are laid by a female fish in a stream. She actually buries up to thousands of eggs, or
ova, in a nest called a Redd. The male fertilizes these eggs, once placed. The eggs develop in the
winter and hatch in the spring. Once the eggs hatch, now called Alevin, they stay in the nest for
approximately one month feeding on the yolk sac of the egg. Once the baby salmon leave the Redd,
known as Fry, they are on their own for survival, like finding food and mastering the challenges of
the downhill journey downstream. A Parr is a young salmon approximately six inches in length that
is growing as it continues downstream. If the young ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Department of Alaska fish and game, Alaska has over 15,000 salmon streams.
According to the Marine Stewardship Council, the world's top seafood "ecolabel" authority, states
that Alaska, by weight, provides over 2/3 of the world's seafood
(marineconservationalliance.org/wp–
content/uploads/2010/061359_MCA_Report_for_download1.pdf). However, the Alaskan
environment, wildlife and stocks of fish remain abundant year after year. Alaska's beauty and
fisheries are frequent topics of the Nature Channel programs, and Alaska remains a top tourist
attraction for nature enthusiasts. Why, with all the commercial and sport fishing, haven't fishing
stocks depleted? Groundfish, scientists say, are abundant in the North Pacific, salmon returns have
grown in the last 30 years, and shellfish production is also successful. Even the sea lion population
has steadily grown (marineconservationalliance.org/wp–
content/uploads/2010/061359_MCA_Report_for_download1.pdf p.5). This amazing nature preserve
and economic way of life are sustainable due to fishing managers following scientific guidelines
very conservatively, making rules and regulations based on scientific research: research that is open
to the public, and discussed with the public on a regular basis.
Alaska became a state in 1959 under President Eisenhower, after Alaskans and the

Mercury and Commercial Salmon
Commercial salmon is an important source of nutrition for humans in both urban populations and
aboriginal peoples. However, mercury contamination in salmonids has been a rising concern not
only for the health of humans but for the health of wildlife and ecosystems that are affected by it.
Mercury is distributed widely through the environment through natural processes, but anthropogenic
processes have been increasing mercury concentrations in the environment to dangerous levels
through direct deposition in soil and through atmospheric deposition. In this essay, I will review the
processes in which mercury circulated through the ecosystems, how salmon is affected by it, and
how the consumption of salmon affects human health.
About Salmonids Salmonids is a group of species classified under the family Salmonidae.
Salmonidae consists of 5 genera and 14 species primarily residing in the arctic. The family of
salmonidae includes salmons, trouts, and chars. A few species of salmonidae discussed in this essay
include the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerca), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown
trout (Salmo trutta), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Farrell and Steffensen, 2005).
Overview of the Circulation of Mercury Inorganic mercury becomes deposited into the atmosphere
and soil by both natural processes and anthropogenic processes. Natural processes include volcanic
events, breakdown of

San Joaquin River Project Analysis
Should California spent a heavy amount of money on a River Project?
This project is called the San Joaquin River Restoration.They had to rebuild the river so that the
salmon and fishes can swim back and forth. It cost them only $400 dollars to rebuild the dry river.I
agree with Daniel Weintraub because he's been the public affairs columnist for the editorial pages of
Sacramento Bee since November 2000. Daniel Weintraub has been covering California politics and
a public policy for 22 years, also including the last 18 years in Sacramento. I choose this statement
because I think California should invest money in this project because it can help us in many ways
and so that we can have a better economy. "The Sacramento Bee, April 26,2009 is the newspaper
where this article was published in. I believe the SJRP was worth the $400 dollars because of the
experts that supported the numerous studies that proved it would work and help California and the
positive impact this project would have on people emotionally. I strongly agree with this San
Joaquin River Project because it can help and benefit people in many great ways. "For example the
San Joaquin River is critical to revitalizing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two major big problems with the legislation. One, it's tied to putting down the salmon
back in the river. The second problem, there is no funding for dams or river recirculation technology
that would maximize Sierra water runoff and lessen the economic devastation to some San Joaquin
Valley farmers. Also they should fight for what they want and pay the money to make the new
project because it would make a better economy.My arguments opposing toward them is strongly
correct and should be follow by alll the people that want a better

U.s. Salmon Aquaculture : Ethical Issues
U.S. Salmon Aquaculture: Ethical Issues in Farmed Salmon
Kimberly Jones
Troy University
Dr. Miller
Abstract
There are many ethical arguments surrounding aquaculture. The salmon industry in the United
States has many ethical concerns in relation to farmed salmon. This paper will first discuss the
salmon industry, then discuss specific ethical issues facing farmed salmon, and finally review any
laws, regulations or relief efforts in place to reduce these ethical concerns, or that aggravate these
concerns.
Keywords: aquaculture, ethics, genetically modified organisms, GMOs, salmon
U.S. Aquaculture: Ethical Issues in Farmed Salmon
Animal agriculture has been utilized for thousands of years to provide human beings with
dependable sources ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Palm oil harvest often leads to deforestation of the rainforests, and raises many ethical concerns
from the public, (Levitt, 2015).
Harm to Wild Salmon Populations.
When fish like salmon are farmed, often the fish are still kept in the ocean; however, they live inside
of nets so that they are still contained. There are many ethical arguments based around these net
systems because these nets pose threats to wild salmon. Captive salmon can escape from the nets,
which allows them to breed with wild salmon. This can disrupt the natural gene pool of wild
salmon. Farmed salmon have been shown to outgrow wild salmon when introduced into the wild,
and typically have higher mortality rates, which would be poor traits to be introduced into the wild
gene pool, (Hindar, et al., 2006). Unfortunately, with the invasive farmed salmon being introduced
to wild populations from escapees of net systems, the recovery of the original wild salmon is
unlikely, even if decades went by without more intrusive farmed salmon being present, (Hindar, et
al., 2006). Another problem is that the nets do not contain wastes from the captive salmon inside,
wastes such as uneaten feed, and feces from the fish are dispersed into the open waters of the ocean.
Wild salmon can contract infections and parasites from captive farmed salmon in nets. A study
indicated that these parasites, such as sea lice, and infections lead to high mortality rates in wild
salmon passing near

Ringed Crayfish Data Analysis
Results: The removal method of Ringed Crayfish data collection was over a sample site area of
50m2 at Pearson Creek, a stream, containing a density of 5.18 crayfish/m2. The sample site was
collected in 5m in width by 10m in height with wet, rocky, and grassy conditions. The data
collection incorporated five different samples of the number of crayfish removed from the stream
each time (Figure 1). Sample one caught 53 Ringed Crayfish with 0 crayfish caught prior. Sample
two caught 37 Ringed Crayfish with 53 crayfish caught prior. Sample three caught 42 Ringed
Crayfish with 90 crayfish caught prior. Sample four caught 26 Ringed Crayfish with 132 crayfish
caught prior. Sample five caught 18 Ringed Crayfish with 158 crayfish caught prior. What was
caught in the previous sample was added into the total amount of crayfish caught prior. A negative
linear relationship is displayed by data collected in Figure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A collection of five samples was made at this site (Table 1). The first sample collection captured 12
Ringed Crayfish with 0 recaptures and 0 that were previously marked. The second sample collection
captured 7 Ringed Crayfish with 0 recaptures and 12 previously marked. The third sample collection
captured 13 Ringed Crayfish with 0 recaptures and 19 previously marked. The fourth sample
collection captured 4 Ringed Crayfish with 1 recapture and 32 previously marked. The fifth sample
collection captured 11 Ringed Crayfish with 1 recapture and 35 previously marked. The total
number of Ringed Crayfish caught is 47 crayfish with a population estimation (N) of approximately
422 crayfish where N=Σ (CixMi)/ Σ Ri. The total confidence interval of the estimated population
(95%CI) is a range from 354.1 to 521.9 for the mark–recapture

Fish Farming: Meeting the World´s Demand of Fish Supply
The world is currently increasing at an alarming rate, where the population will reach nine billion by
2050, creating further demand for food (Raising More Fish to Meet Rising Demand, 2014). Fish
farming, or aquaculture, is said to be the solution to meeting the growing global demand for fish as
this sector is rapidly expanding comprehensively for the last thirty years (Australian Marine
Conservation Society). Aquaculture is performing to become a successful method to satisfy the
universal demand for seafood as it is environmentally friendly by preserving the ecosystem. It is
beneficial to the population's health as the nutrition value from fish farms is more nourishing (NTP
Staff, 2014) and the process of fish farming has lower environmental impacts compared to livestock
farming (Watts, 2011). Fish farming is a positive resolution to meeting the world's demand for fish.
Aquaculture is a sustainable process in gratifying the global demand for fish as it values the
preservation of ecosystems and number of wild fish in the ocean. According to the Center for
Economic Excellence & Development, when fish are raised in an enclosure, they are easily
accessible when being purchased, and the source or trade of retrieving more fish is efficiently
managed when the demand is escalating (NTP Staff, 2014). The fish are commonly grown in small,
closed aquaculture systems that neither disrupt coastal habitats, nor rely on wild caught fisheries for
feed (Australian Marine Conservation

Persuasive Essay On Tissue Lacks
I believe that anybody shouldn't run along through what the doctors did to Henrietta Lacks.
Henrietta persisted a mother of five children and after she gave birth to her fifth children, she
occurred to be diagnosed with cervical cancer. The doctors stole her cells without her permission.
From there on evolution of laws have been concerning tissue search. One of the issues comes to pass
if people should be given the legal ownership of their tissues. In my opinion, I feel like everybody
should be given the legal right of their tissues. In 1951, 2009, and 1999 many laws were different
than now. One law that was different was if doctors took cells without permission it was totally fine
and the government didn't care. For example, one quote that the text lists is," When I tell people the
story of Henrietta Lacks and her cells, their first question is usually Wasn't it illegal for doctors to
take Henrietta's cells without her knowledge? Don't doctors have to tell you when they use your
cells in research? The answer is no– not in 1951 and not in 2009..." What this piece of evidence is
trying to say is that the doctors back then didn't really care about if what they were doing was right
or wrong and if the patient's approved of what they did to their cells. Another piece of textual
evidence is," When you go to the doctor for a routine blood test or to have a molecule removed,
when you have an appendectomy, tonsillectomy, or any other kind of ectomy, the stuff you leave
behind

Is Salmon The Best Choice For Your Dinner?
Salmon, a light pink colored delicacy which is supposed to be healthy for you. But is it really that
healthy and good for the environment?These intrepid creatures swim against the currents of fury or
they are packed into a small contaminated pond full of chemicals. This fish is over consumed by the
world's population. The chemicals in which farm raised salmon are grown in can cause the salmon
to get sick, which then leads to the human to get sick too.Also the salmon production process is an
environmental issue causing many streams to get polluted. Is salmon the best choice for your
dinner? Let 's find out. Salmon also known as the "Kings" of the streams can be wild caught or
farmed. Adolescent wild salmon eat insects, invertebrates, and plankton. Adult wild salmon eat other
fish, squid, eels, and shrimp. The salmon which is farmed usually eat a dry pellets which has
canthaxanthin or astaxanthin added to them to create that appealing 'salmon ' color. Also, some of
the farmed salmon are even tainted with Agent Orange, a chemical used in the Vietnam War to
poison the opposing side. Most farmed salmon are kept in small ponds where they are able to grow
and get bigger. The ponds are usually overcrowded and full of chemicals. The pond water is most
likely at a cold temperature, which the natural temperature that the salmon adapted to. The pond
water is also full of salmon waste and is barely ever cleaned. This can lead to the salmon to become
a health risk to the

Field Experiment On Surface Water Groundwater Exchange
Field experiment links surface water–groundwater exchange to fish growth
Or Surface water–groundwater exchange increases post–emergent salmonid growth by stimulating
foodweb production
Francine
Alex
Colden
Eric
Keywords: chinook, hyporheic exchange, rearing habitat, salmon
Target Journal: CJFAS or Freshwater Biology or Ecological applications??
Introduction
Multiple salmonid species are known to actively select areas of groundwater upwelling for
spawning. Surface water–groundwater (SW–GW) exchange research has primarily focused on the
importance of intra–gravel flow that supports fish egg incubation success, through moderated water
temperature, dissolved oxygen content and removal of respiration waste (Webster and Eiriksdottir
1976, Curry and Noakes 1995, Baxter and Hauer 2000 Geist 2001). Although this spawning habitat
selection is likely to mediate conditions for juvenile salmonid rearing, the role that surface water–
groundwater (SW–GW) exchange plays in post–emergent salmonid growth has not been well
studied (except Jungwirth et al 2000). In this study, we performed a field–experiment to test if SW–
GW exchanges increased post–emergent fish growth. In addition, we examined the direct and
indirect effects of SW–GW exchange on foodweb drivers resulting in observed fish growth to
explore implications for fish conservation, management and stream restoration. We believe this
study to be the first of its kind to show direct fish growth due to surface water–groundwater

Physics and Fish Bioenergetics Essays
Welcome to the world of fish physics. Many of us understand basic fish behavior and can reach
logical conclusions about where the best place to throw a fishing line is. But when we don't think
much further than that we are missing out on some very interesting details of fish behavior. We can
never fully understand why we find some fish in one location and some fish in other locations until
we consider the concept of fish bioenergetics. Ultimately, fish behavior is a product of bioenergetics.
First, we will take a look at basic fish bioenergetics, understanding the underlying quantitative
principles. Then, we will look at some examples of how physical forces, thermodynamics, and light
characteristics are specifically related to fish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Energy expended by the fish depends on the velocity (flow) of the water and the swimming
capability of the fish. The fish must exert a force in the upstream direction that is equal to the force
of the water trying to push it downstream. When the fish goes to retrieve a prey item laterally, it will
have to swim faster than the current. Getting a little bit more complex, we can consider Holling's
disc equation (Stephens and Krebs 1986) which can apply to any foraging animal. This equation's
most simplified derivation is R = λe – s/ 1 + λh where R is the rate of intake, λ is the rate of
encounter with other prey items, e is the energy gain, s is the search cost, and h is the handling time.
This equation assumes that searching for prey and handling prey are mutually exclusive activities. It
also assumes that the encounter rate will have a positive linear relationship with the time spent
searching for prey. For fish, many aspects of the physical environment can effect all of these
components. There are many physical factors that effect fish bioenergetics, such as local hydrologic
characteristics in a stream or river. However, not all of the physical factors involved are especially
obvious. We will look at three examples here. Water velocity plays an extremly important role in
fish bioenergetics. It effects components that are detrimental to fish as

Essay on Aqua Fish Canada Inc Ai
Page 1 (8 pages)
Practice Case Examination
Aqua Fish Canada Inc. (AFC) Additional Information
May 2007 to April 2009 Update Over the past two years, AFC has faced more intense competition,
particularly from aquaculturists in Chile. In addition, Chilean output has increased the supply of
salmon and the Canadian dollar has strengthened in relation to the U.S. dollar. As a result, AFC has
been unable to meet its budgeted revenue targets. Stocks of unsold harvestable fish have increased,
as well as the corresponding cost of maintaining the fish, and the company barely made a profit in
fiscal 2009. In January 2009, AFC lost one of its largest retail customers, S&F Seafood, to a new
salmon aquaculture firm, Nu–Farm Inc. This new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Guy Mills provided the board with a summary of selected site and segment data (see Appendix 1),
and reported that the decreased profits in 2009 were caused by the Site 3 problems, the decrease in
market value, the strengthening Canadian dollar versus the U.S. dollar, and the increased feed costs.
He also indicated that he expected the four sites to yield an average of 3.8 million kilograms
(950,000 kilograms per site) of harvested fish per year, assuming that no further unusual losses were
incurred. Given the current market conditions and the risk of having to decrease prices or lose
export sales to the U.S., the board decided that the company should move into other markets and
diversify into shellfish farming. No dividends would be paid for the next year or two to free up some
cash to invest in new projects. The board directed Mills to investigate establishing shellfish
aquaculture sites and develop a business strategy for increasing the profitability of the current
salmon operations. They indicated that any proposed investment should generate a minimum after–
tax return of 10% within five years. Shellfish Aquaculture Opportunity Mills explored opportunities
for diversifying into shellfish aquaculture. He found two potential opportunities (a mussel farm and
an oyster farm) and wondered which one should be pursued or whether both should be pursued. A
summary of the costs and yields for establishing these farms is provided in

Extract Proteins From The Muscle Tissue Of Various Fish...
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was extract proteins from the muscle tissue of various fish
species and execute an SDS–PAGE to determine similarities in their respective protein profiles. The
seven species examined in this investigation were the Yellow Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thresher
Shark (Alopias vulpinus), Paiche (Arapaima gigas), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Catfish (Ameiurus
catus), Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A
sample of muscle tissue from each of the seven fish species was placed in a microtube containing
Laemmli Sample Buffer, in order to disrupt and denature the tissue. The microtube was incubated at
room temperature for five minutes, and then was placed in a 95°C hot ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are directly controlled by DNA specific sequencing and coding. Since proteins are influenced
by DNA, their profiles, also known as proteomes, are indicative of evolutionary and genetic
relatedness. These proteomes vary from cell to cell, as the function of each group of cells is
different. Proteomics refers to the study of protein structure, function, and interaction within a
certain environment in an organism.
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a procedure known as SDS–PAGE (sodium dodecyl
sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in order to determine protein profiles for seven fish
species: Yellow Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus), Paiche (Arapaima
gigas), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Catfish (Ameiurus catus), Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch), and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The gel electrophoresis separates the fish
muscle proteins according to their molecular weights, which allows one to determine a profile for
each specie.
The goal of this experiment is to extract proteins from fish muscle tissue, unfold and denature them,
load them for gel electrophoresis, and determine the success in our efforts to classify and compare
fish muscle protein profiles. These protein profiles will help establish the shared characteristics and
evolutionary relationships between any two given fish species.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate

The Hoover Dam and Its Construction Essay
Outside of China, the United States is the most–dammed country on the planet. Counting only dams
taller than fifty feet high, the U.S. has some 5,000 dams that range from giant hydroelectric dams
such as the Grand Coulee in Washington State to flood control dams in the southeast and dams that
provide water for irrigation in California. Overall the United States has as many as 2.5 million dams
of one sort or another. The design and construction of many of these dams took place between 1930
and 1975. This 45 years period is known as the golden age of dam building, starting with the
construction of the Hoover Dam beginning in 1931. By the 1970s the golden age of dam
construction began to come to an end with increased concerns ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since the dam was located in such a remote location roads and railways had to be built to bring the
workers and materials to the site. Boulder City, a camp was also built to house the thousands of
workers. Before the construction of Hoover Dam even began Six Companies, Inc. had received over
2,400 job applications and more than 12,000 letters of inquiry from job seekers. Many men arrived
with all of their possessions and their families ready to begin a new life in the desert. Many of these
people were forced to wait and live in tent communities and shantytowns around Las Vegas. This
created very poor living conditions where more than 25 workers and family members died of heat
prostration between June and July of 1931. Fortunately the U.S. government anticipated this
problem and had already created plans to build a modern city, known as Boulder City, to house the
workers and their families near the site of Hoover Dam. To the surprise of both the government and
Six Companies, Inc. Boulder City turned into a community. Churches, a school, a newspaper, and a
library were all built in Boulder City making it a model community [iii].
Before construction of the actual dam could take place the Colorado River first had to be diverted,
this was done by tunneling four huge diversion tunnels through the bedrock of Black Canyon. These
tunnels were 56 feet in diameter, 4,000 feet long, and

Salmon Rivalry
Salmon hatcheries have been operated for a variety of purposes throughout their its history in this
region, from harvest augmentation, to mitigation of habitat destruction, to conservation and
preservation of native populations. Despite this long history, we are only just beginning to
understand how hatchery–raised fish interact with and effect wild populations of salmon. Research
shows that captive–bread salmon impact wild salmon in a variety of ways, from competing with
them directly for resources, to reducing the fitness of wild populations through interbreeding
between wild fish and less–fit hatchery fish. These findings have serious implications for the
hatchery industry, and as the focus of hatchery operation switches from augmentation ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies began to reveal that intermingling of hatchery–bred and wild salmon often happened to the
detriment of wild salmon populations via excessive harvest, competition and predation, and
reduced–fitness of wild individuals as a result of interbreeding with captive–bred individuals
(Maynard and Trial 2013). These studies will be the focus of the remainder of this paper.
Regulations have been put in place to reduce the risk of hatchery and wild salmon interacting, and
new hatchery management practices work to maintain genetic diversity and reproductive fitness
within hatchery stock as a genetic bank (Maynard and Trial 2013). These management protocols are
termed "conservation–preservation" practices (Maynard and Trial

Brief Summary Of Richard Lee's The Red Coat
government system when scientists made political, and economic decisions instead of the people to
try and determine a cure for Ophiocordyceps. Lee grew up in a Technocracy type of government and
knows a lot about the Ophiocordyceps since, He used to be a scientist and did research on how the
virus affects animals. Most of his time he spent as a scientist in the city–state located in former New
York called 'Red Coat' studying the disease involved view human subjects who are infected. When
he want to discover information on this topic he went into the abandoned areas that are jungles now
full of trees, branches, and vines that are as sprouting and growing on the buildings, streets, and
houses. He went there accompanied by a group of military soldiers to protect him. Nobody usually
goes into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tommy would offer Lee protection, and safety as long as he worked for him and shared any
information he learned while, researching the infected. Lee notices that it's getting dark and breaks
into an old abandoned house by smashing the kitchen's window in. He tries to unlock the door while
only using one hand as the other one struggles to still hold Harper up after this long journey. He
finally opens the door and heads up stairs to a bedroom pasting a room that's filled with toys and
drawings of horses and rainbows. Lee reminiscences about his childhood and growing up in 'Red
Coat' before that failure of an expedition. He places Harper down gently on the bed that belonged to
a couple before this apocalypse. He examines the pictures of the families while once again
reminiscing about his childhood, and his parents who were also scientists. His parents are one of the
leading scientists in charge of running the government and conducting scientific experiments. They
were also the ones to give the order to disavow any knowledge of Lee or his failed expedition.

Yarra Valley And Study Sites
Yarra Valley Fieldwork Report:
"Farming practices in the yarra valley are becoming increasingly sustainable"
Steph Yang and Jasmin Huntington
10E
Contents
Introduction
Description of the location of the Yarra Valley and Study Sites visited ............................. 2 Yarra
Valley De Bortoli Winery Healesville Buxton Trout and Salmon Farm Yarra Valley Dairy
Map of Yarra Valley and study sites visited ............................................................... 2 Melbourne
map Australia map
Description of the geographic characteristics ........................................................ 4
Overview of sites visited ..................................................................................... 4
Evaluation of sustainability .................................................................................. 8 Conclusion
Appendix ...........................................................................................See attached + Fieldwork
Booklets
References ....................................................................................................... 11
Introduction
The Yarra Valley is the oldest wine region in Victoria, located in the north–east of Melbourne and
just over an hour drive from Melbourne CBD. The name of the Yarra Valley was given from the
region that is surrounding the Yarra River, which runs and originates for approximately 90
kilometres east of Melbourne's business district and towards one of Victoria's famous tourist
attractions, Port Phillip Bay. The valley covers a very large area consisting of Yarra Ranges National
Park located in the east and Kinglake National Park which is located in the west. The valley further
consists of many towns such as Coldstream, Lilydale, Yarra Glen, Dixons Creek, Seville, and

Salmon Vs Salmon
regular, low level "leakage" and through episodic events such as storms" (Naylor et al., 2005: 427).
The major issues these escapes present are the introduction of invasive, or 'feral' salmon species,
competition with the local species for mates, space and prey, genetic mixing, and the transference of
pathogens (Naylor et al., 2005: 428–31). Furthermore, "such risks include potential reductions in the
genetic diversity (and resulting ability to adapt to environmental change), productivity, and fitness
of wild fish, leading to possible extinctions" (Naylor et al., 2005: 432). Naylor et al. clarify that
these risks are uncertain, this is a wicked problem, predicting the exact consequences of introducing
these invasive and diseased fish into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, "in 2008, approximately 90 per cent of the fish oil available worldwide, and 71 per cent of
the fish meal, was consumed in aquaculture practices" (Tacon & Metian in preparation, as quoted in
Bostock et al., 2010: 2905). This is extremely unsustainable, it is impossible to attain enough feed to
continue to sustain these practices at the pace we are, without overfishing the oceans. Recall
aquaculture was supposed to be a more sustainable alternative to the unsustainable fishing practices
we employed in the past, such as deep ocean bottom trawling. However, to acquire enough feed,
bottom trawling will be required, which in turn renders many fish species instinct and destroys their
habitats (Van Denderen et al., 2013: 1). Unless of course, new methods of finding feed are
discovered, which is currently in development. In fact, Bostock et al, (2010) contend that "up to 25
per cent of fish meal is now obtained from fish processing waste, and ingredient substitution is also
increasing the efficiency of fish meal and oil utilization", which is a step in the right direction (p.
2905). Furthermore, the fish intake to fish output, FIFO (transference of energy between trophic
levels) is understood as being about 10:1 from one level to the next, however, "output ratios for
salmon improved from 7.5 to 4.9" which is promising

Cuttlefish Growth Structure
Abstract This work was done to study the basic parameters which used for evaluation and
management of the most common and economic cuttlefish species in the Gulf f Suez Sepia savignyi
, Samples were collected from the commercial landings in Ataka fishing port, during the fishing
season 2014/2015. Age was determined for 452samples using length frequency analysis. Growth
parameters were estimated by applying the von Bertalanffy growth function. The asymptotic length
(L∞), were 24.28, 33 and 32.11 cm for males, females and sexes combined, respectively the growth
rate (K) were 0.61, 0.42 and 0.51/ year for males, females and sexes combined, respectively and (t0)
were 0.328, 0.271 and 0.356 / year for males, females and sexes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cuttlefish are found in large numbers throughout the world's ocean waters from the warm, tropical
shallows to the cold depths of the deep ocean. The cuttlefish's catch in the Gulf of Suez was
composed of four species; Sepia savignyi, S. pharaonis, S. dollfusi, and S. trygonina and S.
savignyi. Sepia svignyi (Blainville, 1827) is the major targeted cuttlefish resource in the study area.
This species, endemic to Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea
and the Persian Gulf, it is a dominant component in commercial cuttlefish catches reported from the
Gulf of Suez, this species is heavily overexploited. In Egypt's commercially important trawl fishery
in the Gulf of Suez, the percentage of cuttlefish constitutes about 2.31% of the total catch during the
fishing season 2014/2015. Few studies were made on the cuttlefish biology of Sepia savignyi
Blainville, 1827. Ibrahim et al. (1993) investigated the age, length–weight relationship and
theoretical growth of S. savignyi collected from the Gulf of Suez. . El–Gammal and Mehanna
(2006) evaluated the cuttlefish fishery status in the Gulf of Suez using surplus production model.
EL–Sherbeny (2009) studied population dynamic and fisheries of three species of cuttlefish (S.
savignyi, S. dollfusi and S. pharaonis) in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Mehanna and El–Gammal (2010)
estimated the population parameters of S. savignyi in the Gulf of Suez

Fish and Management Case Study Essay
FITTskills: Global Supply Chain Management
Case Study #5: Global Supply Chain Management and Shipping
Catch of the day
Kalastaa Inc. have been in the local Finnish aquaculture industry for nearly fourteen years. They
raise salmon and trout for local markets, and have recently negotiated a deal with a small fish
processing plant that distributes under a major product label in Finland. Although they run a rather
small operation, employing 16 people year–round, Kalastaa believes they are in a position to export
some surplus and perhaps broker further deals with fish processing plants around the European
Union. They do want to maintain ties with the local fresh fish ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Colour coding is a common practice in the fish industry and provides a method of standardization
for something as subjective as colour. Both in production and sales, colour is the most important
quality parameter for salmon.
Salmon buyers can request information on the colour of a delivered lot in the form of a number
corresponding to a colour number on the Roche scale. Another salmon colour reference is the colour
number on the Salmofan scale. Kalastaa's bank, acting as their export advisor, contacts the
© FITT
1
FITTskills: Global Supply Chain Management
company to tell them that the letter of credit has fallen though because the certificate of quality is
vague and it cannot be ascertained if the shipment has passed its quality certification.
Something is fishy...
The documents were delivered directly to the buyer for payment. DanskFisk insists on inspecting
the shipment upon arrival. DanskFisk is not an experienced salmon importer, and usually deals with
Spanish Blue Fish and Irish Char. They are not in disagreement that the salmon shipment has passed

quality inspection. Upon DanskFisk's inspection, they claim that the fat content of the stock is much
higher than is claimed in the quality inspection. They reject the sale and will accept substitute goods,
but are claiming damages for loss of profit. Kalastaa management wonder if they need to rethink
their

Wild Fish Conservancy Vs. United States Environmental...
WILD FISH CONSERVANCY, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
C08–0156–JCC
April 28, 2010
Facts of the Case:
Wild Fish Conservancy v. United States Environmental Protection Agency is it a citizen suit brought
against the Agency in which the Plaintiff believes, regulations passed by the EPA and the National
Marine Fisheries Service that make salmon farms in Puget Sound not liable to general sediment–
management standards breaches on the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Water Act. Because
the Plaintiff argues that both the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act were violated,
there are a couple of Act provisions relevant to the case. Under the Clean Water Act, the EPA is
required to review state water quality standards. In regards to the violation of the Clean Water Act,
The plaintiff points out that the standards imposed by the 1995 amendments to the regulations on
marine sediment proposed by WA Department of Ecology and passed by the EPA (1991) adversely
affected wild salmon populations (which as a result violates the Endangered Species Act.) The
Plaintiff argues that both the EPA and the Fisheries Service failed to take into account "the best
scientific and commercial data" in their informal interagency consultation of the regulations––
specifically mentioning the EPA and Fisheries Service's decision to ignore facts that verify the
negative effects that sea lice have on wild salmon. The EPA and Fisheries Service claim that they
did in fact

Largemouth Bass Research Paper
Largemouth bass are by far the most popular fish species on Lake Conroe Texas. While not
plentiful, large bass have been caught, with the lake record of 14.1 lbs in 1997. Lake Conroe is
located in Montgomery county Texas, approximately 40 miles north of Houston Texas on I–45.
Impounded in 1973, Lake Conroe has an area of 20,118 acres with a pool level of 201 ft msl and a
fluctuation of 1 to 3 ft a year. Water is clear to algal stained.
Fish species are, Largemouth bass Bluegill Channel catfish White & hybrid striped bass. Lake
Conroe has mostly open water in the lower part of the lake, with timber along the river channel in
the northern part of the lake. Most of the timber is submerged at pool level, making it hazardous in
some parts of

Genetically And Genetically Modified Organism
GMO or genetically modified organism. Is an organism which has had its genetic makeup altered by
removing part of its genetic makeup and inserting a modified gene from another organism or the
mutation or deletion of the biome. The biological complexity of life is narrowed down to a single
gene and shoot at with foreign substances that change a genetic trait of an animal or plant. The
history of altering genetics goes back to a family who had a monopoly on petroleum in the 19th
century and became the richest American ever. In 1913 the Rockefellers invested billions of dollars
with the hope that it would improve their image of doing charity and created a tax free foundation
the Rockefeller foundation which took over American medicine stock shares. The Rockefellers were
obsessed with Eugenics a type of science used to improve a human population this is done in two
ways 1– positive which is where you try to improve the breed you are trying to control. 2– negative
were you get rid of the worst of the breed. Rockefeller financed the eugenics movement the same
race science used by Adolf Hitler's third Reich. After the horrible press got out around the world that
the Nazis were putting into action what they were just thinking of doing. After world war 2 the
chairman of the American eugenics society an intimate Rockefeller friend announced the name
change from eugenics to genetics. Later, the Rockefeller foundation financed the international
research institute in the Philippines a

The Birth of Fish; The Death of Oceans Essay
The Birth of Fish; The Death of Oceans
Overview:
Life and death are themselves opposites; then again in our oceans, life sometimes causes death.
Over the past few decades, the demand for edible seafood has sky rocketed, resulting in the
formation of aquacultures and overfishing. As of now, the two greatest threats to our marine
resources result from overfishing and water pollution. Commercial fishing targets key fish species,
resulting in an imbalance of the marine ecosystem. In response to the near elimination of these
species, an industry has developed to raise these species in farm communities. It was the initial
belief of many that aquacultures would help offset the demand for more seafood. However, the
result of fish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overfishing also disrupts the hierarchy in the food chain as well, since many of the big game fish
are targeted by these companies. When this occurs, fishing fleets then start a process known as
fishing down, which is a phrase that was started by Pauly (Pauly, par. 12). Because of overfishing,
some members of society have decided to farm raise fish for the consumption by humans.
Fish farming, otherwise known as aquaculture, was started in hopes of preserving the oceans and
providing a reliable source of seafood. In some instances, it does wonders; in other ways it has hurt
the oceans greatly. For certain fish species, such as the vegetarian and shellfish eaters, it makes
sense to farm them. For fish such as salmon and other carnivorous fish, it is highly inefficient to
farm them. Other byproducts of fish farming include the production of waste, the displacing of
natural breeding habits, the spreading of disease, and the addition of other pollutants into the ocean
(Pros, par. 3). There is an importance in analyzing the differences between the pros and cons to
determine whether or not the good outweighs the bad.
One of the major factors which leads us to many questions about the ocean is that of pollution.
Pollution occurs in many ways that we can and cannot influence. Pollution occurs from human
unsanitary conditions, as well as from agriculture and fish farming. For example, in the Florida Keys
and

Old Ocean Case Study
Oldcastle Precast of Avon, Conn. prefabricated a precast concrete pool and weir fish ladder,
designed for a tributary to Hubbard Brook, Middletown, as part of the Connecticut Department of
Transportation's State Route 410 (Aircraft Road) culvert rehabilitation project.
The Connecticut Department of Transportation included a concrete pool and weir fish ladder to the
culvert rehabilitation project under State Route 410 after learning about the benefits of a fish ladder,
at this site, by the CT DEEP Inland Fisheries Division and the Fishery department. The new fish
ladder is providing fish passage through the slip line repaired culvert. Slip lining entails installation
of a smaller sized culvert to line and stabilize the existing culvert barrel that was deteriorating.
The Connecticut DEEP and the Fishery department found multiple benefits to adding a fish
passageway through this culvert since there are suitable instream brook trout spawning and rearing
habitats upstream of the culvert. Additionally, the fish passageway would restore connectivity to
over 1.4 miles of stream habitats. The upstream fish passage also benefits the diadromous American
eel; whose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the steep grade downstream of the culvert, a 6–inch vertical drop between pools was
specified. Baffles were installed throughout the culvert to maintain a maximum elevation change of
6–inch water depth between each pool for fish navigation. To protect the fishway structure from
scour and erosion, a rip rap swale (rock used to armor the streambed) was installed along the sides
of the structure and outlet. At the fishway outlet, the rip rap swale blends into channel outlet
protection that consists of a boulder weir that will create a pool to transition wildlife from a natural
habitat to the fish ladder passageway

The Consequences Of Editing Ethics In Frankenstein By Mary...
In science laboratories all around the world, scientists are hard at work creating a multitude of
products. But when these products are related to bringing a life into the world, the situation could
get rather complicated. Frankenstein, a novel by Mary Shelley, tells the story of a scientist gone mad
after creating life out of death, while the articles titled Kazuo Ishiguro's uncanny science by Daniel
Marchalik and Ann Jurecic (Source A), Pondering the consequences of gene editing by Joel
Achenbach (Source B), and CRISPR, the disruptor by Heidi Ledford (Source C), talk about the
consequences of gene–editing software in the world. The novel and articles both bring into the
question ethics and morality. A creator is responsible for his own actions, his creation, and the rest of
society, as shown by both the story of Frankenstein and the articles about the use of gene–editing
software by scientists around the world.
As a creator, a scientist is responsible for just about everything he does in a lab and should admit
any mistakes he has committed in his study. Frankenstein would rather "suffer living torture" than
"confess [himself] guilty of the crime ascribed to Justine" and be considered a "madman" (64).
Instead of coming clean about the creature during William's murder trial, he keeps quiet and does
not tell anyone about the monster he created and Justine goes to jail for a crime she did not commit.
Frankenstein could be characterized as selfish for only thinking about

Short Story: A Mad Scientist and His Werewolf Experiments
Liam Baker born from italian mother and british father, and spent his first years in Lancaster, in a
wealthy family. The father was a scientist, and often away from home, while the mother, very
affectionate towards her son, was a brilliant lawyer which Liam always looked up to. He was indeed
a clever and active boy, with a good disposition for the intellectual fields, and took the mother as a
model–he was fascinated by her job, and the mother encouraged his passion. The father, on the other
hand, was a distant man and not a good paternal figure, even though the little boy did always try to
make him proud. Liam grew with all the love he needed thanks to the mother, but when he was
twelve a tragic event happened: the father, after an argument, killed the mother, and Liam saw with
his eyes the aftermath. Liam was shocked, and he couldn't do much when the father brought him
oversea, kidnapping him. Liam, unaware of the father's plans, found himself gathered with other
nine children that seemed to be in a similar situation. Reached a laboratory a team of scientist
started to study them to start time later a series of inhuman experiments. Submitted to vaccines,
contaminations and physical, painful alterations the children found themselves treated like test
animal; drained of all his energies and devprived of his freedom, Liam got over the death of the
mother only because he couldn't even linger on his thoughts, astonished by what his father was
doing to him. The children

Picked to Work on A Secret Project
Nicholas Boyster was one of eight scientists the government had handpicked to work on their
newest secret project. Only being in his early twenties, Boyster was practically a child compared to
the other scientists, none of them younger then forty. Boyster's young age was not the only thing the
other scientists disliked about him, just the most official one. His general appearance fell far short of
meeting their approval, too. Boyster's dark hair hung down to his shoulders, often looking as if it
had never seen a brush before. In the eyes of the others only short, neat hair befitted a person of their
standing. After all, only the best were handpicked for government projects. Last but not least were
Boyster's clothes, he wore faded jeans and t–shirts instead of the suit pants and dress shirts the
others donned every day. The dislike was definitely mutual though. Boyster thought all the other
scientists were stuffy old geezers, who had long lost the love for the job and were now just going
through the motions. And his immediate boss was the worst of all. Mr. Bright was very set in his
ways, never budging even an inch. The other scientist's opinions and ideas didn't matter at all; his
word was law. On their first day of work together he had set up a strict set of rules he expected
everyone to adhere to. It had taken Boyster a total of five minutes to break the first one: /Never
contradict me/ Boyster had just meant to tell Mr. Bright that the little glass jars would not be able

The Salmon Fisheries
In my hometown, a local diner serves "Honey dipped Salmon." They claim that the dish is prepared
using a species of Salmon, called Chinook, which is a product of the Alaska Salmon fisheries.
Since Chinook salmon is an anadromous specie, it is born in the fresh water, migrates to the ocean
for 1–5 years and then returns to the Main–channel Rivers to spawn. The female lays around 3,000–
14,000 eggs that are successfully fertilized by the males, however the eggs are very brittle and can
be easily destroyed. Fortunately, enough hatch and survive in Alaska to ensure healthy stocks. After
spawning, they typically die as they don't feed on anything during their widespread migration and
use up all the stored body fat for survival. ("CSSP", n.d.). As an example of their extensive
migration, we can look at "the Yukon River spawners that travel more than 2,000 river miles during
a 60–day period to reach Canada". Their major populations are located in Susitana, Taku, Copper,
Kuskokwin, Nushagak river systems. The specie's returning numbers from their sprawled spawning
migrations had started declining in 2006, however they have significantly recovered now. (Wild
explorer, n.d.)
The Chinook salmon is vastly sought after in Cook Inlet and Southeast Alaska by fishers because of
its great value as a sport fish. The annual value of sports industry in Alaska is about $500 million
and the annual harvest looms around 170,000 fish. ("CSU", n.d.). However, to make the fisheries

Ecological Footprint Of Sea Food Consumption
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF SEA FOOD CONSUMPTION IN LAGOS
Lagos is surrounded by water, Lagos Island is practically on the ocean and the availability of water
has contributed to the growth of Lagos in ways like Tourism, Holidaying, Transportation and food.
The Atlantic coastline of Lagos is estimated to be 180km long this is an addition to the estuaries,
lagoons, creeks and tributaries of major rivers that constitute the resource base for the thriving
fisheries industry that are four in number. The total metric tonne of fish landed by 1980 was not
available, information indicated a high preference for shellfish harvesting (shrimp, crab and lobster)
by private investor. This was due to high demand on the international market for these products.
Without reliable fishery data and statistics of what is currently being caught, it is obviously difficult
to predict future trends. Also a series of catch and effort statistics, if continued over a period of years
provides the best measure of changes in a stock of fish and the impact on fishing on it.
Late in December 2013, the Federal Government replaced the import ban decision with a new policy
to cut fish imports into the country by 25 per cent per year by introducing import quotas starting in
January 2014.
Industry players contacted confirmed the quota's introduction, but they indicate there are still
uncertainties over how much fish will actually be allowed in under this newly–introduced system.
Prices for fish in the domestic market

Walleye Fishing Research Paper
Walleye is the most common fish in South Dakota, they are fished all over the state. Walleye fishing
at Lake Oahe has been very popular for fishing. They have had really good fishing in the past few
years. Many people go fishing for the big walleyes. The walleye population keeps going up and
down. In 2001, walleye fishing was really low but now in 2013 it is back up to its average levels. All
across South Dakota the limit is four fish a day and only one out of the four can be over twenty
inches and the rest must be over fifteen inches until July 1. Walleye population goes up and down.
The average size changes every year. This year's average size is 14.7 inches in Lake Oahe. The
reports say that fishing in early June is the best time to go ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Even if there is ice on the water. Then they start ice fishing. Some of the equipment is an ice auger,
little fishing poles, and a shack for when it is really cold out. The most common bait is a minnow on
a jig. First the people need to cut a hole in the ice. Then put the shake over the hole. Then get out the
poles out and start fishing. That is how people commonly ice fish. There are some common
techniques that people use. One of them is putting a night crawler on a spinner and trolling an area.
They also do it the same way with minnows. There are many other techniques but these are the most
common ones. Other techniques to choose from are the use of crank bait, jigging, suspended
trolling, windblown shore line, and casting. One of the better ways to fish is to try a few techniques
and use the one that works the best. It also depends on the time of year, weather, and moods of the
fish. The seasons of the year determines the Walleye mood. Early spring the walleye are really
active and hungry. Most anglers use minnows as bait during the spring of the year on the lake. The
walleye tend to be found in shallower waters during the spring also. They are found most commonly
in 8–20 feet of water. They do this in order to feed and spawn for

The Elwha River ( Duda )
Introduction: The Elwha river is located on the Olympic Peninsula of the Pacific Northwest in
Washington State. It travels 72 kilometers from the Olympic range in the Olympic National Park to
the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Before human disturbance this watershed was considered one of the most
productive ecosystems in Washington State and all of the Pacific Northwest (Duda). In the early
1900's two dams were built in this watershed on the Elwha river forming two lakes. The Elwha
hydroelectric dam at river kilometer (rKm) 7.9 (Figure 1.) was finished in 1913 and formed the
Aldwell lake. 14 years later when electricity demands were greatly increased the Glines dam (Figure
2.) was built further upstream at river kilometer (rKm) 21.6 which then formed Mills lake. (NPS,
Dam Construction) Figure 1 Figure 2. Studies before the dam removal have shown that 83% of the
Olympic National Park has been untouched and is still considered a pristine wildlife habitat which is
good news. This means that if the lower end from the dams and below can restored then the Elwha
River ecosystem theoretically will recover as well. Of the lower 5 miles that was left available for
fish spawning, not very much of it was usable. The dams cause a baseline shift in the lower river by
changing the composition of the river bed from fine sediment to larger stones and boulders which is
not prime spawning habitat for fish. The negative effects of the dams, both indirect and direct,

Cave Paintings In The Film Cave Of Forgotten Dreams
Thinking of life back almost 40,000 years ago can be a challenge to wrap the mind around. To learn
about the human species' past, we must decipher the clues left behind of how humans used to live.
When asked to recreate cave paintings a common drawing some might think of stick figures. The
actuality of the cave paintings is that they are incredibly detailed and are able to show the artistic
talent of the cavemen and women. In the film Cave of Forgotten Dreams, it focuses on a cave in
southern France and the intricate paintings and artifacts found inside. The cave dates to around
30,000 years ago and there is a unique aspect of how everything was preserved. In fact, a ledge of
rock fell and cut off the original entrance to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The animals ranged from horses to rhinos, and even cave lions. The drawings were detailed enough
to allow scientists to decipher the paintings and learn what they were witnessing at that period of
time. Along with the paintings of the animals, bones were found in the cave and that also revealed
more about the life in the cave other than just the cavemen and women. Using all of this information
given to them, the scientists were able to learn not only how the cavemen and women lived but how
animals lived during this time. The drawings in the cave in Southern France seemed to be quite
anatomically correct to the animals roaming Earth today. The drawings are so detailed that there is
not much hesitation on what type of animal they could have been drawing, it is obvious what their
intent was. A surprise regarding the animal paintings was the lack of anything other than mammals.
Throughout the cave there were a handful of paintings depicting insects such as butterflies and the
one sole drawing of a human, but besides that they animals were mammals. Why these paintings are
important depends on who is answering the question. A scientist might answer differently than an art
professor who might answer differently than a random civilian. The importance is in what each
person gains from these drawings. A scientist can analyze and learn about who lived there and how
they looked and acted. This was shown by the analysis of the red hand prints and the

Chinook Salmon Essay
The lifecycle of the New–Zealand chinook salmon is conventional to that of salmon in the North
Pacific. chinook salmon (Otherwise known as quinnat or king salmon) mature in the ocean, they
typically will reach sexual maturity at 3 years old, but this can vary anything between 2–7 years.
(Females take longer than males.) Upon reaching sexual maturity, they will migrate upstream to
spawn. Spawning usually occurs in autumn, immediately after all adults die, as the energy
expenditure of the process is too significant to recover. The eggs will hatch in early spring, and the
chinook will spend several months in the fresh water (some populations spend up to a year) before
they migrate downstream into the ocean, only to repeat the process over. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Euryhaline fish species are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. This is absolutely crucial for
the chinook salmon to survive in the various conditions it is challenged by. Typically, an ocean has a
salinity of 35 ppt (parts per thousand), whereas freshwater has a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. The
chinook is challenged with keeping the concentration and composition of their body fluids within
homeostatic limits while migrating through these continual changes in water salinity. Homeostasis
refers to the relatively constant physiological state of the body despite fluctuations in the external
environment. To be more specific the chinook salmon must regulate water potential in order to
sustain fluid and electrolyte balance within its body relative to its surroundings. This is achieved
through a process called osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is crucial for the chinook to maintain
optimal osmotic pressure within the body, this is the way by which it can withhold a suitable
concentration of solutes and amount of water in its body fluids. Osmosis is the net movement of
water or solvent molecules across a semi–permeable membrane from a region of low solute
concentration to high concentration. The chinook salmon proves to be an excellent example of an
organism that displays the application of osmoregulation in order to survive and complete the
lifecycle required of it to spawn and pass on its

Eagle Gather Research Paper
Birds of a Feather – Fraser Valley Bald Eagle Festival, November 19 – 20
From my first sighting, I have been fascinated with Bald Eagles. I am inexplicably drawn to the
sight and sound of these majestic Raptors. Their calls stir something in my heart and the sight of
them catching an updraft and soaring simply mesmerizes me. To my great delight, my love for
Eagles is a shared passion and this November 19 – 20, eagle enthusiasts and aficionados from
around the world will be congregating in the Fraser Valley to share their passion. It's time for the
21st Annual Fraser Valley Bald Eagle Festival, celebrating the Season of the Eagles and Salmon.
This is the lower mainland's fastest growing festival and home to the largest recorded number

The Importance Of Outside And Non Associating Scientists...

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Renee Wardowski

More from Renee Wardowski (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Importance Of Outside And Non Associating Scientists...